“Rs DEI. TECHNICAL COLLEGE, DAYALBAGH, AGRA-S DIPLOMA IN AE/EE/ME/EL/CE/ARCHILT/V-AE/V-IT. COURSE NO. DHU 101 FIRST SEMESTER COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH COMMUNICATION -I SESSION 2022-2023 SOLUTION OF THE QUESTION BANK Note: The aim is to let the students develop proficiency in communication skills with the knowledge of functional grammar as base Unit-1 AUXILIAR QI Please see notes Q2 Please see notes: Q3 Fill in the blanks with appropriate question tags. (1) Suresh, you went to the jail last night. didn't you? (ii) You've finished eating. haven't you? (ii) You were fast asleep last night. weren't you? (iv) They should've left for meeting. shouldn't they? (v) We must try to be as quiet as possible, mustn't we? 4 Read the following sentences, adding the appropriate question-tags. (i) He broke the glass. (11) | gave him a book, (iii) You are intelligent. (iv) You are sure you've done it. (v) He might be ill. (vi) Your friend may come. (vii) She loves painting. (vit) I have my lunch at two o'clock. (ix) I shan't be there. (x) They should have been successfull. (x1) I am ready. (xii) He used to play. (xiii) I don't like her. (xiv) We hadn't done. (xv) She is a player. Answers: (i). didn't he? (ji) didn't 1? (iii) aren't you? (iv) aren't you? (v) mightn't he? (vi) mayn’t he? (vii) doesn't she (viii) haven't 1? (ix) shall 1? (x) shouldn't they? (xi) aren't 1? (xii) didn't he? (xiii) do 1? (xiv) had we? (xv) isn’t she? QS Please see notes: Q6 Fill in the past tense or past participle of verbs given in bracket. (i) It is years since I saw him. He has seen his best days. (See) (ii) Of late the custom has fallen into disuse. The lot fell upon him. all) (iii) The toast was drunk with great enthusiasm. (drink) (iv) He spoke freely when he had drunk alcohol. Marathi is spoken in a)maharashtra (speak) (v) My patience wore out at last. The inscription has worn away in several places. (wear) (vi) Ina fit of rage she tore up the letter. The country is torn by factions. (tear) (vit) He has been stung by a scorption. The remark stung him. (sting) (vi1t) You look as if you had run all the way home. He ran for his life. (run) (ix) Once sydney smith, being asked his name by the servant, found to his dismay that he had forgotten his own name. (forget) (x) A better day for a drive could not have been chosen (choose) (xi) Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s (come) (nit) The old begger was bitten by a mad dog. The mad dog bit him (bute) (xii) The boy has swum across the Indus. (Swim) (xiv) I think he should have written and told us. Honesty 1s written ‘on his face. (write) (xv) He laid the book on the table. He had not laid a finger on him. They laid their heads together (lay) (xvi) We lay beneath a spreading oak. He has long Iain under suspicion. (he) (xvi) Some one has stolen my purse. She stole his heart. (steal) (xvitt) You must reap what you have sown (sow). (xix) He had begun his speech before we arrived. He begain to talk nonsence. (begin) (xx) Do as you are bid/bidden He bade us good-bye. (bid) (xxi) Recently the price of sugar has gone up. The argument went home.(go) (xxii) It has stood the tast of time. (stand) Q.7_ Please see notes QR Please s: VERBALS : Q.9 Please see notes Q.10 Fillin the blanks with suitable infinitives: notes 1. Ahmad was anxious ro join the queue to get into the cinema hall mTo kill an animal is a cruel act They like fo visit new places To live is to enjoy life wkeN Reena has forgotten fo give you the house key. 6 The President refused to accept the money, 11. Complete the following sentences using clauses or phrases with infinitives. 1. [told him many times but he never fried to follow. 2. They have been asking many questions to know about my performance 3. He told me to contact you about this matter. 4 Can this be possible to thunk that you do not know? 5. You do not know how to do this ? PARTICIPLES Q12 Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using the correct participles ~ 1. He lifted his luggage. He left the train, Ans: Lifting his luggage, he left the train. 2. The old man felt sorry for the begger. He dropped a rupee coin into his begging bowl Ans: Feeling sorry for the beggar, the old man dropped the rupee coin into hus begging bow! 3. We decided to stay in the hotel longer We unpacked our bags Ans: Deciding to stay in the hotel longer, we unpacked our bags 4. He has completed the work He has gone home Ans: Completing the work, he has gone home. 5. She left the child in the cradle. She went to get some water. Ans: Leaving the child in the cradle, she went to get some water. QB Fill in the blanks with suitable participles in} ) Gi) Growling loudly, the dog bit the postman. (grow!) Do you know the man reading the paper. (Read) The party was boring (Bore) orWV) The barking dog kept us awake all night, (Bark) ©) Did you see Deepak dancing ? (Dance) wn Running away from the castle, Cinderella fost shoe (Run) ARTICLES Q.14 Please see notes QUS Please see notes Q. lo FAL An the blanks with suitable articles, +f rhe bank in my colony works on sunday ho We have seta target of mobilizing 1000 volunteers for the project There tsa brilliant research scholar in this bateh 1) Is there a job vacaney in this office ? \ Peter sawa girl at the gate of the school, The girl was looking for the principal's office Vi Ray way eating a sandwich. [he sandwich was made of bread and ereumber shiees Mit Thave a pen and a pencil um 4 11y bs air amseet 1 We decided to return after a hour XE bought am umbrella yesterday. The umbrella is made of fine sith Xi She gave me an apple and an orange Phe apple was rotten but he orange was good Xn dr old man was riding an elephant, The old man was kind to the elephant Xm Phe 4m instructor Was present in she swimming pool Aw fsmall child stood under a apple tree, but his hand could not reach the branches of thc Wee xv There were tears m the ehild’s eves Ast Do vou have she to spare > wn The advertisement for rhe post of @ manager appeared in ke Times of Indha wa There is a garden behind rte house c wee fhe university on L tar pradesh offers a diploma in Office Management through distance education PREPOSITIONS Q27 Carrect the prepositions in the following sentences. Young people look for2 He approached the principal for a testimonial 3. Many children find it difficult to cope with the heavy syllabus 4 The workers demanded higher wages and a bonus 5 The clerk was dismissed breause he did not attend his office regularly 6. The employee could not explain his action to his employer. 7 The police searched the pockets of the thiel. & We should not discuss our private n attcrs in public. 9 Durmg the running commentary, the gentlemen at the mike described many unnecessary details ed in the 10. The poor man was happy to hear that his two sons had pass competitive examination LL Workers should not criticize their employers 12, She resembles her mother. 13. In his inaugural address, the principal stressed the value of diserphine 14. The boy regretted his mistakes when it was too late The English teacher emphasized the importance of correct usage. 