T&D MODULE 2

TYPES OF TRAINING

1 On the job training

2 off the job training

1. On the job training

On-the-job training (OJT) is a training method where employees learn how to
perform their job tasks and responsibilities while actively working in their
actual work environment. This approach involves practical, hands-on
instruction provided by experienced colleagues, supervisors, or trainers,
allowing employees to acquire the skills and knowledge needed for their roles
directly on the job.

Methods of on the job training

I. Coaching
II. Understudy
III. Job Or Position Rotation
IV. Special Assignments

I. Coaching

Coaching is a process where an individual (the coach) supports and guides

another person (the coachee) to enhance their skills, achieve specific goals,
or improve their performance. This process is typically collaborative and
focuses on personal or professional development.

II. Understudy
In this method the subordinates learns through experience or observation.
The trainees where appointed as an assistant to their supervisors. So, the
assistants can learn their duties and responsibilities by observing their
supervisors.
III. Job or Position rotating

In this method the trainer will transfer the trainee form one department to
another systematically. So, the trainee can gain experience in all the jobs or
departments in the organization. It is a versatile method of training.

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IV. Special assignments

Special assignments refer to specific tasks or projects assigned to an

employee or team that differ from their usual job responsibilities. These
assignments are often designed to achieve particular objectives, address
unique challenges, or provide developmental opportunities.

Merits of on the Job training

i. This method is economical. Additional Place, equipment, Personnel or other

facilities are not required
ii. The trainee applies rules and regulations and Procedure while doing work. So
he is able to learn it properly.
iii. Short Period is enough for learning.
iv. It can be used for unskilled, semi-skilled Jobs.
v. This is the most widely used method for teaching knowledge & skills which can
be acquired through Personal observation
vi. The trainee learns on the actual machine & in the real work environment.

De-Merits of the on the Job Training

Employee is trained at the workplace, he is not able to concentrate & Leann due to
noise & interceptions

It is an unorganized & difficult method, it does not serve the actual Purpose if the
trainer is not good.

There is a chance of making damage to valuable machines and equipment.

2. off the Job Training

This type of training is conducted by the organization with in the Premises away
from the workplace. A classroom is arranged for this purpose. Training
Programmes are carried out in this classroom.

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The employee has to leave his workplace and devote this entire time for
training at a place a way from his Job.

Methods of off the Job training

1. Special courses

2. Conferences

3. Case Study

4. Seminars

5. Role Playing

6. Sensitivity Training.

7. Lectures

8. Audio visuals

9. Simulation

1. Special courses

Special courses are conducted by an organization with the help of experts. Experts
conduct Series of lectures. These lectures are meant for imparting Special Skills
and Knowledge about Performing Special tasks and jobs.

2. Conferences

Employees in the same organization or different organization came together to

discuss various aspects of a particular topic.

3. Case Study

In this form of training a trainee undertakes a case study and learns how decisions
are made in such practical situation. Case study help in developing decision
making skills

4. Seminars

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a trainee presents a paper on a particular topic. Copies of the document are

circulated among participants and it is discussed. The participants are able to learn
about the topic through discussion, sometime experts and specialist are invited to
read papers which are discussed in sections.

5. Role Playing

Here the trainees are required to play the role of another employee. The Problem
on work Situation is given which they are expected to tackle in that role. It is very
useful method to change attitudes of the trainees.

6. Sensitivity training.

Groups consisting of 10-15 persons are selected, they can share their experiences.
It is good technique used to know how other speak, their emotional behavior,
action ideas etc. If it is used carefully it can be used as a technique for
understanding human Problem and for developing human relationship.

7. Lectures

It is a verbal presentation by an instructor to a large audience. It is an excellent and

economic Technique. The group training lectures assume to possess a
considerable depth of knowledge of the Subject concern.

8. Audio visuals

It includes displaying Stories, video films etc. These can be used to Provide a wide
range of realistic examples of job Conditions and Situations in a short Period.

9. Simulations

It is an attempt to create realistic decision environment for the Trainee.

For ex: training to astronauts is done in an artificially created situation which is

the same as they would face in space.

Other methods of Training

1. Vestibule training

2. Apprentice training

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3. Classroom Training

4. Internship training.

5. Job instruction Training (JIT)

6. Training by experienced work Men.

7. Training by Supervisors,

8. Demonstrations and examples (learning by seen)

9. Computer based training

1. Vestibule training

This is another type of training which is adopted when large no. of persons is to be
trained within a short span of time. A Special area is set aside from the main
Production area, this room is equipped with Furnishings similar to those found in
actual workplace. The trainee is permitted to learn and work at this Place.

