Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
Preliminary Energy Audit Detailed Energy Audit
Short time frame, say few days to one week. Longer time frame, say 15–30 days
Uses readily available data for quick analysis Uses operating data, detailed observations,
and results are general measurements, energy and mass balance to
assess energy performance
Focus on common opportunities for energy More specific recommendations for energy
efficiency improvements covering all areas
Economic analysis is mostly limited to Economic analysis may include internal rate
calculation of simple payback period of return, net present value, life cycle cost, as
well as simple payback period
Broad recommendations Detailed energy audit accounts for and
evaluates all major energy using equipment
and systems and provides specific
recommendations with comprehensive
implementation plan.
Sankey Diagram
The Sankey diagram is very useful tool to represent an entire input and output energy flow in any
energy equipment or system such as boiler generation, fired heaters, and furnaces after carrying
out energy balance calculation. Better than numbers, tables or descriptions, this diagram
represents visually various outputs (benefits) and losses so that energy managers can focus on
finding improvements in a prioritized manner.
The Figure shows a Sankey diagram for an Internal Combustion engine. From the Figure, it is
clear that exhaust flue gas losses are a key area for priority attention. Since the engines operate
at high temperatures, the exhaust gases leave at high temperatures resulting in poor system
efficiency. Hence a heat recovery device such as a waste heat boiler has to be necessarily part of
the system. The lower the exhaust temperature, higher is the system efficiency. Further
improvements can be thought of by utilising the heat in the cooling water circuit for a vapour
absorption refrigeration system.
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
Landfill Gas
Biogas produced from landfill is known as Landfill gas (Figure 1.17). This process is also an
anaerobic digestion process as bacteria decompose organic matter naturally in absence of
oxygen over time. Landfill gas is composed mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. The methane
gas produced in landfill sites normally escapes into the atmosphere and contributes to
greenhouse gas emissions. However, if perforated pipes are inserted into the landfill, the landfill
gas will travel through the pipes under natural pressure to be used as energy source.
Fuel Cell
A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated electrodes surrounding an electrolyte. One electrode
is an anode and the other is a cathode. Input to a Fuel Cell is hydrogen. Hydrogen combines with
oxygen to produce electricity through an electrochemical process with water and heat as by-
products. The low power range fuel cells can be used as source of power for personal electronics
applications such as charging of cell phones, personal computers etc. The high power fuel cells
(1 kW — 100 kW range) fuel cell can be used to power vehicles. The megawatt range fuel cells
can be used to convert energy for distributed power uses. Application of fuel cells in the
transportation sector has significant advantages like reduced complexity of design.
Work, Energy & Power
Energy is described as the ability to do work or as the ability to carry a heat transfer. Energy is
the capacity for doing work. Thus, Work done on a body, in Joules W= Fs Where, F is the force in
Newtons and s is the distance in meters moved by the body in the direction of the force. Power
is defined as the rate of doing work. The unit of power is Watt (W), where one Watt is one Joule
per second. Thus, power in Watts, P = W/t.A portable machine requires a force of 200 N to move
it. work is done if the machine is moved 20 m and what average power is utilized if the movement
takes 25 s
Work done = force x distance
= 200 N X 20 m
= 4000 Nm or 4 k]
Power = Work done / time taken = 4000 J /25 s = 160 J/s =160 W
Gantt Chart:
The scheduling tool takes the form of a horizontal bar graph and is known as a Gantt chart. Gantt
chart is now commonly used for scheduling the tasks and tracking the progress of energy
management projects. Gantt charts are developed using bars to represent each task. The length
of the bar shows how long the task is expected to take to complete. The duration is easily shown
on Gantt charts. The Gantt chart does not normally show the logical interdependencies between
the predecessor and successor activities very well. Such requirements are best served by the
network diagram, which shows logic clearly.
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
The PDCA Approach to EnMS
Plan: understand the context of the organization, establish an energy policy and an energy
management team, consider actions to address risks and opportunities, conduct an energy
review, identify significant energy uses (SEUs) and establish energy performance indicators
(EnPIs), energy baseline(s) (EnBs), objectives and energy targets, and action plans necessary to
deliver results that will improve energy performance in accordance with the organization's
energy policy.
Do: implement the action plans, operational and maintenance controls, and communication,
ensure competence and consider energy performance in design and procurement.
Check: monitor, measure, analyse, evaluate, audit and conduct management review(s) of energy
performance and the EnMS.
Act: take actions to address nonconformities and continually improve energy performance and
the EnMS.
PDC Steps
Project Identification and Screening
The first step in the project development cycle is to identify components of the project. Projects
may be identified both internally and externally.
Technical Design
For a project to be considered a viable investment, the project proponent must present a sound
technical feasibility study.
