Chapter 8-SAMPLE & SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. 1. Sample and Sampling Techniques

2. 2. THE POPULATION• Consists of the totality or aggregate of the observations with
which the researcher is concerned
3. 3. • Population is an accessible group of people who meets a well-defined set of eligibility
criteria.• The utmost importance in selecting a population is that – “the population should
be clearly defined so that the sample can be accurately identified.”
4. 4. • The Specific Population types are: – Target population • is a group of individuals who
meets the criteria. – Subject or respondent population • refers to a group of individuals
participating in the study. – Strata or stratum • is described as a mutually exclusive
segment of a population established by one or more characteristics.
5. 5. THE SAMPLING• Sample – Subset of the population that is selected for a study • Also
called subjects or respondents of the study
6. 6. • Sampling – Process of choosing a representative portion of the entire population. –
an integral part of research methodology. – involves selecting a group of people, events,
behaviors or other elements with which to conduct a study.
7. 7. • Element – most basic unit about which information is collected.
8. 8. • Representativeness – means that the sample must be like the population in as many
ways as possible. – The accessible population must be representative of the target
population.
9. 9. • Example of a sample: – The population of BSN students is 600, only 200 BSN
students are included as the target population and only 100 students are chosen as
samples for the actual study.
10. 10. Eligibility Criteria
11. 11. • Eligibility Criteria• A description chosen by the researcher to define which elements
should be included in or excluded from the population.• Such criteria may include sex,
age, marital status, education level and diagnosis.
12. 12. SAMPLING THEORY
13. 13. SAMPLING THEORY• is developed to determine mathematically the most effective
way to acquire a sample that would accurately reflect the population under study.
14. 14. • Key concepts of sampling theory includes: – Sampling unit • refers to specific place
or location which can be used during sampling process. – Sampling frame • describes the
complete list of sampling units from which the sample is drawn.
15. 15. SAMPLING CRITERIA
16. 16. SAMPLING CRITERIA• refers to the essential characteristics of a subject or
respondent such as ability to read and write responses on the data collection
instruments.
17. 17. The steps involved in sampling include:• Identify the target population• Identify the
subject or respondent population• Specify the criteria for subject or respondent selection•
Specify the sampling design• Recruit the subjects
18. 18. SAMPLE SIZE
19. 19. SAMPLE SIZE• Prior to the selection of sampling technique, the nurse-researcher
must first determine the size of the sample.
20. 20. • A sample size can be determined using the Slovin’s (1960) formula, which is as
follows: N n = --------------- 1 + Ne2 Where: n is the sample size N is the population size e
is the margin of error 1 is a constant value
21. 21. • Example: – From the population of 10,000 clients with tuberculosis, a nurse-
researcher selected a sample size with a margin of error of 5%. – The desired sample
size is computed to be 385
22. 22. TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
23. 23. TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES• two basic sampling techniques used in
nursing research: – probability (random) sampling – nonprobability (nonrandom)
sampling.
24. 24. SAMPLING TECHNIQUESNON-PROBABILITY PROBABILITYCONVENIENCE
SIMPLE RANDOM QUOTA SYSTEMATIC PURPOSIVE STRATIFIED CLUSTER
MULTI-STAGE
25. 25. • Probability Sampling• Involves the selection of elements from the population using
random in which each element of the population has an equal and independent chance
of being chosen.
26. 26. Four Classification of Probability Sampling1. Simple Random Sampling• Each
member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the samples• Most
commonly used method is the lottery or Fish Bowl technique• In using the lottery method,
there is a need for a complete listing of the members of the population.• The names or
codes of all members are written on pieces of paper cards and placed in a container.•
The researcher draws the desired number of sample from the container.• The process is
relatively easy for small population but relatively difficult and time consuming for a large
population
27. 27. 2. Systematic Sampling Technique• Type of probability sampling which selects
samples by following some rules set by the researcher which involves selecting the Kth
member where the random start is determined.• A system is a plan for selecting
members after a starting point or random start has been determined.• Then every nth
member of the population will be determined by the system in drawing or selecting the
members of the sample
28. 28. 3. Stratified Random Sampling – Type of probability sampling which selects members
of the sample proportionally from each subpopulation or stratum. – Used when the
population is too large to handle and is divided into subgroups (called strata) – Samples
per stratum are then randomly selected, but considerations must be given to the sizes of
the random samples to be drawn from the subgroups. – An example of procedure to use
is proportional allocation which selects the sample sizes proportional to the sizes of the
different subgroups.
29. 29. 4. Cluster Sampling – Used when population is divided into groups or clusters –
Samples are selected in groups rather than individuals which is employed into a large-
scale survey
30. 30. 5. Multi-Stage Sampling – Selects samples using more than two sampling techniques
– Rarely used because of the complexity of its application – Requires a lot of effort, time,
and cost
31. 31. 2. Non-Probability Sampling
32. 32. 2. Non-Probability Sampling – Involves the selection of elements from a population
using nonrandom procedures.
33. 33. Characteristics of Non-Probability Sampling2. The members of sample are drawn or
selected based on the judgment of the researcher.4. The results of these techniques are
relatively biased.6. The techniques lack objectivity in terms of the selection of samples.8.
The samples are not so reliable.5. The techniques are convenient and economical to
use.
34. 34. Types of Non-Probability Sampling
35. 35. Types of Non-Probability Sampling1. Convenience or Accidental Sampling – Involves
the nonrandom selection of subjects based on their availability or convenient
accessibility.2. Quota Sampling – Involves the nonrandom selection of elements based
on the identification of specific characteristics to increase the sample’s
representativeness.
36. 36. Types of Non-Probability Sampling3. Purposive of Judgmental Sampling – Involves
the nonrandom selection of elements based on the researcher’s judgment and
knowledge about the population. – This is useful when a group of subjects is needed to
participate in a pretest of newly developed instruments or when a group of experts is
desirable to validate research information