A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

STUDY OF AIR INDEPENDENT PROPULSION SYSTEM OF

SUBMARINE’S
SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

PIYUSH KAILAS CHAUDHARI

PRN No: 2254491612503

Under The Guidance of

Prof. Yogesh Sonawane

SHRI VILE PARLE KELAVANI MANDAL’S,

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DHULE 424 001
Affiliated to
Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (DBATU),
LONERE
A.Y. 2023-2024
 SHRI VILE PARLE KELAVANI MANDAL’S
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DHULE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar Entitled
INNOVATION IN UNDERWATER WELDING
Submitted by
Piyush Kailas Chaudhari
PRN No: 2254491612503
is a bonafide work carried out by him/her under the supervision of Prof. Yogesh Sonawane
and it is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University (DBATU), Lonere.

Prof. Yogesh Sonawane Dr. Amol Badgujar

Seminar Guide Seminar Coordinator

Dr. Hitesh Thakare Dr. Nilesh Salunke

HOD Principal

Signature of Examiner 1 Signature of Examiner 2

I
 Acknowledgments

It makes me feel grateful in presenting the preliminary Seminar report on

‘INNOVATION IN UNDERWATER WELDING. I would like to take this opportunity to thank
my internal guide Prof. Yogesh Sonawane for giving me all the helpand guidance I needed. I am really
grateful to them for their kind support. Their valuable suggestions were very helpful. I am also grateful
to Dr. Hitesh Thakare, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, SVKM’S IOT for his
indispensable support, suggestions. In the endour special thanks to Dr. Nilesh Salunke, for providing
various resources such as laboratory with all needed software platforms, continuous internet connection,
for Seminar report preparation.

PIYUSH KAILAS CHAUDHARI

(B. Tech. Mechanical Engg.)

II
 Abstract

Underwater welding stands at the forefront of marine engineering, playing a pivotal role in
various underwater construction and repair activities. This seminar report delves into the realm
of innovation within underwater welding, exploring the latest advancements, prevalent
challenges, and the promising future prospects in this specialized field.The report begins by
outlining the fundamental principles and techniques of underwater welding, encompassing both
wet and dry welding methodologies. It then proceeds to highlight recent innovations in
equipment, materials, and techniques, such as the development of advanced welding electrodes,
robotic automation, and novel shielding technologies.Moreover, the seminar delves into the
significant challenges faced by underwater welders, including safety concerns, environmental
factors, and technical limitations. It addresses the ongoing efforts to mitigate these challenges
through improved training programs, enhanced safety protocols, and the integration of cutting-
edge technologies. Furthermore, the report explores the potential applications of underwater
welding beyond traditional marine construction, including salvage operations, offshore energy
installations, and underwater infrastructure maintenance. It underscores the role of innovation in
expanding the scope and efficacy of underwater welding across diverse industries.In conclusion,
this seminar report underscores the critical role of innovation in driving advancements in
underwater welding, while also acknowledging the persistent challenges that must be addressed.
By embracing innovation and leveraging emerging technologies, the future of underwater
welding holds tremendous promise for enhancing efficiency, safety, and sustainability in
underwater operations.

III
 Contents

Chapter Title Page Number

Certificate i
Acknowledgments ii
Abstract iii
1 Introduction 1
2 Classification 2

3 Discussions 3
4 Summary and Conclusions 16
5 References 17

IV
 List of Figures

Figure Figure Caption Page

Number Number

1 Shielding of the welding arc and molten pool with a covered 5

stick electrode

2 arrangements of underwater welding 5

3 Picture of wet welding 6

V
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The fact that electric arc could operate was known for over a 100 years. The first
ever underwater welding was carried out by British Admiralty – Dockyard for sealing
leaking ship rivets below the water line.