Financing
When considering a new project, it should be remembered that other departments in the
organization would be competing for capital for their projects.
Contracting
Since a substantial portion of a project is typically executed through contracts, the proper
management of contracts is critical to the successful implementation of the project.
Implementation
A great deal of the emphasis in the planning stage of any project is on understanding where and
when problems may occur. Many projects introduced by energy managers end up as some other
manager’s responsibility, e.g. a production manager or a works engineer.
Performance Monitoring
In order to keep a tab on the progress of the project, a system of monitoring must be established.
This helps in anticipating deviations from the implementation plan, Analyzing emerging problems
and taking corrective actions.
CPM provides the following benefits:
✓ Provides a graphical View of the project.
✓ Predicts the time required to complete the project.
✓ Shows which activities are critical to maintaining the schedule and which are not.
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
Benefits of Implementing ISO 50001
1. provide organizations with a well-recognized framework for integrating energy efficiency into
their management/business practices.
2. provide a logical and consistent methodology for identifying and implementing
improvements that can contribute to a continual increase in energy efficiency across the
facilities.
3. assist organizations to better utilize existing energy consuming assets, thus reducing costs
and/or expanding capacity.
4. offer guidance on benchmarking, measuring, documenting, and reporting energy efficiency
improvements.
5. lead organizations to meet overall climate change mitigations goals by reducing their energy
related greenhouse gas emissions.
Why a New ISO 50001 Version?
This version change is driven by high-level structure (HLS) implementation. The purpose of HLS is
to make ISO 50001 comparable and compatible to other standards such as ISO 9001:2015 and
ISO 14001:2015. This will help organization implementing or maintaining Integrated
Management System (IMS). Adoption of HLS is expected to make process owner more
responsible for all systems rather than a single management system. The new version also brings
risk management approach―risk management, risk analysis― in energy management system.
Energy review
The energy review is the analytical part of tactical energy planning process. The purpose of the
energy review is to obtain an overall picture of an organisation's energy use, patterns of use of
each energy source, consumption trends, energy performance, variables affecting energy
consumption (say production), opportunities for savings, and the resources required in terms of
manpower, time and investments. One of the important activities of energy review is to identify
significant energy uses (SEUs) so that areas using more energy and/or having more potential for
energy saving and/or both can be focused and planned accordingly. SEUs can be defined
depending on the needs of the organization, such as by facility, by process or equipment. Once
identified, the management and control of SEUs are an integral part of the EnMS.
Plant Energy Performance
Plant energy performance is the measure of whether a plant is now using more or less energy to
manufacture its products than it did in the past. In short, it tells us how well energy management
programme is doing.
Plant energy performance=(Reference year equivalent−Current year energy)/(Reference year
equivalent) *100
Reference year equivalent = Reference year energy use * Production factor
Production Factor=Current year production/Reference year production
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
Key Instruments
Power & Harmonic Analyser/Tachometer (Contact-type)/ Non-Contact Tachometer /
Stroboscope/Lux meter/Thermometer/Combustion / Flue Gas Analysers/Ultrasonic Flow Meter/
Infrared Thermometer (Non-contact type)/ Thermal Imaging Devices/Thermo-
anemometer/Thermo-hygrometer/Pitot Tube and manometer (Inclined /Digital manometer.
Role of ESCO
ESCO is an organisation engaged in a performance based contract with a client firm to implement
measures which reduce energy consumption and costs in a technically and financially viable
manner. ESCO can be engaged to conduct detailed energy audit from the beginning or can be
involved later in implementation of detailed energy audit measures. The ESCO evaluates the
detailed energy audit in order to offer a comprehensive efficiency solution that captures all
energy efficiency opportunities and not just the obvious ones. This is carried out by preparing a
detailed project report (DPR).
Benchmarking
Benchmarking of energy consumption is a powerful tool for performance assessment and
improvement. Historical data shows energy consumption and cost year-wise, month-wise and
day-wise. Analyzing trends of energy consumption, energy cost and relevant production, specific
energy consumption helps to understand the effects of capacity utilizations on energy use
efficiency and costs.
Information to be collected during detailed energy audit
• Plant layout
• Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-generation)
• Energy cost and tariff data (month wise energy consumption data for 1–3 years)
• Production data (1–3 years)
• Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process equipment,
by end-use
• Production process description with energy interaction
Initial Site Visit and Preparation
• Discuss with the site’s senior management the goals of the energy audit
• Obtain major energy consumption and production data
• Discuss the economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of the audit
• Interview key personnel (energy manager/maintenance manager/finance manager/floor
supervisors/operating staff)
• Identify major energy consuming areas/process to be audited
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
• Identify list of parameters to be measured and the instruments needed during the energy
audit
The detailed audit is typically carried out in following stages:
a) Initiating the audit
b) Preparing the audit
c) Executing the audit
d) Reporting the audit
e) Implementing the audit
Energy Performance Indicators
.EnPI is a “ruler” that is used to compare energy performance before (reference EnPI value) and
after (resultant or current EnPI value) the implementation of action plans and other actions. The
difference between the reference value and the resultant value is a measure of a change in
energy performance. EnPI helps turn energy data into useful information for top management.
