SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-1 (Ammonium Carbonate) (NH4)2CO3

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Amorphous
ODOUR Smell of ammonia gas May be presence of
Ammonium salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
2-
Take a small amount of the Brisk effervescence of Presence of CO3
salt in test tube and add 2-3 colourless gas which
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. turns lime water milky.
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - - - -
Cl , I , NO3 Br , CH3COO
H2SO4 and heat Observations absent

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CO32-
1.Magnesium sulphate White ppt. Presence of CO32- is
test: To the salt solution confirmed
add magnesium sulphate
solution.
2.To the salt solution add White ppt soluble in dil. Presence of CO32- is
BaCl2 HCl confirmed
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the salt solution add Smell of NH3 gas which Presence of Zero group
+
NaOH solution. gives dense white fumes (NH4 ) is confirmed
with a glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

+
To the salt solution add Reddish brown ppt. red (NH4 ) is confirmed
Nessler’s reagent litmus solution turns blue
followed by the addition of
excess KOH

+
Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is NH4 (Ammonium
ion)
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt CO32- (Carbonate ion)
The Given Salt is Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)
FOR ANIONS
CO32-

FOR CATIONS

NH4+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-2 (Lead Nitrate) Pb(NO3)2

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Amorphous
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Soluble Absence of carbonate
A little of given salt is and sulphide salts
dissolved in a test tube

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
2- 2-
Take a small amount of the No particular Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
NO2
ml of dil. H2SO4 to it.
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Brown vapours - -
Presence of NO3 / Br
H2SO4 and heat

If brown fumes are present Intensity of dense -

heat the above mixture with brown fumes increases May be NO3
Cu turnings and solution turns blue

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

-
NO3
Brown Ring test -
Brown ring at the junction Presence of NO3 is
Acidify the salt solution
of two liquids confirmed
with dil.H2SO4& add equal
volume of freshly
prepared FeSO4& add
few drops of conc.H2SO4
by the sides of test tube.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 gas Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
To the salt solution add White ppt Presence of 1st group
dil. HCl (Pb2+)

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add Yellow ppt Presence of Pb2+is
K2CrO4 solution. confirmed

2) To the salt solution add Yellow ppt Presence of Pb2+is

KI solution confirmed

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Pb2+ (Lead (II) ion or
plumbous ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is NO3 (Nitrate
ion)
The Given Salt is Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)
FOR ANIONS
-
NO3

FOR CATIONS

Pb2+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-3 (Copper Sulphate) CuSO4

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Blue May be Copper salts
STATE Crystalline
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
2- 2-
Take a small amount of the No particular Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
NO2
ml of dil H2SO4 to it.
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - -
Absence of Cl , I , Br ,
H2SO4 and heat Observations - -
NO3 , CH3COO

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS / SPECIAL GROUP (SO42- and PO43- )

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Barium Chloride test:
2-
Acidify salt solution with White ppt which is Presence of SO4 is
dil. HCl and add BaCl2 insoluble in conc. HCl confirmed.

2) Lead Acetate test:

Acidify salt solution with White ppt soluble in Presence of SO4 is
2-
dil acetic acid & add lead excess hot ammonium confirmed.
acetate solution. acetate solution.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 gas Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group
dil. HCl Observations

3) To the salt solution add Black ppt Presence of 2nd group

dil. HCl and then pass (Cu2+)
H2S solution.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
nd
2 Group

1) To the salt solution add Light blue ppt which Presence of Cu2+ is
NH4OH drop by drop then dissolves in excess of confirmed
in excess. NH4OH & gives deep blue
colour solution.

2) To the salt solution add Chocolate brown ppt Presence of Cu2+ is

acetic acid & potassium confirmed
ferrocyanide solution

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Cu2+ (Cupric ion or
copper (II) ion)
2-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is SO4 (Sulphate
ion)
The Given Salt is Copper Sulphate CuSO4

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)
FOR ANIONS
2-
SO4

FOR CATIONS

Cu2+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-4 (NICKLE SULPHATE) NiSO4

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR green May be nickel salt
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
2- 2-
Take a small amount of the No particular Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
NO2
ml of dil H2SO4 to it.
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - -
Absence of Cl , I , Br ,
H2SO4 and heat Observations - -
NO3 , CH3COO

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS / SPECIAL GROUP (SO42- and PO43- )

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Barium Chloride test:
2-
Acidify salt solution with White ppt which is Presence of SO4 is
dil. HCl and add BaCl2 insoluble in conc. HCl confirmed.