16, My mother told me that | must work hard: 17, Mohan was sitting on the bench QIN Correct the following. ap 1. Will you kindly accede az my request ? Ne did not succeed when he applied for the post of a clerk The man who is blind wirh both eyes could still make beautiful pottery. 4 Hot weather is not conducive ro your victory. $. He deals a textiles and has become rich 6 Many people died of cholera in the old town. 7 Lis qualifications entitle him to be eligible for the top post in the company 8. Diet is essential for health. 9 They found hi alty of conspiracy 10. He was married ro a rich girl Fill in the blanks in the following passage, with correct prepositions. Ic rammed continuasly for two days in Mumbat. Areas located rowards the seacoast Were im extreme danger. Communications herweenMumbai and the rest of the country, were totally cut off owing to/because of this, anxious relatives across the country could not get . any information about the well being of their near and dear ones.Roads throughout the city were flooded. Pune a city beyond Mumbai also experienced heavy rainfall. The city was without electricity for one day. Power supply was cut off in Mumbai for two days, Some people managed so reach their homes affer midnight. They showed great courage despite the difficult situation, People who were traveling by road were forced to stay inside their cars during the night as there were traffice jams everywhere. Because of/owing to the contintous heavy rain, rescue agencies could not help the affected people in time. Q.20 Fill the blanks with suitable coordinating conjunctions. Javed and Jai cut the grass. We can go to a movie or to the play. Tinvited himwith his friends. Do you know his address and his telephone number? { She colsed the windows when it started to rain, Uread the book but did not understand. Tt was his birth so I made a cake. 9, The student was neither angry nor upsed even after being teased 10. The rabbit hopped snd skipped about in the garden. Q.21 Fill in the blanks with suitable subordinating conjunctions. 3. 4 5, 6. [t was hot inside so I went for a walk. 7. 8 1. [took my umbrella because it was raining 2. Some bananas are yellow while others are green. 3. Ragging is fun but it can be dangerous 4. He is happy so he enjoys his work. 5. [ put my sweater on because it was cold 6. Twill not pay until you finish the work 7. No one knows where he has gone 8. Wake me up when he arrives 9. Lasked my friend when he could lend money. 10. 4s we were late, we missed the train 2 Fill in the blanks with suitable co-relative conjunctions. Q.2 6)He is not only intelligent bur also good natured. . I will not only take my parents but also my brother with me, She is neither rich nor famous. It was neither hot nor really windy. Tell me now whether you like it or not. Though he shouted at the top, of his voice but no one heard him. Her voice is neither clear nor good. SrA aveun— The students not only cleaned the campus but also planted saplings. 9, She couldn't decide either to wait or to go by herself. 10. Neither my friends nor relatives came to see me. CONCORD Q23. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs based on the rules of concord. 1, She plays Tennis everyday 2. The actress has her residence in Bombay. 3. The trees are fruit bearing 4. They have a car. There is no petrol in the car, We are angry with our neighbour. Dogs are faithful animal. There were many visitors to the fair. 9 The class is going on a picnic rar aw 10, The Army has been preparing for war. 11. The film Lagaan is nominated for the Oscars ~ 12. Neither the boss nor the workers come late to office 13. Creepers grow on walls 14. He has spoken to his mother over phone today. 15. They gave a lot of money to charity. Common Errors in Different Parts of Speech and their Correction Q.24 Correction of the Pronouns. 1. Ram has lost his books. 2. She loves her husband. 3.It is / who have to 80.4. Ask him to go. 5. One should do one's duty. 6. Ishall avail myself of this opportunity. 7.Every one laughed but me. 8. This is between you and me. 9. You and J can go together. 10. You and they were in the wrong. IL. Mohan and Sohan have lost their book. 12. He kept awake for a Dlong time 13. E:ther he or his friends has lost his books. 14.It is the same Pen shat | bought yesterday. 15. Either Sita or Kamla forgot to take her prize. 16. The girl who sang a song is wearing a green dress 17. Neither the thief nor the dacoit confessed Ais guilt. 18. Each man and each boys in the party has got his share 19. None of Ram, Mohan and Suresh can pass this year 20. He and his friends can consult each other in the mecting Q25 Correction of the Nouns. 1. Keat's poetry ts very charming. 2. His trousers are very dirty He Aas lost a ten rupee-note 3 4 Girls’ schools have been escorted by police I bought three dozen oranges from the market. or I bought three dozens of oranges from the market 6 The import of machinery has been cut down by our Government 7. Measles is a disease 8. The people of America are rich 9. Where are my scissors ? 10. Sheep give us wool Q.26 Corrections of the Adjectives. 1. [don't want any books He has a good verbal memory Ramesh 1s not older than Rahim. 4. Health is preferable ro wealth. He is the wrsest of all the students in the class. 6. He is the best and intelegent student of class. 7. Many boys failed in the examination this year 8 Hercules was the strongest of the Greeks. 9. My pen is better than Mohan's or My pen is better than that of Mohan. 10. Do not drink so much waters. Q.27 Choose the correct Adverbs from those in the brackets : | Kamla never rises (ate. 2. Rani is by and by learning to write English 3. Niloo 1s very weak in English. ' 4. Ramesh was hit very hard 5. She is very weak 8)6. Geeta's health 1s very bad. 7. This book 1s much better than that. 8. The book is very interesting. 9. Do not speak very fast 10. The dog was guite dead Q.28 Supply the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets 1 Yesterday he bought a new watch as his old one had been stolen: 2. He is sleeping and doesn't understand what you are saying to him. 3. L shall go there when I was told, not before. 4. When J met them in the street, they were going to the picture. 5. He has been studying English for five years now. 6, I expect he will go to U.S.A. as soon as he gets visa. 7. He visited his friend yesterday and found that he was out. 8. After I had been working at an Intermediate college for one year I decided to give up the job. 9. By the time you get back, I shall have finished all my work, and then I shall be able to help you with yours. 10. He will come at once because | have told him on phone that you need him urgently. I’m sure he will find his way easily, although he has never visited this house before Q.29 Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets of the followings sentences He had /aid the foundation of his future success. (lay) 2. The rise in prices will affecr all clases. (effect) 3. She was born two year ago. (bear) 4. The plan has been hung up. (hang) 5. The milk of human kindness overflowed his heart. (overflow) 6. When he was young, he danced/used to dance, (dance) Yesterday he bought a new watch. (buy) 8. When I mee Shweta in the street she was going to the picture. (meet, go) . 