Underwater welding is an important tool for underwater fabrication works. In 1946,

special waterproof electrodes were developed in Holland by ‘Van der Willingen’. In recent
years the number of offshore structures including oil drilling rigs, pipelines, platforms are
being installed significantly. Some of these structures will experience failures of its
elements during normal usage and during unpredicted occurrences like storms, collisions.
Any repair method will require the use of underwater welding. Welding is an unavoidable
process of modern engineering – civil, electrical, mechanical, automobiles, marine
aeronautical – in all branches. It is used in fabrications and erections in infrastructures and
installations. It joins metals or thermoplastics. Forming a pool the basis of the process of
welding. For repairing to be carried out underwater, there is a separate process. That is
called underwater welding. If damaged ships are to be repaired, underwater welding is the
basic technology to be used. It is a highly-specialized profession – more employed in the
oil or shipping industry and also in the defense operations. Welders undergo rigorous
training to master specialized techniques tailored for underwater conditions, considering
factors such as water depth, visibility, and currents. By adhering to strict safety protocols
and employing these principles, welders can effectively perform wet welding operations,
contributing to crucial applications in offshore construction, marine engineering, and
underwater repairs.of molten mass – the weld puddle – and allowing it to cool to become a
strong join

1
 Chapter 2

CLASSIFICATION

Underwater welding can be classified as

1) Dry Welding
2) Wet Welding

1)Dry Welding: Dry welding involves creating a sealed chamber or habitat around
the welding area, allowing the welding to be conducted in a dry environment despite
being submerged underwater. There are two main types of dry welding methods:

a. Hyperbaric Welding: In hyperbaric welding, a sealed chamber, often pressurized

to match the surrounding water pressure, is used to house the welding operation.
Welders work in a dry environment within the chamber, allowing for traditional
welding techniques to be employed without the interference of water.

b. Dry Chamber Welding: Similar to hyperbaric welding, dry chamber welding

utilizes a sealed chamber or habitat to create a dry environment for welding. The
chamber is typically constructed around the area to be welded, allowing welders to
work without being exposed to the underwater environment.

3) Wet Welding: Wet welding, also known as underwater welding, involves conducting
welding operations directly underwater without the need for a sealed chamber.
Specialized equipment and techniques are employed to overcome the challenges
posed by the presence of water. Wet welding can further be classified based on the
welding technique and equipment used:

a. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): SMAW, commonly known as stick

welding, is one of the most widely used methods for wet welding. Specialized
electrodes coated with flux create a gas shield around the weld area, displacing water
and allowing for effective welding underwater.

b. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): Also known as TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)
welding, GTAW can be adapted for underwater welding with the use of specialized
equipment and techniques. This method offers high precision and quality welds,
making it suitable for certain underwater applications.

These classifications provide an overview of the different methods and techniques used in
underwater welding, each with its own advantages and limitations depending on the specific
requirements of the welding operation and the underwater environment.

2
 Chapter 3

WET WELDING
Wet Welding indicates that welding is performed underwater, directly exposed to
the wet environment. A special electrode is used and welding is carried out manually just
as one does in open air welding. The increased freedom of movement makes wet welding
the most effective, efficient and economical method. Welding power supply is located on
the surface with connection to the diver/welder via cables and hoses.

In wet welding MMA (manual metal arc welding) is used.

Power Supply used : DC

Polarity : -ve polarity

When DC is used with +ve polarity, electrolysis will take place and cause rapid
deterioration of any metallic components in the electrode holder. For wet welding AC is
not used on account of electrical safety and difficulty in maintaining an arc underwater.

Power
Electrode holder
Supply

- +
Electrode

Work

Knife switch

3
 The power source should be a direct current machine rated at 300 or 400 amperes.
Motor generator welding machines are most often used for underwater welding in the
wet. The welding machine frame must be grounded to the ship. The welding circuit must
include a positive type of switch, usually a knife switch operated on the surface and
commanded by the welder-diver. The knife switch in the electrode circuit must be capable
of breaking the full welding current and is used for safety reasons. The welding power
should be connected to the electrode holder only during welding.

Direct current with electrode negative (straight polarity) is used. Special welding
electrode holders with extra insulation against the water are used. The underwater welding
electrode holder utilizes a twist type head for gripping the electrode. It accommodates two
sizes of electrodes.

The electrode types used conform to AWS E6013 classification. The electrodes
must be waterproofed. All connections must be thoroughly insulated so that the water
cannot come in contact with the metal parts. If the insulation does leak, seawater will come
in contact with the metal conductor and part of the current will leak away and will not be
available at the arc. In addition, there will be rapid deterioration of the coppercable at
the point of the leak.

In underwater welding the arc does not behave as in air. The activity of the gas
bubbles being particularly important, as this tends to create a rather unstable arc condition,
compared with surface welding, together with a somewhat more confusingweld puddle,
which must be mastered by the diver before successful welding can take is no difference
between surface MA welding and underwater wet-stick welding. place. Apart from this,
with regard to the actual physical principles of operation, there Both processes use basically
the same equipment with the exception of necessary waterproofing for the electrodes and
certain other safety equipment.

