Outline to Computer System Troubleshooting

Basic computer troubleshooting involves diagnosing, identifying and solving computer systems
problems. Like any electronics equipment, a computer may stop working or unable to start at all
because of several reasons. The reasons could be either software or hardware failure or both
Trouble shooting is a systematic approach to problem solving that is often used to find and
correct issues with computers and software systems.

Troubleshooting a PC requires a combination of the technician’s knowledge, intuition, and

experience. There are many diagnostic tools that are included as standard programs for Microsoft
software systems. There are also many diagnostic tools available from third-party vendors that
can assist in the troubleshooting process. The value of diagnostic tools is they can be used to
save time and money when trying to identify problems that may be caused by two or more
components. For example, it can be difficult to determine if a problem is caused by a
troublesome CPU or a bad motherboard. When this situation arises, a simple solution is to
substitute a known or good CPU for the suspect CPU. However, this substitution alone can be a
very expensive proposition

The first step in troubleshooting is gathering information on the issue, such as an undesired
behavior or a lack of expected functionality and area of faults, there are three major fault areas to
be considered:
 Hardware failure.
 Software failure.
 User-generated problems.

The most common error or problem is the user-generated problem. Some users like to play
around with Control Panel, and others will try to solve their problems alone. Users with a little
technical knowledge can be the most dangerous. They often attempt to fix a problem alone
before calling the technician. When this happens, you may very well be faced with more than
one problem. First, the original problem likely still exists, and then there are additional problems
created by the user. Repairing computers in a school setting can be the most frustrating. Some
students love to experiment on the settings on a school’s computer before trying the activity on

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their home computer. In other to troubleshoot properly, it is critical to determine from the
computer user what the last action on the computer was prior to the problem occurring or before
computer failure. Often, the last action taken by the user can lead the technician directly to the
problem. Find out if the user recently installed some new software. Perhaps, there has been a
recent hardware upgrade to the problem PC. Has the user recently downloaded a file from the
Internet? Ask as many questions of the user as possible. This can save valuable time.

There is no one foolproof method to troubleshooting. There are too many variables that can
cause a computer to fail, but there are recommended procedures that can be used to help you
organize your approach to solving a computer problem, first thing is to isolate the problem. You
must determine if it is a hardware problem, software problem, or user-generated problem. This is
easier said than done. The best way to go about this is to determine when and where the problem
is occurred,

1st stage: During POST

If the problem occurs during POST, it is most likely a hardware failure. In this stage, no
operating system software or allocation software has been loaded. The post may fail to complete
if a damaged hardware device fails POST or fails its own diagnostic routine. For example, a
telephone modem that has been damaged during a thunderstorm may cause the computer to lock
up during the POST. If you just built the computer system and it fails to successfully boot the
first time during POST, chances are you have improperly installed the RAM, CPU, or CPU
cooling device. A high-speed CPU that has an improperly installed cooling fan and heat sink
may generate excessive heat in a few seconds, causing the computer to freeze while performing
the POST. Improperly seated RAM may also cause the computer to fail during POST. When
memory is improperly seated, a beep code typically will be issued, indicating a problem with
RAM. Go back and reinstall these devices and remove all unnecessary devices, such as adapter
cards that are not required for system operation, and reboot the system. If the problem still
persists, you can either substitute parts to determine which hardware device is causing the failure
during POST,

POST beep codes and their meaning

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1. Steady, short beeps
The power supply may be bad, this is a good one. We tested the power supply to see if it turned
things on, but what if it's not turning everything on? Or if the voltages are wrong? This POST
test helps us narrow the cause down to the power supply. A replacement would usually be
necessary.

2. Long continuous beep tone

Memory failure. This is usually what you hear when one or both of your Random Access
Memory (RAM) sticks goes bad. If there is more than one stick installed, try taking one out first
to see if the computer boots, if it does not, try with the other one. Usually, this will tell you
which stick has gone bad, and you can replace or upgrade accordingly. If there is only one stick
installed, you will need to replace or upgrade to fix the problem.

3. Steady, long beeps

This is another POST code that noted a bad power supply. The difference is, while the “steady,
short beeps” code notes that the power supply may be bad, this POST code notes that is has gone
bad.

4. No Beep
No beep can mean that the power supply is not plugged in, or not turned on. This can also be a
sign of the power supply being completely dead.

5. No beep (system turns on and runs fine)

This one is a bit elusive, but if you make sure to check every once in a while, you can save
yourself some troubleshooting later on. If the system works fine, but does not beep once when
you turn the machine on, your "beeper" may have actually died out. Under normal
circumstances, most computer systems will beep one short beep.

6. One long, two short beeps

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This POST code means that there has been a video card failure. Your first action should be to try
reseating the video card, if any. This can sometimes solve the problem all together as some
computer systems, especially those that are often connected to projectors, will move the
VGA/DVI/Video cable so often, that it will actually slowly unplug the video card enough to stop
working. If reseating the video card does not work, it may need to be replaced. Once you get into
smaller, more complex components, the resolution becomes cheaper to replace than to repair .

2nd Stage : During loading of Operating System

If the problem occurs during stage two—operating system loading and initialization—the
problem is most likely related to a corrupt operating system file or a device driver. You can
identify when stage two starts by observing the screen display. Many computer systems display
the results of the POST as it occurs. You will see the RAM check verified on the screen as well
as the hard disk drive identified and other devices present. Failure during the second stage is
usually the result of a corrupt required operating system file such as ntldr or failure to properly
detect and initialize a piece of hardware such as the sound card. It can also be the failure of a
required hardware driver file. The fastest way to repair a system failure that occurs during the
loading and initialization of the operating system is by reinstalling required system files. Simply
insert the installation CD/DVD and then reboot the computer. When the installation CD/DVD
boots, follow the screen prompts.

3rd stage: After logon

Third Stage, System logon is the end of the second stage. Keep in mind that not all operating
systems require a logon. The third stage is when the desktop first appears. During the third stage,
startup programs, services, and applications are loaded. The most common problems that can
occur during this time are usually due to corrupt or incompatible drivers and files. Files can
become corrupt in various ways such as by virus attacks and hardware failures. For example, an
intermittent RAM failure can corrupt files also if the file contents is being transferred or copied
during the time of RAM failure. Files are also corrupted by being stored in an area of the hard
drive that has a bad sector. All data saved to the bad sector is lost, thus corrupting the contents of
the complete file.

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Steps in Basic computer troubleshooting

Step one
Determine the area of the problem
Before going to the repairing process, you should identify and isolate the type of difficulty your
PC encountered. This is the first step in basic computer troubleshooting. Generally, computer
problems fall into two main areas: hardware and software. Your computer fails to work due to
hardware or software failure. Is it hardware or software problem or combination? You must
answer this question, because the troubleshooting methods and tools you implement for both
breakdowns are different.

Hardware problem
Hardware problem occurs when one of the key parts of a computer is unable to work properly.
The key components of a computer that are required to run a computer include Motherboard,
CPU, Memory, Power unit, Hard Drive, Sound and Video Cards, CD/DVD Drive (optional),
Floppy Drive (optional), Monitor, and Keyboard. Among these computer parts, the most failure-
prone parts are memory, power unit, hard drive, video card and CD/DVD drive.

Software problem
Other than hardware defect, a computer may stop working because of software problem as well.
In fact, most of the problems of a computer come due to software problem and system
configurations. Software includes both the operating system and application programs. A
problem related with operating system may stop the entire system, in this case you should repair
it using boot disk or reinstall from scratch. Whereas the fault caused by application program can
be corrected by using software repair programs such as registry cleaner or reinstalling it again.

Some of the reasons for software problems include

- Corrupted or missing system files
- Virus attack
- Invalid hardware or incompatible driver

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 - Corrupted registry
- Improper program installation/removal

Step two
Troubleshooting the problem
The second step in basic computer troubleshooting is dealing with the identified problem. How
are you going to solve the problem? What do you need to resolve it? To come down to the best
solution, you must ask these kinds of questions and answer accordingly.

Hardware troubleshooting
If it is a hardware problem, you either repair or replace it with new one. Actually, not all parts of
a computer are repairable. Even if it is maintainable, in most cases replacing the defective part
with a new one is cheaper than repair it. There are a number of ways to identify malfunction
hardware; the most common methods are using POST (Power-on-self
Test), bootstrap and diagnosing application. For example, Dell computer comes with Diagnostics
CD, so that you can easily boot your system from the CD and identify which component is
defective.

The POST tests the basic functioning components of a computer – CPU, Memory, Hard drive,
keyboard and display controller. The results of the tests are displayed on your computer screen
and tells which hardware part has a failure or is not configured properly. In fact, some of the
methods mentioned above are only applicable for if the system is not dead. If it is a dead system,
you will be forced to test individual parts by using other similar working system unit (swapping
method).

Most of the time, the causes of a dead system is malfunction PSU unit. So, make sure that the
PSU is working properly before going to test other components. This is very important when you
perform basic computer troubleshooting.

Software troubleshooting

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Reinstalling and updating software is the primary way of troubleshooting systems problem
created by software. Any system error or corruption related with installed applications can be
fixed by installing an updated and fresh copy again.

On the other hand, if it is windows boot problem, there are a few way outs. Depending on the
defect type, you can repair it using boot disk, update/fix Master boot record (MBR), use Safe
Mode or reinstall it again from scratch (this is your last option to do). Rebooting your PC to Safe
Mode enables you to remove or repair particular type of program responsible for system
breakdown.

Trouble shooting procedure

1. Identify the Problem
 The first step in the troubleshooting process.
 A list of open and closed-ended questions is useful.
2. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
 Based on the answers received, establish a theory probable cause.
 A list of common problems can be useful.
3. Test the Theory to Determine Cause
 Test your theories to determine the cause of the problem.
 A list of quick procedures to common problems can help.
4. Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Implement the Solution
 A plan of action is needed to solve the problem and implement a permanent
solution.
5. Verify Full System Functionality and Implement Preventive Measures
 It is important to perform a full system check.
 If applicable, implement preventive measures to avoid future problem
recurrences.
6. Document Findings, Actions and Outcomes
 Findings, repairs and notes should be documented.
 This log will be helpful for future reference.

