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C H A P T E R

NATIONALISM IN INDIA Nationalism in

India

Study Plan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Maximum Time = 5 Hrs
 Various facets of Nationalistic movements that ushered in the sense of Collective Maximum Questions = 81

Belonging. List of Topics
 Impact of the first world war on triggering Khilafat & Non-cooperation Movement Topic-1: The First World War; Khilafat

0
and Non-Cooperation Movement,

in India.
Differing Strands within the Movement
 Role of Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders in the NCM & CDM. Page No. 26
Topic-2: Towards Civil Disobedience;
The Sense of Collective Belonging
Page No. 32

TOPIC-1 The First World War; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Differing Strands within the
Movement
Concepts Covered:
 The Effect of the First World War on India  The Idea of Satyagraha  The Rowlatt Act  Non-cooperation Movement
 The notion of Swaraj

zPeasants’ Movement in Champaran (Bihar) in 1917.

Revision Notes
z
zPeasants’ Movement in Kheda district (Gujarat) in
z
Effects of First World War 1918.
zThe First World War led to a huge increase in defence Workers’ Movement in Ahmedabad in 1918.
zMill
z
expenditure. This was financed by war loans and
z
 The Rowlatt Act (1919):
by increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and
zThe Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative
income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue.
z
Prices of items increased during the war years. The Council in 1919. The Indian members did not support
prices doubled between 1914 and 1918. The common the Act, but it was passed nevertheless. The Act gave
people were the worst sufferers because of the price enormous powers to the British Government to repress
rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was political activities. It allowed the detention of political
another cause of widespread anger amongst people. prisoners without trial for two years.
 Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in an zOn 6th April 1919 Gandhiji launched a nationwide
z
acute shortage of foods. Influenza epidemic further satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The call for
aggravated the problem. According to the 1921 census, a strike on 6th April got a huge response. People came
about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines out in support in various cities, shops were shut down
and epidemic. and workers in railway workshops went on strike.
The Idea of Satyagraha The British administration decided to clamp down on
zMahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. the nationalists. Several local leaders were arrested.
z
His heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa was Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
well-known. His noble method of mass agitation  Jallianwala Bagh Incident:
known as satyagraha had yielded good results. zOn 10th April, 1919, two nationalist leaders-Dr Saifuddin
zThe idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth
z
Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal were arrested in Punjab
z
and the need to search for truth. In April 1917, Gandhi under the infamous Rowlatt Act. Martial Law was
travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants
imposed in Amritsar and the command of the area was
to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
given to General Dyer.
 The method of satyagraha was based on the idea that
zThe infamous (shocking) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no
z
need to use any physical force to fight the oppressor. took place on 13thApril 1919 when the peaceful
Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle gathering was attended by men, women and children
through non-violence, i.e., without being aggressive or to protest against these arrests. It was enclosed from all
revengeful. sides with narrow entry points.
 Some early satyagraha movements organised by zGeneral Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire
z
Gandhiji: on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed in that
Nationalism in India 27
28 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

