UPPCS ONE

The monopoly of trade in tea and

Under this Act, a Supreme Court with China was maintained.
was established in Calcutta in 1774. A provision was made to spend one
Sir Elijah Impey was made the Chief lakh rupees per year on the

E
Justice and Chambers, Limester education of Indians.
and Hyde were made judges.

N
This was a court of record.
The term of the Director was

O
increased from one year to four
years. The Governor General of Bengal

S
was made the Governor General of
entire India. Through this the

C
governance system of the country

P
was centralized.
The commercial and political
The Governor General in Council

P
activities of the company were
L was given the power to make laws
separated.
for the whole of India.

U
A six-member 'Board of Control'
The company's trade monopoly was
was established in England to
completely abolished.
control and supervise political
The Governor General was given
activities.
the authority to constitute a
The number of members of the
commission for the codification of
Governor General's Council was
laws.
reduced from four to three.
In 1834, the first four-member Law
The company's employees were
Commission was constituted under
banned from accepting gifts.
the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay.
Provision was made that no person
would be disqualified on grounds of
religion, place of birth, race or
Through this, for the first time, colour for selection to government
Christian missionaries were allowed posts under the Company; over
to preach religion in India. time this section made it possible
The company's trade monopoly was for Indians to take part in the
abolished and all British people administration of their country.
were given the right to trade.

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UPPCS ONE

The functions of the Legislative For the first time the direct election
Council were expanded, including system was adopted.
giving it the power to debate on the The electoral system was expanded
budget. on communal basis and was also
implemented on Sikhs, Christians,
There was no right to vote. Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

E
First of all, a bicameral legislature
Permission was given to ask

N
was established at the centre.
questions from the executive on a 6-
This Act provided for the formation

O
day prior notice. There was no right
to ask supplementary questions. of a Public Service Commission in
India. From 1922, the Indian Civil

S
Service Examination began to be

C
held in India.

PP
By this Act, the dual rule (Diarchy) established
L in the states was abolished and
by implementing it at the centre, a new All India Federation was established.

U
A Federal Court was established in India. This court became functional from 1
October 1937.

In accordance with the provisions of this Act, Burma was separated from India
in the year 1937.

Autonomous government was established in the provinces.

This Act is the main source of the Indian Constitution. Powers were divided
between the centre and the states through this Act.

The first demand for a Constituent Assembly on behalf of Indians was made by
the Swaraj Party in Ranchi in 1934.
The idea of ​a Constituent Assembly was formally proposed by M.N. Roy in
1934.
The proposal for the framing of the Constitution of India by an elected
Constituent Assembly was first made by the Cripps Mission (1942).
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This mission reached India on 24

March 1946. The key members of Under the Cabinet Mission Plan, on
this mission were - 1 August 1946, Lord Wavell invited
Congress President Jawaharlal
1. Stafford Cripps
(President of the Board of Trade) Nehru to form an interim government.

E
2. Lord Pethick Lawrence
The first interim national government
(Secretary of India) President
was announced on 24 August 1946.

N
3. A.B. Alexander (Navy Chief)
On 2 September 1946, an interim

O
The Indian Constituent Assembly
government was formed under the
was formed on the basis of
leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
representative elections under this

S
mission. On 26 October 1946, the Muslim

C
League also joined the government.
The Constituent Assembly was

P
formed by the representatives of the
Provincial Legislative Assembly and

P
the Indian Princely States. L

U
Viceroy (Wavell) -- President
The members of the Constituent Jawaharlal Nehru -- Foreign Affairs &
Assembly were elected by the commonwealth
members of the Provincial Vallabhbhai Patel -- Home,Information
Legislative Assembly through an & Broadcasting
indirect election system. Dr. John Mathai -- Industry and Supply
C.S. Bhabha -- Works, Mines,
Generally, one representative will Ports
be elected to the Constituent
Rajendra Prasad -- Food & Agriculture
Assembly for every 10 lakh
Jagjivan Ram -- Labour
population. Each province will be
C. Rajagopalachari-- Education
allotted seats on the basis of its
Sardar Baldev Singh -- Defence
population.
Liaquat Ali Khan -- Finance
(Muslim League)
I. I. Chundrigar -- Commerce (M.L)
Abdul Rab Nishtar -Communication (M.L)
Aruna Asaf Ali -- Railways &
Transport
Jogendra Nath Mandal -- Law (M.L)
Ghazanfar Ali Khan -- Health (M.L)

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Dr. Sachidanand Sinha, the senior-

The Constituent Assembly was a most member of the Assembly,
multiparty body. was elected as the temporary
The members of the Constituent President of the Assembly and
Assembly were elected on the H.C. Mukherjee was elected as the
basis of indirect election by the Vice-President.

E
members of the provincial
The objective resolution was

N
assemblies.
presented by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
Voting rights were granted on the

O
on 13 December 1946. The
basis of tax, property and objective resolution was accepted

S
educational qualification. on 22 January 1947. Later on, this

C
became the preamble.

P
The permanent President of the
Important Facts About Constituent Assembly was Dr.

P
Constituent Assembly L Rajendra Prasad.

U
Total number of members -- 389 It took 2 years, 11 months and 18
From British province -- 292 days to make the Indian
Native States -- 93 Constitution. During this period, a
Commissionerate area -- 4 total of 11 sessions were held. The
Women members -- 15 11th session was held on 26
November 1949.
Scheduled Castes -- 26
Scheduled Tribes -- 33 The last meeting of the Constituent
Assembly of India was held on 24
The first meeting of the January 1950.
Constituent Assembly was held
on 9 December 1946 in the B. N. Rao was appointed
constitutional advisor at the time of
Constitution Hall of New Delhi.
drafting the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution was adopted,

enacted and surrendered on 26
November 1949.

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UPPCS ONE

After the independence of India,

Mahatma Gandhi suggested that the
Indian National Congress should be
dissolved as a political party. Union Constitutional Committee
Granbill Austin said that 'The -- Jawaharlal Nehru
Constituent Assembly was the Provincial Constitution Committee
Congress and the Congress was India' -- Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
Fundamental Rights and Minorities

E
Committee -- Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel

N
Flag Committee -- Dr. Rajendra
1.Sucheta Kriplani Prasad

O
2.Vijay Laxmi Pandit Princely State Committee
3.Poornima Banerjee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad

S
Steering Committee
4.Kamla Chowdhary
-- Dr. Rajendra Prasad

C
5.Begum Aizaiz Rasool Rules Committee -- Dr. Rajendra
6.Princess Amrita kaur

P
Prasad
7.Sarojini Naidu Union Powers Committee

P
8. 8. Hansa mehta -- Jawaharlal Nehru
L
Order of Business Committee
9. 9. G. Durga Bai

U
-- K. M. Mushi
10. 10. Dakshayani Belayudan
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee
11.11. Malti Chowdhary -- J.B. Kripalani
12.12. Ammu Swaminathan Minority Sub-Committee
13.13. Renuka Rai -- H. C. Mukherjee
14.14. Leena Rae State Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru
15.15. Anne Mascarini

It was formed on 29 August 1947.

Prominent Members (7)
Parliamentary system of government
1.Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (President)
Bicameral system
2.N. Gopal Swamy Iyengar Rule of law
3.K.M. Munshi Single citizenship
4.Alladi Krishna Swamy Iyer Single Judicial system
5.Syed Md. Saadullah Law making process
6.B.L. Mitra (N. Madhava Rao) Privileges of members of the
7.D. P. Khaitan (T. Krishnamachari) legislature

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Fundamental Rights Language of the Preamble

The idea of ​the preamble Concurrent List
Procedure for impeachment of the Center State relations
President Joint meeting of the Parliament
Independent Judiciary
The principle of Judicial review
Public Interest Litigation
Vice Presidential Position Procedure established by Law
Financial Emergency

NE
Constitutional Amendment Method
Fundamental Duties
Judicial Ideals in the Preamble

O
Election of members of Rajya Sabha

S
Republican system of government

C
Federal system of government
Principle of liberty, equality and
Strong Centre L

P
fraternity
Appointment of Governor

P
Doctrine of Residual Powers
-- Emergency provisions

Sabha U
Directive Principle of State Policy
Nomination of members to Rajya

Presidential electoral College

and Methodology
About 250 Articles

Part 1 -- The Union and its Territory (Articles 1-4)

Part 2 -- Citizenship (Articles 5-11)
Part 3 -- Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)
Part 4 -- Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51)
Part 4A -- Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)
Part 5 -- The Union (Articles 52-151)
Part 6 -- The State (Articles 152-237)

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Part 7 -- Repealed (by the Seventh Constitutional Amendment, 1956)

Part 8 -- Union Territories (Articles 239-242)
Part 9 -- Panchayats (Articles 243 - 243 O)
Part 9A -- Municipalities (Articles 243O to 243ZG)
Part 9B -- Cooperative Societies (Aericles 243ZH-243ZT)
Part 10--Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Articles 244, 244A)
Part 11--Relations between the Union and the States (Articles 245-263)

E
Part 12--Finance, property, contracts and disputes (Art. 264-300A)
Part 13--Trade, commerce and intercourse within the territory of India

N
(Articles 301-307)

O
Part 14--Services under the Union and the States (Articles 308-323)
Part 14A--Tribunals (Articles 323A-323B)

S
Part 15 – Elections (Articles 324 - 329A)

C
Part 16--Special provisions in respect of certain classes (Articles 330 - 342A)
Part 17 – Official Language (Articles 343-351)

P
Part 18--Emergency Provisions (Articles 352-360)

P
Part 19 -- Miscellaneous (Art. 361-367)
L
Part 20--Constitution Amendments (Art. 368)

U
Part 21--Temporary, transitional and special provisions (Articles 369-392)
Part 22--Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Hindi (Articles 393-395)

The number of schedules in the original Constitution was 8.

At present, their number is 12.
First Schedule Third Schedule -- Oaths and
Union and State Territories. It Affirmations
mentions the states and union
Fourth Schedule -- Representation in
territories of India.
the State Assembly
Second Schedule Fifth Schedule
It mentions the salary, pension, Administration and control of Scheduled
allowances received by important Areas and Scheduled Tribes
officials like the President,
Governor, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Sixth Schedule
Provisions regarding administration of
Chairman of Rajya Sabha, Judge
tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya,
of Supreme Court, etc.
Tripura and Mizoram
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Seventh Schedule
Tenth Schedule
Division of powers between the
Provision of disqualification on the
Union and the States.
ground of defection.
There are three lists under this -
It was added by the 52nd
Union List
Amendment in 1985.
State list
Concurrent List Eleventh Schedule
Powers and authority of

E
Eighth Schedule Panchayats.
Languages: Originally there were

N
It was added by the 73rd
14 languages. Constitutional Amendment (1992).

O
Currently there are 22 Languages.
Twelfth Schedule
Ninth Schedule Mention of the powers of

S
It provides for the validation of municipalities.

C
certain Acts and Regulations. This schedule was established by

P
It was added by the First the 74th Constitutional Amendment
Constitutional Amendment in 1951. (1992).

P
L

U
Union List State list Concurrent List
Defence Public order Education
Foreign Affairs Police Forest
Citizenship Land Population control
Communications Public health Marriage
Atomic Energy Irrigation Factory
Insurance Gas Labour union
Stock Market Fair Cleanliness
Ports Animal husbandry Electricity
Banks Prison Wild life animals
Census Local self government Economic and social
Income Tax Liquor plans
Corporate Tax Land revenue
Service Tax Tax on Agricultural
Railways Income
Post
Minerals,
extradition
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The Objective Resolution presented Freedom - 5 types - Thoughts,

by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in the Expression, Belief, Religion,
Constituent Assembly on 13 Worship.
December 1946 and accepted on 22
Equality -- 2 types -- status and
January 1947 became the Preamble
opportunity

E
of the Indian Constitution.
Secular

N
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment
This mean there will be no religion
Act, 1976 amended the Preamble

O
of state
and added the words socialist,
That is, State will provide equal
secular and Integrity.

S
protection to all religions in a
neutral manner.