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 Trouble Shooting PSU Unit (PSU)

A bad PSU can be the root of many PC problems, It is rarely recommended that an inexperienced
user open a PSU to make repairs because of the dangerous high voltages present. Even when
unplugged, power supplies can retain dangerous voltage and must be discharged (like a monitor)
before service. When a component is failing, sometimes you’ll see some warning signs in advance.
For example, if a hard drive were to fail, there are some obvious signs, such as frequent blue screens,
missing files, etc. Power supplies also exhibit pretty obvious symptoms, but not many. The
following are list of PC problems that often are related to the PSU:

 Any power-on or system startup failures or lockups.

 Burning smell frequent case of a PSU dying is almost a burning smell.
 Spontaneous rebooting or intermittent lockups during normal operation.
 Intermittent parity check or other memory-type errors.
 Hard disk and fan simultaneously failing to spin (no +12v).
 Overheating due to fan failure.
 Small brownouts cause the system to reset.
 Electric shocks felt on the system case or connectors.
 Slight static discharges disrupt system operation.

The following fairly obvious symptoms point right to the PSU as a possible cause:
 System is completely dead (no fan, no cursor)
 Smoke

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  Blown circuit breakers
Following is a simple procedure to help you zero in on common PSU–related problems:
1. Check AC power input. Make sure the cord is firmly seated in the wall socket and in the
PSU socket. Try a different cord.
2. Check DC power connections. Make sure the motherboard and disk drive power connectors
are firmly seated and making good contact. Check for loose screws.
3. Check DC power output. Use a digital multimeter to check for proper voltages. If it's below
spec, replace the PSU.
4. Check installed peripherals. Remove all boards and drives and retest the system. If it works,
add back in items one at a time until the system fails again. The last item added before the
failure returns is likely defective.

Many types of symptoms can indicate problems with the PSU. Because the PSU literally powers
everything else in the system, everything from disk drive problems to memory problems to
motherboard problems can often be traced back to the PSU as the root cause.

Self Test for PSU

If your computer isn’t turning on; unplug all of your components from the PSU. Before doing this,
ensure that the switch on the PSU is turned OFF, take the 20- or 24- pin connector and locate the
green wire (pin 13 on the 20 pin connector). There’s only a single green wire, so it should be quite
easy to find. Next to it should be a black wire (pin 3,5,7,13,15,17). Take a paper clip and bend it into
a U shape. Now, insert one point of the paper clip into the green wire slot and the other point into any
black wire, then with the PSU plugged into the wall, turn the switch on the PSU itself to
the ON position. If the fan turns on, it’s likely that your PSU isn’t the problem,

You can also check the power output of the PSU (ATX) with a multimeter, there are four specific
volts of direct current to look out for:
 +3.3 VDC +/- range of 5%. 3.465vdc to 3.135vdc
 +5 VDC +/- range of 5%. 5.25vdc to 4.75vdc
 +12 VDC +/- range of 5%. 12.6vdc to 11.4vdc
 -12 VDC +/- range of 10%. -10.8vdc to -13.2vdc

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if you start to see your VDC ratings go anything outside of that range, your PSU is bad and needs to
be replaced.

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ATX power supply voltage reading

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Troubleshooting Motherboards and Processors

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The motherboard and processor are two of the most important hardware components inside the computer. The
various pieces of hardware inside the PC communicate with one another through the circuits on the
motherboard, while the CPU stores and executes programming instructions. The motherboard and CPU can
both be expensive to replace, however, but diagnosing hardware failure on your own can reduce the potential
repair costs for your business.

Causes of Motherboard Boot Problems

There’s a lot of potential issues that can cause a motherboard to fail post. Three main categories
tend to dominate problematic motherboards;
 Faulty or loose cable
 BIOS/UEFI errors
 Defective motherboard

Diagnosing a defective motherboard or CPU isn't an exact science, however, as most hardware components
exhibit similar symptoms when failing. Common symptoms of motherboard issues are similar to CPU
problems:
 The system does not display anything; an error code appears;
 one or more beeps occur; the system locks;
 the system reboots;
 a Windows BSOD (blue screen of death) appears;
 one or more of the ports, expansion slots, or memory modules fails.
Motherboard problems and power problems are probably the most difficult issues to
troubleshoot. Because various components are located on the motherboard, many things can
cause errors. POST(power-on self-test) is one of the most beneficial aids for troubleshooting a
motherboard. The meaning of any codes that appear on the screen should be researched. If
multiple POST error codes appear, you should troubleshoot them in the order they are presented.
The following list helps with motherboard troubleshooting:
 Is the motherboard receiving power? Check the power supply to see if the fan is turning. If
the CPU or motherboard has a fan, see if it is turning. Check voltages going from the power
supply to the motherboard.
 Check the **BIOS/UEFI** settings for accuracy. (Basic input/output system BIOS, Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface, UEFI) if the problem is with motherboard’s internal software.

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 There are three different ways to reset your motherboard if you can’t post (reach/access the
BIOS/UEFI). First, pull your motherboard’s CMOS battery. Second, apply a jumper and let it sit ten
minutes. Third, perform a “deep reset” by applying a jumper, removing the CMOS battery and
waiting overnight.
 Check to see whether your components are properly seated, majority of unbootable
computers originate from loose wires or improperly seated components. With the right build
methodology, you only need to check four components for problems. A computer in its
minimal boot configuration requires only the following:
 One stick of RAM
 A power supply
 A CPU
 A motherboard (of course)
Reseat the CPU, adapters, and memory chips.
 Check for overheating. Power down the computer and allow the computer to cool. Power on
the computer with the cover off.
 Check the motherboard for distended capacitors. These are small components that might
appear to be bulging, motherboards consist of a variety of subsystems, which are highly fragile.
Pay close attention to signs of physical damage – in particular, check your capacitors for signs of
bulging, Also check for signs of scratches on the integrated circuits of your motherboard. If
sighted, replace the motherboard as soon as possible

 Remove unnecessary adapters and devices and boot the computer.

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  Plug the computer into a different power outlet and circuit, if possible.
 Check to determine whether the motherboard is shorting out on the frame.
 Check the CMOS battery voltage.

Troubleshooting Computer RAM Memory

Memory problems are less common than other computer problems because memory sticks have no moving
parts and thus fewer points of failure. However, due to this many RAM problems go undiagnosed. Memory
usually will last longer than other computer components so manufacturers offer longer warranties for it than
other parts. Computer memory problems are generally caused by;
 Defective memory chips
 Wrongly installed memory chips
 wrong configuration of memory chips.
 At times, some newly installed software on your computer system,

Causes of Memory Damage

1. Power surges can damage most computer components, including RAM. You should plug
your computer and other expensive electronics into a surge protector. Make sure you
know the difference between a surge protector and a power strip.
2. Before you handle any parts in your computer, make sure you ground yourself by
touching a piece of grounded metal to discharge static electricity. Electrostatic discharge
can damage your computer.

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 3. Excessive heat can cause RAM and other parts to wear out over time. Individual
components can overheat, or heat from one component can cause damage to adjacent
parts.
4. If you have overclocked any part of your computer incorrectly, it may cause damage in
the form of excess heat.
5. Your memory module may have some fault that passed through quality control and
worsened over time. This is the most likely cause behind a damaged RAM.
It is also possible that the memory module is fine, but one or more memory slots on your
motherboard are defective, hindering the RAM's performance. The defect may even be so bad
that it damages the memory stick.

Symptoms of a RAM Problem

The Following are some memory failure scenarios and respective solutions
1. Computer Fails To Boot: Many times your computer memory chips get loosened so you
have to make sure that memory modules are completely installed. Also check your RAM
chips when you have installed them for the first time.
2. Degrading performance: If you’re computer boots up, but slowly diminishes in
performance through the day to the point where it slows down to a crawl, it’s likely you \
have a RAM problem.
3. Missing RAM: Windows might show that you have less RAM than you actually have
seated. This can usually be solved by re-seating the RAM or switching the slots the RAM
sits in, but if not, this could indicate that you need a replacement stick.
4. Computer Boots Up With a Blank Screen: You may have loose memory chips and you
may be using some different type of memory which isn’t compatible with your system.
You also need to check you VGA card as well if you see this type of problem.
5. Computer Showed Blue Screen before restarting; A blue screen with white text flashes before
restarting. Blue-screen errors are annoying because you don't even have a chance to read the error
message. Bad RAM is one thing that cause them
6. Files Corruption; Random corruption of files across your system could indicate a bad RAM
problem, too. This can worsen over time and eventually, the file structure of your hard drive
will be compromised to the point where you can’t boot up the computer anymore.

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 7. Computer hangs and reboot: when computer randomly restarts while you are in the middle of
an operation or freeze sporadically. It may also reboot almost immediately upon opening the desktop.
This could be a sign of faulty RAM This type of problem is generally caused by faulty RAM,
faulty PSU or overheating. Reseat RAM and rotate RAM to different slots.
8. 3 Short Beeps: This certainly means some RAM issue like bad dim slots on the
motherboard or faulty RAM chips. Try replacing them with new RAM.
9. Failure to install a software: An attempts to install a new program repeatedly fail for unknown
reasons. You try to reinstall the operating system, but keep getting odd error messages.

When it is absolutely convinced that there a issue with the RAM, it’s time to take some steps to try
and nail that down as a possibility. For starters, you can run a memory test. In many cases, there’s a
option to test your memory in your computer’s BIOS settings.

As a second test, you can download and install Memtest86+ for free. This is a tool that is aimed at
memory failure detection, and obviously, will tell you if your memory is defective or not. You can
mount it to a USB drive or burn it to a disc and boot off of that. Alternatively, built into most
Windows machines is the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool. Generally, if Windows detects a
memory problem, it’ll automatically ask you if it can test the memory.

