Review Related Literature

Gas leakages, a pervasive issue in homes and industries, carry the peril of life
and property loss. Local gas companies diligently incorporate a distinctive “rotten-egg”
smell to provide a warning, a crucial safeguard for most individuals. Investing in gas
detectors emerges as a prudent choice, particularly for individuals with impaired senses,
timely reporting of suspected gas leaks to providers becomes a linchpain for a swift
response.

There are numerous methods for finding gas leaks, and while some leak
detectors are now in place, more may be done to make them even better. Gas detectors
are useful for identifying toxic, flammable, and combustible gases as well as oxygen
depletion and gas leaks, among other problems. It sounds a warning and tells operators
to evacuate the area where the leak is occurring. An efficient gas leak detection system
that can recognize possible risks and issue an early warning to avert disastrous
outcomes is becoming more and more necessary (Dwibedi et al., 2020).

To counteract the disastrous effects of gas leaks, considerable effort has been
invested, during the last decades, in designing gas leak detection techniques. However,
revealing the presence of a gas leak is not sufficient in order to define an efficient
counteracting measure. Before deciding on a set of corrective actions, other information
has to be known such as: the location of the leak, its size, etc (Murvay & Silea, 2012).

A number of reviews on the subject of gas leakage detection techniques were

done in the past either as part of research papers/technical reports on a certain leak
detection method and other gas related subjects. Ch. Manohar Raju and N. Sushma
Rani, 2008; they introduce an android based automatic gas detection and indication
robot. They proposed prototype depicts a mini mobile robot which is capable to detect
gas leakage in hazardous places. Whenever there is an occurrence of gas leakage in a
particular place the robot immediately read and sends the data to android mobile
through wireless communication like Bluetooth. The robot facilitates independent gas
detection and leak localization in sites that are otherwise troublesome to access.
Moreover, it helps to avoid mistreatment of human inspectors in probably dangerous
environments (Yadav et al., 2018). In 2008, Liu Xianya, Wang Zheng dong and Chheng
Rong [7], focused on "smart home security alarms and remote control systems based
on a single computer." In this automatic control of audio alarm and remote control
leakage based on 89C51 computer chip. The system can call the police number and
issue an emergency alert. It can also be an alarm and show the address where the
alarm came from. This smart security system can be controlled remotely by phone
(Anuradha et al., 2020).

According to A. Budianto et., al. (2020), to answer the demands of the industrial
and commercial world, the application of microcontrollers to robots can be a solution.
One example of a microcontroller is the Arduino UNO module. Arduino is an open
source platform for making interactive objects standalone or collaborating with software
on a computer. Based on these reasons, we need a wheeled robot tool with a special
gas sensor to detect LPG. Data is acquired through wireless internet because it has a
relatively fast data transfer speed. Through this research, LPG leak detection robots can
be produced on horizontal pipes and provide leak point information based on
measurement data acquired via wireless internet.

The inventors' methods for resolving all of these issues and identifying the
necessary components are detailed in the very studies about this device.
Microcontroller Based LPG Gas Leakage Detector Using GSM Module, in this system
where used gas sensor, GSM module, microcontroller. If the gas concentration
increases, the gas sensors will sense the leakage of the gas and then send to the
microcontroller. Then the GSM module is connected to the microcontroller which will
give the command to stop the main supply (Siddika, et. al., 2018). Sensitive material of
the MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which has lower conductivity in clean air. When the
target combustible gas exists, the sensor conductivity increases along with the rising
gas concentration. The MQ6 gas sensor has a high sensitivity to Propane, Butane and
LPG, and response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect different
combustible gasses, especially Methane (Khan, 2020).
 The way this tool works is when gas is sensed by gas sensor according to the
LPG gas level it detects. The higher the LPG gas is detected, the higher the voltage
released. When the sensor output is moved the presence of gas, then Arduino will
activate, and activate the buzzer and display the writing on the LCD stating the gas is
high, which means there has been a gas leak, then the GSM SIM800L module will send
a notification message to the handphone number specified in the program. However, if
the sensor does not detect a leak, the sensor will not remove the output, and the sensor
will continue to work until it is proven that there is an LPG gas leak. When the program
is run the system will immediately detect LPG gas detected by the sensor (P. Manohar,
et al., 2023).