C
The ideals and objectives given in

P
Berubari Case(1960) - It is not part the Preamble are explained in

P
of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights, Directive
L
Principles of State Policy and

U
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of
Kerala (1973) - Preamble is a part Fundamental Duties.
of the Constitution. Preamble can
Ensuring the dignity of the
be amended (except in the basic
structure). Preamble is not individual and the unity and
justiciable. No decision can be integrity of the nation is a resolution
given on its basis. under the Preamble of the Indian
Constitution.
The court has called the Preamble
as the basic spirit of the
India will be a fully sovereign state,
Constitution.
that is, India is not subject to any
The Preamble of the Indian foreign power or authority in its
Constitution reflects the objectives of
internal and external affairs. The
the Constitution.
sovereignty of India lies with the
The Preamble of the Constitution
people.
expresses the resolve to ensure
justice, liberty and equality to the
India is a republic, that is, the head
citizens.
of state of India will not be
Justice -- 3 types -- social,
hereditary but elected.
economic, political
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UPPCS ONE

NE
S O
PC
P
L

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UPPCS ONE

India's socialism is democratic India is a member of the

socialism, it is based on Nehru's Commonwealth but this does not
concept. The material resources of reduce India's sovereignty. All
the country will be distributed on member nations of the
the basis of equality as far as Commonwealth are independent
possible. and equal.

NE
Modern democratic governments are classified into
parliamentary governments and presidential governments.

O
In the Indian system of

S
governance, governance is
A government in which the conducted in accordance with the

C
executive is answerable to the provisions of the Constitution.

P
legislature for its policies and There is rule of law in India.
actions.

P
The Indian Constitution is neither
L
Parliamentary government is also completely federal nor completely

U
called cabinet government or unitary. That is why it is called
responsible government. This semi-federal.
system has been adopted in India. According to G. Austin, the
Constitution of India is a
Parliamentary government was first
cooperative federal constitution.
seen in Great Britain. Here the
President is merely the formal head According to K.C. Wheare the
of the government. Constitution of India is quasi-
federal.
The philosophies of welfare state,
socialist state, political equality,
In this system the executive is
secularism, democratic republic
not answerable to the legislature
etc. have been assimilated in the
for its policies and actions.
Indian Constitution.
This is called non-parliamentary The philosophy of welfare state is
or non-responsible system. contained in the directive principles
of state policy.

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UPPCS ONE

The Indian Constitution is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had said that

considered to be a mixture of rigid the Constitution has not been
and flexible. It is partly rigid and moulded into the narrow framework
partly flexible. of federalism.
The British Parliament is a
sovereign body in the absence of a
written constitution, whereas the

E
National Flag - adopted on 26 July
powers and functioning of the
1947

N
Indian Parliament are subject to the
National Anthem -- 24 January 1950
limitations of the Constitution.

O
National Anthem -- 24 January 1950
According to Article 300, the legal National Currency -- 15 July 2010 (₹)

S
name of the government of India is National Flower -- Lotus
'The Union of India' National River -- Ganga

C
The Constitution of India provides National Calendar -- 22 March 1957,

P
for a federal system as there is a - Based on Shaka Samvat

P
clear division of powers between
L
the Centre and the states. Although

U
it is not a perfect federation.

Part 1 of the Constitution, Articles 1 to 4, deals with the Union

and its territories

India is a union of states.

Parliament has the power to make
The Indian Federation is not the laws for the admission or
result of any agreement with the establishment of new States into
states, hence the states have no the Union.
right to secede from the Union.
Parliament also has the power to
Fall under the territory of India
form new states or change the
1.Territories of states
boundaries, areas or names of
2.Union Territories
existing states.
3.Such other territories as may be
acquired.

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In December 1953, a three-

The Parliament can, by a simple member (K.M. Pannikar,
majority, form a new state or Hridaynath Kuzru) State
change the area, boundaries or Reorganisation Commission was
name of an existing state. constituted under the chairmanship
For this, the relevant bill will be of Fazal Ali.
presented in the Parliament only on This commission submitted its

E
the recommendation of the report on 30 December 1955. On
President.

N
the basis of this, the State
Reorganization Act 1956 was

O
passed. On this basis, 14 states
A law made by Parliament under and 6 union territories were formed.

S
Article 2 or Article 3 shall not be
The first state formed on linguistic
deemed to be a law amending the

C
basis was Andhra Pradesh. It was
Constitution for the purposes of
formed on 1 October 1953.

P
Article 368.

P
In the Berubari case the Supreme
Court held that Article 368 would L Gujarat -- 1 May 1960

U
have to be amended to cede Nagaland -- 1 December 1963
territory of a State to foreign Haryana -- 1 November 1966
States. Himachal Pradesh
-- 25 January, 1971
Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura
-- 21 January 1972
Dr. Rajendra Prasad constituted a
Sikkim -- 16 May 1975
four-member 'Linguistic Provinces
Mizoram & Arunachal Pradesh
Commission' under the chairmanship
-- 20 February,1987
of S.K. Dhar on 27 November 1947.
Goa -- May 30, 1987
In its report of December 1948, this Chhattisgarh -- 1 November 2000
commission suggested the Uttarakhand -- 9 November 2000
reorganisation of states on the basis Jharkhand -- 15 November 2000
of administrative, geographical and Telangana -- June 2, 2014
financial convenience. Ladakh -- 31 October 2019
The J.V.P. Committee also opposed Jammu & Kashmir -- 31 Oct 2019
the formation of states on linguistic Daman Diu Dadra Nagar Haveli
basis in its report of 1949. -- 26 January 2020

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Part 2 (Articles 5-11) of the Article 6

Constitution deals with
Citizenship rights of certain
citizenship.
persons who migrated from
There is a provision for single

E
Pakistan to India
citizenship in India.

N
Article 7
Indian citizenship can be
Citizenship rights of certain

O
obtained in the following ways:
persons who have migrated to
1. By Birth

S
Pakistan
2. By Descent

C
3. By Registration
Article 8

P
4. By Naturalization
5. By Incorporation of Territories Rights of citizenship of certain

P
L
End of citizenship persons of Indian origin residing

U
1.On acquiring citizenship of outside India
another country
2.Voluntarily renounces citizen - Article 9
ship A person who has voluntarily
3.Deprivation by the government acquired citizenship of a foreign
The Citizenship Amendment Bill State is not a citizen
was approved by the President
on 12 December 2019. It came Article 10
into force from 10 January Continuance of rights of
2020. citizenship.
Article 5
Article 11
Provision for citizenship on the
Right to citizenship to be
basis of Birth, Descent
regulated by law by Parliament
,Registration and naturalisation
at the commencement of the
Constitution
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The demand for fundamental rights Some fundamental rights are also
was made in India in 1928 by Motilal provided against individuals. Such as -
Nehru in the Nehru Report. Article 15(2), Article 17, Article 23, 24

In 1945, Tej Bahadur Sapru also Fundamental rights available only to

E
demanded the fundamental rights. citizens - Articles 15, 16, 19 and 30

N
Fundamental rights were first According to Article 359, during an
developed in Britain

O
emergency the President can suspend
On Fundamental Rights, S. Radha - all the fundamental rights except

S
krishnan said in the Constituent Articles 20 and 21.

C
Assembly that this is a pledge to our Fundamental rights are both positive
people and an agreement with the

P
and negative in nature.
world.
Fundamental rights are justiciable.

P
Fundamental rights are those rights L
Fundamental rights cannot be waived.

U
which are given to the citizens by the
Constitution as they are basic and
essential for the life of an individual. At present there are total 6
Fundamental Rights
Fundamental rights in India are a
guarantee against state action. They Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
can be suspended only in an Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
emergency. Right against exploitation
(Articles 23-24)
Right to freedom of Religion
(Articles 25-28)
Rights related to Culture and
Part Three of the Indian Constitution
Education (Articles 29-30)
deals with Articles (12-35) of the
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Fundamental Rights. It is inspired by
(Article 32)
the Bill of Rights of the United States.

Fundamental rights are given to the

citizens against the state.

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Right to equality is mentioned in Articles (14-18)

Article 14
Article 15(5) provides for reservation
The State shall not deny to any person of seats for admission of students in
equality before the law and the equal private educational institutions.
protection of the laws within the

E
Indian territory. Articles 16(1) and 16(2) of the Indian
Constitution guarantee equality of

N
After Minerva Mills vs. Union of India
opportunity to all citizens of India in
the rule of law has been declared as

O
matters of employment to any office
the basic structure of the Constitution.
under the State.

S
The right to equality is not absolute.
The word 'socialism' used in the

C
Article 15 Preamble of the Indian Constitution

P
Prohibition of discrimination on read with Articles 14 and 16 has given
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or the Supreme Court the power to

P
L define equal pay for equal work as a
place of birth

U
fundamental right.
Article 16
Equality of opportunity in public Parliament has the power to make
employment laws regarding untouchability. Under
which Untouchability Offences Act
Article 17- Abolition of untouchability 1955 was passed and provision for
punishment was made. In 1976, its
Article 18 -- Abolition of Titles
name was changed to Civil Rights
Article 15 was amended in the case of Protection Act 1955.
Madras vs Champakam Dorairajan
(1951) to make special provisions by
the State for the advancement of the
socially and educationally backward
classes or for the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes.

Reservation in educational institutions

is provided under Article 15(4).

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UPPCS ONE

Right to freedom is mentioned in Articles (19-22)

Article 19 - Freedom of speech and Article 20 -- Protection in respect of

Expression. conviction for offences
Under this, the following three types of
The six fundamental freedoms under
protection have been provided -

E
Article 19(1) are:
1. Protection from ex post facto laws

N
(a) Freedom of speech and expression (Article 20(1))
(b) Freedom of peaceful and unarmed 2. Protection from double punishment

O
assembly (Article 20(2))
(c) Freedom to form associations or 3. Protection from self-incrimination

S
unions
(Article 20(3))
(d) Freedom to move freely within the

C
Territory of India Article 21 - Life and personal liberty

P
(e) Freedom to reside or settle in any
part of the territory Decisions and important cases given by

P
(f) Freedom to practice any profession, L the Supreme Court under Article 21 -

U
or to carry on any trade or business Santvat Singh Sahni vs. Dr. Ram
Ratnam Assistant Passport Officer
The following are considered as
(1967) - Right to travel abroad
fundamental rights under freedom of
speech and expression- M. H. Hoskot vs. State of Maharashtra
Freedom of the press (1978) -- Right to free legal aid
Right to National Flag Hoisting Mohini Jain vs. State of Karnataka
Right to know (1992) -- Right to education
Right to Remain Silent
(Emmanuel v. State of Kerala) Parmanand Katara vs. Union of India
Right to travel abroad (1989) -- Emergency medical aid
(Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978)
French Corelli Mullin v. Administrator
of Delhi (1981) -- Right to live with
human dignity

The Supreme Court, in the case of Malak Singh and Others v. Punjab and
Haryana (1980), held that Article 19(1)(d) when read with Article 21 gives
the right to privacy.

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Article 21(a) Article 22- Protection from arrest

The state will provide the right to and detention in certain cases
education to all children between the
A person arrested under this
ages of 6 and 14. This was added by the
86th Constitutional Amendment 2002. 1. Right to know the reason for arrest
This right came into effect from 1 April 2. Right to consult a lawyer of your choice
2010. 3. Right to be produced before a

E
magistrate within 24 hours of arrest

ON
Fundamental right against
exploitation is provided under

S
Provision for this has been made in
Articles 23 and 24.
Articles 25 to 28 of the Constitution.

C
Article 23 - Prohibition of Human Articles 25 to 28 are rights available to

P
Trafficking, forced labour etc. all individuals.

P
For this, the Parliament passed the L Article 25 -- Right to freedom of

U
Bonded Labour System Abolition Act, conscience and the right to profess,
1976 and the Immoral Traffic practise and propagate religion
The term Hindu used in Article 25 also
(Abolition) Act, 1986 under Article 35.
includes Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. The
Article 24 right of Sikhs to carry a sword is
Employment of children below 14 included in this.
years of age in factories, mines or any
hazardous work is prohibited. Article 26
Freedom to manage religious affairs
For this the following Acts were passed
1. Child Employment Act 1938 Article 27
2. Indian Factories Act 1948 No person shall be compelled to pay
3. Infants Act 1966 any tax the proceeds of which are
4. Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation spent for the promotion of any
Act 1986
particular religion.