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Windows Memory Diagnostics
Windows Memory Diagnostics, is a free memory diagnostic tool that included with Windows
Operating systems. With Windows Memory Diagnostic utility you can test and diagnose your
computer’s memory RAM for problems, in cases that you face problems with your computer
stability, like crashes, blue screens, or if your computer becomes unresponsive.

The RAM Memory error diagnosis is a required step when troubleshooting computer problems
or when you want to ensure that your computer is stable, because the RAM chips are one of the
most important components to any computer. Keep in mind that the best way to test your RAM
for problems, is outside the OS. For this action the better tool to diagnose your RAM for errors,
is the free Memtest86 memory Diagnostic utility

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Trouble shooting Hard Disk Drive
Hard drives are one of the most common computer parts that fail without notice. Additionally, hard
drive errors can cause many types of Windows errors.If you can boot into Windows, you can use the
built-in CHKDSK function to help troubleshoot a failing hard drive or hard drive with errors.

Causes of Hard Drive Failure

Hard drive failure is one of the most common and frustrating problems for computer users, even
there is money to replace a failed hard drive, the content of the hard drive (software) and
impotant files / documents might be lost forever A hard disk drive failure occurs when
a hard disk drive malfunctions and the stored information cannot be accessed with a properly
configured computer. Hard disk drives (or HDD) are mechanical. Most are based on a “spindle
and platter” system that works much in the way a record player does. The arm reads the data on
the platter. The second type of hard drive, and one that has become extremely popular, is the
Solid State Drive or SSD. This type of hard disk uses an electrical cell grid to write data directly
to a memory module, exactly like the RAM in your system. These drives read and write data
extremely quickly and are a key reason why today’s computers are so fast.

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The key cause of failure for either an HDD or an SSD is one thing: mechanical failure.
For HDD drives, this means the spindle and platter system may be wearing out or losing
precision due to age or heavy use.
For SSD drives, the “blocks” to which data is written do wear out. They can only be written to a
certain number of times, and then, without warning, the drive is dead. Some other key causes
include:
 Excessive heat – Either form of drive will fail if used continually in a very hot environment
or improperly cooled computer system
 Static Electricity – A dry environment can make for high amounts of static electricity.
 Lightning or power surges – A mass shock to your computer system can quickly spell the
end of a hard drive.
 High Magnetic Fields – Magnets and hard drives of any kind are a bad mix.
 Impact – The parts inside a hard drive are very sensitive. Dropping a drive or laptop can
cause immediate hard drive failure

Warning Signs That Suggest Failure Is Imminent

If you haven’t had the opportunity to check your SMART settings (see above), but suspect that
your hard drive may be failing, you may consider the following issues as warnings that a hard
drive crash is on its way:
1. Computer Crashes Or Blue Screen Of Death – A classic Windows scenario that is all
but licked with the newer versions starting at Windows 7 and extending to 8 and now 10.
whenever you start to experience BSOD, Backup the drive!

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 2. Error Messages While Copying Or Moving Files – this is not something that happens
unless there are disk problems at hand. At the very least, it might be a good time to do a
SMART test or do a disk check by going into Explorer, right clicking on the problematic
drive, clicking the Tools tab and clicking the “Check” button.
3. Losing Files Without Notice – This can sometimes mean that your drive is having
issues. A disk check again may help.
4. File Access Takes A Long Time – Today’s hard drives are fast. If your system was
made in the past 10 years, you shouldn’t be waiting long periods of time for your file
access.
5. Noise – Most recently manufactured hard drives are whisper quiet. Any noise at all,
particularly a clicking hard drive noise, can mean the drive may be on its last legs. Do
your best to backup whatever you can, or shut down the system and check the drive

Video Card Troubleshooting (Graphics Card or

Monitor?)

It's often hard to tell if the graphics card is causing display problems or the monitor. A failing
monitor can cause very similar symptoms to a failing graphics card. You can test the monitor by
plugging it into another computer with a working card or by replacing the suspect graphics card

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 with a card known to be functional. If the display problem persists, the monitor is faulty rather
than the card. If the problem disappears, this is a good indication that your graphics card is at
fault.

Symptoms and solution of a failing Video Card

1. Stuttering: When a graphics card is going bad, you can see quite a bit of stuttering beforehand.
You shouldn’t use this to determine whether your graphics card is bad or not, though. Malware,
virus, a dying hard drive and even RAM problems can all cause this same issue; however, if you
start seeing other warning signs to go with this one, there’s a good chance it’s your graphics
card.
2. Screen glitches: Other times, you’ll see the screen glitch out. If you’re playing a game or
watching and movie and suddenly start seeing tearing or weird colors appearing all over the
screen, your graphics card might be dying. Sometimes if you restart your computer, the screen
will go back to normal, but the same problem to come back later then the graphics card is faulty
3. Strange artifacts: Similar to screen glitches, a bad graphics card can usually result in strange
artifacts all over the screen. This can sometimes be fixed by a restart, but once again, if you have
a faulty graphics card, expect the problem to come back. It’s worth noting that the cause of this
usually comes from excessive overclocking, heat problems and even too much exposure to dust.
4. Blue screens: Blue screens is something we’re all familiar with. A computer can blue screen for
a number of reasons, whether that be problems with RAM, hard drives, graphics cards or other
components. But, if the system crashes and/or blue screens when you start doing some graphic
intensive tasks (e.g. video games, watching movies, etc), this could be an indication that the
graphics card is failing.
5. Fan noise: This does not necessarily correlate to needing to replace your graphics card, but
keeping an eye out for a louder-than-normal fan noise on your graphics card can indicate the card
is getting too hot. If it’s getting too hot, you’ll want to stop what you’re doing and try and clean
it out as best as possible. If the fan isn’t able to quiet down, it’s possible that something is
internally wrong.

Troubleshooting
If video problems is being experience,

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1. First check the obvious things that the display has power and is connected properly to the
adapter, that no one has changed settings for the adapter or display, and so on.
2. Reseat the video card If your video card is not on-board, verify that it's not loose by
removing the video card from its slot in the motherboard and then reseating it. If
reseating the video card has not resolved the issue, or your video card is on-board and
you have access to another known working video card, try an alternative video card in the
computer.
3. Exchange video If reseating the video card has not resolved the issue, or your video card
is on-board and you have access to another known working video card, try an alternative
video card in the computer.
4. Replace video card If an alternative video card didn't work or you do not have an
alternative video card to try, buy a new video card to replace the defective video card in
the computer.
5. Replace motherboard If an alternative video card didn't work, and replacing the video
card with a new one did not resolve the issue, it's likely a defective motherboard and
should be replaced.
6. Before replacing the motherboard, try booting the system in Safe Mode (press F8 during
boot to display the Windows boot menu)
7. Check that the correct video adapter driver is installed and not a compactable type is
installed, if it is not the right one uninstalled it and install the right type

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8. Download the latest display driver. Remove your old driver by going to "Add/Remove
Programs" and selecting the driver. Install your new driver by following the installation
setup provided to you from the download. A new driver should fix any bugs from your
previous driver.

23
 9. Problems with RAM, processor or motherboard can also cause no display from monitor.
RAM problems are usually followed by beep sounds. For other issues, the best way is to
connect to another computer and check if it is working.

No display or black screen on a computer monitor

If your computer screen works initially when starting up the computer, but then goes blank when
Windows starts to load, reduce the resolution of the monitor
.
Monitor is not on
Make sure the monitor is on. If you do not see a power LED (blue, green, or orange light) on the
front of the monitor, press the power button until it comes on. If no light comes on after several
attempts, make sure the connections are properly connected.

Computer is asleep
If your computer monitor was on and you stepped away from the computer, then upon returning,
it was black, it is likely that the computer is asleep. Try moving your mouse, clicking the mouse
buttons, or pressing any key (e.g. spacebar) on the keyboard to wake it up.

Connections not properly connected

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Check the data cable
Make sure that you are connecting the monitor's VGA cable to the back of the computer in the
15-pin connector, as shown to the right, or the older computer 9-pin connection.

Check the power cable

If the data cable is plugged in, make sure the monitor is getting power by verifying there is a
light (blue, green, or orange) on the front of the monitor.
If you see no lights on the monitor, make sure it is connected to a working wall outlet. If the
power cord is removable from the back of the monitor, try replacing it with another power cable.
If you still cannot power on the monitor after trying another wall outlet and cable, the monitor is
bad and should be replaced.

Check the LED status

If the monitor has a light on the front, but that status light is orange or flashing, make sure the
monitor is not in a suspend mode by moving the mouse or pressing a key on the keyboard. If this
does not help, turn the computer and monitor off and reconnect the data cable on the back of the
computer and, if removable, on the back of the monitor. Turn the computer and monitor back on.
If you still encounter the same issue, continue reading through the other possibilities.

Monitor settings are not correct

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Verify the brightness and contrast are turned up or adjust the brightness and contrast. If adjusting
the brightness or contrast has no effect on the monitor, continue reading through the other
possibilities.

Problem with the computer

If the computer was working when the screen went blank, the computer might have a problem.
Try powering down the computer by pressing and holding the power button until the computer
turns off. Once the computer is off, wait a few seconds and then try powering the computer on
again.

No POST
Does the computer beep when it is turned on or does it sound like the computer is working? If
the computer does not beep or beeps abnormally, the computer is experiencing a hardware issue
or is exhibiting a No POST.

Printer Troubleshooting
Whenever a printer is power on, it has to initialize, making herself ready for use, no printer can
work without propel initialization. Once the printer initialized, Printer self test should be carry
out to ascertain that the printer is in good working condition.

Without paper, your printer will not be able to print. Make sure you have paper loaded into the
printer paper cartridge or tray. Next, verify that no printer paper is jammed or partially fed into
the printer

Symptom The Printer is not printing

Diagnosis
 Check to see if the printer getting power
 If there are no lights or no display on the front of the printer, the printer is not getting
electricity or power. Check to make sure the power cord is plugged in both to the wall or
power strip and to the back of the printer. Wiggle the power cord where it plugs into the
back of the printer to make sure it is not loose. Some models of desk jets have a two part

26
 power cord. In this case, check along the length of the power cord to make sure both parts
are plugged in together.
 If the printer is still not getting power, plug the power cord into a different outlet on the
power strip. If this does not work, try plugging the printer into a different wall outlet.
Check to see if you can print a Windows test page
The windows test page is a basic communication test between your computer and the printer.