9. If [had enough money, I would have bought a television set. (buy) 10. I would have never gone there if | had known. (go) Q.30 Exercise : Correct the errors of verbs in the followings sentences : 1. No sooner did | enter the room than it started raining. 2. They built houses that costs a lot of money. 3. If it was so, I should leave it for the time. 4. Bid him go from here. 5. Either you or your friend has to go. 6. He promised that omhe would not be late. 7. Those who think more speak less. 8. He 1s one of those who ure the most popular. 9. The wages of sin js death 10. Mathematics isa very interesting subject UNIT-~ 1 Q 31 Please see notes Q 32 Please see notes: 2UE WRITIN Q33 Please see notes Q.34 Please sce notes Q35 Please see notes REPORT WRITING Q.36 Please see notes Q.37 Please see notes UNIT-HI NG COM NSION Q.38 Please see notes Q39 Please sce notes Q.40 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Ans 1 (1) Books are the chief carriers of civilization because they preserve and spread knowledge in time and space (2) Very hot countries have Inttle civilization because they have very little books as they are eaten up by white ants (3) It is difficult for the human race to progress when there are no books and records (4) The importance of people's ability to read books is that they are able to carry on civilization from one generation to another. (5) The suitable title to the passage is - ‘Books and Civilization’ Aas.2: (1) Helping man spiritually 15 the highest help. (2) Physical help 1s the least important help because it can not give permanent satisfaction to a man (3) Misery wall cease in the world when people are spiritually enlightened and strong(4) The gift of knowledge of a far higher gift than that of good and clothes because the real life of man consists of knowledge. (5) Greatest benefactor—a factor that does the highest good of mankind Groping through—Aman who does not have spiritual knowledge muddles through ignorance and miseries of life. Ignorance 1s the mother—All evils and miseries that we see and face in life are due to our ignorance, Ans.3: (1) Gandhiji's philosophy was based on tolerance and rgard for all religious alike (2) He was behind all religions the same truth. ~ (3) He love for humanity taught him to treat all the people as his brothers. (4) The creed of the Republic of India is secularism (5) Untouchability was hateful to Gandhiji because it was against his principles of secularism and brotherhood. Ans.4 (1) The newly independent countries of Asia and Africa are facing the problem of how to grow modern without changing their traditional culture completely. (2) The modernization of society affects traditional institutions like family, law. religion and community life. (3) These changes should be brought about gradually, not violently so that individualsare not disturbed (4) The common opinion is in favour of keeping old traditions because cach country was strongly aware of its ancient traditions during its freedom str (5) The duty of the leaders of a Society is to examine old traditions and to decide which ought to be kept, which ought to be changed, and which ought to be adopted to the modern ways UNIT -IV PUNCTUATION Q41_ Exercise (A) Please see notes: Exercise (B) Pi Ans. (i) tunctuate the phrases and clauses that need punctuation. While we were visiting in London, We spent several days in the British Museum and Art gallery any(ii) He knew, as soon as, he looked at the letter that someone had tampered with it Before leaving the house, we hid the money where we could easily find it Q42 Exereise- Punchuate where necessary ‘Ans, (i) A defective short circuit, it was thought ; was the cause of fire, (ti) T want to tell Mr. Biswas, the manager, to grant me leave. (iii) He, too, was one of the candidates. Q.43 Exercise Insert Comma, Colon, Semicolon, Parenthesis or question mark wherever needed They were afraid that they would sink nevertheless , they would (iii) Ans. (1) not take the life boat (ii) The boy was weary, he had been tramping all day. (ii) He had one serious fault, namely, he could not write legibly. (iv) He is selfish, dishonest, disloyal. Why say anything more ? Q.44 Erercise~ Punctuate the following Ans. Ram said to me, "My father has come today" Sarla said to Seeta, "Where has your brother gone today ?" "What is the matter with you," asked the teacher. "T have not seen Mohan for several days.", Sohan said sadly "My dear boy", said the teacher, "You must learn to be punctual.” “Are there no such fools on the earth !," Cried the king. “Hurrah ! We have won the match.", Shouted the players "Sit down. Take your food and then you may go.", said my sister. "Where have you been so long ? When will you learn to be punctual 2", Ree Carla said the class teacher. 10. "What an ignoble act you have done ! Don't you feel ashamed of it.?" My father said angrily. Q45 Spellings: — Sample Exercises/ Questions. Exercise-1 Write the opposites of the following words by adding a prefix to each: Discolour. irresolute, illegal. inhuman, disentangle, wimecessary. 1. Complete the following words by inserting ie or ei as required in blank spaces grieves, receipt. deceive. mischief, seize, neighbour, height 2. Insert correct number of 'l' in the following words 12)Q.46 almost, almighty, welcome, foretell, altogether, enro/ment, iliness. Complete the following words by inserting the appropriate single or double letters beginning, refill, fu/fill, allotted Some of these words are spelt incorrectly. Rewrite them with necessary correction Blameable, valueless, debateable, desirous Complete the following words by adding ‘i" or 'y' as may be necessary. accompaniment, accompanying, gaiety, gaily. Complete the following words by adding 'i' or 'y' as may beTiecessary. A Company ...... ment, accompan.......ing, ga.......ety, ga.....ly. Add the correct suffixes... able or ible to the following words, making any changes necessary to give the correct spellings: Advisable, admissible, excusable, defensible, justifiable, pitiable. Add correct suffixes ance or ence to the following words, making any changes necessary to give the correct spellings: continuance, occurence, excellence, preference, persistence. Complete the following words by adding the correct suffixes from those indicated. (a) -ant, -ent. Competent, independent, relevant (b) cial, -tial = Commercial, substantial, initial (c) -City, -sity Intercity, publicity, generosity, university (d) cle, -eal musical, critical, vehicle, perodical, spectacle Complete the spellings of the following words; then use your dictionary to check them (a) comparative accomodate —_— miscellaneous definite (b) benefitted Febuary necessary governor (c) permissible temporary procedure assimilate (d) separate gramophone Wednesday carriage (ec) supersede guarantee maintenance installation Tipe or rewrite the following, correcting all spelling mistakes: In business, it 1s necessary to render accounts accurately. A small mistake may lead to considerable work for the firm's employees. Always cheque and recheque your columns before making the final entry in ink. Remember that clear figures are always helpful. Don't