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Test 2025 09
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the digital SAT in nondigital format.

1
 1 Module
1 1
Reading and Writing
32 MINUTES, 27 QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS

The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each
question includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage
and question carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a
single best answer.

1 2
The recovery program led by Marisel López-Flores Although oil shocks—such as the 145% rise in oil
has dramatically increased the population size of the prices between February 2007 and June 2008—can
endangered Amazona vittata, the endemic parrot of strongly affect individual consumers, Gbadebo
Puerto Rico. Given that A. vittata corresponds in Oladosu and colleagues have shown that at the level
physiology, behavior, and ecology to endangered of national economies, their effects are often quite
Amazona species elsewhere in the Caribbean, the ______. The effect of recent oil shocks on the gross
conservation approach developed by López-Flores domestic product of India, for example, was only
may be ______ across the genus. slightly greater than zero.
Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? logical and precise word or phrase?
A) redeemable A) subdued
B) observable B) persistent
C) replicable C) beneficial
D) comprehensible D) variable

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3 4
Steiger Butte Drum, a family ensemble from the The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell’s
Klamath Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, collaborated 1917 play The People. Oscar, a writer at a
with composer Michael Gordon to create Natural newspaper called The People, is writing at a table
History, a work featuring traditional drumming and when a woman enters the office to speak to the
vocals alongside an orchestra and chorus. Steiger editor.
Butte Drum’s participation is ______ to the piece:
THE WOMAN: This is the office of The People?
members not only contributed to its composition but
also must be included in all performances. OSCAR: Um-hm.
Which choice completes the text with the most THE WOMAN: (Excitedly) I came to see the
logical and precise word or phrase? author of those wonderful words.

A) analogous OSCAR: (Rising) Which wonderful words?

B) tangential THE WOMAN: About moving toward the

beautiful distances.
C) subsequent
OSCAR: (Loses interest and returns to his
D) integral
writing) Oh. Those are Mr. Wills’ wonderful
words.
THE WOMAN: Could I see him?
OSCAR: He isn’t here yet. He’s just back from
California. Won’t be at the office till a little later.
Which choice best states the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) To suggest that Oscar is annoyed that the
woman’s visit has interrupted his work
B) To indicate that Oscar had been expecting the
woman to come to the office
C) To show Oscar’s brief hope that the woman is
fond of his writing
D) To depict Oscar as a polite and professional
representative of the newspaper

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5 6
Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission Some researchers posit that the species inhabiting the
of genetic material from a parent to offspring; South Pacific island of Grande Terre belong to clades
horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, that predate the island’s split from remnants of the
involves the exchange of genetic material between former supercontinent Gondwana around 80 million
organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. years ago. A study conducted by Yohan Pillon et al.
While horizontal gene transfer is common among found, however, that the crown age (the age of the
prokaryotes—single-celled organisms, such as the most recent common ancestor of all living and extinct
bacteria Brevundimonas diminuta and Lactobacillus species in the clade) of the clade of Geissois trees on
curvatus—it has rarely been observed among Grande Terre is 7.3 million years; Pillon et al. further
eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new found that the crown age of the clade of Geissois trees
studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more in the South Pacific generally is also approximately
common in eukaryotes than originally thought. 7.3 million years.
Which choice best states the function of the Which choice best describes the overall structure of
underlined sentence in the text as a whole? the text?
A) It argues that two biological phenomena are more A) It presents a possibility that some researchers
similar than they may initially appear to be. have raised, then describes a study that clarifies
B) It proposes a direction for future research into a their reasons for doing so.
biological phenomenon. B) It describes an idea that some researchers have
C) It explains why a common perception of a put forward, then presents study results that are
biological process is flawed. incompatible with that idea.
D) It explains a biological process by contrasting it C) It identifies a discrepancy between a hypothesis
with a somewhat similar process. some researchers have proposed and related
research findings, then explains that discrepancy.
D) It explains a view some researchers have
advanced, then discusses study results that led
them to reconsider that view.

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7 8
Text 1 The following text is from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s
In a seminal 1979 study, Daniel Kahneman and Amos 1841 essay “The Method of Nature.”
Tversky presented students and college faculty from
The scholars are the priests of that thought which
Israel, Sweden, and the United States with hypothetical
establishes the foundations of the earth. No
questions involving financial decisions. Finding that
matter what is their special work or profession,
participants’ responses indicated that losses have a
they stand for the spiritual interest of the world,
greater psychological impact than equivalent gains
and it is a common calamity if they neglect their
do, the researchers formulated the concept of loss
post in a country where the material interest is so
aversion, which has since informed research in fields
predominant as it is in America.
ranging from behavioral economics to law.
Text 2 Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Fieke Harinck et al. conducted an experiment in A) The habit of intellectuals of privileging ideas over
which Dutch study participants were exposed to material things invariably leads to tragedy.
financial choices that involved potential losses of
either relatively minor sums of money, such as 2 euros B) Scholars have played an important role in society
(low-stakes contexts), or more substantial sums, such for a much longer time than have those people
as 50 euros (high-stakes contexts). The researchers who are mainly concerned with financial gain.
concluded that only the latter contexts were associated C) In a country whose citizens are largely
with loss aversion. preoccupied with tangible gains, it is crucial that
Based on the texts, how would Harinck et al. (Text 2) some people work to foster and preserve ideas.
most likely respond to Kahneman and Tversky’s D) Those Americans who have some military
finding (Text 1)? experience will be the ones most likely to have a
thorough understanding of the world.
A) By observing that researchers’ ability to assess
feelings about financial decisions is contingent on
gathering adequate data about gains and losses
B) By contending that the attitude toward financial
losses that Kahneman and Tversky observed is
contingent on the magnitude of outcomes
C) By disputing Kahneman and Tversky’s claim
that a tendency to place excessive emphasis on
financial losses accounts for the loss aversion
observed in fields such as behavioral economics
and law
D) By agreeing that experimental results support the
idea that some people tend to be more cognizant
of financial losses than of gains

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CONTINUE
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9 10
LaRose is a 2016 novel by Ojibwe writer Louise Lin-Manuel Miranda’s 2015 hip-hop musical Hamilton
Erdrich. It explores how historical events affect depicts historical political figure Alexander Hamilton
families on a reservation in rural North Dakota. as a self-made man who, through sheer determination,
LaRose is typical of Erdrich’s work. Her writing transcends his humble origins to become a key
usually focuses on portrayals of everyday life in participant in the founding of the United States. This
Ojibwe communities. Yet some of her novels have depiction of Hamilton establishes him as a compelling
fantastical plots and take place outside Ojibwe and well-defined protagonist but obscures other facets
communities. For example, her 2017 novel Future of the historical person’s views, namely his elitism
Home of the Living God is essentially science fiction, and mistrust of the democratic politics of some of his
and the otherworldly events in its plot are set in urban contemporaries. In effect, the musical’s portrayal of
Minneapolis. Hamilton fails to convey the ideological complexity
that a more nuanced portrayal might have suggested.
According to the text, what is one way that Future
Home of the Living God differs from most of The text most strongly suggests that particular aspects
Erdrich’s work? of Hamilton’s political beliefs may have been omitted
from the musical in part to achieve which effect?
A) It contains very little dialogue.
B) Its main characters are Ojibwe. A) To create an unambiguous thematic presentation
of Hamilton’s life
C) It has been adapted into a movie.
B) To suggest why certain contributions by Hamilton
D) It isn’t set in a rural Ojibwe community.
to US history have been overlooked
C) To challenge the prevailing historical consensus
about Hamilton
D) To encourage modern audiences to emulate
Hamilton’s politics