2) Lead Acetate test:

Acidify salt solution with White ppt soluble in 2-
Presence of SO4 is
dil acetic acid & add lead excess hot ammonium confirmed.
acetate solution. acetate solution.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 gas Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
2.To the salt solution add No white ppt Absence of 1st group
dil. HCl
3.To the salt solution add No black ppt Absence of 2nd group
dil. HCl and then pass
H2S solution.

4. To a little of the original No characteristic reaction Absence of 3rd group

solution ammonium
chloride and ammonium
hydroxide are added.
5. To a little of the original Black ppt. is obtained. Presence of 4th group
solution ammonium Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
chloride, ammonium
hydroxide and hydrogen
sulphide solution are
added

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

th
4 Group

1) To the original solution Greenish ppt is obtained. Presence of nickel is

add NaOH confirmed. Ni2+

2) To the original solution Red ppt Presence of nickel is

add ammonium hydroxide confirmed. Ni2+
and dimethyl glyoxime

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Ni2+ (Nickel (II) ion or
nickelous ion)
2-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is SO4 (sulphate
ion)
The Given Salt is Nickel Sulphate NiSO4
(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)
FOR ANIONS
2-
SO4

FOR CATIONS
+2
Ni
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-5 (Lead Acetate) Pb(CH3COO)2

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Amorphous
ODOUR Smell of vinegar May be presence of
Acetate salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
2- 2-
Take a small amount of the No particular Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
NO2
ml of dil H2SO4 to it.
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Colourless gas with the -
Presence of CH3COO
H2SO4 and heat smell of vinegar.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

-
CH3COO
1) To the salt solution add -
oxalic acid & rub the Smell of vinegar Presence of CH3COO
paste with a glass rod. is confirmed
2) To the salt solution add Red colour appears
FeCl3 solution. -
Presence of CH3COO
Reddish brown ppt is confirmed
To the above red colour
solution add water and
boil the solution.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 gas Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
To the salt solution add White ppt Presence of 1st group
dil. HCl (Pb2+)

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add Yellow ppt Presence of Pb2+is
K2CrO4 solution. confirmed

2) To the salt solution add Yellow ppt Presence of Pb2+is

KI solution confirmed

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Pb2+. (Lead (II) ion or
plumbous ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is CH3COO (acetate
ion)
The Given Salt is Lead Acetate Pb (CH3COO)2

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)
FOR ANIONS
-
CH3COO

FOR CATIONS

Pb2+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-6 (MANGANESE CHLORIDE) MnCl2

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Pink or Flesh colour May be Manganese salts
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Colourless gas, -
Presence of Cl
H2SO4 and heat pungent smell, give
dense fumes with a
glass rod dipped in
NH4OH solution

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

-
Cl

1) Silver Nitrate test: -

Acidify salt solution with Curdy white ppt soluble in Presence of Cl
dil. HNO3& add AgNO3 NH4OH is confirmed
solution
2) Chromyl Chloride
test. Heat salt with solid Red vapours -
Presence of Cl
K2Cr2O7 & conc. H2SO4. is confirmed
Pass the red vapours Yellow solution
obtained through NaOH
solution in another test
tube.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group
dil. HCl Observations
3) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 2nd group
dil. HCl and then pass Observations
H2S solution.
4) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 3rd group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess.
5) To the salt solution add Bluff or flesh ppt Presence of 4th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the (Mn2+)
solution & add NH4OH in
excess. Pass H2S

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

th
4 Group
Buff ppt
1)To the salt solution add White ppt turns brown. Presence of Mn2+is
NaOH solution confirmed

2) To the salt solution add

conc. HNO3 & PbO2(solid) Pink / Purple colour Presence of Mn2+is
Boil, cool and dilute with confirmed
water.