The proposed alarm system is mainly meant to detect LPG leakage, which is
most commonly used in residential and commercial premises. The system detects not
only the presence of gas (gas leak), but also the amount of leakage in the air, and
accordingly raises an appropriate audiovisual alarm (Yadav, 2017).

Efforts have been made in gas leak detection techniques to mitigate their
negative effects, but identifying the leak's location and size is not enough for effective
countermeasures. Gas leakage leads to severe accidents resulting in material losses
and human injuries. Gas leakage occurs mainly due to poor maintenance of equipments
and inadequate awareness of the people. Hence, LPG leakage detection is essential to
prevent accidents and to save human lives (E. Jebamalar Leavline. et al, 2017).

The existing technique describes a gas leakage monitoring system that detects
gas levels in air and checks if they exceed safe values. It activates an audio-visual
alarm and buzzer to alert the user when a leak occurs. The system uses a
microcontroller-based LPG gas leakage detector using a GSM module. The MQ-6 gas
sensor, sensitive to Propane, Butane, and LPG, has a high sensitivity to natural gas.
The system is designed to detect LPG leakage in residential and commercial premises,
raising appropriate audiovisual alarms. The system works by sensing gas levels and
triggering an Arduino buzzer when the sensor output moves, indicating a gas leak.
Methodology

Overview of the Study

This study focuses on the efficacy of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) gas leak
detectors in residential settings. The primary objective is to evaluate the reliability and
responsiveness of various LPG gas detection systems in detecting and alerting users to
potential gas leaks. The findings will contribute valuable insights for improving safety
measures and the overall functionality of LPG gas leak detection technologies.

Materials and Equipment

Arduino Nano

-is an open-source breadboard-friendly microcontroller board based on the

Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc and
initially released in 2008.

GSM Module (SIM800)

-SIM800L is a miniature cellular module which allows for GPRS transmission,

sending and receiving SMS and making and receiving voice calls. Low cost and small
footprint and quad band frequency support make this module perfect solution for any
project that require long range connectivity.

MQ6 Gas sensor

-is a simple-to-use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor. It can be used in gas
leakage detecting equipment in consumer and industry applications,this sensor is
suitable for detecting LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG. Avoid the noise of alcohol,
cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

Buzzer

- is a clear indication of gas leakage. By the detection of the hazardous gas the
alerting message reached to the person who has control over it from the GSM.
Detection of the gas leakage is important and halting leakage is important equally.

Power Module

- is an electronic device that combines power components like transistors and

capacitors in one package, efficiently converting and managing electrical power for
applications such as voltage regulation or motor control.

Bread board

-is a prototyping tool that enables the testing of electronic circuits without
soldering. It offers a platform for temporarily connecting components, facilitating quick
and easy experimentation with different circuit designs.

Female and Male pin

-Pin headers, commonly referred to as PH or headers, are sturdy metallic

connectors affixed to circuit boards to receive connections from female sockets. While
pin headers are inherently male, there are also female equivalents known as female
headers (FH). These connectors are commonly used in devices like the Arduino.

LCD

-or Liquid Crystal Display, is a flat-panel display technology that employs liquid
crystals between transparent layers. Its thin construction and ability to render sharp,
vibrant images make it a popular choice in devices such as monitors and televisions.

Lithium Polymer Rechargeable Battery

 - (LiPo) is a rechargeable battery that, in the case of true LiPo, uses solid
polymer for the electrolyte and lithium for one of the electrodes. Commercially available
LiPo are hybrids: gel polymer or liquid electrolyte in a pouch format, more accurately
termed a lithium ion polymer battery.

LEDs

-light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The color of the light is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.

Power Switch

-The power switch for the device serves as a simple yet essential component in
managing the device's electrical supply. Positioned conveniently on the board, this
switch empowers users to control the flow of electricity to the device.

Metal case

-A metal case for Arduino and its components offers sturdy protection against
physical damage and environmental factors. Crafted from durable materials, it shields
delicate electronic elements from dust. The compartmentalized interior ensures
organized storage, securing Arduino boards, sensors, wires, and accessories in place.