Troubleshooting connection problems

There are several ways that printers can be connected to a computer. Some printers are connected
over a network either via network cable (ethernet) or wirelessly (via WiFi or Bluetooth), the vast
majority of local printers are connected via USB. Older printers may be connected via parallel
cable, but this is less commonly seen today.

USB
Verify that the USB cable is firmly connected to both the printer and the computer. You should
also try restarting the computer. If you are still unable to print, try plugging the printer into a
different USB port on your computer. USB ports do sometimes fail, so it is important to
determine whether the printer will work on another USB port. If you have another compatible
USB cable available, you might also try swapping out the cable.If all of that fails, it's possible
that either the USB or printer drivers are missing or corrupted

Parallel
Verify that the parallel cable is firmly connected to both the printer and the computer. You
should also try restarting the computer. Most modern computers will only have one parallel port
(in fact, some newer machines have no parallel ports at all) so trying another port isn't an option.
However, you may still wish to try another cable if you have one available.
If that fails, it's possible the printer drivers are missing or corrupted.

Check to see if there is paper in printer. Is there a paper jam?

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  If the printer has paper in the paper tray, the paper may be jammed or not feeding
properly. Take the paper out of the paper tray and check to see that the top piece of paper
is not crinkled or bent.
 If the printer is a DeskJet, lift open the front cover and look to see if a piece of paper is
halfway fed through. If it is, remove paper gently from the top and close.
 If the printer is a LaserJet, open the top of the printer and check for paper underneath the
toner cartridge. If there is paper there, gently remove it, and replace the toner cartridge.
Check to see if the computer receive s signal from the printer.
 The computer and the printer must be communicating before the printer will print. When
you send a document to print, does a small printer appear on the Windows taskbar (down
by the time)? If this printer appears on the taskbar, the computer thinks the printer is
receiving communication. At this point, the printer should blink lights (if a DeskJet) or
says "printing" or "receiving" on the display (if a laser printer). If the printer is not
receiving the communication from the computer, try restarting the computer. After you
have logged in, see if you can print now.

Check to see if Printer offline or Paused.

 If the printer is off-line or paused, the print jobs will just stack up in the print queue but
nothing prints.
 Left mouse-click on the Start button
 Go to Settings
 Then choose Printers
 The Printer folder should open and display the printers installed on this PC.
 Place your mouse arrow on the printer you are checking and right mouse click. A dialog
box should open.
 If the printer is paused or offline you will see a black check mark next to the words
"Pause Printing" or "Printer Offline."
 Left mouse-click on the black check mark and see if you can "uncheck" it.
 If the check mark will not go away, try restarting the PC (Start – Shutdown – Restart).
 Then repeat steps 1 through 7 again.

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Check to see if there multiple jobs in the Print queue.
 If the printer is a local printer (i.e., there is a cable running directly from the printer to the
computer you are printing from), power off the PC, power off the printer, count to 10,
and then turn both the printer and the computer back on again. Sometimes this will allow
the printer to start printing again.

Symptom
The printer is printing streaks on the page
Diagnosis
 If the printer is a DeskJet, go to the HP DeskJet Utilities menu in the Program menu.
Choose the "Clean the Print Cartridges" option. If this does not work, try replacing the
ink cartridge. If the new cartridge does not help the streaking, place the cartridge back
inside the original packaging and save it until the other cartridge has been used up. This
just tests to see if the ink cartridge is defective.
 If the printer is a LaserJet, try changing the toner cartridge. If the new toner cartridge
does not improve the streaking problem, return old cartridge to the printer and place the
new toner cartridge back in its original packaging for later use.
 If neither option works, please visit the printer maintenance vendor list to schedule
printer service.

The printer in spite of everything is not printing?

 Turn the PC off. If the printer is a local printer, i.e., has a direct cable hookup to the PC,
turn the printer off also so both the PC and printer are turned off at the same time. After
30 seconds, turn the PC and the printer back on again. Try to print a Windows test page.

CD Troubleshooting
Symptom: The computer won't read the CD
Diagnosis
Check to see if the label side of the CD is faced up
Check to see if the CD be read from the CD Rom drive of another computer

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  If the CD can be read from another computer's CD ROM drive, the CD ROM drive may
be bad and need to be replaced.
 The CD ROM drive may also have dirt or debris inside. Try cleaning the drive with a
standard audio CD player cleaning kit. After cleaning the drive, try to read the CD again.
Check to see if the CD scratched or dirty
 CD, CDR, or CDRW drives read discs by shining a laser onto the CD and then measuring
the amount of light that gets reflected back. Most of the time a small scratch won't matter.
 If the CD is dirty, you can clean the CD using a CD Cleaning kit or you can also use a
mild detergent, like dish soap, and warm water, wash the CD and dry with a soft cloth.
Once the CD is fully dry, insert the CD into the CD ROM drive and try to read it.
 If the CD is not dirty, you can try to clean the CD Rom drive using a professional CD
cleaner kit
Check to see if the CD is a CD-R or CD-RW that was burned
 A number of older CD drives cannot read some types of CD-R CDs. Try using a different
CD-R disk with a different dye under the reflective layer. You will have noticed that
some CD-R disks are blue, gold, green, or even silver colored. Some of the colors have a
lower light reflectivity value and an older CD Rom drive may have difficulty reading that
brand of CD-R media.

Keyboard Troubleshooting
Symptom Keyboard doesn't respond and gives off a constant beeping noise when booting up
Diagnosis
Check the plug to make sure it's connected securely.
 Try unplugging it and re-plugging it again. If there is no response, check the indicator
light on the keyboard. Is it on? Do the lights respond when you press the caps lock or the
num lock key? If not, maybe your keyboard is broken.
Check to see if there a key stuck
 Gently pry off the cover and clean it with alcohol. Make sure it is not connected to your
machine when you are cleaning it. The space bar frequently comes off track. Gently pry it

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 off, noting which way the bar lies in your particular keyboard so you can replace it
properly.

Mouse Troubleshooting
The mouse is not working
Symptom: The mouse is acting erratic
Diagnosis
Reboot the computer and see if that corrects the problem. If not check to see if there is
insufficient memory.

Symptom The mouse will only move one way, either vertically or horizontally
Diagnosis
 Clean the mouse
 Shut down your machine and unplug your mouse from the computer. Open the underside
of the mouse and remove the ball. If the ball is a rubber ball, do not clean it with alcohol.
Clean it with a soft cloth. There should be no lubricant placed on a mouse ball. Clean the
roller in the body of the mouse with a cotton swab that is slightly damp with alcohol.
Replace the ball when the rollers are dry and replace the bottom portion.

Networking Troubleshooting
Symptom
My PC is not working on the Network
Diagnosis
Programs that require network drives to run or operate properly: SIS, HR, FRS, PROD –
ALPHA, Network Shares, and some school applications. You would also need a network
connection to print to the network laser or color laser printers within CCRI.
Symptom
Message "No Domain Server Available" or there are no Network drives (like the S drive).

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Some computer problems/Errors and Solution
Shutdown problems
It can happen that the computer shuts down suddenly or it takes a long time to shut down. If you
are facing these situations, it is best to look into the problem deeply. There may be a serious and
bigger problem involved than just the computer shutting down.

Freezing computer
excessive heat can cause the computer to freeze and even lock up. The internal temperature of
the computer is controlled by a fan. This fan is prone to accumulating dust and will not cool the
system properly when it does. Removing this dust can solve this problem. In fact, this is the first
things to do before you decide to buy a new heat sink or a fan

The system clock keeps resetting back to days gone by

Date and time is important to a computer, and the wrong date and/or time can cause a host issues
that appear to be software-related, The motherboard’s CMOS battery, which powers the onboard
Real-Time Clock (RTC), is too low or dead, and needs to be replaced, Look at the number on your battery
and buy one with the same number.

The computer keeps restarting in a loop

When the computer constantly restarts before getting to a login screen, a bit of troubleshooting is
in order to make sure it’s not a software problem. Try to boot in Safe Mode. If it doesn’t work, or
you can’t even select Safe Mode before it restarts, then it’s almost certainly a hardware fault.
RAM is the number one culprit. Essentially, the bootloader can’t load itself into RAM because
the RAM has decided to take unofficial leave. The PC is able to power up normally, but it will
constantly restart right before loading the OS completely.
Power down the computer, open up the case, and reseat the RAM modules. If the problem
persists, the RAM might be bad, use a good RAM to correct this problem

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Blank monitors
Blank monitors are among the most common computer problems. Most people who have
computers will have dealt with non-working blank monitor at least once. The first thing to do is
to check the supply cord and power systems. Sometimes, the video cable may be loosened. In
this case, push the video cable into place again. If you can access another monitor, connect it to
the CPU and see if it works. If it does, the problem is in the monitor or its wire.
Sometimes the monitor may display strange colors. Make sure that all the pins are properly
secured on the CPU.

Low memory problem

Problem –Computer has enough memory space but even then also gives error message “Low
disk Space” when you try to save any files or folder in your PC. To get rid of this problem you
must delete unwanted files from your Hard disk. Sometimes virus attack can also show such
kinds of problem so scan your computer with updated antivirus and remove it from computer. Or
you can run Disk cleanup Command to clean Hard Disk.

CPU over heating problem

Overheating of CPU is caused by temperature issue which is a bad sign as it can destruct the
processor and can cause several problems in the hardware of the computer. To avoid
overheating of the CPU due to the temperature problems, it is important that you must take
suitable measures to cool down both CPU and processor.
1. Ensure that fresh air is from outside is entering directly toward components with high
temperatures like CPU, graphic card, RAM, etc.
2. Improve fresh air exchange when you rearrange the cables and hardware to maximize air
circulation.
3. Ensure that the air from the hot parts of the computer is vented outside the CPU.
4. Supply your computer with fan or heat sink

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Computer running slow problem
Computer run very slow and the sometimes it hangs out.– This problem can come in many ways
either your RAM is not working problem, the hard drive is full, virus or unwanted program, etc.
The best solution for you is defragged your hard drive, Open RAM slot and clean it then inserts
it, fix registry errors, uninstall unwanted programs.