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Mn2+ (manganese (II)
ion
or manganous ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is Cl (chloride ion)
The Given Salt is Manganese Chloride MnCl2
(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS
-
Cl

FOR CATIONS

Mn2+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-7 (ZINC SULPHATE) ZnSO4

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - -
Absence of Cl , I , Br ,
H2SO4 and heat Observations - -
NO3 , CH3COO

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS / SPECIAL GROUP (SO42- and PO43- )

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Barium Chloride test:
2-
Acidify salt solution with White ppt which is Presence of SO4 is
dil. HCl and add BaCl2 insoluble in conc. HCl confirmed.

2) Lead Acetate test:

Acidify salt solution with White ppt soluble in 2-
Presence of SO4 is
dil acetic acid & add lead excess hot ammonium confirmed.
acetate solution. acetate solution.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group
dil. HCl Observations
3) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 2nd group
dil. HCl and then pass Observations
H2S solution.
4) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 3rd group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess.
5) To the salt solution add Dirty white ppt Presence of 4th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the (Zn2+)
solution & add NH4OH in
excess. Pass H2S

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

4th Group
White ppt
1) To the salt solution add Which ppt which is Presence of Zn2+is
NaOH solution soluble in excess NaOH confirmed

2) To the salt solution add

potassium ferrocyanide White ppt Presence of Zn2+is
solution confirmed

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Zn2+ (zinc (II) ion or
zinc
cation)
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is SO42- (Sulphate ion)
The Given Salt is Zinc Sulphate ZnSO4
(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS

SO42-

FOR CATIONS

Zn2+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-8 (AMMONIUM SULPHATE) (NH4)2SO4

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR Smell of ammonia gas May be presence of
Ammonium salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - -
Absence of Cl , I , Br ,
H2SO4 and heat Observations - -
NO3 , CH3COO

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS / SPECIAL GROUP (SO42- and PO43- )

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Barium Chloride test:
2-
Acidify salt solution with White ppt which is Presence of SO4 is
dil. HCl and add BaCl2 insoluble in conc. HCl confirmed.

2) Lead Acetate test:

Acidify salt solution with White ppt soluble in 2-
Presence of SO4 is
dil acetic acid & add lead excess hot ammonium confirmed.
acetate solution. acetate solution.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add Smell of NH3 gas which Presence of Zero group
NaOH solution. gives dense white fumes (NH4+) is confirmed
with a glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl.

CONFIRMATORY
TESTS Reddish brown ppt. red NH4+ is confirmed
To the salt solution add litmus solution turns blue
Nessler’s reagent
followed by the addition
of excess KOH

+
Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is NH4 (Ammonium
ion)
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is SO42- (Sulphate ion)
The Given Salt is Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS

SO42-

FOR CATIONS
+
NH4
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-9 (AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE) (NH4)3PO4

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR Smell of ammonia gas May be presence of
Ammonium salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - -
Absence of Cl , I , Br ,
H2SO4 and heat Observations - -
NO3 , CH3COO

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS / SPECIAL GROUP (SO42- and PO43- )

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Ammonium
Molybdate test:
Acidify salt solution with Canary yellow colour or -
Presence of PO43 is
conc. HNO3 & add ppt confirmed
ammonium molybdate
-
2) Acidify salt solution White ppt soluble in dil. Presence of PO43 is
with dil acetic acid & add HCl. confirmed
NH4OH & MgCl2
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add Smell of NH3 gas which Presence of Zero group
NaOH solution. gives dense white fumes (NH4+) is confirmed
with a glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl.