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11 12
Prices of Nuts Sold by Growers Fish Population in a Taiwanese
in the United States, Tide Pool, January 2001 to
2016/17 to 2019/20 Seasons October 2001
3 40
Price per pound (dollars)

35

Number of individual
30
2

fish obsered
25
20
1 15
10
5
0 0
17 18 19 20 01 01 01 1
16/ 17/ 18/ 19/ 20 20 20 200
20 20 20 20 ry ril er
a uly
nu Ap J tob
Season Ja Oc
pistachios hazelnuts walnuts Month

The US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and Tree rippled rockskipper

Nuts Outlook is a document that covers a variety of dusky frillgoby
subjects, from the increasing availability of fresh fruit Bengal sergeant
to the forecast for yields of apple crops. A student
studying agricultural economics is consulting a graph
Lin-Tai Ho and colleagues counted fish in a tide pool
in the document that shows the prices for which
in Taiwan at several times during the year and found
several types of nuts have been sold by growers in the
that some species had a significantly higher maximum
United States over four growing seasons from 2016
population count than others. For example, the highest
to 2020. The student wishes to determine in which
count for the dusky frillgoby was 38 individuals in
season walnuts reached their lowest price. Consulting
January of 2001, whereas the highest count for the
the graph, the student finds that this season was the
Bengal sergeant was ______
______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the
Which choice most effectively uses data from the
graph to complete the example?
graph to complete the statement?
A) 13 individuals in October of 2001.
A) 2017/18 season.
B) 48 individuals in January of 2001.
B) 2018/19 season.
C) 3 individuals in October of 2001.
C) 2016/17 season.
D) 15 individuals in April of 2001.
D) 2019/20 season.

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13 14
Declining fishing technology costs and overexploitation Researchers Eugeni Vidal-Tortosa and Robin Lovelace
of near-shore fishing grounds have made isolated looked at the relationship between street lighting in a
oceanic reefs, which often lack regulatory protections, city and people’s willingness to ride a bicycle. Their
increasingly attractive to commercial and sport fishers. results suggest that poor street lighting can deter new
A team led by Octavio Aburto-Oropeza surveyed or inexperienced cyclists from riding in a city but
the biomass density and species composition of has little effect on experienced cyclists. Therefore,
two isolated reefs: Alacranes, a protected (fishing increasing the number of streetlights in a city could
prohibited) reef 135 kilometers from the Yucatan potentially ______
Peninsula, and Bajos del Norte, an unprotected
Which choice most logically completes the text?
reef 25 kilometers further out to sea. Species at the
highest level of the trophic pyramid constituted 34% A) decrease the number of new or inexperienced
of the biomass at Alacranes and 10% of the biomass cyclists riding in the city.
at Bajos del Norte. Aburto-Oropeza and colleagues B) increase the number of experienced cyclists riding
attribute this difference to the two reefs’ difference in in the city.
regulatory status.
C) increase the number of new or inexperienced
Which finding, if true, would most directly support cyclists riding in the city.
Aburto-Oropeza and colleagues’ explanation? D) decrease the number of experienced cyclists riding
A) Total biomass at Alacranes is much greater than in the city.
total biomass at Bajos del Norte, though the reefs’
biomass densities are similar.
B) It is somewhat more expensive for commercial
and sport fishers to reach Bajos del Norte than it
is to reach Alacranes.
C) Some of the species that compose the highest
trophic level at Bajos del Norte are not found at
Alacranes.
D) Commercial and sport fishers tend to
disproportionately remove species at the highest
trophic level.

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15 16
Research into whether floating mats of macroalgae Many ranching terms come from Spanish. For
affect the prevalence of microphytobenthos (MPB)— example, the word “stockade” (a fence) ______ from
benthic, or bottom-dwelling, microalgae—has the Spanish word estacada, and “cinch” (a belt)
produced varying results: Amber Hardison and derives from cincho. This is because the first Anglo,
colleagues determined that macroalgae do not impact African, and Native American cattle ranchers in
MPB, whereas Kristina Sundbäck and colleagues the southwestern US learned the trade from
observed that benthic chlorophyll concentrations Spanish-speaking Mexican vaqueros, or cowboys.
(a common measure of MPB biomass) decreased
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
in the presence of macroalgae. Hypothesizing that
to the conventions of Standard English?
macroalgal mats have a negative effect on MPB
biomass, Alice F. Besterman and Michael L. Pace A) were deriving
surveyed mudflats in Curlew Bay and other coastal B) derive
sites in Virginia. Because Besterman and Pace did
not find a significant correlation between benthic C) derives
chlorophyll concentrations and the abundance of D) have derived
macroalgal mats, it can be concluded that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text? 17
A) rather than inhibiting chlorophyll production in A voluntary workforce established to make
MPB, as they had hypothesized, macroalgal mats improvements to public lands, parks, and forests
may positively affect chlorophyll production. across the US, the Civilian Conservation Corps
B) their hypothesis about the relationship between (CCC)—though widely popular—was not without its
macroalgae and MPB was not supported and critics. For Aldo Leopold, the CCC was implicated
their finding was instead consistent with that of in what ______ “Idle CCC camps,” he wrote,
Hardison and colleagues. “presented a widespread temptation to build new and
C) differences between their study design and that often needless roads.”
of Sundbäck and colleagues likely explain the Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
discrepancy in the two studies’ findings about the to the conventions of Standard English?
responses of MPB to macroalgal mats.
A) did he view as unnecessary development?
D) although this finding was consistent with that of
Sundbäck and colleagues, trends in MPB biomass B) he viewed as unnecessary development?
are likely not a result of stresses caused by C) he viewed as unnecessary development.
macroalgae. D) did he view as unnecessary development.