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Article 28 The Supreme Court under Article 32

Prohibition of imparting religious and the High Courts under Article 226
education in certain educational can provide remedies in case of
institutions. violation of fundamental rights.

The judiciary is considered the

protector of fundamental rights and

E
Article 29 -- Protection of interests of the guardian of the Constitution of
minorities
India.

N
Article 30 -- Right to establish and The Supreme Court can issue five types

O
administer educational institutions for of writs to enforce the fundamental
minorities rights

S
Habeas Corpus

C
The right to property has been Mandamus
removed from the fundamental rights

P
Prohibition
by repealing Article 31 by the 44th Certiorari

P
Constitutional Amendment Act 1978. It
L Quo warranto
was made a legal right under Article

U
'300 A'.
The doctrine of basic structure of the
Constitution was later propounded by
the Supreme Court in Kesavananda
Bharati v. State of Kerala(1973).

Article 32
Under this, the right to constitutional
remedies is a fundamental right.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar has called it

the heart and soul of the Indian
Constitution.

When the fundamental rights of a

person are violated he can approach
the Supreme Court for remedy.

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Part 4 of the Indian Constitution, According to K.T. Shah - 'The

Articles 36 to 51 mention the Directive Principles of State Policy
'Directive Principles of State Policy'. are a cheque which is paid as per
It has been taken from the the convenience of the bank'.

E
Constitution of Ireland.

N
The aim of the Indian Constitution
makers was to establish a welfare

O
state in India. Therefore, they Article 38 - The State shall maintain
a social order for the promotion of
implemented the ideals of the

S
public welfare.
Directive Principles of State Policy

C
in the Constitution. The concept of Article 39 - Certain policy principles
welfare state has been included in to be followed by the State

P
the Directive Principles of State
Article 39(a) - Equal justice and free

P
Policy. L legal aid (Added by 42nd

U
The Directive Principles of State Constitutional Amendment, 1976)
Policy are the principles of morality Article 40 - Constitution of village
for the state and establish social panchayats
and economic democracy in the
country in its true form. It will be Article 41 - Right to work, education
the supreme duty of the state to and public assistance in certain
use these principles in law making. conditions

The State Directive Principles can Article 42 - Provision for justiceable

and humane conditions of work and
be divided into parts such as
maternity relief
socialist, Gandhian, liberal
intellectualism, human rights, Article 43 - Wages for workers
social and economic welfare etc.
Article 43(a) - Promotion of co-
Directive Principles cannot be operative societies (Added by 97th
enforced by the court. They are not Constitutional Amendment, 2011)
justiciable and do not have Article 44 - Uniform civil code for
statutory power. citizens

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Article 45 - Provision for free and Article 50 - Separation of judiciary

compulsory education for children from executive
below the age of 6 years (Added by
Article 51 - Promotion of international
86th Constitutional Amendment,
peace and security
2002)

Article 46 - Promotion of the By the 25th Constitutional

educational and economic interests of Amendment, the Directive Principles of

E
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled State Policy have been made

N
Tribes and other weaker sections overridden over the Fundamental
Rights.
Article 47 - Duty of the State to raise

O
the level of nutrition and the standard The nature of fundamental rights is

S
of living and to improve public health both positive and negative whereas
the directive principles are of positive

C
Article 48 - Organisation of
nature.
agriculture and animal husbandry

P
Article 48(a) - Protection and MNREGA was introduced following the

P
improvement of environment and L provisions of Article 41 and Article 43
safeguarding of forests and wild life of Part IV of the Indian Constitution.

U
(Added by 42nd Amendment Act)
Articles 40, 43, 46, 47 and 48(a) of the
Article 49 -- Preservation of Constitution provide for reflecting
monuments, places and objects of Gandhian principles.
national importance

Fundamental duties were not initially 10 fundamental duties were included

mentioned in the Constitution of in the Constitution by adding Part 4A,
India. Article 51(A).

Fundamental duties were added in The 11th Fundamental Duty was

1976 by the 42nd Constitutional added by the 86th Constitutional
Amendment based on the Amendment in 2002.
recommendation of the Sardar Swarn
Singh Committee constituted in 1976. The system of fundamental duties has
been taken from the Constitution of
the former Soviet Union.

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According to Article 51(a), it shall be the duty of the citizens of India-

(a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National
Flag, and the National Anthem.

(b)To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for
freedom.

E
(c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

N
(d) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

O
(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional

S
diversities.

C
(f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture.

P
(g) To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers,

P
and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
L

U
(h) To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

(i) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

(j) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so
that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.

(k) To provide opportunities for education to children between 6-14 years of age
and duty as parents to ensure that such opportunities are being awarded to their
child.

If a citizen does not follow the fundamental duties, he cannot be punished.

Fundamental duties cannot be enforced by writ of mandamus.

The Swarn Committee recommended adding a total of 8 fundamental duties in

the Constitution.

In the case of M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that under
Article 51(a)(g) of the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the Central
Government to direct all educational institutions in the country to provide
education on environmental protection for one hour a week.

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In India, a parliamentary system of Article 58 - Qualifications of President

government similar to that of Britain According to this
has been adopted. Hence, the 1. He should be a citizen of India
President of India is the constitutional 2. He must have completed 35 years of
head of the country. In reality, the age.

E
executive powers are exercised by the 3. He must be eligible to be elected as a
Council of Ministers. member of the Lok Sabha.

N
India is a republic, which means that The security deposit for the post of

O
the head of state of India will be President is Rs 15000. The security
elected and not hereditary. deposit is forfeited if one does not get

S
Parliamentary democracy and 1/6th of the total valid votes.

C
republic have been established
simultaneously in India. The candidate for President must be

P
named and proposed by 50 electors
The President of India is different from and approved by 50 electors.

P
the British King. The President of India L
Article 54 - Electoral College for the

U
is elected by the 'indirect election
President
system'. Whereas the King of Britain is
According to this, the electoral college
hereditary.
of the President consists of -
Constitutional Provisions -- Part 5 1. Elected members of both Houses of
(Articles 52 to 78) of the Constitution Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya
contains provisions for the Union Sabha)
Executive. 2. Elected members of state legislative
Article 52 - President of India assemblies
According to this, the head of the
federal executive in India is the By the 70th Constitutional
President. The President is the first Amendment in 1992, the elected
citizen of the country. members of the Legislative Assembly
of Delhi and Puducherry have also
Article 53 been included in the electoral college
All executive power of the Union is of the President.
vested in the President, which he
exercises either directly or through The President is elected by the 'indirect
subordinate officers in accordance election system'.
with the Constitution.
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Article 55 - Electoral system If the post of President becomes

According to Article 55 and the vacant due to death, resignation or
President and Vice-President Election impeachment, then elections must be
Act 1952, the election of the President held within 6 months to fill it. In this
will be done according to the type of election also, the President
'Proportional Representation System' holds office for 5 years from the date of
by the single transferable vote system. assuming office.

E
Such election will be done by secret
ballot.

N
In case of sudden vacancy of the
President, the Vice President acts as

O
Article 57 -- Re-election the acting President. If the post of Vice
According to this, any person is President is vacant, the Chief Justice of

S
eligible for re-election to the post of India holds this post.
President, that is, he can become

C
President more than once. Article 60 -- Oaths

P
According to this, the President takes
Article 59 his oath before the Chief Justice of the

P
According to this, the President will L Supreme Court or in his absence,

U
not be a member of any House of the before the senior-most judge of the
Parliament or the State Legislature. If Supreme Court.
he is a member of that House before
the election, his seat in that House The President's salary is paid from the
shall be deemed to be vacant from Consolidated Fund of India.
the date of assuming office.
The President cannot hold any other Article 61 - Impeachment of the
post during his tenure. President
The process of removing the President
Article 56 -- Term of office of of India from his post is called
President impeachment. The procedure for
According to this, the tenure of the impeachment is given in Article 61.
President is 5 years. Action can be taken against the
He can submit his resignation to the President if he violates the
Vice President even before 5 years. Constitution.
The President continues to hold his
office even after the expiry of his five- It is a quasi-judicial process run by the
year term until a new President Parliament.
assumes office.

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The proposal can be presented in any Article 123 gives the President the
House of Parliament. The President power to issue ordinances.
must be informed of this proposal 14
days in advance. The notice of the The President appoints-
proposal must be signed by at least 1. Article 76 - Attorney General of India
one-fourth of the members of that 2. Article 280(1) -- Chairman of the
House. Finance Commission
3. Article 148 - Comptroller and Auditor

E
This proposal is passed by a majority General
of at least two-thirds of all the

N
4. Article 155 - Governor of the States
members. If this proposal is passed by
Article 143

O
a two-thirds majority in both the
houses, then the President is According to this, the President has the

S
considered relieved from his post on power to seek consultation from the
the same day. Supreme Court on any subject.

C
The President has the right to give

P
Article 72 - Under this, the President
clarification in the other House either has been given the power of pardon.

P
himself or through a representative.
L
The President has the right to seek

U
Article 71
According to this, disputes related to information on Union matters from the
the election of the President will be Prime Minister.
resolved by the Supreme Court. The President has the power to
The validity of the election cannot be convene a session of Parliament and
challenged on the ground that some announce its adjournment.
seats in the electoral college are The President also has some important
vacant. powers in the financial sector - such as
presenting the budget before the
Powers of the President
Houses at the beginning of the
The President can call a joint sitting financial year.
under Article 108 if there is a deadlock
on a bill. He appoints the three army chiefs. He is
the head of the three armies.
Under Article 311, a bill passed by
both Houses of Parliament becomes a Treaties and agreements with foreign
law only after the President gives his countries are also made in the name of
assent. the President.

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Important facts related to the

The salary of the President of India is
President
Rs 4 lakh.
The first President of India was Dr.
Rajendra Prasad (from 1950 to 1962). Smt. Pratibha Devi Singh Patil was the
first woman President of India.
The first acting President of India was
V.V. Giri. Smt. Draupadi Murmu is the first tribal
President and second woman

E
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was the first
President of India to be elected President of India.

N
unopposed. President Giani Zail Singh first used
The second President of India was Dr. the JB veto power on the Indian Postal

O
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Bill in 1986.

S
India's fourth President V.V. Giri was Under Article 352, the President has
associated with the trade union been given the power to declare a

C
movement. He was also the President National Emergency.

P
of the All India Trade Union Congress
twice.

P
L

U
The Vice President of India is the Article 66(3) -- Qualifications of Vice-
second highest dignitary in India President
after the President. The Vice According to this -
President of India is the ex-officio 1. He should be a citizen of India.
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. 2. He must have completed 35 years of
age.
Article 63
3. Must be eligible to be elected as a
There shall be a Vice-President of
member of the Rajya Sabha.
India.
The provisions regarding the post of The candidate for Vice President must
Vice President in India have been be named and proposed by 20
taken from the Constitution of electors and approved by 20 electors.
America.
The Vice-President shall not be a
Article 64
member of either House of Parliament
The Vice President does not hold any
or of either House of the Legislature of
other office of profit during his term
any State.
of office.
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Article 66 - Elections
Pay and Allowances
According to this, the Vice President The Vice President's salary as Chairman
is elected by the electoral college of the Rajya Sabha is Rs 4 lakh per
consisting of the members of both month
the Houses of the Parliament. This salary is charged on the
The Vice President is also elected Consolidated Fund of India.
according to the proportional

E
Art. 65 -- Acting President
representation system by single Under this, the Vice President has been

N
transferable vote system. Voting is empowered to act as the Acting
secret. President. When the Vice President acts

O
Article 67--Tenure of office as the Acting President, he does not act
as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

S
According to this, the tenure of the
Vice President is 5 years. He can Functions and powers -

C
resign to the President even before Its most important work is to preside

P
the end of his tenure. over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
There is no provision in the

P
The Vice President is not a member of
Constitution for electing an acting L the Rajya Sabha and hence does not

U
President. have the right to vote.
The Supreme Court has the right to
He is the guardian of the privileges of
decide disputes related to the
the members of the House.
election of the Vice President.
He prevents the use of
Article 67(b) unparliamentary language in the
According to this, the Vice President House.
can be removed from his post by a
When the President resigns, he informs
resolution of the Rajya Sabha which
the Speaker of the Lok Sabha about it.
is passed by a majority of all the then
members of the Rajya Sabha. The first Vice President of India was Dr.
Information to this effect should Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (from 1952-
1962).
have been given to the Vice
President 14 days in advance. Jagdeep Dhankhar is the 14th Vice
President in chronological order.
Article 69 -- Oaths
It is related to the oath of the Vice The proposal to remove the Vice
President. He takes oath before the President is brought by the Rajya
President. Sabha.