Non-System Disk Error

The Non-System Disk Error or Disk Error message might appear when the computer BIOS
cannot find a bootable operating system on any of the storage devices included in the notebook
computer's boot path. ... You can change the order of the search by changing the Boot order in
the system BIOS.

Error when booting

Errors on boot usually happen during reboots. Some error messages will be self-explanatory but
others may be technical. Make sure that all the wires that lead to the computer are properly
pushed in. Sometimes, floppy disks and external hard drives can also cause error problems.
Remove them and try to reboot.

Starting problems
If you are unable to start your computer, the best thing to do then is to restart the system and
choose an existing configuration like Safe Mode or Last known Stable Configuration. The Safe
Mode is the best option to choose because it will give the computer a chance to analyze the
problem as well as adjust to new settings.

System Error Blue Screen

Often it is seen that a blue screen appears suddenly while you are working or when you start your
computer. This is usually due to either a hardware failure or a driver problem. Reinstalling the
driver or correcting the hardware problem can help to solve the issue. If nothing seems to work,

34
you should consider backing up and re-formatting your Hard Drive, then reinstalling your
operating system.

RAM Faults and Errors

Whenever RAM fault occurs your monitor shows a blue screen with a memory reference like
x000xxxx as a boot interruption. RAM faults cannot be prevented but you can fix them. There
may be frequent PC restarts. This is due to faulty RAM chips. These Faulty RAM chips are
unable to store the boot loader or NT loader file therefore the OS cannot find it and hence it shuts
down all the processes, due to non-availability of the boot loader file in the RAM as a result the
PC restarts again and again. This problem can be fixed by replacing the old RAM with a new
one.

Noisy Computer

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It means that the computer system is making noise while running. The reason of Noisy Computer
is Dirty Fan. The dust particles sticks on the Fan including the Heat Sink and other parts such as
Motherboard and other electrical parts of computer .This dust Blocks the smooth action of Fan
and causing the fan to make noise.
Clean your system completely by removing motherboard from its place and also clean the Fan
and Heat sink with a brush or soft cloth.

Spontaneous Reboots:
A computer that reboots often (while you're in Windows or other operating system) is another
indication of a bad power supply.

My computer is running slow, what steps can I do to fix it?

Ans: –
• Rebooting the computer can fix many problems and is an easy first step.
• Remove or disable any startup programs that automatically start each time the computer boots.
• Remove unnecessary software from the program and features.
• Remove the temp file with the help of “temp” & “%temp%” in cmd.
• Disk clean up with the help of “Cleanmgr”.
• We also recommend you install an antivirus program for active protection against viruses.
• Update the operating system.
• Upgrade RAM and hard drive.
• Computer or processor is overheating.
• Increase or upgrade the processor speed.
• Hardware issues.

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Free hard drive space
Verify that there is at least 200-500MB of free hard drive space. This available space allows the
computer to have room for the swap file to increase in size and give room for temporary files.

Bad, corrupted or fragmented hard drive

Check the hard drive for errors

On a Windows computer, run ScanDisk, chkdsk, or something equivalent to verify there is

nothing physically wrong with the computer's hard drive.

Scan for viruses

If your computer is infected with one or more viruses, it may run more slowly.

Update your drivers

Make sure you have the latest drivers for your computer hardware, especially the latest video
drivers. Having out-of-date drivers can cause an assortment of issues, including slow
performance.

How do I fix random restarts in the Windows system?

Ans: –
• Change Advanced Power Settings.
• Make sure the Sleep mode is enabled.
• Uninstall your antivirus.
• Update / uninstall your graphics card drivers.
• Change your power plan to High performance.
• Update your BIOS.
• Check for hardware issues.
• Check if your device is overheating.
• Disable automatic driver updates.
• Test your RAM for errors.
• Disable the “Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power” option.
• Disable Automatic restart option.
• Turn to recovery options.

37
How to troubleshoot a printer with no printing issues?
Ans: –
• Unplug and restart your printer.
• Check cables or wireless connection.
• Uninstall and reinstall your printer.
• Install the latest driver for your printer.
• Run the printing troubleshooter.
• Clear and reset the print spooler.
• Change a printer’s status to “online”.

Briefly describe of Beep code?

Ans: –
• When the computer starts it performs a Power-on Self-Test (POST).
• Problems occurred during booting is either displayed on the screen or the computer gives beep
sounds.
• Beep sound may also be due to a wrong connection or a loose connection.
• This sound is generated from the motherboard’s internal speaker.
• Many BIOS will have different BEEP codes even if they are from the same manufacturers.
Group Research
Describe and discuss BIOS
Describe and discuss UEFI
Compare and contrast BIOS and UEFI
Describe and discuss computer components over clocking, mention it merits and demerits

External devices refer to peripheral devices that can be connected to a

computer or other electronic devices to enhance their functionality or provide
additional features. Here are some examples of external devices:
1. External Hard Drive: Used for additional storage capacity and data backup.
2. USB Flash Drive: Portable storage device that connects via USB ports.
3. External SSD: Solid State Drive that connects externally for faster data transfer.
4. External Optical Drive: Used to read and write CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs.

38
5. Printers: Devices used to print documents or images from a computer.
6. Scanners: Used to scan physical documents and convert them into digital files.
7. External Keyboard: Provides an alternative input method to the built-in keyboard.
8. External Mouse: Provides an alternative input method to the built-in trackpad or touchpad.
9. External Monitor: Used to extend the display of a computer for a larger workspace.
10. Graphics Tablet: A device used by digital artists to draw directly on a tablet surface.
11. Webcams: External cameras used for video conferencing, live streaming, or online
communication.
12. External Speakers: Used to enhance audio output from a computer or other devices.
13. Headphones/Headsets: Provide private audio listening and often include a microphone for
communication.
14. External Microphone: Used to capture high-quality audio for recordings or voice chat.
15. External DVD/Blu-ray Burner: Used to write data or media files onto optical discs.
16. Card Reader: Used to read memory cards from cameras, smartphones, etc.
17. Joysticks/Gamepads: Used for gaming, flight simulation, or other interactive activities.
18. External Battery Pack: Provides additional power for mobile devices on the go.
19. Network Adapters: External devices that allow wired or wireless connectivity to a network.
20. External Modem: Provides internet connectivity via dial-up or other connections.
21. External Sound Card: Improves audio quality and offers additional audio processing options.
22. Barcode Scanner: Used to scan barcodes for retail, inventory management, or data entry
purposes.
23. MIDI Controller: Used by musicians to control virtual instruments or recording software.
24. Smart Card Reader: Used for secure authentication or data storage.
25. External GPS Receiver: Provides GPS functionality to devices that lack built-in GPS.

External devices can fail for various reasons, and understanding these causes
can help users take preventive measures and ensure the longevity of their
devices. Some common causes of external device failure include:
1. Physical Damage: External devices are susceptible to physical damage due to mishandling,
accidental drops, or exposure to extreme temperatures or moisture. Such incidents can lead to
cracked casings, broken components, or damaged connectors, rendering the device inoperable.
2. Power Surges: Electrical power surges, often caused by lightning strikes or sudden voltage
spikes, can damage the circuitry and components of external devices. Using surge protectors or
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems can help safeguard against this type of damage.
3. Overheating: External devices, especially those that have moving parts like hard drives, can
overheat if not adequately ventilated. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause internal
components to malfunction or fail.
4. Manufacturing Defects: Sometimes, external devices may have inherent manufacturing defects
that result in premature failure. These defects might include poor soldering, faulty components,
or design flaws.

39
5. Electrical Component Failure: Like any electronic device, external devices contain various
electrical components that can degrade over time due to wear and tear or other factors.
Components such as capacitors and transistors may fail, leading to the device malfunctioning.
6. Data Corruption: In some cases, data stored on external devices can become corrupted,
making it inaccessible or leading to errors. This can happen due to software issues, power
interruptions during data transfer, or file system errors.
7. Firmware or Driver Issues: Firmware is a type of software embedded in the device's hardware,
and drivers are software that enables communication between the external device and the
computer. If these components become outdated or corrupted, the device may not function
correctly.
8. Compatibility Issues: External devices may face compatibility problems with the computer or
other devices they are connected to, particularly when using different operating systems or
outdated software.
9. Wear and Tear: Regular use of external devices can lead to wear and tear on moving parts,
such as the motors in hard drives or optical drives. Over time, this can cause these components to
fail.
10. Environmental Factors: External devices used in harsh environments, such as dusty, humid,
or corrosive settings, may experience faster wear and damage compared to devices used in
controlled conditions.
To minimize the risk of external device failure, users should follow best practices such as
handling devices with care, using surge protectors, keeping devices in well-ventilated areas,
updating firmware and drivers, and regularly backing up data to prevent data loss in case of a
failure.

Display system failures can occur due to various factors, and they can be both
hardware and software-related. Here are some common causes of display
system failure:
1. **Hardware Malfunction:** Hardware components within the display system, such as the
monitor, graphics card, cables, or connectors, can experience malfunctions. This might result
from manufacturing defects, wear and tear, or physical damage.
2. **Graphics Card Issues:** A faulty or outdated graphics card can cause display problems.
This includes artifacts on the screen, distorted images, or no display at all. Graphics card failure
may occur due to overheating, insufficient power supply, or component aging.
3. **Monitor Problems:** The monitor itself can be a source of failure. Dead pixels, backlight
issues, or malfunctioning internal components can lead to a non-functional or visually impaired
display.
4. **Cable or Connector Failure:** Faulty cables or connectors can disrupt the communication
between the computer and the display, leading to issues like flickering, intermittent display, or
no signal.
5. **Overheating:** Overheating of components within the display system, such as the graphics
card, can cause the system to shut down or display artifacts on the screen.