Types and examples of EnPIs are as follows:
• Simple energy consumption in kWh or kcal (in total or breakdown by energy use or by facility
or by equipment)
• Simple ratios like energy consumption per time, or per unit of floor area or per unit of
production
• Statistical model including liner or non-linear regression
Energy baseline
One of the main requirements of the ISO 50001 standard is to have continual improvement in
energy performance of the organization, and to find out improvement, one has to have some
base to compare with. The energy baseline is the reference for measuring energy performance
over time. The type of energy baseline will depend on specific purpose of the Energy Performance
Indicator (EnPI) and can be established at the facility, system, process, or equipment level.
Energy Intensity
Energy consumption per GDP which considers both energy efficiency and national economic
growth is the most appropriate for Bangladesh. In this EECMP, “primary energy consumption per
GDP” is chosen as the indicator to set EE&C target and evaluate future national energy efficiency.
It is proposed to achieve EE&C targets in a phased manner through combination of regulatory
measure and incentive mechanisms with nationwide action plans to reduce “primary energy
consumption per GDP’. The targets for 2021 and 2030 are set at 15% and 20% reduction,
compared with 2013 value.
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
Data and Information Analysis
Data are raw numbers such as would be
the result of a measurement. Information
is the result of some type of analysis upon
data. The Management information seeks
questions about performance that would
not be evident in the raw data, and can lead
to actions for correction of problems or
optimization of performance.
Final Energy Consumption by Sector
Final energy basis data below show that industry
sector consumes almost a half (48%) of the
entire energy (excluding biomass). Composition
of residential sector is approximately one third,
at 29%.
EE&C Potential
Industrial Sector: Manufacturing industries are not efficient in energy use, because of the
continuous usage of old/poorly-maintained machines and poor energy management. It is
estimated that, through energy intensity comparison and actual on-site energy audits, the
accumulating EE&C potential in industrial sub-sectors amount to around 21% of the entire
industrial sector consumption.
Residential Sector (Electric Home Appliances) :If all the existing home appliances in residences
are to be replaced by higher efficiency products, huge energy reduction can be achieved.
Considering the fact that about 30% of national primary energy is consumed in the residential
sector.
Commercial Sector (Buildings) : Electricity is the main mode of energy in commercial buildings
and almost 50% of the total energy is consumed by ACs and 10-30% by lighting systems. It is
expected that a simple replacement of ACs and lighting systems with high energy efficiency
equipment and systems can save about 50% of total electricity consumptions in the commercial
sector.
Agricultural Sector :Electricity (including captive power) is the main mode of energy in
agricultural sector and the largest energy is used for irrigation pumps. EE&C potential for existing
pumps is expected around 20%.
Rakib Bin Zaid
Theory Preparation for Paper 01
Steps for CUSUM analysis
1. Plot the Energy −Production graph
2. Draw the best fit straight line
3. Derive the equation of the line
4. Calculate the standard energy consumption based on various production using the equation
5. Calculate the difference between actual and standard energy consumption
6. Compute CUSUM
7. Plot the CUSUM graph
8. Estimate the savings accumulated.
Summary of EE&C programs in Action Plans
Program Target Methodology
Energy Large Large energy consumer designation, Energy Manager,
Management Industrial Certified Energy Auditor and Accredited Energy Auditor
Program Energy certification with qualification and examination
Consumers system,Energy audit (mandatory/voluntary),Energy
consumption reporting (mandatory),Benchmarking
EE Labeling Residential Label certification / Laboratory accreditation
Program (EELP) Consumers system,Standardization of EE measurement method and
Star Label Rating criteria, Star Label Standardization
(Unification), Participation of manufactures, importers and
retail shops (mandatory/voluntary),MEPS (Minimum Energy
Performance Standard), Effective means to be developed to
stop entry of bellow standard and energy inefficient
products/items in the market.
EE&C Finance Private Low-interest loan for EE&C investment, Preferential
Incentive Companies taxation on high efficiency equipment/appliances and/or
Program EE&C investment,Subsidy for EE&C investment, Other
incentive mechanisms
Government’s Government Green Purchase Program for Eco-friendly public
Own Initiatives procurement, Obtain ISO14001 and 50001 certification