4
Figure 1 Shielding of the welding arc and molten pool with a covered stick electrode

The electrodes themselves may be either carbon manganese (C/Mn) or mild steelif
you prefer, and stainless steel (duplex). With the rutile mild steel electrodes being the most
widely used, but more about electrodes later.

Figure 2 arrangements of underwater welding

5
Figure 3 -Picture of wet welding

6
 Chapter 4

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF WET WELDING

The process of underwater wet welding takes in the following manner:

The principle of operation behind wet welding, also known as underwater welding, lies in
overcoming the challenges posed by working in a submerged environment to join metal
components effectively. Specialized electrodes are carefully selected to create a protective
gas shield around the weld area, preventing water from interfering with the welding process.
These electrodes, often low-hydrogen to mitigate hydrogen embrittlement risks, are
complemented by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) techniques. In SMAW, the flux
coating on the electrode decomposes upon heating, releasing gases like carbon dioxide and
hydrogen, which envelop the weld area,The work to be welded is connected to one side of an
electric circuit, and a metal electrode to the other side. These two parts of the circuit are
brought together, and then separated slightly. The electric current jumps the gap and causes a
sustained spark (arc), which melts the bare metal, forming a weld pool. At the same time, the
tip of electrode melts, and metal droplets are projected into the weld pool. During this
operation, the flux covering the electrode melts to provide a shielding gas, which is used to
stabilize the arc column and shield the transfer metal. The arc burns in a cavity formed inside
the flux covering, which is designed to burn slower than the metal barrel of the electrode.
execute wet welding, a diver-welder utilizes specialized equipment designed to withstand water
pressure and deliver the necessary electric current for welding. Typically, a waterproof electrode
holder is used to hold the welding electrode, which is connected to a welding power source on the
surface via an insulated cable. The electric current generated by the welding power source passes
through the electrode and creates an arc between the electrode and the workpiece, melting both the
electrode and the base metal. One of the key challenges in wet welding is maintaining a stable arc
and preventing the formation of hydrogen bubbles, which can compromise the integrity of the weld.
Specialized welding techniques and coatings are often employed to mitigate these challenges.
Additionally, divers must contend with reduced visibility, buoyancy issues, and the need for
specialized safety procedures to ensure the welder's safety and the quality of the weld.

7
 Chapter 5
HYPERBARIC WELDING (DRY WELDING)

Hyperbaric welding is carried out in chamber sealed around the structure o be welded. The
chamber is filled with a gas (commonly helium containing 0.5 bar ofoxygen) at the prevailing
pressure. The habitat is sealed onto the pipeline and filled with abreathable mixture of helium
and oxygen, at or slightly above the ambient pressure at which the welding is to take place.
This method produces high-quality weld joints that meet X-ray and code requirements. The
gas tungsten arc welding process is employed for this process. The area under the floor of the
Habitat is open to water. Thus the welding is done in the dry but at the hydrostatic pressure
of the sea water surrounding the Habitat The process of hyperbaric welding typically
involves two main methods: dry chamber welding and habitat welding. In dry chamber
welding, the welder and the welding equipment are enclosed within a rigid chamber that is
pressurized with a gas such as helium or a mixture of gases to match the pressure of the
surrounding water. The welder operates through special gloves attached to the chamber, using
conventional welding techniques to join the metal components.In habitat welding, the welder
operates from inside a flexible, inflatable habitat or enclosure known as a habitat bag. This
habitat is sealed around the area to be welded and then pressurized to keep water out. The
welder works inside the habitat, using welding equipment that extends through the habitat
wall to perform the weld.Hyperbaric welding offers several advantages over wet welding,
including better weld quality and reduced risk of defects due to the absence of water
contamination. Additionally, hyperbaric welding allows for greater control over welding
parameters and improved visibility, which can result in higher productivity and efficiency.
However, hyperbaric welding requires specialized equipment and facilities, making it more
complex and expensive than wet welding.Despite its challenges and costs, hyperbaric welding
is widely used in industries such as offshore oil and gas, marine construction, and underwater
infrastructure for critical welding applications where high-quality, defect-free welds are
essential. Its ability to provide a dry environment for welding underwater makes it invaluable
for complex and precision welding projects in challenging underwater conditions.