allow one line of figures (Byto get confused with another; separate each line, You should see that cach entry in the ledger has a corresponding receipt Q47 Rewrite the following passage, correcting the misspelt words and putting in any commas and full stops where necessary When the accident occured to my bicycle, I was releived to rekerlect that it was guaranted for to years as this period of time had not than past. | had every expectation of having my bicycle completly overhauled without my incurring any expens as you will really beleive. I seized the opportunity immediately and fortunately was successfull in my claim Q.48 Ten of the following words are spelt correctly, and ten incorrectly. Pick out the latter and write these down with the correct spelling. professor sincerely prisionor _ successful Ans, gramophone completely detective bicycle athlete experience PARAGRAPHING Q5I Please see notes : Q.52 Please see notes Q.53 Please see notes Q.54_ Please see notes Q.55. Read the following paragraph carefully. Hossein's new house is off King Street. He moved there because it was quieter. It's next door to a hospital and has a large garden at the back. His wife likes it because it has a modern kitchen Now write about your friend's house, using the similar sentences using the following outline Sadegh/flat/Park Road.//moved/ cheaper.//cinema/small garden/ front.//Friends/near/town center. Q.49 Please see notes. Q.50 Please see notes. Q.51 Please see notes. Q.52 Please see notes Q.53 Please see notes. Q.54 Please see notes. Q55 Translate into English (Sample Exercises) I On the demise of the Manager, the Director wrote/drafted a touching condolence note/letter. 2. Think, your letter seems to be a business letter or not 3. It is the transaction and understanding between the importer and exporter. (14)* Kindly/please issue/give/release funds to the undersigned Mr. Vinod Kumar as needed/required. 5. It is regretted that yours goods have not been reached upto/till now and Tam to send you this reminder. 6. Aseller should be cautious for his behaviour with customer because the customer may be innocent, The style of blocked letter is the most modern and it is recommended for the correspondence of today. 8. But indented style of the letter is liked too. In this letter the name and the address of the addressee are written in the style of the blocked letter but the paragraphs containing subject matter have six spaces. 9. By wholesale dealer is meant a dealer who buys the goods from the producer at first and sells them to retailers in small quantity. Thus he is neither a producer nor a retailer. On the contrary, he is a link/ medium between these two. 10. It is hereby notified that the working time/hours of the factory, from 15- 04-2008 will be 6.00 am to 1.00 pm in place of 9.00 am to 4700 pm so that the worker can escape themselves from the scorching heat. For every worker, it is compulsory that he should note his arrival time by marking his signature in the register at the gate. It should be observed/taken seriously. IL. All the workers are to record their grievances in writing. Efforts will be made to solve/address their grievances, But if something is beyond our limits, we shall be unable to do anything. We need your co-operation. The payment of bonus will be made to the workers before Deepawali. The workers are our strength: Besides there may be some obstacles in the solution of personal grievances. UNIT-V NOTES = Q.56 Please see notes : Q57 Please see notes Q.58 Please see notes : Q.59 Make Precis of the following paragraphs and give a suitable title for each Ans 1 The Board Examinations start on the 7th of April at 8 a.m. each day at the University Hall, near the Government Secretariat, under the supervision of the Principal of Roorkee Engineering College Title: The Board Examinations (is)‘Ans 2 Ram Singh, a brilliant son of the popular Principal Govind*Ram of the Hindu College, having passed High School in the first division, is Itked by all his teachers. Title + Ram Singh ‘Ans 3 Agra stands at the river Jamuna. Besides Fort, there are grand historical buildings and other worth seeing monuments. But Taj Mahal surpasses all of them in beauty and grandeur Title: Agra....the City of Taj Mahal, Ans 4 Ashok was only 21 when he became the emperor of a mighty kingdom His life-long ambition was fulfilled in his youth He organised a mighty Title: Ashok, the Great. ‘Ans 5 Books are treasure-house of wisdom and help in spreading human army for the expansion of hts empire. civilization In hot countstes like south America books can not be preserved for more than 50 years because white ants ear them up.Hence the posterity can not be benefitted. Books are useless for the uneducated people. Title: The importance of books. ‘Ans 6 Communication is the exchange of information, feelings and thoughts. Before the development of language, man used signs, gestures who com- municate. Before writing, he drew diagrams and scataches on rocks and stones Title: | Communication. Ans 7 Speech is a natural process like walking and breathing. Without it the civilization will be dumb. Infact w is different from the process of learning to walk Title: The Importance of speech. Ans 8 Since every thing belongs to the entire society, the products of social labour should be equitable and justly distributed among its members. But injustice and unnaturality lie in the unequal distribution of social wealth and in letting the poor starve so that the rich may grow richer. In the name of justice the rich should make due compensation and restoration to the poor and exploited. Title: The unequal distribution of wealth or Need of just distribution of wealth in society. (6)THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNICATION eral Introduction : Being a member of society one cannot negiert the impottarce of communication (15 a natural process he process of of the swihzation In othe) communicat on took phice from the beginnw words, as the world came ito existence. the process of communication also took placi {we have a glance on the early History, we find that the primitive men drew ai d painted on cave walls to convey messages They used signs & symbols. As man's knowledge expanded, writing beeame necessary in order - methods of communteation over Long distance to transmit taformation Far! were - Drurn beats. fire smoke signals and ram's hora. During the Muddle ‘Ages, dome te (tamed) pigeons were used to transmit masseges. It will be surprising tc know that the activity of communication 1s not confined only to s but it is also found among animals Undoubtedly, there is an interesting ¢ ommunacation system among animals So 1 1s clear that the com- human bei munication 1, an integral part of human beings [1s a natural process Tn fact communicat on ts the basic need of all the members of a society The term communication is derived from the word '¢ ommune’ which Means ‘Siie!