40
6. **Driver Problems:** Display drivers are essential software that enables communication
between the graphics card and the operating system. Outdated, corrupted, or incompatible drivers
can cause display issues like screen flickering, resolution problems, or display freezing.
7. **Software Conflicts:** In some cases, conflicts between different software applications or
settings can lead to display problems. This might include issues like resolution conflicts or color
calibration problems.
8. **Electrical Issues:** Power surges, spikes, or electrical interference can damage the display
system's components, leading to failures.
9. **Incompatibility:** If new hardware components are installed in a computer, such as a
graphics card or monitor, they may be incompatible with existing hardware or drivers, causing
display problems.
10. **Virus or Malware:** Certain types of malware or viruses can interfere with the display
system's operation and cause visual disturbances or blackouts.
11. **Operating System Errors:** Operating system glitches or errors can affect the display
system's functionality, resulting in visual issues or no display.
12. **User Misconfiguration:** Incorrect settings or adjustments made by the user, either in the
graphics card control panel or the monitor settings, can lead to display problems.
To troubleshoot display system failures, users can start by checking physical connections,
updating drivers, and ensuring the display settings are correctly configured. If the problem
persists, it may require professional inspection and repair, such as replacing faulty hardware
components or updating firmware.

Hard drive failure can occur due to several reasons, and it is essential to
understand these causes to take appropriate precautions and safeguard your
data. Here are some common causes of hard drive failure:
1. **Mechanical Failure:** Mechanical failure is one of the primary reasons for hard drive
issues. It can be caused by worn-out or misaligned read/write heads, motor failure, or spindle
problems. Any mechanical issue can lead to the hard drive being unable to function correctly,
resulting in data loss or inaccessibility.
2. **Electrical Failure:** The hard drive's electronic components can fail due to power surges,
faulty power supply, or overheating. Electrical failure can lead to the drive becoming
unresponsive or generating errors.
3. **Firmware Corruption:** Firmware is software embedded in the hard drive's hardware that
controls its basic functionality. If the firmware becomes corrupted due to bugs, errors, or
improper updates, the drive may experience malfunctions or become inaccessible.
4. **Bad Sectors:** Hard drives can develop bad sectors over time. These are areas on the disk
where data cannot be reliably written or read. Continued use of a drive with bad sectors can lead
to data loss and potential failure.
5. **Logical Errors:** Logical errors occur when the file system or partition table becomes
corrupted, leading to data loss or the inability to access stored data.
6. **Overheating:** Excessive heat can cause hard drive components to expand and contract,
leading to physical damage. Overheating can be caused by poor ventilation, failing cooling fans,
or operating the drive in high-temperature environments.

41
7. **Power Surges or Outages:** Power surges or sudden power outages during read/write
operations can damage the hard drive's components or corrupt data.
8. **Physical Damage:** Hard drives are delicate mechanical devices and can be damaged if
dropped, bumped, or exposed to physical shocks.
9. **Manufacturing Defects:** In some cases, hard drives may have manufacturing defects that
lead to early failures.
10. **Age and Wear:** Like all mechanical devices, hard drives have a limited lifespan. With
regular use, the internal components can wear out over time, increasing the risk of failure,
especially in older drives.
11. **Vibration:** Excessive vibration, especially in industrial environments or due to improper
mounting, can lead to hard drive failure.
12. **Virus or Malware Attacks:** Malicious software can corrupt data, damage the file system,
or even overwrite critical hard drive sectors.

To minimize the risk of hard drive failure and data loss, it's essential to practice regular data
backups, avoid exposing the drive to extreme temperatures or physical shocks, use surge
protectors, maintain proper ventilation and cooling for your computer, and keep your system and
security software up to date. Additionally, consider replacing old or unreliable hard drives before
they fail to prevent unexpected data loss.

There are several reasons why data might not be accessible from a CD-ROM
drive. Some common causes include:
1. **Scratched or Damaged Disc:** Physical damage to the CD-ROM, such as scratches or
cracks, can prevent the drive's laser from reading the data accurately. Even minor damage can
lead to data read errors and make the data inaccessible.
2. **Dirty or Dusty Lens:** The CD-ROM drive's lens can become dirty or covered in dust over
time, inhibiting its ability to read data from the disc properly. Cleaning the lens with a CD-ROM
drive cleaning kit or compressed air may help resolve the issue.
3. **Incompatible Disc Format:** The CD-ROM drive might not support the format of the disc
you are trying to access. For example, some drives cannot read CD-RW (rewritable) discs, or
they may have trouble with certain disc recording speeds.
4. **Disc Age or Degradation:** Optical discs, including CD-ROMs, can degrade over time,
especially if they are exposed to sunlight, heat, or humidity. Deterioration of the disc's reflective
layer or data surface can lead to reading difficulties.
5. **Drive Compatibility Issues:** Some older CD-ROM drives may have trouble reading discs
burned on newer recorders or with newer formats.
6. **Driver Issues:** Outdated or corrupted drivers for the CD-ROM drive can lead to reading
problems and prevent data access.
7. **Drive Failure:** Like any hardware component, CD-ROM drives can fail over time due to
wear and tear, mechanical issues, or electrical problems. A malfunctioning drive may be unable
to read data from discs.
8. **Region Restrictions:** Some CD-ROM drives, especially those in DVD drives, may have
region restrictions. They may not be able to read discs from certain regions if they are locked to
specific geographic areas.

42
9. **Software Conflicts:** Software conflicts or driver issues on the computer can affect the
CD-ROM drive's functionality and prevent data access.
10. **Operating System Incompatibility:** In some cases, the CD-ROM drive might not be
compatible with the computer's operating system or driver versions, leading to data access
problems.

To troubleshoot CD-ROM drive issues and attempt to access data, you can try
the following steps:
1. Clean the CD-ROM disc with a soft, lint-free cloth.
2. Check for any visible damage or scratches on the disc.
3. Clean the CD-ROM drive's lens using a cleaning kit or compressed air.
4. Try accessing the disc on a different CD-ROM drive or computer.
5. Ensure that the disc is compatible with the CD-ROM drive's supported formats.
6. Update or reinstall the CD-ROM drive's drivers in your operating system.
7. Check for any software conflicts or compatibility issues.
8. If possible, try using a different CD-ROM drive to access the data.
If none of these steps work and you still cannot access the data, it's possible that the data on the
CD-ROM is irretrievable due to disc damage or other issues. In such cases, data recovery
services may be able to assist, but the success of recovery will depend on the extent of the
damage.

The inability of a computer system to switch on can be caused by various

factors, ranging from simple issues to more complex hardware problems.
Here are some common reasons why a system may not switch on:
1. **Power Supply Issues:** The power supply unit (PSU) might be faulty or not properly
connected, preventing the system from receiving power. Check if the power cable is securely
plugged into the wall socket and the back of the computer.
2. **Power Switch Problems:** The power button on the computer case might be faulty or not
functioning correctly. Try using the reset button or other methods to power on the system.
3. **Electrical Problems:** Power surges or lightning strikes can damage the internal
components of the computer, including the motherboard, causing it to fail to switch on.
4. **Dead Battery (Laptop):** If you are using a laptop, the battery might be completely drained
or faulty, preventing the system from turning on. Try connecting the laptop to a power source
directly and see if it switches on.
5. **Hardware Component Failure:** A malfunctioning or defective hardware component, such
as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, or graphics card, can prevent the system from starting.
6. **Loose Cables or Connections:** Loose or disconnected cables, such as those connecting the
motherboard to the power button or the power supply, can result in the system not turning on.
7. **Overheating:** If the computer's CPU or GPU overheats due to insufficient cooling or dust
accumulation, the system may shut down automatically and fail to turn on until it cools down.

43
8. **BIOS/UEFI Issues:** Problems with the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) settings can prevent the system from booting.
9. **RAM Issues:** A faulty or improperly seated RAM module can cause the system to fail to
start.
10. **Boot Drive Errors:** If the computer cannot find a bootable operating system on the hard
drive or SSD, it may not switch on.
11. **Virus/Malware Attacks:** In rare cases, malware or viruses may cause critical system files
to become corrupted, leading to startup issues.
12. **Physical Damage:** Physical damage to the computer, such as a broken motherboard or
other critical components, can prevent the system from turning on.

To troubleshoot and resolve the issue, you can try the following steps:
1. Check the power source and ensure it is working correctly.
2. Verify that all cables and connections are secure.
3. Test the power button and try alternative methods to power on the system.
4. If you suspect overheating, clean the system's internal components and ensure proper
ventilation.
5. Reseat the RAM modules and other hardware components.
6. Check for any visual indications of damage on the motherboard or other components.
7. Try booting the system with minimal hardware connected (CPU, RAM, and essential
components) to isolate the problem.
8. Use diagnostic tools or built-in hardware diagnostics (if available) to identify potential issues.
9. If you are comfortable doing so, reset the BIOS/UEFI settings to default.
10. If possible, try booting the system with a different power supply or battery (for laptops).
11. Seek professional assistance if you are unable to identify or resolve the issue yourself.
If none of these steps work, it may indicate a more serious hardware problem, and you may need
to take the computer to a qualified technician for further diagnosis and repair.

 Q: The computer screen is blank. How do I fix it? A: Check if the monitor's power cable is
connected and turned on. Ensure the video cable is correctly connected to the computer and the
monitor. Try connecting the monitor to a different computer to see if the issue is with the
monitor or the computer's graphics output.

My computer frequently restarts or shows the "Blue Screen of Death"

(BSOD). What should I do?

 A: BSODs are often caused by hardware or driver issues. Update your drivers and run a
memory test to check for faulty RAM. If the problem persists, seek professional help.