8
 Chapter 6

RISKS INVOLVED

There is a risk to the welder/diver of electric shock. Precautions include achieving

adequate electrical insulation of the welding equipment, shutting off the electricity supply
immediately the arc is extinguished, and limiting the open-circuit voltage of MMA(SMA)
welding sets. Secondly, hydrogen and oxygen are produced by the arc in wet welding.

Precautions must be taken to avoid the build-up of pockets of gas, which are
potentially explosive. The other main area of risk is to the life or health of the welder/diver
from nitrogen introduced into the blood steam during exposure to air at increased pressure.
Precautions include the provision of an emergency air or gas supply, stand-by divers, and
decompression chambers to avoid nitrogen narcosis following rapid surfacing after
saturation diving.

For the structures being welded by wet underwater welding, inspection following welding
may be more difficult than for welds deposited in air. Assuring the integrity of such
underwater welds may be more difficult, and there is a risk that defects may remain
undetected. Both the welder and the structure are at risk. The welder has to protect himself
from electric shocks. The welder has to be insulated. The voltage of the welding sets has to
be controlled. Pockets of oxygen and hydrogen built up by the arc will be potentially
explosive. The welder has to take precaution because nitrogen will be built up in the blood
stream of the welder, when exposed to air at high pressure under the water surface.
Inspection, although very difficult, is a mandatory requirement. No defects should remain.
In addition to all these precautions, safe arc-welding precautions are to be taken.

Underwater welding is mostly employed in marine engineering products – in installations

of oil and gas rigs. Underwater welding can be classified depending upon the types of
equipment’s and the types of procedures involved. The most common underwater welding
process, known as manual metal arc building (MMA), is employed for deep water repairing
activities. Cofferdam welding process and Hyperbaric welding process are normally carried
out for underwater welding operations. They are employed for welding steel pipelines,
other offshore structures, submerged parts of large ships and underwater structures
supporting a harbor. The safety measures include emergency air or gas supply, stand-by
divers and decompression chambers.

9
 Chapter 7
ADVANTAGES OF DRY WELDING

 Welder/Diver Safety – Welding is performed in a chamber, immune to ocean

currents and marine animals. The warm, dry habitat is well illuminated and has its
own environmental control system (ECS).
 Good Quality Welds – This method has ability to produce welds of quality
comparable to open air welds because water is no longer present to quench the weld
and H2 level is much lower than wet welds.

 Surface Monitoring – Joint preparation, pipe alignment, NDT inspection, etc. are
monitored visually.
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) – NDT is also facilitated by the dry habitat
environment.

 Improved Productivity: The controlled environment of dry welding allows for

better visibility and easier access to the weld site. Welders can work more efficiently
and accurately, leading to increased productivity and shorter project completion
times.
 Versatility: Dry welding can be used in a variety of underwater environments,
including deep-sea applications where wet welding may be impractical or unsafe. It
is suitable for both shallow and deep-water projects, making it a versatile option for
underwater welding tasks.
 Reduced Environmental Impact: Dry welding minimizes the release of
contaminants into the surrounding water, making it an environmentally friendly
option for underwater welding projects. This is particularly important in sensitive
marine ecosystems where pollution can have significant ecological consequences.

 Longer Weld Life: Welds produced through dry welding tend to have greater
durability and longevity compared to wet welds. The absence of water
contamination and hydrogen embrittlement results in stronger, more reliable welds
that are less prone to corrosion and degradation over time.

10
 Chapter 8
DISADVANTAGES OF DRY WELDING
 High Initial Investment: Setting up a hyperbaric welding operation requires
significant initial investment in specialized equipment, including pressurized
chambers or habitats, gas supply systems, and safety gear. These upfront costs can be
prohibitive for smaller welding projects or companies with limited budgets.

 Complexity: Dry welding operations are more complex and technically challenging
compared to wet welding. Welders must undergo specialized training to work in
pressurized environments and follow strict safety protocols to prevent decompression
sickness and other health risks associated with hyperbaric conditions.

 Limited Access: Dry welding is typically limited to specific underwater environments

where pressurized chambers or habitats can be deployed. This can restrict the
accessibility of certain weld locations, particularly in deep-sea or remote underwater
locations where deploying and maintaining hyperbaric equipment may be impractical
or cost-prohibitive.