-Thuis ; i jeans 'Share’~Thus it is clear that communication means sharing of ideas, emotions an information’ etc Communieation = Act of senda & receiving message, information ete Definition There are various definitions of communication in English Some of the major definitions are as follows A way of expression is called communication The ait of expression is called communication. Communication is a method of trafismitting and receiving ideas, infermation and messages wn 4 Communication ts exchange of facts ideas. feclings/sentiments and information among human beings 5. Communication is @ natural process of sharing ideas, emotions and information. 6 — Communication means sharing of ideas, emotions and information, etc WILT other members of soceity Essential parts of communication : Communication requires four essential parts: 1. Whit to say ? 2. Whom to say ? 3 How to say? Wh-n to say ?Factors of Communicatio! (i) Use of appropriate words (it) Use of appropriate phrases (iii) Comprehensive knowledge (iv) Clear language (v) Lucid style Before entering into the field of Communication, one mus understand the Process of Communication Process of Communication : The important elements of comraumeation process are 1. Sender - A person who transmits a message 2. Message An idea that a sender wants to Communs ave Encodin. \ sy stem/words/symbols, to express the ideas Method to deliver the message, as,- lette s, memos +. Chann or fax message, ete 5. Receiver - A person who notices and attaches some meaning of the message 6. Feed Back - The response of the receiver to a sender’. inessage Noise - A factor that interfers with the exchange «f the message § Environment - One's surroundings. Sender (Drafter of a Letter) A sender is a person who transmits a message, such as a sal -s manager niaking a presentation to a client; a foreman explaining a prob em on the shop-floor to the works manager or a speaker or a chair person ir a meeting introducing the guests Message It is an idea that a sender wants to communicate Encoding The sender has to choose certam words or symbols to ¢spress the ideas and this activity is called encoding Channel The channel is the method used to deliver the message. One n.ay choose nes (o pul the message in writing in she form of a letter, memos or a fa of one may communicate orally either in person or on telephone Q)Receiver The ecerver 1s a person who notices and attaches some meaning to a message 11 he simplest of circumstances. 2 message reaches the mended recenver Lo evel, an the real world. several problems may oceur and the message may not reach the receiver The worse the reeviver the worse. the message inte wed for a receiver. [t might be mtercepted by someone ceive Feedback Reece rs do not absorb messages like sponges but respond to ther The response of the ceviver to a sender's message 1s called feedback Feed- back may be written, oral or non-verbal. In many cases, no message can also be a kind of ecdback When feedback occurs, there is a reversal of the roles of the parties, 1 ¢., the original sender becomes a receiver and the receiver, a sender Noise Note -omprise factors which intertere with the exchange of messa Noise may b. physical such as the sound of traffic on the road or physiologi- cal, such as. hearing disorder ot severe headache, etc. It may also be psy- chologica’, such as, pre-occupation, hostility, fear, ete Enviornment ety communicator inhibits a unique environment including personal history that vach person brings to a communication transaction Ways/Types of Communication : a) !ormal Communication (i) Informal Communication. (iii) Oral/Spoken Communication. (iv) Vritten Communication (v) Gesture Communication / Body language | Non-Verbal Communication. Formal Communication : The communication which needs all courtesy and formalities 1s called Formal Communication. There are certain words and phrases in English language for this purpose. Example :-!Tonourable member of Tonourable member of Committee want to draw your kind attention oe lease look into the matter . Qa) reese ctesInformal Communication : Informal means ‘‘needs no for nalities’’. So the communication which is not bound in definite or rigid rules, is called Informal Communication In other words, The communication which does not need any formality is called Inforr:», Communication. Example :- Communication to one's relations and friends. Oral Communication : Man is 4 social animal. As he nee Is air, water, clothes. food for his survival, in the same way, he also wants to express himself We can put lecture. speeches in the area of oral corimunication Thus the communication in which one wants to express, himself is called Oral Communication, Example: Lecture, Speech etc Written Communication : For legal system and official communication, this written communica- tion is very necessary. We keep a record in the written position 'n the shape of letters. Thus the communication in which written way is adopied to ex- called Written Communication press oneself, As: ‘Letters, minutes etc Gesture Communication : There is also another kind of communication called gestur’ communi- cation or body language. If we see the method of ancient time communica- tion, we will find that there were dumb shows, drum beats, fire «moke. The dumi shows of Charlie Chaplin communicate more eloquently then any film Even our railway transport, traffic system is based on gesture or signal com- munication. When the speakers are present face to face, they can make use of 'Paralanguage’; it is called the non-verbal communication It may also be defined as - The communication in which pa ts of body are used to express oneself in place of language. is called Gesture C »mmuni- cation Para-language 1s used in | Non-verbal amunication can be divided into three parts (i) Kinetics or body language (ii) Tone or the voice of the speaker (iti) Proxemies means the space between the two persons. In other words, 11 18 also known as1. Sign language. Head, Fingers, Byes, Shoulder cte Action ‘anguage: Tone or the voi eof a speaker ete 3 Object language: Fire smoke, Drum beats ete Note :-Communication may be informal such as {wo co-workers conversing ually during tea break, two heads of departments meeting to solve a prob- Jem, or a ina rager giving instructions to a subordinate Smal’ group comm. nication may involve 3-10 students/representatives making in business and other organi: ations may be accomplished in small group meetings External Communication : The Communication between people within an organisation with the people who are outside, 1s called External Communica- tion ENample : Sales persons talking to customers purchase officials negotiati with potenti. | suppliers, a public lation official communicating with a group. ete Internal Communication : The Communication between people within an organisation is called Internal Communication Example - Communication within a department Public speeches and presentations involve more formal and usually rehearsed communicat on {t involves one individual speaking to a group of people Funetions of Communication : On-th: -job communication serves the following purpose To Tell Coram anteation that presents information is common to most jobs. This (pe of con munication involves explaining how to do a ju b or to explain What 1s going on in the organisation Vo Sell While telling deals with facts, selling involves the facts, feelings and attitudes, This is pursuasive