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According to Article 53, the executive Qualifications of Ministers

power of the Union is vested in the To become a minister, a person must be
President. He will exercise it himself or a member of Parliament. If a person is
through subordinate officers. Here not a member of Parliament at the time
subordinate officers mean the Council of becoming a minister, then it is

E
of Ministers. mandatory for him to become a

N
member of Parliament within 6 months.
Article 74 of the constitution deals with
the Council of Ministers. A person who is not a member of either

O
house of the parliament can be
Under Article 75(3), the Council of

S
appointed as the prime minister for a
Ministers is collectively responsible to
term of six months.

C
the House of the People.
Types of Ministers - Cabinet Ministers,

P
In the parliamentary system of
Minister of State , Deputy Minister
government, the centre of

P
administrative power is the 'Council of L Tenure of the Council of Ministers

U
Ministers'. The tenure is usually for 5 years.
The Council of Ministers remains in
Composition of the Council of Ministers
existence as long as it enjoys the
The Council of Ministers consists of the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
Prime Minister, Cabinet-level ministers, The ministers hold office during the
Ministers of State and Deputy pleasure of the President.
Ministers.
The total number of members in the
According to Article 75(1) of the Council of Ministers including the Prime
Constitution, the Prime Minister shall Minister will not exceed 15 percent of
be appointed by the President and the total number of members of the Lok
other ministers shall be appointed by Sabha. At present, there can be a
the President on the advice of the maximum of 82 ministers.
Prime Minister.
The cabinet takes decisions on every
The ministers hold their offices during matter on behalf of the Council of
the pleasure of the President.
Ministers. The decision taken by
Council of Ministers = Prime Minister +
majority is considered a joint decision of
Cabinet Ministers + Ministers of State +
all the ministers.
Deputy Ministers

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Cabinet
The cabinet is the highest unit of the administration of India. It determines the
policies of the government.
The Cabinet is simply a group of Cabinet Ministers.
The word Cabinet is used only under Article 352 (3). It was added by the 44th
Constitutional Amendment in 1978.

E
The post of the Prime Minister is The Prime Minister is the head of the

N
important in the parliamentary system Council of Ministers, hence after the

O
of government. resignation of the Prime Minister the
Council of Ministers is dissolved.

S
According to Article 75(1) of the
Constitution, the President will appoint The Prime Minister is the ex-officio

C
the Prime Minister. The President Chairman of the NITI Aayog, National

P
appoints the leader of the majority Development Council, Inter-State
party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Council, Council of Scientific and

P
Minister. L Industrial Research and National
Water Resources Council.

U
According to Article 75(2), ministers
He advises the President to convene
hold office during the pleasure of the
and adjourn the Parliament.
President.
He can recommend the dissolution of
The main work of the Prime Minister is
the Lok Sabha to the President.
to form the Council of Ministers. He has
complete discretion in forming the
cabinet.

The post of Attorney General is He advises the Government of India

mentioned under Part V, Article 76 of on legal matters.
the Indian Constitution. He also represents the Government
The Attorney General is the highest of India in the courts.
legal officer of the Government of
India.

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Appointment
According to Article 76(1), the Under Article 88, he can participate
Attorney General is appointed by in the proceedings of both the
the President on the advice of the Houses of Parliament and express
Union Council of Ministers. He holds his views but cannot vote.
office during the pleasure of the
The Attorney General can attend a
President.
joint sitting of Parliament and speak

E
The President appoints as Attorney but has no voting rights.
General a person who is qualified to

N
become a Judge of the Supreme The Attorney General is paid
Court. remuneration as determined by the

O
President.
Duties

S
A Solicitor General and two
According to Article 76(2), he Additional Solicitor Generals are also

C
renders legal advice to the
appointed to assist the Attorney

P
Government of India on matters
General. This post is a gift of the
referred to him by the President.

P
Government of India. It is not
The Attorney General has the right L mentioned in the Constitution.

U
of audience in all the courts of India.

The Advocate General is the highest According to Article 165(3) he holds

legal officer of the state government. office during the pleasure of the
Governor.
He advises the state government on
legal matters. He receives such remuneration as
He is the first legal advisor to the may be determined by the Governor.
state government.
He has the right to participate and
According to Article 165(1), the speak in the proceedings of the State
Governor of every State may appoint Legislature, but does not have the
as Advocate General any person who right to vote.
is qualified to be a Judge of a High
Court. He has the right to be heard in any
court of the state.

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According to Article 148(1) of the According to Article 151(1), the

Indian Constitution, the Comptroller report of the Comptroller and Auditor
and Auditor General of India is General is to be laid before each
appointed by the President of India. House of Parliament by the President.

It examines the accounts of India and Rights and Duties

E
submits its report to the President. He audits the expenditure and
transactions made within and outside

N
As per Article 148(3) of the Indian
India from the revenues of the
Constitution, the salaries and

O
Central and State Governments.
conditions of service of Controllers
He audits the storehouses.

S
and Auditors are determined by the
Parliament. Audits the local bodies on the orders

C
Its tenure lasts for 6 years or till the of the President.

P
age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. He plays an important role in the

P
audit of government companies and
He can be removed in the same L
corporations.

U
manner and on the same grounds on
which a judge of the Supreme Court He can attend the meetings of the
can be removed. Public Accounts Committee of the
Parliament.

Article 79
The federal legislature or Parliament
There will be a Parliament for the
is a pillar of the Indian system of
Union which will consist of the
governance.
President and both Houses.
The Parliament has the following
It is mentioned in Part 5 of the
three organs-
Constitution under Articles 79 to 122.
1. President
2. Lok Sabha
3. Rajya Sabha

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Lok Sabha is the first or lower house of Election of a member

the Parliament. The provision for the The members of the Lok Sabha are
formation of Lok Sabha is given in directly elected on the basis of adult
Article 81 of the Constitution. suffrage.
In the original Constitution, the
The 61st Constitutional Amendment in
number of members in the Lok Sabha

E
1989 reduced the voting age from 21
was 500. By the 31st Constitutional
years to 18 years.

N
Amendment Act 1974, this number
was increased from 525 to 545. Qualification - As per Article 84

O
Be a citizen of India.
At present, the maximum number of
Its age is at least 25 years.
Lok Sabha members can be 550. Out of

S
which 530 are from states and 20 from According to The Representation of

C
union territories. the People Act 1951 --
1. He should not have been punished with

P
At present the number of members is
imprisonment for any offence for a term
543 in which 524 members are elected

P
from the states and 19 members are L of two or more years.
2. Does not hold any office of profit

U
elected from the union territories.
3. Cannot be a member of both the Houses
Under Article 330, there is a provision
of Parliament simultaneously
for reservation in the Lok Sabha for the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tenure -- Article 83(2)
Tribes in proportion to their state-wise According to this, the tenure of the Lok
population. Sabha is 5 years from the date of its first
meeting.
At present, 84 seats are reserved for
Scheduled Castes and 47 seats for Meeting and Quorum
Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha. This The President shall summon the Lok
has been extended till 2030 by the Sabha to meet at least twice in a year.
104th Constitutional Amendment
To constitute a session, the quorum
2019.
required is 1/10th of the total number of
According to Article 81(2), seats in the members of the House. At present, this
Lok Sabha will be allocated to states on number is 55.
the basis of their population. The 84th
Constitutional Amendment decided to
keep the number of seats based on the
1971 census unchanged until 2026.

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Chairman and Vice Chairman He can adjourn the proceedings of the

According to Article 93 of the House.
Constitution, the Lok Sabha elects a Decides whether a bill is a money bill or
Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from not.
among its members in its first meeting.
The Speaker is the presiding officer in He casts the deciding vote in case of a
the Lok Sabha. tie in the House.

E
He presides over the joint session.
The Speaker gives his resignation to

N
the Deputy Speaker and the Deputy It is a medium of exchange of views
Speaker gives his resignation to the between the House and the President.

O
Speaker. Some committees of the Parliament

S
The speaker of Lok Sabha can be have an ex-officio Chairman.
removed from his office by a resolution

C
Powers of Lok Sabha
passed by a majority of all the then
Approval of the Lok Sabha is necessary

P
members of Lok Sabha, but notice to
for every bill to become a law.
this effect must be given to the speaker

P
at least 14 days in advance. L The Union Council of Ministers is

U
collectively responsible to the Lok
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of
Sabha.
the Lok Sabha receive salaries and
allowances determined by law of Money bills can be introduced only in
Parliament. This is charged on the the Lok Sabha.
Consolidated Fund of India.
The Lok Sabha acts as the electoral
According to Article 95, when the post college for the President.
of the Speaker is vacant, the Deputy
Approval of Lok Sabha is necessary for
Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha.
constitutional amendment.
Lok Sabha Speaker Powers &
The Lok Sabha Secretariat works under
Function
the direction and control of the Speaker of
He presides over the meetings of the the Lok Sabha.
Lok Sabha and maintains peace in the The first woman Speaker of the Lok Sabha
House. was Meira Kumar (15th Lok Sabha).
He decides the questions regarding The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha was
disqualification on the ground of Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. A no-
defection. confidence motion was brought against
him.

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Allocation of Seats in the Lok Sabha

State Total Members Reserved for Reserved for

Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes
1. Uttar Pradesh 80 17 00
2. Andhra Pradesh 25 04 01
3. Telangana 17 03 02

E
4. Jharkhand 14 01 05

N
5. Maharashtra 48 05 04
6. Uttarakhand 05 01 00

O
7. Madhya Pradesh 29 04 06
8. Bihar 40 06 00

S
9. Chhattisgarh 11 01 04

C
10. Tamil Nadu 39 07 00

P
11. Gujarat 26 02 04
12. Karnataka 28 05 02

P
13. Rajasthan 25 L 04 03

U
14. Kerala 20 02 00
15. Orissa 21 03 05
16. Assam 14 01 02
17. Haryana 10 02 00
18. Himachal Pradesh 04 01 00
19. Tripura 02 00 01
20. Manipur 02 00 01
21. West Bengal 42 10 02
22. Punjab 13 04 00
23. Meghalaya 02 00 02
24. Sikkim 01 00 00
25. Nagaland 01 00 00
26. mizoram 01 00 01
27. Goa 02 00 00
28. Arunachal Pradesh 02 00 00

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UPPCS ONE

Union Territory Total Members Reserved for Reserved for

Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes
1. Delhi 07 01 00
2. Jammu and Kashmir 05 00 00
3. Ladakh 21 00 00
4. Chandigarh 01 00 00
02 00 00

E
5. Dadra Nagar Haveli and
Daman Diu

N
6. Andaman & Nicobar 01
7. Puducherry 01

O
8. Lakshadweep 01

CS
Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Election - by elected representatives of

P
Indian Parliament. Its members Legislative Assemblies
By the single transferable vote system in

P
represent the states and union
L accordance with the system of
territories.

U
proportional representation.
According to Article 80(1), the maximum
It will not be necessary for a Rajya Sabha
number of members in the Rajya Sabha
candidate to be a resident of the state
can be 250. In this, 238 members are
from which he wants to contest the Rajya
nominated from the states and union
Sabha elections.
territories and 12 members are
nominated by the President from the There will be open voting.
field of art, literature, science and social
Representation of states is based on their
service.
population.
At present, the total number of members
According to Article 83(1), the Rajya Sabha
of Rajya Sabha is 245. Out of these, 225
is a permanent house. It is never dissolved
members are elected from the states, 8
but one-third of its members retire at the
members are elected from the Union
end of every second year.
Territories (Delhi-3, Jammu and Kashmir-
4, Puducherry-2). The remaining 12 Every member remains a member of Rajya
members are nominated by the Sabha for 6 years. In case of resignation or
President. death of a member, by-election is held,
the elected person remains a member for
the time remaining for the vacant seat.