CONFIRMATORY
TESTS Reddish brown ppt. red NH4+ is confirmed
To the salt solution add litmus solution turns blue
Nessler’s reagent
followed by the addition
of excess KOH
+
Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is NH4 (Ammonium
ion)
3-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is PO4 (phosphate
ion)
The Given Salt is Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS
3-
PO4

FOR CATIONS
+
NH4
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-10 (FREEIC NITRATE) Fe (NO3)3

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Brown or yellowish brown May be Ferric salts.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Brown vapours - -
Presence of NO3 / Br
H2SO4 and heat

If brown fumes are present Intensity of dense May be NO3-

heat the above mixture with brown fumes increases
Cu turnings and solution turns blue

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This
solution is referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

NO3–
Brown Ring test
Acidify the salt solution Brown ring at the junction -
Presence of NO3 is
with dil.H2SO4 & add of two liquids
confirmed
equal volume of freshly
prepared FeSO4 & add
few drops of conc.H2SO4
by the sides of test tube
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 gas Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.

2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group

dil. HCl Observations

3) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 2nd group

dil. HCl and then pass Observations
H2S solution.

4) To the salt solution add Brown ppt Presence of 3rd group

solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the (Fe3+)
solution & add NH4OH in
excess.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

3rd Group
Brown ppt
1) To the salt solution add Prussian blue colour or Presence of Fe3+is
potassium ferrocyanide ppt confirmed
solution.

2) To the salt solution add Presence of Fe3+is

ammonium thio-cyanate Blood red colour confirmed
solution

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Fe3+ (Ferric ion or
iron (III)
ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is NO3 (Nitrate ion)
The Given Salt is Ferric Nitrate Fe(NO3)3
(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS
-
NO3

FOR CATIONS

Fe3+.
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-11 (BARIUM CHLORIDE) BaCl2

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Colourless gas, -
Presence of Cl
H2SO4 and heat pungent smell, give
dense fumes with a
glass rod dipped in -
NH4OH solution

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.
 TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
-
Cl

1) Silver Nitrate test: -

Acidify salt solution with Curdy white ppt soluble in Presence of Cl
dil. HNO3& add AgNO3 NH4OH is confirmed
solution

2) Chromyl Chloride
test. Heat salt with solid
K2Cr2O7 & conc. H2SO4. Red vapours -
Presence of Cl
is confirmed
Pass the red vapours
obtained through NaOH Yellow solution
solution in another test
tube.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group
dil. HCl Observations
3) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 2nd group
dil. HCl and then pass Observations
H2S solution.
4) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 3rd group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess.
5) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 4th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess. Pass H2S
To the salt solution add White ppt Presence of 5th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+)
solution & add NH4OH in
excess & ammonium
carbonate solution.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

th
5 Group
To the salt solution add potassium chromate Yellow ppt Presence of Ba2+is
confirmed
Flame test
Make a paste of salt with conc. HCl in a watch Apple green Presence of Ba2+is
glass. Dip the Platinum wire in the non- colour confirmed
luminous flame
Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Ba2+ (barium ion or
barium (II) ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is Cl (Chloride ion)
The Given Salt is Barium Chloride BaCl2

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS
-
Cl

FOR CATIONS

Ba2+
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-12 (MAGNESIUM SULPHATE) MgSO4

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No smell of ammonia gas Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. No particular - - -
Absence of Cl , I , Br ,
H2SO4 and heat Observations - -
NO3 , CH3COO

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS / SPECIAL GROUP (SO42- and PO43- )

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Barium Chloride test:
2-
Acidify salt solution with White ppt which is Presence of SO4 is
dil. HCl and add BaCl2 insoluble in conc. HCl confirmed.

2) Lead Acetate test:

Acidify salt solution with White ppt soluble in 2-
Presence of SO4 is
dil acetic acid & add lead excess hot ammonium confirmed.
acetate solution. acetate solution.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 gas. Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.

