TechSphere
insights
Date: 10th May, 2025
Subject: Internship Offer for Content Writer Position
Dear Tanushka Bhattacharya,
We are pleased to extend an offer for you to join TDL TechSphere as a Content Writer Intern. After
reviewing your portfolio and recognizing your enthusiasm for writing, we are confident that your skills
will be an excellent match for our team.
Internship Details:
Position: Content Writing Intern
Duration: 8 Weeks
Start Date: 12 May, 2025
In this role, you will contribute to the creation and editing of content for our magazine, blogs, and social
media platforms. We’re excited to see your creativity and unique perception in action.
At TDL TechSphere, we believe in the power of collaboration and we’re confident that your input will
be invaluable in shaping and enhancing our content strategy. We look forward to an engaging and
rewarding internship experience together.
We’re eager to have you on board and work with you!
Best regards,
Maryam Ghori
Managing Editor
TechSphere Insights
maryamghori@tdltechsphere.com
insights@tdltechphere.com insights.tdltechsphere.com
TDL TechSphere Date of Issuing: 5h July, 2025
CERTIFICATE
OFCOMPLETION
THIS CERTIFICATE IS PRESENTED TO:
Janashka Bhatachaya
Has successfully completed an internship as a Content Writer at TDL TechSphere,
contributing a total of 60 hours of work. During this period, she demonstrated
exceptional writing skills, creativity, and professionalism in crafting high-quality
content.
Phekeallee
Founder, Manaing Editor
TDL TechSphere TechSphere Insights
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insights
MICRO PLASTICS
MAKING A STAR ON
NO.6 EARTH
FORENSIC
BREAKTHROUGHS
TechSphere Insights
Sr. No. 33 and 34,
Flat No. B 1204, Sai Vista,
Shivraj Nagar, Road No. 1,
Kalewadi Phata, Pune 411017
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
Prathamesh M Anvitha NJ,
Aranya Ghosh,
MANAGING EDITOR
Aryaman Mann,
Maryam Ghori
Arushi Singh,
CONTENT EDITOR Banisetti Sravya,
Dr. Sarika Patil Niti Jha,
CONTENT EDITOR Tanushree Saha,
Prof. Samadhan Mali Shobana Somasundaram,
Tanushka Bhattacharya,
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Arushi Singh
Aditya Pandey
CONTENT AUDITOR
Suhani Joshi
CONTENT AUDITOR
Ankur Bhattacharjee
CONTENT AUDITOR
Siddhesh Shinde
CREATIVE DIRECTOR
Mayur Mundankar
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CONTENTS
PAGE 4 PAGE 10
CODING OR CRACKING? EDUCATION IN INDIA
PAGE 15 PAGE 21
FINDING FOCUS IN MODERN HOW THE WORLD IS TRYING TO
EDUCATION MAKE A STAR ON EARTH
PAGE 27 PAGE 32
MICROPLASTICS IN THE FOOD HOW DID INFORMATICA BECOME
CHAIN SUCH VALUABLE TO
SALESFORCE?
PAGE 37 PAGE 43
SUGAR-FREE DOESN’T MEAN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE
TOOTH-FRIENDLY
PAGE 49 PAGE 58
FORENSIC BREAKTHROUGHS VISION VIKSIT BHARAT
3
powerful magnets or lasers and energy could be tapped from an almost
unlimited source.
Current power plants nowadays use fission that ends up producing long-term
radioactive waste, whereas in the case of nuclear fusion, it doesn’t do so. Nor
does it expel carbon dioxide or any other greenhouse gases, so it won’t cause
climate change. Well, the input of fusion materials is rich beyond one's ken.
Freezing hydrogen isotopes from water is a trivial task, since there is nearly no
place where water does not cover. That is to say, we may not develop fusion,
but once it is made practicable, then we will have almost unlimited clean and
safe energy.
The notion of obtaining power from a fusion reaction is not new. According to a
British astrophysicist named Arthur Eddington, it was suggested in the 1920s
that in order to produce helium, stars generate energy by the help of nuclear
burning of hydrogen. Toward the middle of the century, in 1934, physicist Ernest
Rutherford performed the first artificial fusion reaction in a laboratory.
But then, the end of World War II resulted in providing the biggest push. As Cold
War tensions grew, so did research into nuclear weapons and energy. Fusion
was studied for both destructive and peaceful purposes. Soviet physicists
Andrei Sakharov and Igor Tamm suggested the design of a fusion reactor,
called the tokamak, in 1950, which is a doughnut-shaped device that uses
strong magnetic fields to hold hot plasma in place. A fusion machine of
another type, the stellarator, also made its first appearance around the same
time, through the work of the American physicist Lyman Spitzer. By the 1970s,
Europe had initiated the Joint European Torus project in the UK, which today is
one of the most technically advanced fusion experiments worldwide.
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It has been a punishingly difficult effort to tame fusion, one that has soaked up
billions of dollars over several decades. The problem is that the conditions
required are extreme, in practice, more than 100 million degrees Celsius, and
specific types of pressure that squeeze nuclei together so hard that they will
fuse. We don’t benefit from the Sun’s immense gravitational pull here on Earth,
so we have to find other ways to keep that reaction in check. None of those
fusion experiments have yet to generate more energy than they consume, an
achievement called net energy gain or Q greater than 1. But a series of recent
breakthroughs suggests we may be closer than we assume.