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Qualifications According to Article 249, if the Rajya

citizen of India Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds
Minimum age 30 years majority of the members present and
voting and declares that a subject
The Rajya Sabha was first constituted
mentioned in the State List is of national
on 3 April 1952. Its first meeting was
importance, then the Parliament can
held on 13 May 1952.
make a law on that subject. Such a

E
Chairman and Deputy Chairman resolution remains effective for one year.
The Vice President of India is the ex-

N
If the Rajya Sabha wishes, it can be
officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. extended for one year every time.

O
Its tenure is 5 years.
Under Article 332, the Rajya Sabha can

S
The Rajya Sabha elects one of its give the Parliament the power to
members as Deputy Chairman. His establish new All-India Services by

C
tenure is 6 years. passing a resolution by a two-thirds

P
majority of the members present and
When the post of the Chairman is voting.

P
vacant, the DeputyChairman L
performs the duties of the Chairman. Parliamentary Privilege

U
Article 105 of the Constitution deals with
The Deputy Chairman can be the privileges of Parliament and its
removed by passing a resolution by a members.
majority of all the then members of
Members shall not be arrested in any civil
the Rajya Sabha.
case during a session of Parliament or
The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha forty days before or after the session.
does not have the power to take a No person shall be produced as a witness
decision regarding the Money Bill and in any Court without the permission of
has all the functions like the Speaker the Speaker or the Chairman.
of the Lok Sabha.
Parliament has the power to publish or
Powers and functions of withhold its proceedings.
Rajya Sabha
It has the power to punish for violation of
Rajya Sabha has the same power as the privileges of members of Parliament.
Lok Sabha regarding constitutional
Have the privilege to run incognito
amendment. If Rajya Sabha disagrees,
sessions.
the bill will be considered rejected.

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Conduct of Business and Legislative (3) Third Reading

Procedure
In this, voting takes place on the bill. If
The main function of the Parliament is
the bill is passed by the majority of all
to make laws for the country. All the
the members present and
three organs of the Parliament- Lok
participating in the voting in the
Sabha, Rajya Sabha and the President
participate in law making.
House, then the bill is sent to the other

E
House.
The Bill has been divided into three

N
sections Like the First House, if the bill is passed
Ordinary Bill in the Second House also after the

O
Money Bill same procedures then it is sent to the
Constitutional Amendment Bill President.

S
When an ordinary bill is introduced in Under Article 111, the President has

C
either House by a minister or a three types of powers

P
member of the Parliament, there are
1. He can give his assent to the bill.
three readings of the bill-

P
2. He can withhold assent to the bill.
L
(1) First Reading 3. May be returned for reconsideration.

U
The introduction of a bill in the House
is called the first reading. If the House passes the Bill for the
Before presenting any government second time with or without
bill, it is necessary for the member to amendments the President is bound to
give 7 days' notice to the Speaker of give assent.
the House.
Under Article 108 of the Constitution
(2) Second Reading
After the bill is introduced, its copies the President can call a joint session-
are given to all the members. After (1) If the other House rejects the Bill
which the proposer of the bill can (2) The other House has proposed an
make the following proposal- amendment which other House
(A) The House should consider the bill Disagree
immediately. (3) The other House retains the Bill
(B) The bill should be sent to the Select for a period of six months.
Committee.
(C) The bill should be circulated for
public opinion.

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According to Article 118(4), the

The 24th Constitutional Amendment
Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides
makes it mandatory for the President to
over a joint session.
give assent to this bill.
A joint session cannot be called in
relation to a Money Bill and a Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
Constitution Amendment Bill.
Article 112 of the constitution is about

E
Money Bill budget
Money Bill is defined under Article

N
In the year 2017, the Railway Budget
110 of the Constitution. and the General Budget were merged

O
The provision for passing a Money Bill into each other.
is given in Article 109 The estimated expenditure under the

S
budget is shown in the following two
Money Bill can be introduced only in

C
ways-
the Lok Sabha.

P
expenditure charged on the
The Rajya Sabha has to return the
consolidated fund of India

P
Money Bill within 14 days with or
L Other sums required for expenditure
without recommendations.

U
from the Consolidated Fund of India
The President cannot return the The budget is presented in the Lok
Money Bill for reconsideration as it is Sabha on the recommendation of the
presented in the Lok Sabha with the President.
prior permission of the President.
According to Article 113, expenditure
Constitution Amendment Bill estimated in the budget which is
charged on the Consolidated Fund of
Its provision is given under Article
India is not put to vote in the
368 of Part 20 of the Constitution.
Parliament. It can be discussed.
This bill can be introduced in either If the Lok Sabha rejects the demand for
House. grants he has to resign.

The bill is passed by both the Houses According to Article 114, only money
by simple and special majority. can be withdrawn from the
The matters specified in Article 368(2) Consolidated Fund of India. Every
are dealt with by a special majority of Appropriation Bill is a Money Bill and is
each House of the Union and by the passed in the same manner as a Money
approval of the Legislatures of at least Bill.
half of the states.
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Parliamentary Procedure (2) Condemnation motion

According to Article 118 of the It is introduced only by the Lok Sabha.
Constitution, there is provision for It is brought by the members of the
parliamentary procedure. opposition party to criticise the actions
of the government.
(1) Question Hour After its passing, it becomes necessary
First hour of proceedings (11 am to for the government to prove its
12 pm) Three types of questions are

E
majority.
asked in this:
(3) Cut motion

N
Starred question This proposal is placed to reduce the
unstarred question budget demands.

O
Short notice question If this proposal is passed the
government has to resign.

S
When a minister answers a question,
the question asked on that answer is (4) No-confidence motion

C
called supplementary question. It is not mentioned in the Constitution

P
Supplementary questions are asked of India.
It is brought in the Lok Sabha.

P
for starred questions.
L It needs to be supported by at least 50
(2) Zero Hour

U
members.
The one hour after the question hour The 28th no-confidence motion was
is called zero hour. moved against the Narendra Modi
This process is India's contribution. government by Congress leader Gaurav
Gogoi on 26 July 2023, which was
(3) Short Notice Questions
rejected by 199 votes on 10 August
A private member can initiate a short
2023.
duration discussion on a matter of
urgent public importance. (5) Confidence Motion
This is also a contribution of the Indian
Parliamentary motion parliamentary system.
This is a medium for the members to This proposal is brought by the Prime
express their views in the Parliament. Minister or a member of the Council of
Ministers.
(1) Adjournment motion
This is also called work stoppage (6) Motion of Thanks
motion. This motion is presented This motion is introduced in each
after the end of the Question Hour. It House of Parliament by the
should be supported by at least 50 Government to thank the President
members. If it is passed, the after the President's special address
government does not have to resign. (Article 87).
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Other key facts The major committees are as follows-

The end of a current session is called (1) Estimates Committee
prorogation. The President adjourns The largest committee among the
and dissolves the Parliament. standing committees.
The process of Question Hour first It is constituted from the Lok Sabha.
started in England in 1721. 30 members of the Lok Sabha are
The credit for presenting the first included.

E
budget in India (in 1860 AD) goes to They are elected for one year by means of
James Wilson during the tenure of Lord

N
single transferable vote according to the
Canning.
proportional representation system.

O
In the year 1950, the first union budget Work
of the Republic of India was presented
1. To recommend alternative policies to

S
by John Mathai.
bring about efficiency and economy in
In India, the railway budget was

C
administration.
separated from the general budget in
The funds were properly utilised as per

P
1924 on the basis of the report of Sir
William Acworth (1921). the policies of the Budget Estimates.

P
The policies included in the budget can
The first full-time woman Finance L
bring about austerity, organizational

U
Minister of India is Smt. Nirmala
Sitharaman. improvements, efficiency and
administrative reforms.
The financial year in India is from
April to 31 March. (2) Public Accounts Committee
This is the most important and oldest
Parliamentary Committees committee.
At present it has 22 members out of
The Indian Parliament performs
which 15 are from Lok Sabha and 7 are
legislative work and controls the
from Rajya Sabha.
executive through parliamentary
They are elected from among their
committees.
respective members by the method of
Its present development was brought proportional representation by single
about by the Montagu–Chelmsford transferable vote.
Reform Act of 1919. Its tenure is one year.
There are two types of parliamentary The Speaker of the Lok Sabha nominates
committees- its Chairman who is usually a member of
Standing Committees the opposition.
Ad hoc committees

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UPPCS ONE

Work
(4) Committee of Privileges
To examine the reports of the
Its function is to protect the privileges
Comptroller and Auditor General of
of members of Parliament.
India.
There are 15 members in the Privileges
To examine the appropriation and
Committee of Lok Sabha and 10
finance related accounts of the
members in the Privileges Committee
Government of India.

E
of Rajya Sabha.
To check wastage, inefficiency in any

N
Major Parliamentary Acts
financial matter.
The Food Adulteration Prevention Act

O
Along with the Estimate Committee, was enacted in the year 1954 and came
it ensures parliamentary control over into effect from 1 June 1955.

S
public expenditure. It is called the The Hindu Marriage Act came into

C
twin sister of the Estimate force in 1955.

P
Committee.
Hindu Succession Act came into effect

P
in 1956
(3) Public Undertakings Committee L
The Prevention of Sati Act came into

U
There are a total of 22 members in
this committee. Out of which 15 are force in 1987.
from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya The Protection of Women from
Sabha. Domestic Violence Act was passed by
They are elected by their respective the Parliament in 2005 and came into
force from 26 October 2006.
members by the single transferable
vote system of proportional The Right to Information Act was
representation. passed in 2005.
Its tenure is one year. Disaster Management Act was passed
in 2005
Work
To examine the reports submitted by Forest Conservation Act was passed in
the Comptroller and Auditor General 1980
regarding government undertakings. The Companies Act was passed in
To examine the reports and accounts 2013.
of Government undertakings Minimum Wages Act 1948
specified in the rules of Lok Sabha.
Equal Remuneration Act 1976
To control public expenditure.
National Green Tribunal Act 2010

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The judiciary of India is unified. There Appointment

is only one Supreme Court for the The President appoints the Chief Justice
whole country. and other judges of the Supreme Court.
Articles (124-147) of Part V of the
According to Article 124 (2), the

E
Constitution deal with the Supreme
President shall appoint every Judge of
Court.
the Supreme Court after consultation

N
Formation of the Supreme Court with such Judges of the Supreme Court

O
According to Article 124(2) of the and of the High Courts as he may
Constitution, the original consider necessary.

S
Constitution provided for a Supreme
Only the senior-most judge of the

C
Court consisting of a Chief Justice
Supreme Court will be appointed to the

P
and seven other Judges.
post of Chief Justice of India.

P
At present, as per the Supreme Court
Act 2019, the number of judges is 34. L Other judges of the Supreme Court are

U
Which includes the Chief Justice. appointed by the President on the
advice of the Chief Justice of India.
The Supreme Court was established
on 26 January 1950. Acting Chief Justice

The Supreme Court is located in Under Article 126, there is a provision

Delhi. According to Article 130, if the for the appointment of an acting Chief
Chief Justice appoints such a place Justice in the Supreme Court.
for hearing with the approval of the Ad hoc judge
President, then he can hear the case
Under Article 127, an ad hoc judge in
at any other place also.
the Supreme Court is appointed by the
Qualifications Chief Justice with the previous consent
Qualifications of judges as per Article of the President.
124 (3) -
This appointment is made when a
1. He should be a citizen of India
judge is needed in the absence of
2. Must have worked as a judge for 5
years or as an advocate for 10 years. quorum.
3. Be an accomplished jurist in the eyes
of the President
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UPPCS ONE

Tenure of judges Powers and Jurisdiction of the

Supreme Court
All the judges of the Supreme Court
hold office till the age of 65. They can The Supreme Court can issue 5 types of
resign at any time by writing a signed writs under Article 32 on the violation
letter addressed to the President. of the fundamental rights of citizens.
(The High Court can also issue a writ
Judges can be removed under Article

E
under Article 226.)
124(4) of the Constitution. A motion

N
for this can be brought in either Habeas corpus
House. Each House must pass it by a Mandate

O
majority of its total membership and Prohibition
a two-thirds majority of the members Certiorari

S
present and voting. Quo warranto

C
The proposal must be signed by 100 Under Article 129, the Supreme Court is

P
members if it is brought in the Lok a court of record. It can punish for its

P
Sabha and by 50 members if it is contempt.
L
brought in the Rajya Sabha.