 Reduced Mobility: Welders working in pressurized chambers or habitats have

limited mobility and dexterity compared to those performing wet welding.
Manipulating welding equipment and accessing tight spaces within the confined
environment of a chamber or habitat can be challenging, potentially affecting welding
efficiency and productivity.

 Maintenance Requirements: Hyperbaric welding equipment requires regular

inspection, maintenance, and certification to ensure safe and effective operation. This
includes testing and servicing pressure vessels, gas supply systems, and environmental
control systems, adding to the ongoing operational costs and logistical challenges of
maintaining a dry welding facility.

 Environmental Considerations: While dry welding minimizes the release of

contaminants into the surrounding water, it may still have environmental impacts,
particularly during the construction and operation of hyperbaric welding facilities.

11
 Chapter 9
ADVANTAGES OF WET WELDING

Wet underwater MMA welding has now been widely used for many years in the
repair of offshore platforms. The benefits of wet welding are: -

 Accessibility: Wet welding can be performed in a wide range of underwater

environments, including shallow waters close to shorelines, offshore structures, and
submerged infrastructure. Its versatility allows welders to access and repair
underwater structures without the need for specialized equipment or facilities.

 Lower Cost: Compared to dry welding, wet welding typically requires less
specialized equipment and infrastructure, resulting in lower initial investment costs.
This makes wet welding a more accessible option for smaller welding projects or
companies with limited budgets.

 Flexibility: Wet welding allows for greater flexibility and mobility compared to dry
welding. Welders can move freely underwater to access different weld locations and
work on a variety of submerged structures, including ships, pipelines, and offshore
platforms.

 Rapid Deployment: Wet welding can be quickly deployed in emergency repair

situations where immediate welding action is required to prevent further damage or
structural failure. Welders can respond rapidly to underwater welding needs without
the logistical challenges associated with setting up pressurized chambers or habitats.

 Minimal Environmental Impact: Wet welding minimizes the use of pressurized

gases and chemicals, reducing the environmental footprint associated with hyperbaric
welding operations. The underwater environment acts as a natural barrier, containing
welding by-products and minimizing their dispersal into surrounding ecosystems.

12
 Chapter 10

DISADVANTAGES OF WET WELDING

Although wet welding is widely used for underwater fabrication works, it suffers
from the following drawbacks: -
1. Reduced Weld Quality: The presence of water during wet welding can
introduce impurities and contaminants into the weld, leading to reduced weld
quality and integrity. Factors such as hydrogen embrittlement and the
formation of porosity or cracks can compromise the strength and durability of
wet welds.
2. Hydrogen Embrittlement: Wet welding exposes the weld and base metal to
water, which can lead to the absorption of hydrogen gas into the weld zone.
Hydrogen embrittlement can weaken the weld metal, making it more
susceptible to cracking and failure over time, especially in high-stress
environments.
3. Limited Visibility: Underwater visibility is often poor, particularly in murky
or turbid waters, which can hinder the welder's ability to see the weld pool and
workpiece clearly. Poor visibility increases the risk of welding defects and
makes it challenging to ensure proper weld penetration and alignment.
4. Buoyancy and Stability Issues: Welders working underwater must contend
with buoyancy forces that can affect their stability and control while welding.
Maintaining proper positioning and stability can be challenging, particularly in
strong currents or turbulent underwater conditions, leading to difficulties in
achieving consistent weld quality.
5. Safety Concerns: Wet welding poses unique safety risks to welders, including
the potential for electric shock, drowning, and injury from underwater hazards
such as marine life, entanglement, and underwater debris. Welders must
undergo specialized training and adhere to strict safety protocols to mitigate
these risks and ensure their safety while working underwater.
6. Corrosion and Contamination: The underwater environment is highly
corrosive, with seawater containing salts and other corrosive agents that can
accelerate metal corrosion.

