Subject and Verb
SENTENCE Object
6 STRUCTURE Appositive
Participle
A. Subject and Verb
TOEFL Sample Problems:
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B. Objects of Prepositions
TOEFL sample problem:
TOEFL Sample Problem:
C. Appositives
An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from
the noun with commas.
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TOEFL Sample Problems:
D. Present and Past Participles
Present Participle
TOEFL Sample Problem:
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2.
Past Participle
TOEFL sample problem:
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TOEFL Sample Problem:
TOEFL EXERCISE 6: Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.
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5
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Coordinate
PARALLEL Conjunctions
7 STRUCTURE Pair Conjunctions
Comparison
A. Coordinate Conjunctions
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1
B. Pair Conjunctions
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2
C. Comparison
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3
TOEFL EXERCISE
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Clause Connectors
(and, but, so, or,
8 CLAUSE and yet)
Adverbial Clause
A sentence has at least one subject and one verb.
A clause is part of a sentence.
A clause is like a sentence. It has at least one subject and one verb.
A. Clause Connectors; and, but, so, or, and yet
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B. Adverbial Clauses
A clause can function as subject/object (noun clause), adverb (adverbial clause), and
modifier/complement (Adjective Clause)
Adverbial Clause is a clause that functions as adverb.
She ran away while I was sleeping.
S V (Connector) Adverb
There are many types of adverbs such as adverbs of time, place, cause, reason,
condition, contrast, concession, and manner with different connectors (see the table
below)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Connectors
Time:
after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as,
whenever, by the time,….
Place:
where, as far as, as near as, wherever, anywhere…
Cause and Effect:
MAIN because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch ADVERBIAL
CLAUSE as, …… CLAUSE
Condition:
if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, …….
Contrast/Concession:
though, although, while, whereas, even though, in spite
that, …….
Manner:
as if, as though, as,……
Adverbial clause can be put before or after the main clause. Put a comma when it comes
before. See the example below:
She is always drunk wherever I meet her.
Adverb
Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk.
Adverb
TOEFL sample problem:
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2
TOEFL EXERCISE 3: Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.
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9 CLAUSE Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
A. Noun Clause
A clause can function as Subject/Object (Noun Clause), Adverb (Adverbial
Clause),and Modifier/Complement (Adjective Clause)
A Noun Clause is a clause that functions as Subject or Object.
I know when he will arrive
S V O
When he will arrive is not important
S V C
TOEFL Sample Problem:
The connector can function as the subject in the noun clause (if the clause has no subject).
I know when he will arrive
S V connector S V
I don’t know what is in the box.
S V S V
(connector)
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TOEFL Sample Problem:
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B. Adjective Clause
An Adjective Clause is a clause that modifies a Noun.
An Adjective Clause follows a Noun that it describes.
A Noun can be the subject or object.
S V O
S V O
TOEFL Sample Problem:
The connectors can function as the subject in the adjective clause (if the clause has no
subject).
The connector ‘that’ is the subject in the adjective clause that is on the table.
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TOEFL Sample Problem:
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TOEFL EXERCISE 3:
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Singular and Plural
Noun
Countable
10 NOUN AND VERB Uncountable Noun
Verb Agreement
,
Pronouns
A. Singular and Plural Nouns
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B. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Keywords for Countable and Uncountable Nouns
For countable nouns many, a number, few, several, a single, a/an, one, every,
each, …….……
For uncountable nouns much, amount, little, less, ……….
For both countable and some, a lot of, ………..
uncountable nouns
C. Verb Agreement
In English, the quantity of a noun (singular or plural) as subject must have agreement with verb
that follows.
The boys goes to school.*
The boys go to school.
Verbs After Prepositional Phrase
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3
Verbs after Expressions of Quantity
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4
Verbs after Modals
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D. Pronouns
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EXERCISE 6: Check the pronouns. Indicate if the sentence is correct or incorrect.
TOEFL EXERCISE 7: Identify the incorrect words or phrases.
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11.
12.
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The Form and Function of
Adjectives and Adverbs
ADJECTIVES Adjectives after Linking
11 ADVERBS Verbs
The Position of Adjectives
and Adverbs
A. The Form and Function of Adjectives and Adverbs
Recent - Recently
Public – Publicly
Evident – Evidently
Perfect – Perfectly
Serious – Seriously
However, some adjectives – adverbs are in iregular forms (not adding –ly):
Good – well
Fast – Fast
Hard – Hard
However, there are also many adjectives (not adverbs) ending –ly:
TOEFL sample problem:
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1
B. Adjectives after Linking Verbs
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2
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C. The Position of Adjectives and Adverbs
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TOEFL EXERCISE 4 : Identify the incorrect words or phrases.
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