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18 20
Though it was designated as mission ______ mission Trade with neighboring civilizations contributed to
was actually the forty second flight under NASA’s the success of the Sasanian Empire, which reigned
Space Shuttle Program. in Mesopotamia from around 224 CE to 651 CE. By
supplying silk, textiles, and leather to societies that
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
lacked these valuable ______ Sasanian Empire grew
to the conventions of Standard English?
not only in wealth but also in power and influence.
A) STS-43. The
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
B) STS-43, and the to the conventions of Standard English?
C) STS-43, the
A) items, the
D) STS-43 the
B) items. The
C) items; the
19 D) items the
The epic poem The Poem of the Cid dates back to the
12th century. Originally ______ in Old Spanish, it has
21
since been translated into other languages.
In his 2023 collection The Diaspora Sonnets, Filipino
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
American poet Oliver de la Paz leverages the sonnet
to the conventions of Standard English?
form’s “diamond-like quality of precision,” as he
A) written describes it. The poems often adhere scrupulously
B) is written to the form’s centuries-old conventions, such as its
characteristic fourteen-line length. In the twelve-line
C) was written poem “Diaspora Sonnet at the Feeders Before the
D) had been written Freeze,” ______ de la Paz playfully subverts sonnet
conventions, the poem’s truncated length conveying a
sense of abruptness.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
A) fittingly,
B) by contrast,
C) similarly,
D) for example,

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22 23
• A wind farm uses turbines to convert wind into While researching a topic, a student has taken the
electrical power. following notes:
• Offshore wind farms tend to produce more • Wilkie Collins’s mystery novel The Woman
electricity than farms on land (onshore). in White first appeared in a London literary
magazine.
• Offshore wind farms tend to be more expensive to
build and maintain than onshore ones. • The novel was published in forty weekly
installments between November 1859 and August
• Lake Bonney Wind Farm is an onshore wind farm
1860.
in Millicent, Australia.
• Every installment ended with a moment of
Which choice most effectively uses information from
unresolved suspense.
the given sentences to explain the advantages of
onshore wind farms over offshore ones? • The Woman in White became extremely popular
as readers eagerly anticipated the next week’s
A) Like other wind farms, Lake Bonney Wind Farm
entry.
in Millicent, Australia, uses turbines to turn wind
power into electricity. • The magazine’s sales increased to a record-
B) Whether onshore or offshore, wind farms harness breaking 100,000 copies per issue.
the power of wind to generate electricity. The student wants to emphasize how popular The
C) Millicent, Australia, is home to Lake Bonney Woman in White became when it was first published.
Wind Farm. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
D) Though they don’t produce as much electricity as information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
offshore wind farms, onshore farms are usually A) The Woman in White, a mystery novel, first
cheaper to build and maintain. appeared in a London literary magazine.
B) The Woman in White became so popular that
sales of the magazine it appeared in increased to a
record-breaking 100,000 copies per issue.
C) Collins’s novel The Woman in White was
published in forty weekly installments between
November 1859 and August 1860.
D) Every installment of The Woman in White ended
with a moment of unresolved suspense, which
led readers to eagerly anticipate the next week’s
entry.

11
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24 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
• The dinosaur ant is an insect species. • The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point
scale that orders minerals by hardness based on
• It was believed to be extinct until a living
their ability to scratch other minerals.
dinosaur ant was identified in Australia in 1977.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than
• Mount Diablo buckwheat is a plant species.
minerals with smaller numbers and can leave
• It was believed to be extinct until a living Mount visible scratches on them.
Diablo buckwheat was identified in the United
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than
States in 2005.
minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave
• They are considered Lazarus species. visible scratches on them.
• “Lazarus species” is a term for living species of • The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale number of
organisms that were once believed to be extinct. 5.
The student wants to specify when the dinosaur ant • The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of
was identified. Which choice most effectively uses 7.
relevant information from the notes to accomplish
• The mineral diamond has a Mohs scale number of
this goal?
10.
A) An example of a Lazarus species was found in
The student wants to emphasize quartz’s Mohs scale
2005.
number. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
B) A living dinosaur ant, once believed to be extinct, information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
was identified in 1977.
A) Quartz, apatite, and diamond can be ordered by
C) Previously believed to be extinct, a living
their ability to leave visible scratches on other
dinosaur ant was identified in Australia.
minerals.
D) Identified in the United States, a living Mount
B) Diamond, which has a Mohs scale number of 10,
Diablo buckwheat was found in 2005.
can scratch both apatite and quartz.
C) Quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7, which
means that it is harder than apatite (5) but softer
than diamond (10).
D) In the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, diamond
(10) is ranked higher than apatite (5).

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26 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
• Stop motion animation (SMA) is a filmmaking • An isthmus is a strip of land that connects two
technique that involves manipulating characters larger pieces of land across an expanse of water.
(puppets, clay figures, etc.) by hand in minute
• It is also known as a land bridge.
increments.
• The Isthmus of Catalina Island is located in the
• Each change in position is meticulously captured
United States.
in a series of images that, when played back, give
the illusion of motion. • It connects the northwestern part of Santa Catalina
Island to the main part of the island.
• Producer Travis Knight: “It’s a process that
dates back to the dawn of cinema, with a charm The student wants to provide a specific example of an
and a warmth and a beauty that other forms isthmus. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
of animation…do not have. And because you information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
effectively get one opportunity to get it right,
every shot is a high-wire act.” A) One example of an isthmus is the Isthmus of
Catalina Island in the United States.
• Knight: SMA is “raw and it’s imperfect. It’s also B) An isthmus, also known as a land bridge, is a
undeniably human.” strip of land that connects two larger pieces of
The student wants to emphasize the aesthetic qualities land across an expanse of water.
of SMA by quoting Knight. Which choice most C) In the United States, the northwestern part of
effectively uses relevant information from the notes Santa Catalina Island is connected to the main part
to accomplish this goal? of the island.
A) As Knight says, “you effectively get one D) There is a land bridge in the United States.
opportunity to get it right” when meticulously
capturing the series of images that, when played
back, give it the illusion of motion.
B) With its puppets and clay figures, stop motion
animation, Knight says, “dates back to the dawn
of cinema.”
C) The handmade, “imperfect” look of stop motion
animation, says Knight, lends this “undeniably
human” technique a “charm and a warmth and a
beauty.”
D) Stop motion animation is imperfect, making every
shot “a high-wire act,” Knight says.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

13
 1 Module
2 1
Reading and Writing
32 MINUTES, 27 QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS

The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each
question includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage
and question carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a
single best answer.