communication. This type of communication is important bc cause success or failure largely depends on the ability to pursuade others To Learn Abilit” to understand others is also very important To Decide The ability to reach a good decision requires good coumaunication ability in order ty c change ideas with others, obtain relevant information and evaluate alternatives for reaching a decision (3)Techniques of Communication : ‘Techniques’ means ‘skill’ © Some sort of doing things Techniques of Communication are following 1 Listening “Give every man Thine car, but few Thy vone Means (Examples) "Lectures, Seminars, Tape iecorders ete 2. Reading “Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man and writing an exact man” Means (Examples) : Newspaper, Magazines, Short stories, Novi Is etc 3. Writing “The pen is Mightier than the sword.” Means (Examples) To develop the nature of argument and discussion ete 4 Speaking Speech is silver Silence is gold.” Means (Examples) acquires the Proficiency in the following tuctors spontaneity. fluency, naturality ete «mis Bacon Tools of communication : Oral and written communication may be conducted throug (1) Direct Method (ii) Mechanical Method (i) Direct Communication : Direct Communication means ‘such type of Communication which is going on ace to face, call bell, light etc (it) Mechanical Communication . Mechanical Communication mans, such type of Communication whicl is conducted with the help of va ious Tele shone, loud mechanical devices. like, speakers, Fax. Tele-printer, Tilewriter, E-mail, Mobile, ete Essentials of Communication: For effective and impressive communication, the first an! foremost requirement is language, Language comes through 1. Letters Words 3. Sentences 4, Paragraphs 5. Essays, Short stories, Novels tte Letter A sign representing a particular sound s are of two types Letters or Phonemes : | ct (i) Capital letters: A, B, C. D, E, F, GH. 1, J, K, WXYZ(i) Smatfetters abode hgh nj kek Types of *honemes : Phonemes are of we types (i) Vowels ae), 0, U (it) Consonants bc ds fg bd, ke Lm np. as SY WI Nowe 1 ce, au, 00 are not vowels. they are consonants. They have the ritensity (stress) of a consonantal sound i.¢ - they make the sound of Hindi letter and 2 M. S.O are semi vowels, They do not have the intens coasenent. That is they do not have stress They make the sound of Hind as-goyand gemrespectively. Hence indefinite article an is used befor: them, as - an S.P., an M.LA Word: A meaningful combination of two or more Phonemes/Letters As: A+m=am, C+a+t=Cat, *+etn~ Pen Sentence: A group of words that makes a complete sense.or a meaningful combination of words As: 1. Ramis a good boy. 2. Ram goes to College Paragraph : Logical development of Single idea is called a Paragraph As There are certain basics of good communication in English. These 're written communication or oral communication. Essay: Fully logical development of an idea in which one discusses origin, advantages, disadvantages and conclusion. Or An attempt of self expression q)LANGUAGE General Introduction So far as language is concerned, it is the soul of human civiliazation. It is the root of all types of the developmcnt made by man. As man is a social creature so it is essential to express his views, sentiments (feelings) and information to others. In fact, language and communication are the compliments of each other. Both are the t vo sides of the same coin. Without language, the civilization will be dumb Definitio: ) A medium of passing on views, sentiments, inform ation etc (2) A medium of communication is called language A system of communication through speech, signs and symbols is called language. (4) A system of signs, symbols, gestures etc. used ‘or con- veying information is called language. -O.D. Skills of Language : There are four skills of language. They are 1. Speaking > Writing 3. Reading —_4. Listening Kinds of language © There are following kinds of language (1) Spoken language : An attempt to convey the message by sounds (2) written language An attempt to represent the spoken language by visual symbols (3) Symbolic language. An attempt to convey the message by symbols (4) Sign language: An attempt to convey the messagc by signs (5) Gestural language: An attempt to convey the message by gestures (parts of body/body parts) (6) Shorthand language : An attempt to convey the message by representing some prescribed codes Dialect + Dialect meany ‘sub-language Definition .A form of a language used in a part/region of a country 01 by a class of people is called Dialect ord: uage is called Dialect or example spoken over Scottland ge spoken over Ireland In India - Brij Bhasha poken over Brij region Aoudh) spoken over Aoudh aml, Kannad, Maly alam, Bhojpur te. are called [1 aleets In Hindi, diale known as ‘Ban $$$ gg ——___Grammar General Int: oduction + ‘Grammar’ is one of the most mportant parts of language sudy: Tt enriches language. It is the soul of langu i, +. The language incomplete without grammar. It aequiants & Tearner with the basie remain componenis of the language. Infact. it is the grammar that makes a language perfect, proper and accurate, Both are complementry to each other grammar is a set of rules and regulations of Undoubtec ly verning a language Definition; Various definitions of grammar are given by various grammarians. Some of them are as follows 1. "A study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into se atences is called grammar". Oxford Dictionary. 2 A part of study/science by which one can learn how to read, write speak ind listen a language correctly, is called grammar 3. The di cipliner of a language is grammar 4 The controller or governor of a language is grai Grammar is a set of rules and regulations of governing a language Forms/Part./Branches of grammar : There are four major parts of grammac They are 1. Phono og: Morphology Phraseology. 4. Syntax. Phonology Phone ~ logy sound + study, Thus. The study of sound is called Phonology. Or A branch of grammar in which one studies about the various forms and functions of the sound is called Phonology OR- Study of the system of Speech sounds is called Phonology. -O.D. Phoneme : \ set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish «ne word from another. Or the smallest unit of sound that can not be divided i ito more parts of sound As: A,B,C, D.. mz Note ‘Ther: are 24 consonant Phonemes in English Phonetics : The study of Speech sounds and their production is called *honetics. Kinds : There are two kinds of phonemes/letters. 