U
Under Article 143, the Supreme Court
According to Article 124(6), a judge
has been given advisory jurisdiction.
takes the oath before the President.

According to Article 125(1), the Under Article 137, the Supreme Court
salaries of the judges of the Supreme has the right to review its own decisions
Court are determined by Parliament
Under Article 139(a), the Supreme Court
by law. They are paid from the
has the power to transfer or recall cases
Consolidated Fund of India.
from one High Court to another.
According to Article 124(7), a
Supreme Court judge cannot practice The decision given by the Supreme
law in any court after retirement. Court under Article 141 is binding on all
High Courts.
There should be a bench of at least 5
judges to hear a case related to the All disputes relating to the
interpretation of the Constitution. interpretation of the Constitution can
This is called the Constitutional be brought under appellate jurisdiction.
Bench.

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The doctrine of basic structure was In the Indian Constitution, Articles

propounded by a 13-member bench 132 to 136 provide for appellate
of the Supreme Court in the case of jurisdiction and Article 143 provides
Kesavananda Bharati vs State of for advisory jurisdiction.
Kerala (1973). This was the largest
bench ever. For the first time a public interest
litigation was accepted by the
The second largest bench was

E
Supreme Court judge P.N. Bhagwati
constituted in the case of Golaknath
in the year 1979.

N
v. State of Punjab(1967) (11 judges).

S O
The Governor is the first citizen of the Appointment

C
state and the constitutional head of According to Article 155 of the
the state executive.

P
Constitution, the Governor is
The Governor works on the advice of appointed by the President. The

P
the Council of Ministers. The Council L name of the Governor is directed by

U
of Ministers is collectively responsible the Centre.
to the Legislative Assembly.
Qualifications
Constitutionally, the executive power According to Article 157 -
of the state is vested in the Governor. He should be a citizen of India
But in reality these powers are His age should be more than 35 years.
exercised by the Council of Ministers. Does not hold any office of profit.
Constitutional Provisions
Tenure
It is given in Articles 153-162 of Part 6
According to Article 156, a Governor
of the Indian Constitution.
can generally remain in office for 5
Article 153- There shall be a Governor years.
for each State. The Governor holds office during the
pleasure of the President.
By the Seventh Constitutional He can resign from his post by
Amendment Act, 1956, the same submitting his resignation to the
person can be appointed as the President.
Governor of two or more states.

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Pay and Allowances

The Governor presents the budget to
Parliament determines this by law. the legislature at the beginning of
The salary and allowances of the each financial year.
Governor are paid from the
Consolidated Fund of the State. The Governor appoints the Advocate
General, Chairman of the State Public
According to Article 158 (3A), when

E
Service, State Election Commission
the same person is appointed as
etc. and advises the President

N
Governor of two or more States, the
regarding the appointment of judges
salary payable to him shall be
of the High Court.

O
allocated between the States in such
proportion as may be determined by

S
1/6th of the total number of
the President.
members of the Legislative Council

C
According to Article 159 of the are nominated by the Governor in the

P
Constitution, the Governor takes the fields of literature, art, science and
social service.

P
oath in the presence of the Chief
L
Justice of the High Court.

U
According to Article 161, the
Powers and functions of the Governor Governor has the power to pardon
and, in certain cases, to suspend,
According to Article 154(1), the
remit and commute sentences.
executive power of the State shall be
vested in the Governor and shall be
According to Article 168, the
exercised by him either directly or
Governor is a part of the state
through officers subordinate to him
legislature.
in accordance with the Constitution.

According to Article 164(1), the

Governor appoints the Chief Minister.

Recommends President's rule in the

state under Article 356.

The Governor can issue ordinances

under Article 213.

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The State Council of Ministers is It is conducted by the Election

provided under Article 163 of the Commission of India.
Constitution.
According to Article 170(2), for the
State Legislature purpose of election of members, each

E
State is divided into territorial
Part 6, Articles (168-212) of the
constituencies in such a manner that

N
Constitution deals with the State
the ratio of the population of each
Legislature.

O
constituency to the number of seats
According to Article 168, every state allotted to that State is, as nearly as

S
will have a legislature consisting of the possible, the same throughout the
Governor and in some states two State.

C
Houses and in some states one House.
Qualifications of members

P
At present, 6 states - Uttar Pradesh,
As per Article 173

P
Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, L
He should be a citizen of India.
Karnataka and Telangana have

U
Minimum age 25 years
bicameral legislature.
Tenure
Legislative Assembly
According to Article 172, the term of
According to Article 170, the the Legislative Assembly is 5 years
Legislative Assembly of each State from the date of its first meeting.
shall consist of not more than 500 and It can be dissolved before this term by
not less than 60 members chosen by the Governor in consultation with the
direct election from the territorial Chief Minister.
constituencies within that State.
Officers of the legislature
The exceptions are Sikkim, Mizoram,
According to Article 178, there are two
Goa and Puducherry, whose
main officers in the Legislative
assemblies have 32, 40, 40 and 30
Assembly -
members respectively.
Speaker
Election of members Deputy Speaker
Election is held through direct election They are elected by the members of
system on the basis of adult suffrage. the Legislative Assembly from among
their members.

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The Speaker can give his resignation to

the Deputy Speaker, the Deputy The Legislative Council can be
Speaker can give his resignation to the abolished but cannot be dissolved.
Speaker.
Constitution of legislative council
Both can be removed on the basis of a
resolution passed by a simple majority According to Article 171, the total
of the assembly members. It is number of members of the Legislative

E
necessary to give notice of such a Council in a state shall not exceed 1/3 of
resolution to the Speaker/Deputy the total number of members of the

N
Speaker 14 days in advance. Legislative Assembly of that state, but
the total number of members of a

O
Powers & functions of the Speaker Legislative Council shall not be less than
40 in any case.

S
To preside over the meetings of the
Assembly and maintain peace and According to Article 171(3), its members

C
order. are elected indirectly by means of single

P
To decide whether a bill is a money bill transferable vote according to the
system of proportional representation.

P
or not.
L
To exercise the casting vote. Qualifications of members

U
To facilitate communication between According to Article 173
the House and the Governor.
Be a citizen of India.
To safeguard the privileges of Must have completed 30 years of age.
members. The candidate must be registered as a
Legislative Council voter in any electoral constituency of
the state
It is called the Upper House. It is a
permanent house. The question of disqualification of a
member of the Legislature is decided by
According to Article 169, the
the Governor in consultation with the
Parliament has been given the power
Election Commission.
to establish or abolish the Legislative
Council in a state. Session and Quorum
A resolution to this effect must be There are at least two conventions each
passed by the State Legislative year
Assembly by a majority of its total The quorum of the House is 10 or 1/10
membership and a two-thirds majority of the total number of members
of the members present and voting. (whichever is higher).

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Powers and functions of the The State Legislature can establish a

Legislature State Contingency Fund.

The State Legislature generally has the According to Article 197 of the
power to make laws on matters in the Constitution, if an ordinary bill is sent to
State List and the Concurrent List. the Legislative Council after being
passed by the Legislative Assembly, the
Money Bill and Finance Bill are
Legislative Council can keep the bill

E
presented in the Legislative Assembly
with itself for three months from the
only with the prior permission of the

N
date of its transmission, but if the bill is
Governor. The Legislative Council can
passed again by the Legislative
only hold back the Money Bill for 14

O
Assembly, it can keep it with itself for
days.
only one month.

S
The Legislative Assembly participates
Under Article 164 of the Constitution,
in the electoral college for the

C
the Governor appoints the Chief
President.

P
Minister. The Governor appoints the
The state legislature has the power to leader of the majority party as the Chief

P
control the executive. L Minister.

U
The Legislative Assembly can request 5 States with the Most Legislative
the Parliament to establish a Assembly Members
Legislative Council. For this, the Uttar Pradesh (403)
Legislative Assembly will have to pass a West Bengal (294)
resolution by a majority of the total Maharashtra (288)
members and a two-thirds majority of Bihar (243)
the members present and voting. Tamil Nadu (234)

Part 6 of the Constitution. Articles According to Article 214 of the

(214-232) provide for the High Courts Constitution, there shall be a High
of the States. Court for each state.
In India, the first High Courts were Article 231 empowers the Parliament
established in Calcutta, Bombay and to establish a single High Court for
Madras in 1862. Allahabad High Court two or more States.
was established in 1866.
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Formation According to Article 223, the President

has the power to appoint acting
According to Article 216, the High
judges in the High Courts.
Court consists of a Chief Justice and
such other judges as the President According to Article 224, the President
may appoint from time to time. can appoint any eligible person as an
additional judge in the High Courts for
Qualifications

E
a period of 2 years.
According to Article 217(2)- Tenure

N
Be a citizen of India.
The judges of the High Court hold
Must have worked in a judicial post

O
office till the age of 62 years.
for 10 years or has been an advocate
for 10 years. The judges of the High Court are

S
removed from their office on the same

C
Appointment grounds and procedure as for the
judges of the Supreme Court.

P
According to Article 217 (1), the
President appoints the Chief Justice

P
Oath
of a High Court in consultation with L

U
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Article 219 A Judge of the High Court
Court and the Governor of the State takes oath before the Governor of the
concerned. State.

The other judge is appointed by the Pay and Allowances

President in consultation with the According to Article 221, the salaries
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and allowances of the High Court are
the Governor of that State and the determined by the Parliament. This is
Chief Justice of the concerned High charged on the Consolidated Fund of
Court. the states.

In the case of appointment of High But their pension is given from the
Court judges, the Chief Justice of the Consolidated Fund of India.
Supreme Court will give his advice to
According to Article 220, a judge of
the President only after consulting
the Supreme Court shall not practice
the two senior-most judges of the
or work anywhere else except in the
Supreme Court.
Supreme Court and High Court after
the expiry of his term.

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Jurisdiction and Powers of the High Court

The High Court can issue writs to The High Courts also have the
enforce fundamental rights under power of judicial review.
Article 226.
Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir and
Under Article 227, High Courts are Ladakh are the two Union Territories
vested with administrative

E
which have their own High Court.
jurisdiction.

N
A single High Court (Guwahati High
Under Article 215, the High Court
Court) has been established for the

O
is also a court of record.
northeastern states of Arunachal

S
Under Article 134(a), High Courts Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland and
have the power to grant certiorari Mizoram. Its benches are at Kohima,

C
for appeal to the Supreme Court. Aizawl and Itanagar.

PP L

U
The federal system of government
has been adopted in India. The 1. Legislative Relations
division of powers between the
Union and the states is an essential Legislative relations are given in
feature of the federal system of Articles 245-255 of Part-11, Chapter
government. 1 of the Constitution.

The federal system of India is

Articles 245 and 246 regulate the
inspired by the Constitution of
distribution of legislative powers
Canada.
between the Centre and the States.
The Indian Constitution, despite
being federal, is inclined in favor of Article 247 empowers the
the center. Parliament to establish additional
The Indian Constitution has divided courts for the efficient
legislative, administrative, and administration of laws relating to
financial powers. subjects in the Union List.

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Article 248 is about residual According to Article 257, the

legislative powers. executive power of each state will
be exercised in such a manner that it
The right to make laws on residual does not create any hindrance in the
subjects in India has been given to exercise of the executive power of
the Parliament. the Centre and the Centre will have

E
the right to give necessary
According to Article 249, if the
instructions to the states for this
Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by

N
purpose.
a two-third majority of its members

O
present and voting that a particular Inter-State Council
subject in the State List is of Under Article 263, provision has

S
national importance, then the been made for the formation of the

C
Parliament gets the right to make Inter-State Council.
The President has the right to form

P
laws for the entire territory of India
or any part of it as long as the the Inter-State Council.