1 2
Lady Grant and colleagues ______ pots of sterilized The collectibles market is one of the most difficult
soil with slurries of live microbes collected from segments of the consumer economy to ______. Few
soil in five sites across Colorado, including areas of economists would have predicted, for example, that
sagebrush and ponderosa pine forest. Grant and team the prices of collectible stuffed toys called Beanie
then grew mustard plants in the pots to see if the Babies would soar in the late 1990s, but soar they
different microbial slurries affected levels of spicy did.
glucosinolates like butenyl in the plants’ seeds.
Which choice completes the text with the most
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
logical and precise word or phrase?
A) forecast
A) precluded B) exchange
B) estimated C) monitor
C) sanitized D) avoid
D) populated

14
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2 1
3 4
Derived from research conducted with factory workers Paleontologists think that Buitreraptor, Saltasaurus,
from 1924 to 1933, the Hawthorne effect suggests and other long-extinct theropods and sauropods may
that participants’ awareness that they are being studied have breathed using air sacs connected to tubelike
alters their behavior and influences study outcomes. extensions inside the animals’ bones. Such structures
Since then, several researchers have claimed to are found in modern birds, which is why some
invalidate this phenomenon, positing that the paleontologists treat the respiratory systems of birds
Hawthorne effect cannot be ______ because attempts as ______ those of Buitreraptor, Saltasaurus, and
to detect it invariably involve faulty research methods. other theropods and sauropods.
Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? logical and precise word or phrase?
A) substantiated A) harbingers of
B) hypothesized B) emissaries for
C) rectified C) subordinates of
D) inculcated D) proxies for

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5 6
Some social scientists argue that while a belief in The following text is from Jerome K. Jerome’s 1889
the importance of individual autonomy is key to novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the
democracy, the public’s understanding of economics Dog). The narrator and two friends are taking a boat
is also central to its subsequent comprehension of down the River Thames in England.
a state’s politics, and if an electorate is to function,
In a boat, I have always noticed that it is the
economic issues cannot remain the domain only
fixed idea of each member of the crew that he
of experts. Economics is too ______ to leave to
is doing everything. Harris’s notion was, that it
economists alone.
was he alone who had been working, and that
Which choice best describes the overall structure of both George and I had been imposing upon him.
the text? George, on the other hand, ridiculed the idea
of Harris’s having done anything more than eat
A) complex
and sleep, and had a cast-iron opinion that it was
B) respectable he—George himself—who had done all the labour
C) accessible worth speaking of.
D) critical Which choice best describes the main purpose of the
text?
A) To give an overview of a particular situation that
the narrator finds puzzling
B) To discuss how the narrator and his friends each
contributed to resolving a conflict
C) To convey the narrator’s confidence that he
understands the role expected of him in a group
D) To present the narrator’s generalization along
with supporting examples from a specific
situation

16
CONTINUE
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7 8
Advancements like the emergence of wheel-fashioned In their study of the steering muscles regulating
ceramics in the eastern Mediterranean circa 4500 BCE sclerites (minute hardened structures) in the
are overemphasized in innovation studies, contributing Drosophila (fruit fly) wing hinge, Johan M. Melis et
to the idea that technological change always brings al. used machine learning to devise a convolutional
greater complexity. Research by Nathaniel Erb-Satullo neural network (CNN) model capable of predicting
reveals an important exception: gold metallurgy the pattern of wing motion produced by the maximum
flourished in the Caucasus in the Bronze Age, but activity of the muscles. The CNN model’s output
a steep drop during that time (circa 1500 BCE) in aligned with results of prior studies by other
objects featuring gold granulation (in which tiny researchers measuring muscle activity patterns
gold spheres are applied to a gold surface to create directly—one of several indications, said Melis et al.,
textured designs) and other sophisticated goldsmithing that the model accurately represents important
techniques suggests that simpler processes supplanted biomechanical processes underlying wing motion.
advanced methods.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
Which choice best describes the overall structure of
A) To present evidence from Melis et al.’s study in
the text?
support of the efficacy of their CNN model
A) It summarizes the findings of several studies into B) To provide an overview of how Melis et al. honed
the origins of a particular invention and then the accuracy of their CNN model
presents additional evidence from a more recent
C) To compare results obtained by Melis et al. using
study that contradicts those findings.
their CNN model to prior results obtained from
B) It details the near-consensus among researchers other researchers’ models
in a particular field of study regarding how
D) To account for Melis et al.’s reliance in
technology evolves and then indicates the
their study on a CNN model in lieu of direct
controversial nature of a study challenging that
measurement
broadly accepted view.
C) It explains that a particular interpretation of
technological development has been perpetuated
in an academic field and then provides a
counterexample demonstrating that the
interpretation isn’t always accurate.
D) It advances a claim made by researchers in one
academic field about the nature of technological
change and then critiques a contrasting claim
presented by a researcher from a related academic
field.

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CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
9 10
The following text is from Julia Alvarez’s 2000 Motivated to sell as many paintings as possible,
novel In the Name of Salomé. The narrator and her Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the
sister, daughters of a famous poet, are being tutored landscape artists known as the Florida Highwaymen,
by Alejandro Román. pioneered “fast painting,” which in part involved
swift applications of paint. That many of Hair’s
Our tutor, Alejandro Román, brought his younger
acolytes, including Rodney Demps, imitated the
brother, Miguel, to class one day. By now I was
technique accounts in part for the impressionistic
eighteen and had learned everything Alejandro
qualities that are now synonymous with the group’s
had to teach me, so I was glad for a new face.
shared aesthetic. But not all Highwaymen fully
Miguel was an aspiring poet, and he had heard
embraced this approach; for instance, though Roy
from his brother that the Ureña girls were none
McLendon was also prolific, his paintings were
other than the daughters of Nicolás Ureña, and
executed with greater attention to detail.
they were smart as clockwork. Miguel was hoping
not only to meet us but to make the acquaintance What does the text most strongly suggest about
of the poet himself at Mamá’s house. paintings by Demps?
Based on the text, why does Miguel accompany his A) Demps’s reliance on the technique of fast
brother to the sisters’ house one day? painting likely accounts for his works being more
aesthetically interesting than works by McLendon
A) Miguel has learned all he can from his brother
are.
and hopes that the sisters will be able to give him
additional guidance. B) Although it is evident that Demps adopted some
of Hair’s preferred techniques, Demps’s works
B) Miguel has not received formal instruction in
are less derivative of works by Hair than is
poetry and wants to ask the sisters’ famous father
typically acknowledged.
to be his mentor.
C) The lack of precision with which they were
C) Miguel aspires to present his poems to the sisters
executed suggests that they are inferior to works
and ask for their opinion on his writing.
by either Hair or McLendon.
D) Miguel anticipates having the opportunity to be
D) Because of the manner in which they were
introduced to both the sisters and their father.
created, they likely have visual qualities that are
regarded as more typical of Florida Highwaymen
paintings than the qualities in works by
McLendon are.