1. Vowel 2, consonant Vowel: — Speech sound made without audible stopping of the breath bY==— he tounge, lips ete Or. A letter which is pronounced independently without stress. (9)Or. A letters ch can be sounded by itself 1s called a vowel AS de, Lo, 8 Note tee. 0@ are consonantal vowels Consonant : Speech sound produced by compeletely or partially 09s ructing the air being breathed out through the mouth 1s called a consonant Or. A letter pronounced with the help of a vowel is called a c »nsonant AS B----Bee, 5 C=+++See, Zaza Seript: system of writing a language is called script Note : English 1s written in Roman script & Hindi is written in Devs agiri script Alphabet : A group/collection of letter is called Alphabet. As A to 7 Syllable: unit of Pronunciation having one vowel sound and forming all or a part of a word 1s called a syllable Or. A letter or combination of letters uttered by one articulation As - Butter, drithmatic Note : Butter ts two syllabic word while Arithmatie is four syllabic word Morphology : The study of the morphemes of a language and how they are combined to make words is called Morphology. Or the study sf words is morphology. Or The study of formation and structure of a word is called Morphology. Or A systematic study of morphemes is called mo: phology udy of joining morphemes to form words is called | Or A systematic s morphology Morpheme : Smallest meaningiul unit into which a word ean be livided As Runs. 4 [wo Morphemes Unlike - ly. Three Morphe nes Kinds of Morphemes : They are of two kinds 1 Free Morphemes 2. Bound Morphemes nostand on ther own a Free Morphemes —— Morphemes which independent word re called tree Morphemes As) Happy, Regard. Boy ete Bound Morphemes The Morphemes which can not stand on thet own as, independent words are called bound Morphemes Or The Morphe nes whieh ¢ allways attached to a tree Morpheme Or a free form As une, dase, sed, -ness ete H | affixes | Bound Moiphemes are Kinds of Mffixes : Phe atfises cre ovo kind Suitis Base The form io wh tl tached 1 calledAs Boy heod Unknown ty knowing ly base atx affix base base affix know ing | | hase alfix Word : A avaningful combination of two or more letters is valled a word Ay-Miotbtatn , Mohan chart » Cat fim »Am Pauithtrerr, Butter Note = /and dare monosyllabic words As As Ove I, First person Kind : Words are of following kinds @) Primary words (it) Comple: Pri words (iii) Compound words nary words : ‘The words which are not derived/developed/compounded from other words . re called Primary words, They are also called simple words Or Lhe word which consist of single tree morpheme are called simple /primary words Note -Primiry words belony to the original stoek of words in the language As = 1) Meon (2) fight (G3) Ma (4) Bag. ote Complex werd : The words which consist of a base and a derivational atti are calles Gomples word As = Goodi eos en able hoy hood Io | oof base D rivational affix. Derivational affix. base hase Derivational affis Compound words + Words formed by joining/combining two or more Simple/primary words are called compound words. Or The words consisting of two or more ree stems which are independent words them elf are called compound word As - vloon + Light O Moonlight Over © ripe © Over-ripe Man | of } war ¢ Man-of-war ote When the two elements of the compound words are only partially blended joved’eonneeted), a hyphen (+) is pat between them and the aeeent falls equally on both paris of the compound As Wer h dase Overedose life + tong Slife-tong,> Brand+new 6 brand-new Bar + ring OF r-ring Phraseology : Phrase « logy Study The study of Phrases and Idioms and their structure and kinds ete 1s called phraseology Phrase-(i) A group of words without a verb. As - the Green Cr (1) A group of words forming a short expression (111) A group of words that makes a sense but not a com ete sense Examples on the roof, in the corner over head etc Kinds of Phrases: (1) Simple Phrases . Independent Phra, called simple Phrases (2) prepositional Phrases : Phrases ha ‘ing the intensity of prepositions. Or Phras«s with prepositions Verbal Phrases Phrases having th: intensity of verb. Or Phrases with verb Syntax : The proper arrangement of words in a seitence is called SyntaxClassification of Verb The Verb are classified under four heads 1 Onthe bo sis of function 2, Onthe be os of shape/Construction/structur 3 On the bi sis of range 4. On the by sts of intensity 1 On the basis of function : On the basis of function the verbs are of three kinds They are (i) Transitive Verb A verb with object is called transitive verb. As. Writ., play, eat ete (ii) Intransisive Verb . A verb without object is called Intransitive verb As: Ciy, weep, Sleep ete (in) Auxiliary Verb A verb used to form tense, mood and voice of the other verb. 1s called an Auxiliary verh Asis, wa, are, was. Were, can, may ele 2. On the busis of shape/Construction/structure : On the basis of shape! Const -uction/structure the verbs are of two kinds They are (i) Regularserb—Giy_ Irregular yerb (1) Regular verb : A-verb that form#its past and past participle forms by adding d, ed or in its present'form is called Regular Verb. AS Bresent Past Past participle die died died play played played spend spent spent Clarification In the above examples the verbs- die, play, spend are Regular verbs because they jorm their past and past participle forms by adding d. ed. tin their present form die, play, spend that is died, played, spent respectively, (ii) Irregular verb ; A verb that doesn't form its past and past participle forms with d, ed or tin ity present form is called Irregular Verb In other word,: A verb that forms its past and past participle form without d, ed ort As Present Past Past participle do did done give gave given ring rang ung Clarification n the above examples the verbs- do, give, ring are Irregular verbs because they do not form their past and past participle forms with d, ed or t. That i did, done, gave, given, rang, rung (33)4. On the basis of intensity | | | | Strong verbs foe < ® dG 4 pas. fa 7 é& in They « i g the inside vowel of the 0 hereforERRORS OF FINITE VERBS Rule 1. a (jin mourn od armed with weapons. Rule 2. er with t Singular nouns or pronouns Incorrect Rar tne Correct: Ka 1 e zc Incorrect: ainer has gone to Cai Correct: Mohas 7 have gone to Caleut Incorrect: id ei Correct: Rule 3 ingule stand Incorre! Correct: The tr ‘ Arvind Kumar. Incorrees: By the 1 statesman and social Correct: By the social reformer and states ssi tRule 4 vero is used when two things combined t igether stand for one set. Incorrect: Correct: Incorreet: Bread and bu! Correct: e flat were delvered to the t Incorrect: and kes Correet: The sock and key Rule 5. A singular vers 5 u ceded by each’ or ever Incorrect: S anxio Correct: Ever doy Incorrect: Every man. woman and chil were driven out of tie half Correct: Every man, woman and child was driven out of th: aalf Ancorrect: © Each day and ea ‘er to death Correct: h bombs Incorrect ach house Correct Nas Gestroved with rombs. Rule 6 A ets coraccted with Incorrec Correct Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct 7 ui Incorrect: = Corr Rate ~ fm facorrect: Rom es cat done schic Correct: Ron - ave done this mischie veeIncorrect: Corree: Incorrect: er nor the students was present in the class Correct: the students were present in the class Incorrect: Neti wakrupt has the right to vote. Correct: he minors have the right to vote. Rule 8. = .ssis (pronouns) are connected with ‘or’, 2 ciflerent persons (first person, second is verb conforms with the last person Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct Rule 9. - «the past tence in a complex or compoune .. - -ovsGunate verb in also used in the past tense Incorrect: He... oe Correct: He oc ~ dalled. Incorrect: Correct: Rule 10.