P
resolution regarding that subject L The Inter-State Council was formed

U
remains in force. Such a resolution on 28 May 1990. The Prime Minister
passed by the Rajya Sabha remains is the Chairman of this council.
in force for a period of one year. Its main function is to investigate
the disputes arising between the
states and give advice.
2. Administrative relations
Regional Council
The administrative relations have This is a statutory body.
been described in Part-11 of the Five regional councils were formed
Constitution, Articles 256 to 263. under the State Reorganisation
Commission 1956 to increase inter-
According to Article 256, the Center
state cooperation and coordination
can give instructions to the states
among the states.
to ensure compliance of the laws
Five regional councils North, South,
made by the Parliament and the
Central, Eastern and Western were
laws existing in that state.
formed.
The Home Minister is the Chairman
of the Regional Council.
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Various Commissions and Punchi Commission

Committees
It was set up on 27 April 2007
Sarkaria Commission under the chairmanship of Justice
A three-member committee was Madan Mohan Punchi to consider
constituted on 24 March 1983 under centre-state relations.
the chairmanship of Justice Ranjit

E
Singh Sarkaria to consider the centre- 3. Financial Relations
state relations.

N
Sittalvad Committee Part-12 of the Constitution, Articles

O
A committee was appointed in 1966 268-281 deal with financial
relations between the Union and

S
under the chairmanship of M.C.
Setalvad to give suggestions on the States.

C
centre-state relations.
Article 271 empowers Parliament

P
Rajamannar Committee to levy surcharges.

P
It was set up on 22 September 1969 L Article 275 empowers Parliament

U
under the chairmanship of Dr. P.B. to make grants-in-aid to the States
Rajamannar to suggest ways to
from the Consolidated Fund of
provide more autonomy to the states.
India.

The Finance Commission is a The other four members of the

constitutional body. It is constituted by commission should have the following
the President every five years under qualifications -
Article 280 for the purpose of advising He should be a judge of the High Court
the Central Government on financial or have equivalent qualifications.
matters. He should have knowledge of
It consists of a Chairman and four other government finance and accounts.
members. Extensive experience of administration
The Chairman of the Finance in financial matters.
Commission will be a person who has Special knowledge of economics.
sufficient experience in public life The first Finance Commission in India
was constituted in 1951.

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To recommend the principles which

The 16th Finance Commission was
govern the grants-in-aid to the States
appointed on 31 December 2023
from the Consolidated Fund of India.
under the chairmanship of Arvind
To recommend the measures
Panagariya.
required for augmenting the
Functions of the Finance Commission Consolidated Fund of the State to
To recommend the distribution of the meet the resources of Panchayats

E
net proceeds of taxes between the and Municipalities in the State on the
Union and the States and its basis of the recommendations of the

N
allocation among the States. State Finance Commission.

S O
Part 18 of the Constitution, from The requirement of written notice

C
Articles 352 to 360, deals with was added by the 44th Constitutional

P
emergency provisions. Amendment.

P
The Indian Constitution envisages If the proclamation issued by the
L
three types of emergencies: President is not approved by the

U
1. National Emergency House within a month, the
proclamation automatically expires.
The National Emergency is declared
Once approved, the emergency
by the President under Article 352.
proclamation remains in operation
Whenever the President is satisfied
for 6 months.
that the security of India or any part
of it is in danger due to war or 2. President's rule in states
external aggression or armed
The proclamation of President's rule
rebellion, he can declare a national
is issued under Article 356 (1).
emergency in respect of the whole of
According to this, if the President, on
India or any part of it.
receipt of a report from a state or
The word armed rebellion was otherwise, is satisfied that the
replaced by the 44th Constitutional governance of that state cannot be
Amendment Act, 1978. carried on according to the
The President declares an emergency constitutional provisions, then he can
only when the Cabinet gives him a proclaim President's rule in that state.
written notice of the decision to this
effect.
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Every proclamation issued under 3. Financial Emergency

Article 356 has to be passed by each
House within two months by a majority Provision regarding 'Financial
of the members present and voting. Emergency' has been made under
This proclamation remains in force for Article 360 ​of the Constitution.
two months from the date of its issue,
If the President is satisfied that a
but if both the Houses of Parliament

E
situation has arisen due to which
approve it within two months by a
the financial stability of India or

N
simple majority, then such a
any part of it is in danger.
proclamation remains in force for 6

O
months from the date of its issue. The President declares a financial

S
President's rule can be imposed for a emergency only on the advice of
maximum of 3 years. the Central Ministry.

PC Planning Commission / NITI Aayog

P
L
The Planning Commission in India was The structure of NITI Aayog has been

U
formed on 15 March 1950 as a non- made more federal than the Planning
statutory and advisory body based on Commission.
the recommendation of the K.C. This commission headed by the
Niyogi Committee constituted in 1946. Prime Minister has a provision for a
NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman and a Chief Executive
Officer. Who is appointed by the
To realize the important goal of
Prime Minister.
cooperative federalism and enable
good governance in India, NITI Aayog The government reorganized the NITI
was formed on 1 January 2015 under a Aayog on 18 September 2021 and
cabinet resolution. increased the number of its ex-officio
members to 4.
This institution headed by the Prime
Minister will act as a think tank of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi
government. abolished the Planning Commission
and formed the NITI Aayog.
It will play the role of a policy making
institution for the central government
as well as state governments.

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National Development Council

Till 1989, the Election Commission
On 6 August 1952, the National was a single member body. At
Development Council was formed as present, the Election Commission has
a non-statutory body by a a total of three members including
government resolution on the the Chief Election Commissioner and
recommendation of the Niyogi two other Election Commissioners.

E
Committee.
Tenure
Its main functions

N
The Chief Election Commissioner can
To provide guidelines for national
hold his office till the age of 65 years

O
planning.
To review social and economic or for 6 years (whichever is earlier).

S
policies. The other Election Commissioner can
To give suggestions for the hold his office till the age of 12 years

C
development of underdeveloped and or for 6 years (whichever is earlier).

P
backward areas. The Chief Election Commissioner and
To review the planning work from
other Election Commissioners can

P
time to time. L also resign by submitting their

U
resignation to the President.
Election Commission The President can remove the Chief
Election Commissioner from his post
Article 324 of the Indian
in the same manner as he removes a
Constitution provides for the
Supreme Court Judge.
Election Commission.
The other Election Commissioner can
The Election Commission of India is be removed from his post by the
a permanent constitutional body. President on the recommendation of
the Chief Election Commissioner.
It was established on 25 January
1950. Salary and allowances
It supervises, directs and controls all They receive the same salary and
elections to each House of emoluments as the Supreme Court
Parliament, State Legislatures, and Judges receive.
to the offices of President, Vice- The President determines the service
President. conditions and tenure of the Election
Commissioners under the laws made
by the Parliament.

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Political Party
Powers and functions of the
For a political party to be recognised as
Commission
a national party,
Delimitation of constituencies is a major
1. It must have secured 6% of the total
function of the Election Commission.
valid votes polled in 4 or more states in
Generally, the Chief Election
the last general election to the Lok

E
Commissioner is the chairman of the
Sabha or state assemblies and won at
Delimitation Commission.
least 4 Lok Sabha seats from a state or

N
The Election Commission prepares the states. Or

O
voter list before every Lok Sabha and 2. It must have won at least 2% of the Lok
Assembly general election. According to Sabha seats, i.e. 11 out of the total 543

S
Article 326, every person who is a citizen Lok Sabha seats, but these seats must
of India and has attained the age of 18 have been won in at least three states.

C
years shall be entitled to be registered as Or

P
a voter in the electoral roll. 3. It must have the status of a state party

P
The Election Commission recognizes L in at least 4 states.
political parties as state level or national

U
parties under Section 19 of the Year of formation of major political
party
Representation of the People Act 1951. Bahujan Samajvadi Party (BSP) -- 1984
Some quasi-judicial functions are Samajwadi Party -- 1992
performed by the Election Commission- Telugu Desam Party -- 1982
Under Article 103, the President consults CPI -- 1925
the Election Commission regarding the CPM -- 1964
disqualifications of the members of A.I.A.D.M.K. -- 1972
Parliament. Indian National Congress -- 1885
Bharatiya Janata Party -- 1980
Under Article 192, it advises the
All India Trinamool Congress -- 1998
Governor of the states regarding the
disqualifications of the members of the
State Legislature. Recognition of Leader of Opposition
The Election Commission can cancel the For recognition of Leader of Opposition
election in case of rigging in the by the Speaker of Lok Sabha, the
election. strength of the Lok Sabha should be
minimum 10% of the total number of
National Voters Day is celebrated on
members i.e. 543.
25 January.

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Part 20, Article 368 of the Amendment by Special Majority

Constitution deals with constitutional
Special majority means a majority of
amendment. In India, the power to
the total number of members of the

E
amend the Constitution is given to
House and a two-thirds majority of
the Parliament. The Parliament
the members present and voting.

N
cannot amend the basic structure of
the Constitution.

O
There are three types of procedures Amendment by special majority
and ratification of the states

S
for constitutional amendment-

C
By simple majority According to this process, along with
By special majority a special majority in each house of

P
Amendment by special majority and the Parliament, ratification of at least

P
ratification of the states half of the state legislatures is
L
necessary.

U
Through this, those provisions of the
Amendment by Simple Majority
Constitution are amended which are
Simple majority means a majority of related to the federal structure.
more than half of the members
present and voting in the House. The
amendment made by it is not Amendment Procedure
considered a constitutional
First of all, the Constitution
amendment within the meaning of
Amendment Bill is presented in any
Article 368.
House of the Parliament. The prior
The main provisions are as follows- consent of the President is not
(A) Admission of new states into the necessary for this.
Union (Article 2)
The amendment is passed by each
(B) Creation of new states or change
in the area, name or boundary of House by simple or special majority
existing states (Article 3) and sent for the assent of the
(C) Creation or abolition of Legislative President.
Council in the states (Article 169)

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To amend the provisions of Article 368 (2), the Bill needs to be ratified by a
simple majority by the Legislatures of at least half of the States before the
President gives his assent.
The President is bound to give his assent to the Constitution Amendment
Bill.
A joint session cannot be called for a Constitution Amendment Bill.

NE
O
The language which is used for the official work of the country is called
'official language'.

S
Part 17, Article (343-351) of the Constitution is about the official language.

C
Official language of the Union (Article 343, 344)

P
Regional languages ​(Article 345, 347)

P
Language of the Supreme Court and High Court (Article 348,349)
L
Special directions (Article 350 to 351)

U
Official Language of the Union
Article 343(2) provided that, for a
Under Article 343, provision has been
period of 15 years from the
made regarding the official language
commencement of this Constitution
of the Union.
(till 1965), the English language will
According to Article 343(1), the continue to be used for all official
official language of the Union will be purposes.
Hindi and the script will be Parliament passed the Official
Devanagari. Hindi was given the Languages ​Act, 1963, providing that
status of official language from 26 Hindi would be the official language
January 1950 but it was not of the Union from January 26, 1965,
implemented. but from that time onwards, besides
Hindi, English would also be equally
used for all types of official purposes
of the Union.

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Official Language ​Commission Regional Languages

Under Article 344, provision has Regional languages ​mean the

been made for the President to official languages ​of the states.
appoint an Official Languages ​
Provision for this is given in Article
Commission.
345.

E
This Commission will consist of a
According to Article 345, the

N
Chairman and such members
legislature of a state can adopt one
representing the various languages ​
or more of the languages ​used in

O
specified in the 8th Schedule, to be
that state or Hindi as the language
appointed by the President.

S
to be used for all or most of the
At present there is one Chairman official purposes of that state.

C
and 22 other members.