13
 Chapter 10
DEVELOPMENTS IN UNDER WATER WELDING
several developments have occurred in underwater welding, aimed at improving efficiency,
safety, and the quality of welds. Some notable advancements include:

 Improved Electrode Materials: The development of specialized welding electrodes

designed for underwater use has contributed to better weld quality and performance.
These electrodes are formulated to minimize hydrogen embrittlement, improve arc
stability, and enhance weld penetration and deposition rates underwater.
 Advanced Welding Techniques: Innovations in welding techniques, such as the use
of pulsed arc welding, friction stir welding, and laser welding, have been adapted for
underwater applications. These techniques offer advantages such as better control over
heat input, reduced distortion, and improved weld quality in challenging underwater
environments.
 Automation and Robotics: The integration of robotic systems and automated
welding technologies has streamlined underwater welding operations, reducing the
need for manual intervention and improving productivity. Underwater welding robots
equipped with sensors and cameras can perform welds with greater precision and
consistency, even in difficult-to-access areas.
 Remote Monitoring and Inspection: Advances in remote monitoring and inspection
technologies have enabled real-time monitoring of underwater welding processes and
weld quality. Remote-operated vehicles (ROVs) equipped with cameras, sensors, and
non-destructive testing (NDT) equipment can inspect welds underwater and provide
feedback to welders on weld integrity and defects.
 Improved Training and Certification: Enhanced training programs and certification
standards for underwater welders have been developed to ensure competency and
safety in underwater welding operations. These programs cover topics such as diving
techniques, welding procedures, equipment maintenance, and safety protocols,
helping to standardize practices and reduce the risk of accidents.
 Environmentally Friendly Practices: Efforts have been made to minimize the
environmental impact of underwater welding through the use of eco-friendly welding
processes, biodegradable fluxes, and underwater welding techniques that reduce the
release of contaminants into the surrounding water
14
 Chapter 11
SCOPE FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Wet MMA is still being used for underwater repairs, but the quality of wet welds is poor and
are prone to hydrogen cracking. Dry Hyperbaric welds are better in quality than wet welds.
Present trend is towards automation. THOR – 1 (TIG Hyperbaric Orbital Robot) is developed
where diver performs pipefitting, installs the trac and orbital head on the pipe and the rest
process is automated.The field of underwater welding continues to present opportunities for
further advancements and innovations. Some areas with potential for development include:

 Material Compatibility: Research into the development of welding procedures and

materials that are specifically tailored for underwater welding applications can lead to
improved weld quality, reduced hydrogen embrittlement, and enhanced corrosion
resistance. Advancements in metallurgy and material science can contribute to the
development of specialized welding consumables and base materials optimized for
underwater use.

 Underwater Inspection Technologies: Further advancements in remote monitoring,

inspection, and NDT techniques for underwater welds can improve the accuracy and
reliability of weld inspections, allowing for early detection of defects and anomalies.
Integration of advanced sensors, imaging technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI)
algorithms can enable real-time assessment of weld integrity and facilitate predictive
maintenance strategies.

 Diving and Safety Equipment: Continued research and development in diving

equipment and safety gear can enhance diver comfort, mobility, and safety during
underwater welding operations. Innovations in diving suits, helmets, communication
systems, and emergency response protocols can mitigate risks and improve overall
operational efficiency.

 Automation and Robotics: Further integration of robotics, autonomous systems, and

AI-driven technologies into underwater welding operations can enhance productivity,
precision, and safety. Advancements in underwater robotics, such as autonomous
welding robots and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) equipped with welding
capabilities, can expand the scope and capabilities of underwater welding tasks.

 Environmental Sustainability: Efforts to minimize the environmental impact of

underwater welding can drive research into eco-friendly welding processes,
biodegradable consumables, and sustainable practices. Development of
environmentally friendly welding techniques and materials can help mitigate pollution
and preserve marine ecosystems while ensuring compliance with environmental
regulations.

15
 Chapter 12
CONCLUSION

Conclude by reaffirming the importance of innovation in underwater welding and its role in
advancing various industries. Stress the need for collaboration between researchers, industry
professionals, and policymakers to continue driving innovation in this field. Finally, express
optimism about the future of underwater welding and its potential to revolutionize underwater
construction and maintenance practices.

16
 REFERENCES

 D. J Keats, Manual on Wet Welding.

 Annon, Recent advances in dry underwater pipeline welding, Welding Engineer,

1974.
 Lythall, Gibson, Dry Hyperbaric underwater welding, Welding Institute.

 Wiucas, International conference on computer technology in welding.

 Stepath M. D, Underwater welding and cutting yields slowly to research, Welding

Engineer, April 1973.
 Silva, Hazlett, Underwater welding with iron — powder electrodes, Welding
Journal, 1971

17