18
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
11 Which choice most effectively uses data from the
Tax Penalties Assessed on Private graph to complete the assertion?
Foundations That Filed Form 4720, A) a smaller percentage of those that also filed Form
by Reason, 2003–2005 4720 did so because they engaged in self-dealing
80 than the percentage of those that filed Form 4720
Percentage of total forms

70 because they did not meet the minimum charitable

60 distribution requirement.
50 B) those that also filed Form 4720 paid a larger
40 penalty for failing to meet a minimum charitable
30 distribution requirement than those organizations
20 that filed Form 990 but also filed Form 4720 for
10 the same reason.
0 C) those that were also required to file Form 4720
s gs
l ing me re in
because they had excess holdings in a business
d ea inc
o
ditu ld enterprise paid, on average, a larger penalty than
lf- en ho
se ted ex
p es
s those organizations that filed Form 4720 because
bu in
tri ble us they made taxable expenditures.
dis tax
a sb
un c es D) those that also filed Form 4720 collectively paid
ex larger penalties for failing to meet the minimum
Reason for tax penalty charitable distribution requirement than for other
reasons.
2003 2004 2005

While US public charities, like Commonfund,

must file Form 990 yearly with the IRS, private
foundations, such as the David and Lucile Packard
Foundation, must file a different form, 990-PF. In
addition, foundations that engage in certain prohibited
activities must also file Form 4720 and pay a penalty
tax on the money involved. Private foundations are
prohibited from holding excess interests in a business
enterprise, “self-dealing” (conducting activities
that benefit foundation insiders), making taxable
expenditures such as outlays for lobbying, and failing
to cross a required threshold in making charitable
distributions from income. Out of the organizations
that filed Form 990-PF in the years 2003–2005,
______

19
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
12 13
Blandine Courel and her colleagues analyzed pottery To boost the performance of oil-absorbing resins,
fragments from thirty-five sites across the Volga and which are used to remove oil and other organic
Don river basins to determine whether the ways in compounds from wastewater, one team of materials
which hunter-gatherer societies used pottery in these researchers created a resin with a novel—albeit
regions around 6,500–8,000 years ago were influenced very expensive—monomer (a molecule that can
primarily by local food availability or primarily by chemically bond with analogous molecules to
cultural factors. Analysis of organic residues on the form polymers) synthesized from β-cyclodextrin.
pottery fragments showed different prevailing uses Other researchers have produced resins consisting
for pottery in these locations—cooking and storing of various much cheaper, commercially available
terrestrial animal protein at Volga sites and cooking methacrylate monomers, including one derived
and storing aquatic animal protein at Don sites—which from benzyl methacrylate (BZMA). Testing
Courel and colleagues attribute to cultural differences. all these resins’ capacity to absorb toluene and
trichloromethane, two organic compounds, a scientist
Assuming that the Volga and Don basins supported
concluded that when practical considerations were
similarly sized hunter-gatherer populations
taken into account, the BZMA-derived resin showed
6,500–8,000 years ago, which finding, if true,
the greatest potential for use in wastewater cleanup.
would most directly support Courel and colleagues’
explanation? Which finding, if true, would most directly support
the scientist’s conclusion?
A) Across the Volga and Don basins, people had
broadly similar access to the same terrestrial and A) For both toluene and trichloromethane, the
aquatic animal resources. BZMA-derived resin exhibited only modestly
B) In both the Volga and Don basins, most of the lower absorption capacity than the resin
sites from which pottery has been recovered synthesized from β-cyclodextrin but higher
appear to have been seasonal fishing and hunting absorption capacity than other resins consisting of
encampments rather than year-round settlements. commercially available methacrylate monomers.
C) There were many more bodies of water in a B) Relative to the resin synthesized from
comparably sized area in the Don basin than in β-cyclodextrin and to other resins consisting of
the Volga basin. commercially available methacrylate monomers,
the BZMA-derived resin exhibited superior
D) The people of the Volga basin acquired the
absorption capacity for toluene but not for
techniques used to create pottery for cooking and
trichloromethane.
storing food from the people of the Don basin.
C) For both toluene and trichloromethane,
the BZMA-derived resin exhibited similar
absorption capacity as other resins consisting of
commercially available methacrylate monomers
and a slightly higher absorption capacity than the
resin synthesized from β-cyclodextrin.
D) Whereas the resin synthesized from β-cyclodextrin
exhibited the highest absorption capacity for
toluene, the BZMA-derived resin and other resins
consisting of commercially available methacrylate
monomers exhibited the highest absorption
capacity for trichloromethane.

20
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
14 15
Northeastern North Carolina’s Camden County is In classical Greek and Roman mythology, female
among the most rural counties in the United States: characters are typically cast as either villains lacking
the US Census Bureau classified it as 99.5% rural in in psychological depth or passive victims who are
2010. Researchers often struggle to recruit residents marginal to these stories, which usually focus on the
of counties like Camden for inclusion in studies. exploits of male characters. Recently, a subgenre
Melissa Valerio and colleagues tested whether has emerged in which writers reimagine these stories
an approach called snowball sampling improves from the perspectives of their female characters,
recruitment. Working in two rural counties, they giving them agency and complex motivations. Purists
recruited a few people (known as “seeds”) with the argue that such efforts represent a distinctively
characteristics desired for a proposed study and asked modern tendency to impose our own values on past
them to recruit additional participants from their social civilizations, obscuring those civilizations’ beliefs.
networks. Though the seeds were given minimal Defenders of the subgenre counter that reimaginings
guidance, many more people they recruited had the of the myths for new cultural contexts are almost as
desired characteristics for the study than would be old as the myths themselves, suggesting that ______
expected by chance alone, most likely because ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) bringing female perspectives to the forefront is
A) most seeds’ social networks include some people not indicative of a novel attitude regarding fidelity
who do not know one another and who share few to Greek and Roman myths’ ideologies.
characteristics. B) purists are overlooking a long tradition of
B) the seeds’ social networks include a high adapting Greek and Roman myths to focus on
proportion of people who share characteristics female characters.
with the seeds. C) the complex motivations given to female
C) the seeds’ social networks tend to be somewhat characters in modern retellings of Greek and
smaller than the networks of people who do not Roman myths reflect a recent shift toward
live in rural areas. psychological depth in fictional representation.
D) the characteristics that made the seeds desirable D) modern writers’ foregrounding of female
for inclusion in the proposed study may be characters is chiefly motivated by a desire to
unknown to some members of the seeds’ social counterbalance the primacy of male perspectives
networks. among earlier adaptations of Greek and Roman
myths.

21
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
16 18
The world’s many geothermal power plants leverage In pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, obsidian was
an array of ______ the Sarulla plant uses a flash steam used as a commodity currency. By using specific
system that transforms high-temperature geothermal goods like obsidian as common units of exchange,
fluid into steam; in Iceland, the Reykjanes plant’s commodity currency economies streamline trade,
dry steam system pumps superheated steam from which is why they often replaced barter economies.
a reservoir; and in the US, the McGinness Hills Barter economies eschew ______ that requires what
plant’s binary cycle system uses lower-temperature economist W.S. Jevons deems a “double coincidence
geothermal fluid in conjunction with a secondary fluid. of wants”—in other words, each trading party must
want precisely what the other has.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?
A) technologies, in Indonesia,
B) technologies: in Indonesia, A) currency, in favor of a direct trade system
C) technologies in Indonesia: B) currency in favor of a direct trade system
D) technologies in Indonesia; C) currency, in favor of a direct trade system,
D) currency—in favor of a direct trade system