P
At present, Hindi is the official

P
Joint Parliamentary Committee
L language of the Union in 9 states
on Official Languages

U
namely Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Under Article 344(4), there is a Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
provision for the formation of a 30- Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan,
member Joint Parliamentary Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and
Committee. Delhi.
It includes 20 members of the Lok According to Article 346, the
Sabha and 10 members of the language authorized for official
Rajya Sabha. Members are elected purposes in the Union will be the
according to the proportional language of correspondence
representation system by single between one State and another
transferable vote. State or between the Union and a
State.
The first Joint Parliamentary
Committee on Official Language According to Article 347, the
was constituted in November, President has been given the power
1957 under the chairmanship of to give instructions to the States
Shri Govind Ballabh Pant. regarding the official language.

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Language of the Supreme 8th Schedule

Court and High Courts
The 8th Schedule of the Indian
Under Article 348, provisions have
Constitution mentions the 22
been made for the language to be
regional languages ​currently
used in the proceedings of the
recognized. Initially, there were a
Supreme Court and High Courts and
total of 14 languages.

E
for Bills, Acts and Ordinances etc. in
the Houses of Parliament and State By 21st Constitution Amendment

N
Legislatures. -- Sindhi

O
According to this, until Parliament By 71st Constitution Amendment
otherwise provides by law, -- Nepali, Konkani, and Manipuri

S
1. All proceedings of the Supreme By 92nd Constitution Amendment

C
Court and High Courts will be in the -- Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali.

P
English language.
The official language of Meghalaya,
2. A) Bills or proposed amendments

P
Mizoram and Nagaland is English,
introduced in Parliament and State L
which is not included in the 8th

U
Legislatures Schedule.
(B) All Acts passed by them
(C) All Ordinances issued by the According to Article 120, the work
President and Governor of Parliament will be done in Hindi
(D) Authorized texts of all rules, or English, but the Speaker or
regulations made under laws made Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
by Parliament and State Legislatures can allow a member to address the
will be in the English language. House in his mother tongue.

Special provision has been made regarding linguistic minority groups

under Article 350 (a) by the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956.
Provision has been made to appoint a special officer for linguistic
minority groups under Article 350 (b) by the 7th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1956.
Under Article 351, the Union has been directed to develop and propagate
the Hindi language.

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Local self-government refers to a On 2 October 1959, Pandit Jawaharlal

system of governance in which Nehru formally launched the
democratic decentralization is Panchayati Raj system in Nagaur
ensured by involving people at the district of Rajasthan.

E
lower level. It was started in Andhra Pradesh in

N
In 1882, the then Viceroy Lord Ripon 1959, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
passed a resolution for local self- in 1960, Maharashtra in 1962, Gujarat

O
government, through which he in 1963, and West Bengal in 1964.
suggested setting up subdivision or

S
taluka boards and district boards in Ashok Mehta Committee

C
the country. This proposal is called Ashok Mehta Committee was formed

P
the Magna Carta of local self- in September, 1977.
government.

P
This committee recommended a two-
L
On 2 October 1952, the Community tier structure.

U
Development Program was started It included Zila Parishad at the district
on the initiative of the then Prime level and Mandal Panchayat at the
Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. divisional level

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Dr G.V.K.Rao Committee

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was This committee was constituted in
formed in January, 1957. 1985 on the recommendation of the
This committee suggested a three- Planning Commission.
tier Panchayati Raj system. This committee gave the highest
1. Village level committee at the lowest importance to the Zila Parishad by
level recommending
2. Panchayat Samiti at the block level State Development Council at the
3. 'District Panchayat' at the district level state level,
He recommended their formation. Zila Parishad at the district level,
Balwant Rai Mehta is called the Mandal Panchayat at the Mandal
architect of India's 'Panchayati Raj level and Gram Sabha at the village
System'. level.

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Dr L.M.Singhvi Committee PK Thungan Committee

It was constituted on 16 June 1986. It was formed in 1988.

This committee recommended This committee suggested giving

providing financial resources to make constitutional status to Panchayati
panchayats economically self-reliant. Raj institutions.

NE
O
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act Four-tier Panchayat system has
been adopted in West Bengal.

S
Panchayati Raj institutions got
Under Article 243 C, the State

C
constitutional status by this Act.
Legislature has been empowered to

P
Part 9 and 16 new articles (Article 243
make provisions regarding the
to 243 O) and 11th Schedule were

P
structure of Panchayats by law.
added to the Constitution. L

U
Under Article 243 D, provision has
A total of 29 subjects are mentioned
been made for reservation of seats
in the Eleventh Schedule. Madhya
Pradesh is the first state to follow this for Scheduled Castes and Tribes and
amendment. women in Panchayats. For
Scheduled Castes and Tribes, it will
Gram Sabha was given constitutional
be in proportion to their population.
status by this Act.
One third (1/3) of the total seats in
According to Article 243 A, Gram
the Panchayat will be reserved for
Sabha will exercise such powers and
women (for all classes).
perform such functions at the village
level as may be provided by the State The Uttar Pradesh State Legislature
Legislature by law. has made provision for reservation
for other backward classes by
Formation and structure of
amending the Panchayat Raj Act
Panchayat
1947 in the year 2000.
Article 243 B provides for a three-
tier Panchayati Raj system in India.

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Tenure State Election Commission

The term has been fixed to be five
Under Article 243 K, provision has
years from the date of the first
been made for the formation of State
session.
Election Commission.
In case of premature dissolution,
elections will be held 6 months The State Election Commission
before the due date. consists of an Election Commissioner,

E
who is appointed by the Governor.
State Finance Commission

N
The service conditions and tenure of
Under Article 243-I, there is a the State Election Commissioner are

O
provision for the formation of a State
determined by the Governor.
Finance Commission.

S
The Governor constitutes a Finance The State Election Commissioner can

C
Commission every five years. be removed on the same grounds
Functions and by the same procedure as

P
1. Recommendation of distribution of prescribed for a High Court Judge.

P
taxes, duties collected by the State
L The State Legislature has the right to
between the State and the

U
make laws on all matters related to
Panchayats
Panchayat elections. The decision
2. Recommendation of grants-in-aid for
the Panchayats from the regarding Panchayat elections is
Consolidated Fund of the State taken by the State Government.

Constitutional provision regarding The posts will be filled by persons

urban governance was made by the elected through direct election.
74th Constitutional Amendment. By
Under Article 243 T, provision for
this, Part 9A and 243T to 243Z and
reservation for Scheduled Castes,
Twelfth Schedule were added.
Scheduled Tribes and women has
Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council been made in municipalities also.
and Municipal Corporation will be
Like Panchayats, the term of
formed in every state.
municipalities is 5 years from the first
All seats in a municipality will be from session. In case of premature
the territorial constituencies of the dissolution, elections should be held
municipality- within 6 months.
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Co-operative Societies
Constitutional status to cooperative societies was provided by
the 97th Constitutional Amendment 2011.
It added Part IXB to the Constitution.
Articles 243ZH to 243ZT deal with cooperative societies.

E
Newly created Union Territories

N
Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh

O
On 5 August 2019, President Ram (2) Under Article 239A of the

S
Nath Kovind completely abolished Constitution, Jammu and Kashmir

C
all the provisions of this article was made a Union Territory with a
except clause (1) of Article 370 from

P
legislature like Puducherry. It will
Jammu and Kashmir under the be administered by a Lieutenant

P
Constitution (Application to Jammu L Governor.

U
and Kashmir) Order, 2019.
Jammu Kashmir Reorganization Act, (3) Under Article 239, Ladakh was
2019 - Introduced in the Rajya made a Union Territory without a
Sabha on 5 August 2019, the said legislature. There will be a
bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha Lieutenant Governor here who will
on 5 August 2019, and the Lok run the administration.
Sabha on 6 August 2019 and the
President gave his assent on 9 Jammu and Kashmir will have 4
August 2019. seats in the Rajya Sabha, 5 seats in
Finally, this Act came into force on the Lok Sabha and 114 seats in the
31 October 2019. Legislative Assembly.
Under this -
(1) The state of Jammu and Kashmir
was divided into two new union
territories - Jammu and Kashmir and
Ladakh.

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Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

The Union Territories of Dadra and

On 26 January 2020, the Dadra and
Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
have been merged to form a Union
Act 2019 has been implemented
Territory from 26 January 2020.
with immediate effect.

E
The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Thus, at present there are 28 states

N
Territories) Bill 2019 was and 8 union territories in India.

O
introduced in Parliament on 26
As before, two seats have been
November 2019.
allocated in the Lok Sabha for the

S
The said bill was passed by the Lok Union Territory of Dadra and

C
Sabha on 27 November 2019 and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

P
by the Rajya Sabha on 3 December and this Union Territory will
2019. Thereafter, the President remain under the jurisdiction of

P
gave his assent to it on 9 L the Bombay High Court.

U
December 2019.

Major Constitutional Amendments

First Constitutional Amendment (1951) -- Ninth Schedule added.

7th Amendment (1956)

1.Increase in the number of members of Lok Sabha.
2.Provision of one High Court for two or more states.

31st Amendment (1972) -- Lok Sabha seats increased from 525 to 545.

36th Amendment (1975) -- Sikkim was made a full state of India.

39th Amendment (1975) -- Election of President, Vice President, Speaker

and Prime Minister cannot be challenged.

42nd Amendment 1976 -- Under this amendment, three new words

'Socialist, Secular and Integrity' were added to the Indian Constitution.

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44th Amendment Act 1978 -- Removed the right to property from the list of
fundamental rights. Right to property is not a fundamental right, it is only a
legal right.

52nd Amendment(1985) -- Provision of anti-defection laws (new tenth

schedule added)

58th Amendment(1987) -- For publishing the authorized Hindi text of the

E
Constitution.

N
61st Amendment(1989) -- Voting age reduced from 21 to 18 years.

O
69th Amendment(1991) -- Delhi was given special status of 'National Capital
Territory of Delhi'.

S
70th Amendment(1992) -- Provision for inclusion of members of

C
Pondicherry and Delhi legislature in the electoral college for the presidential
election.

P
73rd Amendment(1992) -- Panchayati Raj institutions were given

P
constitutional status. L

U
74th Amendment(1992) -- Urban local bodies were given constitutional
status.
86th Amendment (2002) - Elementary education was made a fundamental
right.
89th Amendment 2003 - National Scheduled Tribes Commission formed
under Article 338-A
91st Amendment (2003) - The total number of ministers in the Council of
Ministers, including the Prime Minister, will not exceed 15% of the total
number of Lok Sabha.
97th Constitutional Amendment (2011)
This amendment provided a constitutional place and protection to
cooperative societies.
The following three changes were made in the Constitution by the
amendment -
1.The right to form a cooperative society became a fundamental right.
[Article-19 (1) c]

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UPPCS ONE

2. Inclusion of a new directive principle of promoting cooperative societies in

the state policy. (Article-43 b)
3. A new Part-IX-B named 'Cooperative Societies' was added to the
Constitution. [Article-243J to 243Y]
99th Constitutional Amendment (2014) - Establishment of National Judicial
Appointments Commission. (S.C. rejected)

E
100th Constitutional Amendment (2015) -- India-Bangladesh land transfer.

N
101st Constitutional Amendment (2016)

O
-- Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented by this.

102nd Constitutional Amendment (2018) -- By this Act, provision has been

S
made for the formation of 'National Backward Classes Commission' by adding

C
Article 338B in the Constitution.

P
103rd Constitutional Amendment, 2019 -- Through this amendment, two

P
new articles 15(6) and 16(6) have been
L added to the Constitution. Prior to this

U
constitutional amendment, reservation was given on the basis of caste,
considering social and educational backwardness as the basis, but through
this amendment, 10% reservation has been arranged by accepting 'economic
deprivation' as the basis of backwardness.

104th Constitutional Amendment, 2019 -- By amending Article 334 (a) of

the Constitution, the provision of reservation for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies of the States
has been extended for the next 10 years and made effective till January 25,
2030.

105th Constitutional Amendment, 2021 -- Its objective is to restore the

power of the states to identify socially and educationally backward classes.

106th Constitutional Amendment, 2023 -- It is also called Nari Shakti

Vandan Bill. Through this, provision of 33% reservation for women in Lok
Sabha and Legislative Assembly was made.

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UPPCS ONE

NE
S O
PC
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L

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