The most ambitious global project so far is ITER, shorthand for International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, which is a large project taking place in
southern France. Around 35 countries, such as India, Japan, South Korea, China,
etc, have collaborated to make this project a success. ITER aims to prove to the
world that a fusion reactor can produce energy, a factor of over ten times the
amount of energy fed into it, and it aims to do so by building the largest
tokamak in the world. ITER will not produce electricity, but it will be the last
experiment before there are fusion power plants that do produce electricity,
and it is aiming to achieve its first plasma in this year of 2025.
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Even though ITER is such a big project, it is not the only big project in this area of
technology. The US has a major project that takes a different approach using
the National Ignition Facility (NIF). NIF utilises inertial confinement fusion,
whereas ITER uses magnetic confinement fusion. NIF has continued to improve,
including showing an output of 8.6 megajoules of energy in 2025 since its last
breakthrough in laser fusion. These are negligible amounts of energy in
practical terms, but it does demonstrate that we can validate the science of
fusion ignition.
India has also made a significant contribution to ITER, having provided big
components, including the cryostat, the world's largest vacuum-tight vessel,
made of stainless steel and within which is contained the whole fusion reactor.
India had joined ITER back in 2005 and is one of its 7 main partners. Apart from
the cryostat, Indian industries are also building other crucial systems for ITER,
including power supplies, cooling systems, and diagnostics. The centre of
India’s domestic fusion efforts is directed towards the Institute for Plasma
Research in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. IPR operates the Aditya-U tokamak, which
has been running fusion experiments since the late 1980s. Initiated in 2013, the
Steady-State Superconducting Tokamak (SSST) is the second major project
and the first of its kind in India. These projects will train scientists and engineers,
develop indigenous technologies, and ready the country for future commercial
reactors.
Meanwhile, MIT and a private startup called Commonwealth Fusion Systems
are building SPARC, a compact, high-field tokamak. SPARC aims to have net
positive energy by 2027 and ultimately lead to ARC, a commercial fusion power
plant. The team at SPARC is betting on new superconducting magnets that
allow stronger magnetic fields in smaller devices. If successful, SPARC could
make a better change and make fusion more compact and cheaper to build.
In the field of fusion research, the progress made by China is pretty impressive
because they have successfully created the Experimental Advanced
Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), also called the “artificial sun”, and this has
resulted in breaking many world records. In January of 2025, the EAST held
plasma for over 1,000 seconds, just under 17 minutes, as compared to 2021
when the EAST sustained around 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds.
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China’s next target is the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor, which will
connect the worlds between commercial power plants and experimental
reactors. As part of this broader strategy for energy independence and
technological leadership in fusion, China's HL-2M tokamak, which continued an
earlier HL-2A tokamak and became operational in 2020, is targeted at the
same time. India’s contributions to fusion energy, while they may not be as
known publicly to a global audience, are vital and growing.
If we look a bit further, the Indian Government hopes to build two 1000-
megawatt fusion reactors by 2050. The Department of Atomic Energy is
preparing a planning roadmap and beginning international partnerships.
Indian scientists are also involved in the theoretical modelling, plasma
diagnostics, and fusion materials studies. While fusion is experimental
everywhere else, India is proactively putting itself in a position to be in the
game in the time period when they are commercial reactors.
The potential of fusion is much more than we imagine it to be. So to say, Fusion
reactors also have no risk of meltdown, so they are safer as well. The fuel,
which is essentially isotopes of hydrogen such as deuterium and tritium, can
be derived from seawater and lithium. There are estimates that a bathtub's
worth of seawater could yield as much energy as 300 barrels of oil.
In economic terms, the long-term potential of fusion is massive. Cheap fusion
could save the world trillions of dollars by limiting climate damage and
replacing fossil fuel, an M.I.T. study found. As the technology develops, fusion
power plants would be set up across the globe, from remote and developing
regions to the developed world. That could change the way energy access
looks, particularly in countries such as India, which still has significant energy
poverty in many areas. Fusion also has the possibility to help fuel things off the
grid, too: space missions, large-scale desalination plants and hydrogen
production for fuel cells.
But as obstacles still remain. It is said that one of the most complicated
engineering projects in existence could potentially be a fusion reactor. We’re
looking at materials that will be subjected to very intense temperatures,
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pressures and neutron irradiation. It also needs precision control systems to
manage the delicate balance inside the plasma. And of course, it needs
money. ITER alone is projected to cost over 22 billion US dollars. Private fusion
startups have raised billions, too, but scaling up will require sustained
investment and political will. The good news is, governments, research
institutions, and private companies are increasingly aligned in pushing fusion
forward.
Public interest and awareness are also growing. Even in recent years, science
communication about fusion has gotten better, with more youth-targeted
content and the availability of information in the open-access domain. From
engineering to policy, from materials science to machine learning, a new
generation of fusion-literate people will be needed, and that calls for the youth,
especially in countries like India.
Some Indian universities are already offering specialised courses and
internships in plasma physics and fusion engineering. International exchanges
and fellowships are also on the rise.
And so, this dream of creating a star on Earth will require more than energy; it
will require ambition, cooperation, and long-term thinking. Fusion represents
humanity’s ability to solve massive problems through science, patience, and
collaboration.
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