2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group

dil. HCl Observations
3) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 2nd group
dil. HCl and then pass Observations
H2S solution.
4) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of3rd group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess
5) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 4th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess. Pass H2S
6) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 5th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Observations
solution & add NH4OH in
excess & ammonium
carbonate solution.
7) To the salt solution add White ppt Presence of 6th group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the (Mg2+) is confirmed
solution & add NH4OH in
excess & then add
Na2HPO4 solution.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Flame Test
Salt solution adds few Blue Colour ppt Mg2+ is confirmed
drops of Magneson
reagent

Magneson reagent is an
alkaline solution of p-
nitrobenzene
azoresorcinol
 2+
Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Mg (Magnesium
ion)
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is SO42- (Sulphate ion)
The Given Salt is Magnesium sulphate MgSO4

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS

SO42-

FOR CATIONS
2+
Mg .
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-13 (ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE) AlCl3

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR No characteristic odour Absence of ammonium,
acetate, sulphide salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Colourless gas, -
Presence of Cl
H2SO4 and heat pungent smell, give
dense fumes with a
glass rod dipped in -
NH4OH solution

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

-
Cl
1) Silver Nitrate test: -
Acidify salt solution with dil. Curdy white ppt soluble in Presence of Cl
HNO3& add AgNO3 solution NH4OH is confirmed
2) Chromyl Chloride test.

Heat salt with solid

K2Cr2O7 & conc. H2SO4. Red vapours -
Presence of Cl
is confirmed
Pass the red vapours
obtained through NaOH
solution in another test Yellow solution
tube.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) To the salt solution add No smell of NH3 Absence of Zero group
NaOH solution.
2) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 1st group
dil. HCl Observations
3) To the salt solution add No particular Absence of 2nd group
dil. HCl and then pass Observations
H2S solution.
4) To the salt solution add Gelatinous white ppt Presence of 3rd group
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool the Al3+
solution & add NH4OH in
excess.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

rd
3 Group

Gelatinous white ppt

1) To the salt solution add Blue ppt floating in Presence of Al3+is

HCl and then add few colourless solution confirmed
drops of blue litmus
solution followed by
NH4OH

2) To the salt solution add Presence of Al3+is

NH4Cl and boil Gelatinous white ppt confirmed

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is Al3+ (Aluminium ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is Cl (Chloride ion)
The Given Salt is Aluminium Chloride AlCl3
(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS
-
Cl

FOR CATIONS

Al3+.
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Salt-14 (AMMONIUM CHLORIDE) NH4Cl

PRELIMINARY TEST

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR White Absence of copper,
cobalt, iron, nickel,
manganese.
STATE Crystalline Absence of carbonate
ODOUR Smell of ammonia gas May be presence of
Ammonium salts
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
A little of given salt is Soluble Absence of carbonate
dissolved in a test tube and sulphide salts

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANION

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.DILUTE SULPHURIC
ACID TEST
Take a small amount of the No particular 2- 2-
Absence of CO3 , S ,
salt in test tube and add 2-3 Observations -
ml of dil H2SO4 to it. NO2
2.CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To the given salt add Conc. Colourless gas, -
Presence of Cl
H2SO4 and heat pungent smell, give
dense fumes with a
glass rod dipped in
NH4OH solution

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

PREPARAION OF SALT SOLUTION OR ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S).

Take a small amount of the salt and dissolve it in 10-15ml of water. This solution is
referred as salt solution or original solution or water extract

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

-
Cl
1) Silver Nitrate test:
Acidify salt solution with dil. -
HNO3& add AgNO3 solution Curdy white ppt soluble in Presence of Cl
NH4OH is confirmed

2) Chromyl Chloride test.

Heat salt with solid K2Cr2O7 -

Red vapours Presence of Cl
& conc. H2SO4. is confirmed
Pass the red vapours Yellow solution
obtained through NaOH
solution in another test tube.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) To the salt solution add Smell of NH3 gas which Presence of Zero group
NaOH solution. gives dense white fumes (NH4+) is confirmed
with a glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl.
+
C.T. for NH4
2) To the salt solution add Reddish brown ppt. red (NH4+) is confirmed
Nessler’s reagent litmus solution turns blue
followed by the addition
of excess KOH

Result: The cation (Basic Radical) present in the given salt is NH4+ (Ammonium
ion)
-
The anion (Acid Radical) present in the given salt is Cl (Chloride ion)
The Given Salt is Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl

(NOTE: Equations for the respective cations and anions are to be written on
the blank side of the journal)

FOR ANIONS
-
Cl

FOR CATIONS

NH4+.