17
19
When a given term—“self-fulfilling prophecies” and
“role models” are two well-known examples—is In their attempt to create a quantum random
generally accepted and frequently used, ______ number generator, K. Muhammed Shafi et al. used
susceptible to obliteration by incorporation (OBI). In a continuous-wave diode laser to fire photons at
cases of OBI, widely used terms are rarely, if at all, a periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate
attributed to the individuals who coined them. (PPKTP) nonlinear crystal. A plano-convex lens
______ the laser on the center of the 10-millimeter-
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
long crystal ensured a spot size (a measure of the
to the conventions of Standard English?
beam’s diameter) of 85 micrometers.
A) this often becomes
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
B) it often becomes to the conventions of Standard English?
C) they often become
A) focused
D) these often become
B) focuses
C) focus
D) focusing

22
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
20 22
For her installation The Last Cruze, photographer In a given rock formation, Viséan rock from
LaToya Ruby Frazier traveled to Lordstown, Ohio, 346.7 million years ago might directly abut Selandian
where she documented the lives of workers at the rock from 61.6 million years ago, with millions of
local automobile plant. In the installation, text culled years of material missing in between. ______ time
from a series of in-depth interviews with employees did not stand still during these intervening years;
and their families ______ sixty-seven gelatin silver the unaccounted-for sedimentary material was likely
prints, highlighting the collaborative, documentary removed from the stratigraphic record via erosion
nature of Frazier’s work. and weathering.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms Which choice completes the text with the most
to the conventions of Standard English? logical transition?
A) punctuating A) In particular,
B) are punctuated by B) On the contrary,
C) punctuate C) Of course,
D) punctuates D) As a result,

21 23
A single specimen of T. iota, collected at a depth of Architect Victor Gruen, the designer of Illinois’s
1,684 fathoms (3,080 meters) in the South Pacific, Lakehurst shopping mall, conceived of the mall as
and a single specimen of P. obliquiloculata, collected an indoor version of the European town square, a
at a depth of 260 fathoms (475 meters) in the South communal space that encouraged visitors to stroll
Atlantic, have been preserved as exemplars of and linger. ______ he designed Lakehurst Mall
their respective ______ former in a repository at with long, pedestrian-friendly promenades and
Washington, DC’s Museum of Natural History and ample seating areas clustered around fountains and
the latter in a repository at London’s Natural History greenery.
Museum.
Which choice completes the text with the most
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms logical transition?
to the conventions of Standard English?
A) Regardless,
A) species, the B) By contrast,
B) species, and the C) Accordingly,
C) species. The D) In addition,
D) species; the

23
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
24 26
Long thought to be sessile (immobile), adult • Silent films can be valuable historical documents
Chelonibia testudinaria, barnacles that adhere to of their time.
sea turtle shells, have been observed to shift slightly
• Ninety percent of silent films made before 1930
in position over time—a phenomenon that has been
are now lost.
attributed to the barnacles’ passive displacement by
water currents. ______ a research team found that • A film is considered lost when no remaining
adult C. testudinaria moved toward the heads of copies are known to exist.
their sea turtle hosts and thus against the prevailing
water flow, behavior consistent with self-initiated • Director Paul Fejos’s 1928 silent film The Last
locomotion. Moment is lost.

Which choice completes the text with the most • Director Oscar Micheaux’s 1920 silent film
logical transition? Within Our Gates is archived at the UCLA Film
& Television Archive in Los Angeles, California.
A) Confirming this hypothesis,
Which choice most effectively uses information
B) Contrary to this phenomenon, from the given sentences to emphasize a difference
C) Drawing a similar conclusion, between the two movies?
D) Undermining this explanation, A) While Paul Fejos’s The Last Moment is
considered lost to history, Oscar Micheaux’s film
Within Our Gates is archived at the UCLA Film
25 & Television Archive in Los Angeles, California.
In Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek—where, B) Paul Fejos’s The Last Moment (1928) and Oscar
early on, the author marvels at a single goldfish’s Micheaux’s Within Our Gates (1920) are just two
delicate fins but later winces when imagining a horde examples of silent films from the 1920s.
of goldfish laying and eating their own eggs—Dillard
C) Oscar Micheaux’s film Within Our Gates can be
struggles to reconcile the complicated juxtapositions
found at the UCLA Film & Television Archive in
of the natural world. ______ nature’s mesmerizing
Los Angeles, California.
intricacy and pitiless harshness prove inextricably
linked for Dillard, like “two branches of the same D) Paul Fejos’s 1928 film The Last Moment is
creek.” among the many lost films of the era.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?
A) Ultimately,
B) To that end,
C) Moreover,
D) Hence,

24
CONTINUE
 1 Module
2 1
27 The student wants to contrast the type of
neurotechnology Thync develops with the type of
While researching a topic, a student has taken the neurotechnology BrainGate develops. Which choice
following notes: most effectively uses relevant information from the
• Founded in 2011, Thync is a neurotechnology notes to accomplish this goal?
company that develops neuromodulation A) Founded in 2011, Thync develops technology for
technologies. stimulating nervous system structures, which,
• Neuromodulation technologies use neural unlike BrainGate and Neurable, is categorized as
interfaces to stimulate nervous system structures a neuroprosthetic.
and influence neural activity. B) Unlike BrainGate, which develops
neurotechnology, Thync develops
• Founded in 2009, BrainGate is a neurotechnology
neuromodulation technologies.
company that develops neuroprostheses.
C) Neuromodulation technologies influence neural
• Neuroprostheses act as replacement brain activity, but they don’t restore sensory, motor,
functions to restore the user’s lost sensory, motor, or neural functions as neuroprostheses do.
or neural functions.
D) Neuromodulation technologies use neural
• Founded in 2015, Neurable is a neurotechnology interfaces to stimulate nervous system
company that develops brain-computer interfaces structures and influence neural activity, whereas
(BCIs). neuroprostheses allow users to control external
software or hardware with their thoughts.
• BCIs interpret and execute brain signals to allow
users to control external software or hardware
with their thoughts.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

25
 2 Module
1 2
Math
35 MINUTES, 22 QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions.

NOTES

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f (x)
is a real number.

REFERENCE

l c 2x s 45c s 2
r 60c x
h b
w
30c 45c
b a x 3 s
2 1 2
c =a +b
2 2
A = rr A = lw A = bh Special Right Triangles
C = 2rr 2

h r r h h
h
w r w
l l
2 4 3 1 2 1
V = lwh V = rr h V= rr V= rr h V= lwh
3 3 3

The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.

The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2r.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

26
CONTINUE
 2 Module
1 2
For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem, choose the correct
answer from the choices provided, and then circle your answer in this book.
Circle only one answer for each question. If you change your mind, completely
erase the circle. You will not get credit for questions with more than one
answer circled, or for questions with no answers circled.
For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and write
your answer next to or under the question in the test book as described below.
• Once you’ve written your answer, circle it clearly. You will not receive credit
for anything written outside the circle, or for any questions with more than
one circled answer.
• If you find more than one correct answer, write and circle only one answer.
• Your answer can be up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to
6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer, but no more.
• If your answer is a fraction that is too long (over 5 characters for positive,
6 characters for negative), write the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that is too long (over 5 characters for positive,
6 characters for negative), truncate it or round at the fourth digit.
1
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3 ), write it as an improper
2
fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don’t include symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign in
your circled answer.