Experiencing frequent computer restarts or encountering the "Blue Screen of Death" (BSOD)
indicates a critical system error that requires attention. Here's what you can do to troubleshoot
and resolve the issue:

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 1. Record the Error Message: Note down the error message displayed on the BSOD. It
usually contains a specific error code and a brief description of the problem. This
information can be helpful in diagnosing the root cause.
2. Check for Overheating: Overheating can cause unexpected shutdowns and BSODs.
Ensure that your computer's cooling system (fans and heat sinks) is working correctly and
not clogged with dust. Clean the interior if necessary.
3. Update Drivers: Outdated or faulty drivers can trigger BSOD errors. Update all drivers,
especially those for the graphics card, chipset, and network adapters. You can download
the latest drivers from the manufacturer's website.
4. Windows Updates: Ensure that your operating system is up to date. Windows updates
often include bug fixes and stability improvements that can address BSOD issues.
5. Scan for Malware: Run a full system scan using reputable antivirus and anti-malware
software. Malicious software can cause system instability and lead to BSOD errors.
6. Check Hardware Components: Hardware issues can cause BSODs. Perform hardware
diagnostics to check the CPU, RAM, and hard drive for errors. You can use built-in
Windows Memory Diagnostic or third-party tools for this purpose.
7. Undo Recent Changes: If you recently installed new hardware or software, or made
changes to your system settings, try undoing those changes to see if the BSODs persist.
8. Check Disk Integrity: Use the built-in Windows tool called "chkdsk" to check and
repair file system errors on your hard drive.
9. System Restore: Consider performing a System Restore to revert your computer to a
previous state when it was functioning correctly.
10. Safe Mode: Boot your computer into Safe Mode to check if the BSOD occurs in this
mode. Safe Mode loads only essential drivers, and if the problem doesn't occur here, it
may indicate a driver or software issue.
11. Advanced System Settings: In the Advanced System Settings, under the "Startup and
Recovery" section, disable automatic restart on system failure. This will allow you to
read the entire BSOD error message before the computer restarts.
12. System File Checker (SFC): Run the System File Checker tool to scan and repair
corrupted system files.

 USB devices are not recognized when plugged in. What can I do?

 A: Try using a different USB port or cable. Check if the USB drivers are up to date.
Restart the computer and see if the devices are recognized. If not, there could be an issue
with the USB controller or drivers.

 Q: The computer freezes or hangs frequently. How can I resolve this?

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  A: Check for overheating issues. Ensure proper ventilation and consider cleaning the
internal components of dust. Update drivers and run a disk check to identify and fix any
disk errors.

 Check for Overheating: Overheating can cause the computer to freeze. Ensure that the
cooling system is working correctly and that there is adequate airflow around the
computer. Clean the interior of the computer to remove dust that might be blocking
airflow.
 Update Drivers: Outdated or faulty drivers can lead to freezes. Update all drivers,
especially those for the graphics card, chipset, and network adapters. You can download
the latest drivers from the manufacturer's website.
 Windows Updates: Ensure that your operating system is up to date. Windows updates
often include bug fixes and stability improvements that can address freezing issues.
 Scan for Malware: Run a full system scan using reputable antivirus and anti-malware
software. Malicious software can cause system instability and freezes.
 Check RAM: Faulty or insufficient RAM can lead to freezes. Use the built-in Windows
Memory Diagnostic tool to check for memory problems.
 Disk Cleanup and Defragmentation: Perform regular disk cleanup to free up space and
use defragmentation (for HDDs) to optimize file placement.
 Check for Software Conflicts: Third-party software conflicts can cause freezes.
Temporarily disable non-essential startup programs and services to see if the issue
resolves.
 Check Hard Drive Health: Use tools like CrystalDiskInfo or other diagnostic software
to check the health of your hard drive. A failing hard drive can cause freezes.
 Check for BIOS/UEFI Updates: Ensure that your computer's BIOS/UEFI firmware is
up to date. Check the manufacturer's website for any available updates.
 Check External Devices: Disconnect external devices (e.g., printers, webcams, external
hard drives) to see if any of them are causing the freezes.
 Power Settings: Adjust power settings to prevent the computer from going into sleep or
hibernation mode too quickly, as this can cause issues with resuming.
 Perform a Clean Boot: Perform a clean boot to start Windows with minimal startup
programs and services, eliminating potential software conflicts.
 Reset Windows: As a last resort, consider resetting Windows to its default settings. This
will reinstall the operating system without affecting your personal files.

The printer is not working. How can I troubleshoot this?

 A: Ensure the printer is turned on and connected to the computer. Check if there are any
paper jams or low ink/toner levels. Reinstall the printer driver if necessary. If networked,
check the printer's IP address and connectivity settings.
 Check Printer Connection:
 Ensure that the printer is turned on and connected to a power source.
 Verify that the printer is connected to the computer via USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi,
depending on the printer's type.
 Check Print Queue:

46
  Open the print queue on your computer (usually accessible by clicking the printer icon in
the system tray or through the Control Panel).
 Cancel any stuck print jobs that might be causing a backlog.
 Restart Printer and Computer:
 Turn off the printer, unplug it from the power source, wait
for a few seconds, and then plug it back in.
 Restart your computer to clear any temporary glitches.
 Check Printer Status Lights and Display:
 Look for any error messages or warning lights on the printer's control panel.
 Refer to the printer's manual or manufacturer's website for troubleshooting based on the
specific error code.
 Check Paper and Ink/Toner:
 Ensure that the printer has enough paper in the tray.
 Check the ink or toner levels to ensure they are not empty or low.
 Update Printer Drivers:
 Download and install the latest printer drivers from the manufacturer's website.
 Outdated or corrupt drivers can cause printing issues.
 Run Printer Troubleshooter:
 Most operating systems have built-in printer troubleshooters that can identify and fix
common printer problems.
 Check Printer Spooler Service:
 Open the "Services" app on your computer (type "services.msc" in the Run dialog or
search bar).
 Locate "Print Spooler" in the list, right-click on it, and select "Restart."
 Reinstall Printer Software:
 Uninstall the printer software from your computer and then reinstall it.
 Make sure to follow the installation instructions provided by the printer's manufacturer.
 Check Firewall and Security Software:
 Temporarily disable your firewall and security software to see if they are blocking
communication with the printer.

 Why is my computer running slow? A: There could be several reasons for slow
performance. Check for malware and viruses using an up-to-date antivirus program. Ensure your
hard drive isn't nearly full; free up space if needed. Consider upgrading your RAM, and close
unnecessary background applications that might be consuming resources.

A computer can run slow due to various reasons, and troubleshooting the exact cause requires
some investigation. Here are some common factors that can contribute to a slow computer:

1. Insufficient RAM: If your computer has too little RAM to handle the tasks you're
running, it can lead to slowdowns as the system struggles to manage multiple programs
or large files.
2. High CPU Usage: If one or more processes are using a significant portion of the CPU's
resources, it can slow down other tasks on the computer.

47
 3. Fragmented Hard Drive: Fragmentation occurs when files are broken into pieces
scattered across the hard drive. This can lead to slower file access times.
4. Outdated Hardware: An older computer with outdated components may struggle to
keep up with modern software and demands.
5. Too Many Background Programs: Having numerous programs running in the
background can consume system resources and slow down your computer.
6. Malware and Viruses: Malicious software can run in the background, causing a
slowdown and compromising your system's performance.
7. Not Enough Free Disk Space: When your hard drive is nearly full, it can hinder the
system's ability to manage temporary files and virtual memory effectively.
8. Overheating: Excessive heat can cause the CPU or GPU to throttle, reducing
performance to prevent damage.
9. Corrupted or Outdated Drivers: Drivers that are corrupted or outdated can lead to
compatibility issues and performance problems.
10. Too Many Browser Extensions: An excessive number of browser extensions can slow
down web browsing and affect overall system performance.
11. Visual Effects and Animations: Fancy visual effects and animations can consume
resources, impacting overall system responsiveness.
12. Operating System Updates: Sometimes, after updating the operating system, certain
configurations or settings can lead to performance issues.

To improve your computer's performance, you can try the following solutions:

1. Upgrade Your Hardware: Consider adding more RAM or upgrading to a faster solid-
state drive (SSD).
2. Close Unused Programs: Close unnecessary applications running in the background.
3. Remove Malware and Viruses: Run a full system scan using reputable antivirus
software.
4. Disk Cleanup and Defragmentation: Perform regular disk cleanup to free up space and
use defragmentation (for HDDs) to optimize file placement.
5. Update Drivers and Software: Ensure your drivers and software are up to date.
6. Limit Startup Programs: Disable unnecessary programs from starting with your
computer.
7. Manage Visual Effects: Adjust visual effects settings in Windows to optimize
performance.
8. Clear Browser Extensions: Disable or remove unnecessary browser extensions.
9. Check for Overheating: Clean the computer's internals of dust and ensure proper
ventilation.
10. Consider Reinstalling OS: As a last resort, consider a clean OS installation to start
fresh.

If your computer screen is blank and showing no image at all, follow these
steps to troubleshoot and potentially fix the issue:

1. Check Power and Connections:

48
 o Ensure that the monitor is powered on and connected to a functioning power
source.
o Verify that the monitor's power cable is securely connected to the back of the
monitor and the power outlet.
o Check the video cable (VGA, DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, etc.) connecting the
monitor to the computer. Make sure it is securely plugged into both the monitor
and the computer's video output.
2. Check the Computer:
o Ensure that the computer is powered on and running. Listen for any sounds
indicating that it has booted up.
o If your computer has a separate graphics card, ensure it is properly seated in its
slot on the motherboard.
3. Check Monitor Input Source:
o Most monitors have multiple input sources (e.g., VGA, HDMI). Use the monitor's
on-screen menu or buttons to select the correct input source that matches the cable
connected to your computer.
4. Try Another Monitor or Device:
o Connect your computer to a different monitor or use the current monitor with
another device (e.g., a laptop or another computer). This will help determine if the
issue is with the monitor or the computer.
5. Restart the Computer:
o Sometimes, the computer may be running, but the screen has gone to sleep or is
displaying a blank screen due to a glitch. Try restarting the computer to see if the
display comes back.
6. Check for Loose Connections:
o Ensure that all cables connecting the computer and the monitor are securely
connected on both ends.
7. Test in Safe Mode:
o Boot the computer into Safe Mode to check if the issue is related to a driver or
software problem.
8. Inspect for Physical Damage:
o Check the monitor for any physical damage, such as cracks or broken parts, that
might be causing the display problem.
9. Reset Monitor Settings:
o Use the monitor's OSD (On-Screen Display) menu to reset the monitor's settings
to factory defaults.
10. Update Graphics Drivers:
o Ensure that your computer's graphics drivers are up to date. Go to the
manufacturer's website and download the latest drivers for your graphics card.
11. Try a Different Cable:
o If possible, try using a different video cable to rule out a faulty cable as the cause
of the problem.