2. Apprentice Training

Candidates are Selected and appointed as trainees or apprentices. The selected

persons work under experienced workers or supervisors who give guidance and
help while doing the Job. Apprentices will get the stipend during the training
Period they are offered Jobs after completion of training successfully.

3.Classroom training

Under this method Training is provided in organization classrooms or in

educational institutions. Lectures, case Studies, Group discussions & Audio visual
aids are used to explain knowledge and Skills to trainees

4. Internship Training

It is a Joint Program of training conducted by educational institutions and business

firms. Selected candidates may carry on regular studies in an educational
institution. The business will provide practical training to them to acquire practical
knowledge and Skill.

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5. Job instruction Training (JIT)

The JIT Methods require skilled trainers, Job analysts, training Schedules and prior
assessment of the trainees Job knowledge. This method is also known as “training
through step by step learning" The actual training follows a 4 step Process.

a. The Preparation of the trainees instruction

b. Presentation of the instruction.

c. Having the trainee tryout the Job.

d. Encouraging questions and allowing the trainee to wor.k along.

6. Training by experienced workmen

By this method training is imparted by experienced senior fellow workers. It is

particularly useful where experienced workmen need helper.

7. Training by Supervisors

Such training is imparted on the Job by the worker’s immediate supervisor.

Success of this method depends upon the fact that :-

 The experienced Supervisors , must be good teachers.

 They should have incentives and sufficient time for Carring out the training
Programs.

8. Demonstration and examples (learning by seeing)

In the Demonstration method trainer describes and displays something as when he

teaches an employee how to do something by actually performing the activity
himself.

Demonstrations are very effective in teaching because it is much easier to

show a person how to do a job than to asking him to get the instructions from the
reading material.

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9.Computer Based Training (CBT)

This type of training uses computers to provide training to the employees. The
training packages are developed to suit the requirement of trainees. The concept
behind CBT is that allows individuals to participate in training when and where

He needs.

Retraining

Retraining refers to the process of teaching or learning new skills or knowledge,

typically in response to changes in job requirements, technology, or industry
demands. It is often aimed at updating or upgrading existing skills, allowing
individuals to adapt to new roles or tasks that may have emerged in their field or
career. Retraining can occur at any stage of a person's career, often when they need
to remain competitive in the job market or when their current job skills become
obsolete due to technological advancements.

Benefits of Retraining:

1. Re-model skills:

The company assist an individual in Keeping their skills updated. Through

learning of training programs allow them to excel in their chosen profession.

2. Quality Product & Services

Retraining programs target at increasing the quality of an organization and

products. The Learning of retraining program is a step towards product
excellence, innovative manufacturing procedures and eventually improved
better Products and services for customers.

3. Remove safety concerns

Retraining allows to reduce mistakes caused by lack of understanding. It also

asserts in addressing safety concerns by providing fresh latest solutions.

4. Improved employee performance

Employee’s retraining improves employee’s performance in the work place by

broadening his skills by knowledge.
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5. Increase Productivity

Retraining assist employees in focusing on the use of new technology, this leads
to increase productivity.

6. Better employee morale

Retraining Program ensures consistency in an employer’s overall contribution

in increasing satisfaction of the employee and boost his morals.

7. Increased Job Satisfaction

Retraining can lead to increased job satisfaction by equipping employees with

new skills and knowledge, making them feel more confident and capable in
their roles. This sense of growth and accomplishment often boosts motivation
and engagement, leading to a more fulfilling work experience.

Advantages of off the job training

1. Effective method: off the Job training is well Organized and conducted by
experts and specialists which make the training program more effective.
2. High Productivity: It is conducted outside the organization or workplace and
trainees are not involved in the production process. Only trained and skilled
workers are placed at the work Place, so productivity will be higher.
3. Minimize errors: Under this method newly appointed employees are trained
outside the production area. Only skilled and trained man power performs the
job, so it lowers the Production errors.
4. Economical: In this method the large number of employees be can be
participated and orientation can be provided at a time. It helps to reduce training
cost. So it is a cost effective method.
5. No disturbance: Trainees were not allowed to work from the actual workplace.
So Production Process will not be disturbed and existing employees can do their
job smoothly.

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Disadvantages of off the Job Training

1. This method of training may be expensive due to extra space, accommodation

and transportation cost and expert fees.
2. Off the Job training is less effective than on the job training, because it is
conducted outside a working condition; employees need extra intensive training
to their job.
3. Training is conducted artificially outside the workplace, so employees cannot
learn properly and dissatisfaction may arise

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