27
CONTINUE
 2 Module
1 2
1 3
The number of deer in a 137-acre area is estimated to A jar has 490 buttons, and 20% of these buttons are
be 2,466. What is the estimated population density, green. How many buttons in the jar are green?
in muskrat per acre, of this area?
A) 18
B) 137
C) 155
D) 2,484 4
t

xc r

44c
s
2

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

y y
In the figure shown, line r is parallel to line s. What
is the value of x ?

x
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
The triangle shown has one side with a length of
x inches and two sides each with a length of y inches. 5
The perimeter of the triangle is 71 inches. Which
There are a total of 4,400 milligrams of phosphorus
equation represents this situation?
in a sample of soil. Each kilogram of this sample
A) x + y = 71 contains 800 milligrams of phosphorus. Which
B) 2x + y = 71 equation represents this situation, where x is the mass,
in kilograms, of the sample of soil?
C) x + 2y = 71
D) 2x + 2y = 71 A) x + 800 = 4,400
B) 4,400x = 800
C) x + 4,400 = 800
D) 800x = 4,400

28
CONTINUE
 2 Module
1 2
6 9
1 A savings account is opened with an initial deposit of
The function f is defined by f (x) = (x + 7). What is
2 $1,000. The amount of money in the account t years
the value of f (3) ? after the initial deposit is given by the function
2t
A) 20 f (t) = 1,000(1.01) . Which of the following is the best
interpretation of the statement “f (8) is approximately
B) 14 equal to 1,172.58” in this context?
C) 10
A) 8 years after the initial deposit, the amount of
D) 5 money, in dollars, in the account is 1,172.58.
B) Every 8 years, the amount of money, in dollars,
in the account decreases by 1,172.58.
C) 8 years after the initial deposit, the amount of
money, in dollars, in the account has increased by
1,172.58.
D) Every 8 years, the amount of money, in dollars,
in the account decreases by 1,172.58.
7
If 9x + 3 = 44, what is the value of 2(9x + 3) ?
A) 82
B) 88
C) 94 10
D) 132 y = (x - 4)(x + 11)
Which table gives four values of x and the
corresponding values of y for the given quadratic
equation?
A)
x −1 0 1 2
8 y −48 −44 −40 −36
Triangles ABC and DEF are congruent, where A
corresponds to D, and B and E are right angles. The B)
x −1 0 1 2
measure of angle A is 74c. What is the measure, in
degrees, of angle F ? y 16 11 8 7

C)
x −1 0 1 2
y 11 15 19 23

D)
x −1 0 1 2
y −50 −44 −36 −26

29
CONTINUE
 2 Module
1 2
11 13
In the linear function f, f (0) = 7 and f (8) = 3. Which For the polynomial function p, the graph of y = p(x)
equation defines f ? in the xy-plane crosses through the points (-9, 0),
(0, 9), (8, 0), and (13, 0). What is the value of p(0) ?
A) f (x) = 0
B) f (x) = 8
C) f (x) = 3
D) f (x) = x + 3

14
2
y = 5x - 40x + 35
The given equation represents a parabola in the
xy-plane. Which of the following equations that
represent the same parabola displays the x-intercepts
as constants or coefficients?
12
2
A) y = 5(x - 8x) + 35
An arborist studying forestland in Illinois estimates
that there are at least 60 and no more than 70 hickory B) y = 5x(x - 8) + 35
trees per acre in a certain forest. Which of the 2
C) y = 5(x - 4) - 45
following best represents the arborist’s estimates of
the number of hickory trees, x, that are in a 7-acre D) y = 5(x - 1)(x - 7)
section of this forest?
A) 490 ≤ x ≤ 980
B) 420 ≤ x ≤ 490
C) 67 ≤ x ≤ 77
D) 60 ≤ x ≤ 70

15
The graph of -13x + 3.8y = -988 in the xy-plane has
intercepts at (a, 0) and (0, b). What is the value of
ab ?

30
CONTINUE
 2 Module
1 2
16 18
x + 24y = 35 The measure of an angle, in radians, is (95)(2)r.
5x + 3y = 19 What is the measure of the angle, in degrees?

The solution to the given system of equations if (x, y). A) (180)(95)(360)

What is the value of y ?
B) (95)(2)(360)

C) (95)(360)

D) d n(360)
95
2

17
As part of a study on sedimentary habitats, the water
temperature was recorded at different depths below
the surface of the water in the northern Alboran Sea.
The data shown in the scatterplot give the recorded
temperature, in degrees Celsius, for 7 depths, in
meters, below the surface of the water.
y
25 19
x + ^ k - 3 h x + 26 = 0
Temperature (degrees Celsius)

20
In the given equation, k is a constant. The equation
has exactly one real solution. What is the value of k ?
15
A) 29
10 B) 101
C) 104
5 D) 107

x
O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Depths (meters)
Which of the following is closest to the slope of a line
of best fit for the data shown?
A) -8.04
B) -6.04
C) -2.17
D) -0.17

31
CONTINUE
 2 Module
1 2
20 21
R qx + 4u + 4 = q2x − 11u + 4
X Y
What is the smallest solution to the given equation?

T S
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
In triangles RST and XYZ shown, XY is parallel to
180
TS and tan R = . What is the value of sin X in
299
22
triangle XYZ ?
2
y = 2x - 24x + 75
180
A) y+6=0
479
180 How many solutions are there to the given system of
B)
349 equation?
299 A) There are exactly 1 solution.
C)
349 B) There are exactly 2 solutions.
299 C) There are exactly 3 solutions.
D)
180 D) There are no solutions.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

32
 2 Module
2 2
Math
35 MINUTES, 22 QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions.

NOTES

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f (x)
is a real number.

REFERENCE

l c 2x s 45c s 2
r 60c x
h b
w
30c 45c
b a x 3 s
2 1 2
c =a +b
2 2
A = rr A = lw A = bh Special Right Triangles
C = 2rr 2

h r r h h
h
w r w
l l
2 4 3 1 2 1
V = lwh V = rr h V= rr V= rr h V= lwh
3 3 3

The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.

The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2r.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

33
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem, choose the correct
answer from the choices provided, and then circle your answer in this book.
Circle only one answer for each question. If you change your mind, completely
erase the circle. You will not get credit for questions with more than one
answer circled, or for questions with no answers circled.
For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and write
your answer next to or under the question in the test book as described below.
• Once you’ve written your answer, circle it clearly. You will not receive credit
for anything written outside the circle, or for any questions with more than
one circled answer.
• If you find more than one correct answer, write and circle only one answer.
• Your answer can be up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to
6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer, but no more.
• If your answer is a fraction that is too long (over 5 characters for positive,
6 characters for negative), write the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that is too long (over 5 characters for positive,
6 characters for negative), truncate it or round at the fourth digit.
1
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3 ), write it as an improper
2
fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don’t include symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign in
your circled answer.