Screw

-secures the metal case of the Arduino plays a critical role in providing stability
and protection to the electronic components housed within. This threaded fastener,
often chosen for its reliability and strength, ensures that the case remains securely
closed, guarding the Arduino board and its delicate components from external elements.
Equipment

Screw driver

-securing the metal case by tightening the screws. With a firm grip, it made sure
each screw was in place, ensuring the metal case stayed put and everything held
together as intended.

USB Connector

-plays a crucial role in bridging the digital dialogue between the laptop and the
Arduino, facilitating the seamless transfer of code. Serving as the conduit for
communication, this connector effortlessly links the two devices, allowing the laptop to
transmit programming instructions to the Arduino and receive feedback in return.

Methods

Connecting various components in your setup serves a crucial role in

establishing a functional and integrated system for gas sensing and monitoring. Firstly,
the gas sensor is directly linked to the Arduino to enable real-time data acquisition. This
connection ensures that the Arduino, acting as the central processing unit, can receive
and interpret signals from the gas sensor, allowing for immediate responses or alerts
based on detected gas concentrations. To ensure stable and regulated power for the
gas sensor, the VCC pin of the sensor is appropriately connected to the 5-volt output of
the Arduino. This connection not only provides a consistent power source but also
safeguards the sensor from potential damage caused by voltage fluctuations.
Grounding is fundamental for creating a common reference point in the circuit. Thus,
connecting the GND pins of the Arduino to the gas sensor completes the electrical
circuit, establishing a reliable pathway for signal readings and enhancing the accuracy
of gas level measurements. The A0 pin of the gas sensor is linked to the Analog-0 pin of
the Arduino to facilitate precise analog-to-digital conversion. This connection ensures
accurate interpretation of the analog signal produced by the gas sensor, allowing the
Arduino to translate it into meaningful digital data for further processing. Furthermore,
the connection between the LCD and Arduino enhances the system's usability by
providing a clear and organized display of gas sensor readings. This visual interface
allows users to easily monitor gas levels and assess the situation in a comprehensible
format. Finally, integrating LED lights with the Arduino completes the system by adding
a visual alert mechanism. The LEDs can be programmed to respond to specific gas
concentration thresholds, providing a clear visual indication of potential risks or changes
in the environment. This comprehensive setup, with each component interconnected,
forms a robust gas monitoring system that ensures both accurate data collection and
effective user feedback.

Data Analysis

The effectiveness of the entire research hinges upon the utilization of a

sophisticated device or tool, specifically a gas meter, designed to accurately measure
gas concentrations. This instrumental component serves as the linchpin of the research,
functioning as the point of origin for the data that propels the entire gas detection
system. This measured threshold acts as a crucial parameter, defining the system's
sensitivity and responsiveness to changes in gas concentrations. Once the gas meter
registers the predetermined level of gas, it initiates a sequence of actions within the
system, prompting the gas sensor to communicate with the Arduino.

The Arduino, functioning as the central processing unit, swiftly interprets the
signals from the gas sensor, enabling immediate responses or alerts based on the
detected gas concentrations. Subsequently, this information is seamlessly relayed to
the alarm or buzzer, which, in turn, provides a clear and audible indication of potential
risks or changes in the environment. Therefore, the gas meter serves as the
foundational tool that not only quantifies the gas levels but also dictates the operational
parameters of the entire gas detection system, ensuring a reliable and responsive
approach to environmental monitoring.

Safety Precautions, Handling and Disposal

Safety precautions in doing the experiment are, wear appropriate personal

protective equipment, including safety glasses and gloves. Work in a well-ventilated
area, ensuring a well-ventilated area is a fundamental safety measure to protect
individuals working in the space and to prevent the accumulation of potentially harmful
substances in the air. Identify and eliminate potential sources of ignition, such as open
flames or sparks, to avoid accidental combustion. In applying the materials, ensure that
all materials is in good working order, regularly inspecting and maintaining tools to
prevent malfunctions. Before conducting test on the device, ensure that the device is in
good working condition, and all connections are secure. After conducting the
experiment make sure that the workspace is clean and organized. Dispose of any waste
materials especially hazardous materials and also the unused substances.