(4) -+ of Was’ to express a wish that cannot india -- uf ‘wes’ in conditional sentence having ere a Napoleon plai ned in the chapter‘AUXILIARIES', it has been repea readers, Rule 11, Ina conditional sentence havi" ' st wo clauses, the verb of the present tense is used wo) () jjyge beginning with a conditional word. like 'Whev' The verb of the future , Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect : Correct: Incorreet: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Rule 12, Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect : Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Rule 13. Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect : or the ber efit of our tense is used with another clay When you will come, J shall ow When you come, I shall go» ith » I shall not give my word unless | consult my parents, I shall not give my word unless» «tt my parents I shall not believe it unless you v it by positive evidence. I shall not believe it unless + ' by positive evidence. I shall talk to your teacher wh= ! "0 to the school. I shall talk to your teacher whe } on to the school ov sill return, Mohan will go to the market 9/1 Mohan will go to the marker «1! turn > is used either jn the » the meaning of the In a case of a collective Now: singular or in the plural dep: sentence. The Jury was divided in giving The Jury were divided in givi diet, The government has decided {0 1+! ' _ co-operative farming. ce co-operative farming. The government have decided ¢ The commitee have taken a0 The commitee has taken a unanimov ision. rcision. The jury have given unanimous vei The jury has given unanimous verdic Some nouns seem to have plural forms but the aré singular in meaning. A singular verb is, thirc!ore, used with such nouns The news are happy The news is happy The wages of sin are death The wages of sin is death. Mathematics are a difficult subject 38)Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Rule 14. Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correet: Incorrect : Correet: Rule 15. Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Rule 16. Incorrect : Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Rule 17. auxiliaries Incorrect : Correct: Rule 18. principal Incorrect : Mathematics is a difficult subject. Physics are easier than Chemistry. Physics is easier than Chemistry. When a plural noun comes between a singular subject and its singular verb, the number of the concerned verb is not affected by the plural noun Each of these boys cre given the prize Each of these boys was given the prize. Every one uf thei were sleeping, Every one of them \s sleeping. Each of my [ricnds were present at the party. Each of my fricnds sus present at the party. Ifa subject is Cuuected with another noun by using such words as "With', uo Weil us', "together with’, etc. the finite verb is always in cowtoinsty with its subject. The commiaider Wyccicr with five hundred soldiers were killed. The commande & <1 with five hundred soldiers was killed. He as well va ii cows have failed. He as well vcuus has failed. When a reiatine y su is the subject of a verb, the verb concerned . wn, conformity with the antecedent of its relative pissat ) number and person L.who is you ‘certainly help you 1, who ani yuu. sss, will certainly help you You, who is iu) ces, should help me You, who we in) col, should help me. He is one us iavoe ‘vio has committed this mistake. He is one who have committed this mistake. Two pringyp. sic used in a sentence having two He neve 2 «will disobey his parents. He never i so never will disobey his parents. Two aun « ve used in a sentence having two verbs Three dacuits ave . en captured and the rest escaped.Correct: Rule 19. Incorrect : Correct: Incorrect Correct: Rule 20, Incorrect : Correct: Incorrect Correct: Rule 21, have Incorrect Correct: Incorrect : Correct: Rule 22. Incorrect Correct: Incorrect : Correct: Incorrect Correct: Rule 23. words Incorrect Correct: Incorree Correct: Three dacoits have been captured and the rest have escaped. Ifa plural noun is used as a name and it stands fo: @ single unit, a singular verb should be used inconformity with its subject. "The Arabian Nights’ are « wonderfull book ‘The Arabian Nights' is a wonderfull book. The "Three Musketeers" make an interesting reading Th "Three Musketeers” makes an interesting reac ing A plural verb should be used with ‘none’ when it gives out the meaning of plurality, Normally, a singular verb is preferred He wanted some sugar but there were none in the house. He wanted some sugar but there was none in the house None of us is free from sin. None of us are free from sin. Such phrases as ‘a number of, ‘plenty of ‘a veriety of ete plural verbs with them A large number of books, is is missing from the | brary A large number of books, are is missing from the library There is plenty of mangoes in the basket. . There are plenty of mangoes in the basket. Some nouns having singular forms are used in the p ural number Such nouns are followed by plural verbs. These 1 ouns are police, cattle, dozen, score, hundred, thousand, «tc Cattle is grazing in the field. Cattle are grazing in the field. The police was informed in time. The police were informed in time. A dozen of eggs is sold for Rs. four. A dozen of eggs are sold for Rs. four. A simple Past Tense is used if the verb is followed by such as ‘ago’, ‘last’, ‘yesterday’, ‘formerly’, etc Where have you gone last night ? Where did you go last night ? . Formerly he has been a Principal. T. smerly he was a Principal. (40)ane Parts of Speceh Definition : ‘The classification or division at sores into Wien dilterent groups or ckt ses according to thet work they do im a sentence ty called Parts As: In the modern world English holds the wuque plac Classification of Parts of Speech + In the modern world English holds the unique place of importance Kinds of Parts of Speech : There are cight kindy of Parts of Speech, Thes se 1 Noun: A naming word 1y called a Noun As: Ram, College Pen. Book. tui As. I, We, You He, She, li, They 3. Verb A saying doing / acting word ts culled a Verb. Ay Play, write speak. wo, rum cle Specell Arnie suse noun noun verb artiel adtce noun smpei ta Sion dgtermmner ve preposition fron ct Pronoun . \ word used in place of a noun 1s called « Pronoun Lxamp. He plays cricket (what does he do?) Vns. Plays cricket 4, Adjective: A modifying / qualilying word 15 called an Adieeuve + As: Great, good, bad, little, few et Examp. Ashok was a grear king. (What kind of-King was Ashok ?) \ns reat S$. Adverb \ word that quali ssealled An \dverb or A word which adds se i S mouities an Adieete tan dive thing to the meaning of a verb, an adjective ot another adverb As. Very, guickh xamp He runs fd yr, slowly ete He as vert weak (adh) He runs very stands ads 9 6. Preposition : A relating word ts called 4 Preposition As: on, in, 10, Examp. The book is on the table upon, with ete 1h (How he runs 7) Gerb) Vas slowly 7. Conjunetion: A joining word 1s called a Conjunction As. But, becanye and, so et Fxamp.Ravi ts rich bur his tetend 1s poor 8. Interjeetion: \ sudden feeling expressing word 1s called an Interyectio As: Ohl, Ah {las ', Hark! etc Two aad ‘Iwo make four Examp. Alay! bam ruined: Hurraf !we have won the match (oy