34
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
1 3
In triangle EFG, the sum of the measures of y = (x - 25)(x - 75)
angles E and F is 22c. What is the measure of y=0
angle G ?
The graphs of the equations in the given system of
A) 158c equations intersect at the point (x, y) in the xy-plane.
B) 136c What is a possible value of x ?

C) 68c A) 100
D) 22c B) 75
C) 3
D) 0

2 4
The cost to rent a kayak consists of a fixed fee for the
Which of the following lists represents a data set
first hour and an hourly fee for each additional hour.
with the smallest standard deviation?
The table shows the rental cost for 2 hours and for
A) 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 4 hours.
B) 84, 85, 85, 85, 86 Rental hours Rental cost (dollars)
C) 83, 83, 85, 87, 87
2 65
D) 82, 83, 85, 87, 88
4 125

Which function f gives the rental cost, in dollars, for

x hours rental, where x ≥ 1?
A) f (x) = 30x + 5
B) f (x) = 35x
C) f (x) = 30x + 65
D) f (x) = 30x

35
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
5 7
g(x) = (38 − 2x)(32 + 2x) x y
The function g is defined by the given equation. For 0 n
what value of x does g(x) reach its maximum?
4 n + 21
A) 3
8 n + 42
B) 1.5
C) 17.5 There is a linear relationship between x and y. The
D) 35 table shows three values of x and their corresponding
values of y in terms of a constant n. What is the slope
of the line that represents this relationship in the
xy-plane?

A) 21
21
B)
4
C) 2

6 1
D)
2
Rectangle X has a length of 24 millimeters (mm) and
a width of 7.5 mm. Right triangle Y has a base of
60 mm. The area of rectangle X is 3 times the area of
right triangle Y. What is the height, in mm, of right
triangle Y?
A) 6
B) 3
8
C) 2
D) 1 If a = 5k + 6r and b = 8k - 11r + 3, which expression
is equivalent to a - b ?
A) -3k + 17r + 3
B) -3k - 5r - 3
C) -3k + 17r - 3
C) -3k - 5r + 3

36
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
9 12
x 2
An exponential function f is defined by f (x) = c , 25x + 10 39 x + p = 0
where c is a constant greater than 1. If f (6) = 25∙ f (4),
In the given equation, p is a constant. The equation
what is the value of c ?
has exactly one real solution. What is the value of p ?

A) 39

B) 2 39
39
C)
2
D) 39

10
The function g is defined by g(x) = 18x + 31. For
what value of x does g(x) = 34 ?

13
x

ƒ(x) = 2,570(0.28) 12
11
The function f gives the value, in dollars, of a certain
9 _v - 273.15i
The equation h = + 32 gives the piece of equipment after x months of use. If the value
5 of the equipment decreases each year by p% of its
corresponding temperature h, in degrees Farhenheit, value the preceding year, what is the value of p ?
of any substance that has a temperature of v kelvins, A) 2
where v > 0. If a substance has a temperature of B) 10

845.33 degrees Fahrenheit, what is the corresponding C) 28

D) 72
temperature, in kelvins, of this substance?

37
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
14 16
In triangle RST, RS = ST and the length of RT is Which expression is NOT a factor of
4
7 1,440x - 56,250 ?
48 units. If tan R = , what is the area, in square
24
A) 90
units, of triangle RST?
2
B) 4x + 25
A) 336 2
C) 2x - 5
B) 288
D) 2x + 5
C) 168
D) 84

17

15 2,970x = 5,940x

An equilateral triangle has a height of 21 3 units. How many solutions does the given equation have?
What is the length, in units of one side of this A) Infinitely many
triangle ?
B) Exactly two
A) 42 3 C) Zero
B) 42 D) Exactly one
C) 21 3
D) 21

38
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
18 20
In the xy-plane, line r passes through the points (3, 12) The value of a painting increased by 179% from the
and (7, 13). Line s passes through the point (1, 2) and end of 2017 to the end of 2018 and then decreased by
is perpendicular to line r. An equation of line s is 27% from the end of 2018 to the end of 2019. What
ax + 7y = c, where a and c are constants. What is the was the net percentage increase in the value of the
value of c ? painting from the end of 2017 to the end of 2019?
A) 254.33%
B) 152.00%
C) 130.67%
D) 103.67%

19
For 100 neurons, the table summarizes the distribution
and cell body diameter.

Cell body diameter (micrometers)

Less than Greater
Classification 20 20 to 30 than 30
Sensory neuron 12 7 4
Motor neuron 0 17 18
Interneuron 10 32 0

One of these neurons will be selected at random. What

is the probability of selecting a neuron with a cell body
diameter that is less than or equal to 30 micrometers,
given that it is not classified as a motor neuron?
(Express your answer as a decimal or fraction, not as
a percent.)

39
CONTINUE
 2 Module
2 2
21 22
7x + 8y = 3
The given equation is one equation in a system of
two linear equations. If the system of equations has at B
least one solution, which of the following equations C
could be the other equation in the system?
D
I. 10.5x + 12y = 4.5 A
II. 10.5x - 12y = 4.5
A) I only
B) II only E
C) I and II
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
D) Neither I nor II
In the figure shown, points A, B, C and E lie on the
circle, and AB < BC. Segment AC is perpendicular
to segment BE at point D, and BD = 390 . The
CD
diameter of the circle is 197. If = r, what is the
AD
value of r ?

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

40
 SAT Practice Test 2025 09 Form B

ANSWER KEY

Reading and Writing Math

Module 1 Module 2 Module 1 Module 2
1. C 1. D 1. A 1. A
2. A 2. A 2. C 2. B
3. D 3. A 3. 98 3. B
4. C 4. D 4. 44 4. A
5. D 5. D 5. D 5. B
6. B 6. D 6. D 6. C
7. B 7. C 7. B 7. B
8. C 8. A 8. 16 8. C
9. D 9. D 9. A 9. 5
10. A 10. D 10. D 10. 1/6
11. B 11. A 11. C 11. 725
12. C 12. A 12. B 12. D
13. D 13. A 13. 9 13. D
14. C 14. B 14. D 14. C
15. B 15. A 15. -19,760 15. B
16. C 16. B 16. 4/3 16. A
17. C 17. B 17. D 17. D
18. C 18. B 18. C 18. 42
19. A 19. D 19. C 19. 61/65
20. A 20. D 20. C 20. D
21. B 21. A 21. 7/3 21. C
22. D 22. C 22. D 22. 195/2
23. B 23. C
24. B 24. D
25. C 25. A
26. C 26. A
27. A 27. C

41