49
Why the mouse/keyboard are not recognised in an Operating System (OS)
example window

If the mouse and keyboard are not recognized in an operating system (OS), it can be due to
various reasons, ranging from simple connectivity issues to more complex software or hardware
problems. Here are some common causes and troubleshooting steps:

1. Loose Connections: Check if the mouse and keyboard cables are securely connected to
the computer's USB or PS/2 ports. If they are wireless devices, ensure that the batteries
are not depleted and the wireless receiver is properly connected.
2. Faulty Cables or Ports: Try using different USB or PS/2 ports to see if the issue is with
a specific port. If you have spare cables, try using them to rule out cable-related
problems.
3. Compatibility Issues: Verify that the mouse and keyboard are compatible with the
operating system you are using. Some older devices may not have drivers available for
newer OS versions.
4. Driver Issues: Outdated or corrupted drivers can cause the mouse and keyboard to stop
working. Check the device manager in Windows (or similar settings in other OS) to see if
there are any driver-related warnings or errors.
5. USB Hub Problems: If you are using a USB hub, try connecting the mouse and
keyboard directly to the computer's USB ports to eliminate potential hub-related issues.
6. BIOS/UEFI Settings: In some cases, BIOS/UEFI settings might need adjustment to
enable USB or PS/2 devices. Check the settings related to USB/legacy support in the
BIOS/UEFI.
7. Safe Mode Check: Boot your computer into Safe Mode (if possible) to see if the mouse
and keyboard work in that mode. If they do, it might indicate a software conflict or driver
problem.
8. Security Software: In rare cases, security software or firewalls might interfere with the
functioning of input devices. Temporarily disable security software to test if this is the
cause.
9. System Restore: If the problem started recently, try performing a system restore to a
point when the mouse and keyboard were working correctly.
10. Hardware Failure: If none of the above steps resolve the issue, it's possible that the
mouse or keyboard is faulty. Test the mouse and keyboard on another computer to see if
they work there. If they don't, consider replacing them.
11. PS/2 to USB Adapter (for older devices): If you are using older PS/2 devices with a
USB adapter, ensure that the adapter is functional.
12. OS Update: If the issue occurred after an OS update, it might be related to the update
itself. Check for any known issues with the update and apply any available patches or
fixes.

What are the causes of ram failure

50
RAM (Random Access Memory) failure can occur due to various reasons, and understanding
these causes can help prevent or identify issues with your computer's memory. Here are some
common causes of RAM failure:

1. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): Handling RAM modules without proper ESD protection
can lead to electrostatic discharge, damaging the sensitive components of the RAM.
2. Overheating: Excessive heat can cause RAM chips to malfunction or become
permanently damaged. Poor ventilation, overclocking, or inadequate cooling can
contribute to overheating.
3. Aging: Like all electronic components, RAM has a limited lifespan. Over time,
prolonged use can lead to gradual deterioration of the RAM's cells.
4. Incompatible or Faulty Components: Using RAM that is not compatible with the
motherboard or has manufacturing defects can lead to failure.
5. Voltage Spikes: Power surges or voltage fluctuations can cause damage to the RAM
modules.
6. Physical Damage: Dropping or mishandling the computer or RAM modules can
physically damage the RAM, leading to failure.
7. Corrupted Data or Errors: Frequent occurrences of data corruption or errors during
read/write operations can be indicative of failing RAM.
8. Improper Installation: Incorrectly inserting or seating the RAM modules into the
motherboard can cause connectivity issues and lead to failure.
9. Manufacturing Defects: In some cases, RAM modules may have undetected
manufacturing defects that can cause them to fail prematurely.
10. Overclocking: Running RAM modules at speeds beyond their specifications
(overclocking) can put additional stress on the components, increasing the risk of failure.
11. Power Surges or Outages: Sudden power surges or power outages while the RAM is in
use can lead to data corruption or physical damage.
12. Inadequate Power Supply: Insufficient power supply to the computer or using an
incompatible or faulty power supply can lead to RAM issues.

RAM failures can manifest in various ways, such as frequent system crashes, random errors, or
the infamous "Blue Screen of Death" (BSOD). When troubleshooting RAM-related issues, it's
essential to conduct memory tests using diagnostic software, such as the built-in Windows
Memory Diagnostic or third-party tools like Memtest86, to identify potential problems.

If you suspect RAM failure, try isolating the problematic module by testing each RAM

List any attributes that a technician must possess before he/she can carry out
any Troubleshooting task successfully

A successful troubleshooting task requires certain attributes and skills that a technician should
possess to effectively identify and resolve issues. Here are some important attributes that a
technician should have:

51
 1. Technical Knowledge: A deep understanding of computer hardware, software, operating
systems, and networking is essential for effective troubleshooting. Technicians should be
familiar with various technologies and their interactions.
2. Problem-Solving Skills: Troubleshooting is all about problem-solving. A technician
should be able to analyze issues, break them down into smaller parts, and identify
potential solutions.
3. Attention to Detail: Troubleshooting often involves observing and identifying small
details that can be crucial in diagnosing problems accurately.
4. Patience and Persistence: Complex issues may require time and effort to resolve. A
patient and persistent approach is vital for successful troubleshooting.
5. Good Communication Skills: Technicians need to communicate effectively with users
and other team members to understand the problem, explain solutions, and provide
technical guidance.
6. Active Listening: Actively listening to users' descriptions of issues can provide valuable
clues for troubleshooting.
7. Logical Thinking: Logical reasoning helps technicians analyze problems, follow a
systematic approach, and narrow down potential causes.
8. Adaptability: Every troubleshooting scenario is unique. Technicians should be adaptable
and open to learning new techniques and technologies.
9. Documentation Skills: Properly documenting the troubleshooting process, steps taken,
and solutions can help in future reference and knowledge sharing.
10. Knowledge of Troubleshooting Tools: Familiarity with various diagnostic and
troubleshooting tools, both software and hardware, is essential for efficient problem-
solving.
11. Teamwork: In complex environments, collaboration with other team members or
specialists might be necessary to resolve intricate issues.
12. Time Management: Prioritizing tasks and efficiently using time is crucial, especially in
critical situations or environments with high workloads.
13. Empathy: Understanding and empathizing with end-users' frustrations can lead to a
better user experience during the troubleshooting process.
14. Continuous Learning: Technology is constantly evolving. Technicians should be
committed to continuous learning to stay updated with the latest advancements and best
practices.
15. Ethics and Professionalism: Technicians should uphold ethical standards and maintain
professionalism while dealing with users and handling sensitive information.

Having these attributes can significantly enhance a technician's ability to tackle troubleshooting
tasks successfully and provide efficient support to users and organizations.

 No Beep: If you hear no beep at all during startup, it may indicate a power-related problem,
such as a faulty power supply or motherboard.

52
 Single Beep: A single short beep during startup usually indicates a successful POST (Power-
On Self Test). This is a normal beep, indicating that the system has passed its initial hardware
checks.

 Two Short Beeps: This typically indicates a POST error. It could be caused by a
configuration problem, faulty memory (RAM), or a loose connection.

 Continuous Beeping (Long and Short): Continuous beeping usually indicates a RAM
(memory) error. It could mean that the RAM is not detected or is faulty.

 Three Long Beeps: Three long beeps can indicate a problem with the system's memory. This
might be due to incompatible or faulty RAM.

 Four Short Beeps: Four short beeps often indicate a timer failure. It can be caused by a
faulty motherboard or a problem with the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

 Five Short Beeps: Five short beeps might indicate a CPU error. It could be a problem with
the CPU itself or its connection to the motherboard.

 Repeating Short Beeps: Repeating short beeps might indicate a power-related problem, such
as a faulty power supply or loose power connection.

 Long Continuous Beep (Uninterrupted): A continuous long beep without interruption may
indicate a problem with the graphics card or its connection.

A "POST" (Power-On Self-Test) failure occurs when a computer's motherboard encounters an

issue during the boot-up process. Several reasons can cause a motherboard to fail the POST.
Here are some common ones:

1. Hardware Incompatibility: Sometimes, incompatible hardware components, such as

RAM modules, graphics cards, or processors, can prevent the motherboard from
completing the POST successfully.
2. Faulty RAM: Defective or improperly seated RAM modules can cause the POST to fail.
Try reseating the RAM or testing with a known-good module to check if the issue is
related to memory.
3. Power Issues: Insufficient power supply, a faulty power supply unit (PSU), or a damaged
power connector can hinder the motherboard's ability to complete the POST.
4. Overheating: If the CPU or other critical components get too hot due to poor cooling or
failed fans, the motherboard may shut down or fail to POST as a protective measure.
5. CMOS/BIOS Settings: Incorrect BIOS settings or corruption in the CMOS memory can
lead to POST failures. Resetting the CMOS settings to default may help resolve this.
6. Faulty Graphics Card: If the graphics card is not functioning correctly, it can prevent
the system from displaying the necessary information during the POST process.

53
7. Peripheral Devices: Sometimes, a malfunctioning peripheral device, such as a faulty
hard drive or a problematic USB device, can interfere with the POST process.
8. Short Circuits: Physical damage to the motherboard or loose connections between
components can create short circuits and cause the POST to fail.
9. Failing Motherboard Components: Age, wear and tear, or manufacturing defects can
lead to the failure of critical motherboard components, such as capacitors, chipset, or
VRM (Voltage Regulator Module).
10. Static Electricity: Improper handling of computer components, particularly during
installation or upgrades, can result in damage caused by static electricity discharge.
11. BIOS/UEFI Update: An unsuccessful or interrupted BIOS/UEFI update can leave the
motherboard in an inconsistent state and prevent it from POSTing.

54