incident. Public reaction to the incident took a violent their homes. But they got stranded on the way because
turn in many north Indian towns. [Delhi Set–2 2023] of a railway and steamer strike. They were caught by
 Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat issue allowed the Police and brutally beaten up.
Mahatma Gandhi to bring the Hindus Scan this
and Muslims on a common platform. KEY TERMS
Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated Satyagraha: The policy of passive political resistance was
in the First World War. There were inaugurated by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi during his
rumours about a harsh peace treaty stay in South Africa. It is based on the ideals of truth and
likely to be in the Ottoman Emperor; Khilafat
Movement and non-violence.
who was the spirit of the Islamic Non-Cooperation Rowlatt Act: It was an Act which gave the British government
world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat Movement enormous power to repress political activities. It allowed
comiittee was formed in Bombay in that government could arrest anybody without a trial for two
March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee had years.
leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat
Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the Non-Cooperation Movement: Began in January 1921, the
cause to build a united mass action. At the Calcutta main aim of this movement was not to cooperate with the
session of the Congress in September 1920, the British. It included surrendering of government titles, boycott
resolution was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Councils,
Movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj. school and foreign goods; and a full Civil Disobedience
Campaign would be launched.
[Board, 2020], [SQP, 2020-21]
Begar: It is a practice where the worker is forced to render
 Non-Cooperation Movement: In his famous book Hind
service to the ‘master’ free of charge or at a nominal charge.
Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British
rule was established in India with the cooperation The Peasant’s Movement: It was a social movement involved
of Indians and had survived only because of this with the agricultural policy, aiming to protect peasants’
cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rights.
rule in India would collapse within a year and swaraj Inland Emigration Act of 1859: Under the Inland Emigration
would be established. Gandhiji believed that if Indians Act of 1859, without permission, plantation labourers were
begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have not allowed to leave tea gardens.
no other way than to leave India.
 Some of the proposals of the Non-Cooperation: KEY DATES
zzSurrender the titles which were awarded by the British 1885: The first meeting of the Indian National Congress in
Government. Bombay.
zzBoycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts,
1905: The Partition of Bengal officially came into existence.
Legislative Councils and Schools.
zzBoycott of foreign goods.
1906: Formation of the Muslim League.
zzLaunch a full civil disobedience campaign, if the 1914-1918: The war years-prices increased in double.
government persisted with repressive measures. 1914 - 1918: The First World War.
 Differing Strands within the Movement: The Non- 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India.
Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
April 1917: Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire
Various social groups participated in this movement,
the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
each with its own specific aspiration. All of them
responded to the call of swaraj, but the term meant plantation system.
different things to different people. Feb 1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha Mill
 Awadh: The Peasants’ movement in Awadh was led by Workers’ Movement in Ahmedabad
Baba Ramchandra. He was a Sanyasi who had earlier March 1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha
worked in Fiji as an indentured labourer. The peasants Movement in Kheda District (Gujarat).
were against the high rents and many other cesses, 1919: The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative
which were demanded by talukdars and landlords. The
Council.
peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of
the and social boycott of oppressive landlords. March, 1919: Khilafat Committee was founded in Bombay.
 Tribal Peasants: Tribal peasants gave their own 6th April, 1919: Gandhiji launched a nationwide Satyagraha
interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
swaraj. The tribals were prevented from entering the 13th April, 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place.
forests to graze cattle or to collect fruits and firewood.
September, 1920: Congress Session held in Calcutta decided
The new forest laws were a threat to their livelihoods.
The government forced them to do the begar on road to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of
construction. Khilafat, as well as, for Swaraj.
zzMany rebels from the tribal areas became violent December 1920: Congress Session at Nagpur—a compromise
and often carried guerrilla warfare against the British was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was
Officials. adopted.
 Swaraj in the Plantations: The plantation workers October 1920: Setup of Oudh Kisan Sabha headed by J. L.
were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without Nehru.
permission; as per the Inland Emigration Act of 1859. January 1921: Start of the Non-Cooperation- Khilafat
When the news of Non-Cooperation Movement spread Movement.
to the plantations, many workers began to defy the 1922: Chauri Chaura incident at Gorakhpur.
authorities. They left plantations and headed towards
Nationalism in India 29

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to The
First World War; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Differing Strands within the Movement.
Points Related to the Goals:
1. Growth of modern nationalism in India is linked to the anti-colonial movement.
2. Sense of unity emerged during the struggle against colonialism.
3. Oppression under colonial rule provided a shared bond among diverse groups.
4. Different classes and groups experienced colonialism differently, leading to varied notions of freedom.
5. Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, attempted to unite these groups within one movement, though not without conflicts.
6. Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements in the aimed to develop the national movement.
7. This period was characterised mass processions and protests.
8. The idea of a nation played a crucial role in the emergence of the modern Indian nation by providing a shared sense of
identity, unity, and purpose during the struggle for independence and in the post-independence period of nation-building.
It continues to shape India’s socio-political landscape and serves as a foundation for the country’s democratic ethos and
pluralistic society.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) (i) Alluri Sitarama Raju claimed that he had a variety of
special powers like making astrological predictions,
1. Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859
healing people and surviving bullet shots.
troublesome for plantation workers? (ii) The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God.
U R [Delhi Set-I, 2020] (iii) Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation
Ans. Under this Act, Plantation Workers were not Movement.
permitted to leave tea-gardens without permission. (iv) He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up
2. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw from the drinking.
Movement in 1922? R [Delhi Set-II, 2020] (v) But at the same time, he asserted that India could be
Ans. Gandhiji felt that the Movement was turning violent liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(vi) He used guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
in many places.
(To be assessed as whole) [½ × 6 = 3]
3. Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’. [Marking Scheme SQP, 2020]
R [OD Set-I, 2017]
4. What is meant by Satyagraha? Commonly Made Error
R [OD Set-III, 2017]
5. Trace the reason why Gandhiji started Satyagraha Students should not be confused about his violent
in 1919. U [OEB] and non-violent policies.
Ans. To protest against the Rowlatt Act.
6. Why did Gandhiji take up the Khilafat issue?
Answering Tip
E [OEB] Students should be clear about his beliefs and
Ans. Gandhiji took up the Khilafat issue to bring the thinking.
Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.
3. Describe the incidence of Jallianwala Bagh
Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each) Massacre. A [SQP-2020-21]
1. Why did Gandhiji start Non- Cooperation Ans. (i) The Rowlatt Act was effective from 10th March,
Movement? Explain. [SQP, 2020-21] 1919. In Punjab, the protest movement was vast and
strong.
Ans. (i) Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation
(ii) On 10th April, two renowned leaders of the
Movement with the aim of self-governance and
Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew
obtaining full independence. were arrested and were taken to an unknown place.
(ii) The Indian National Congress withdrew its support (iii) A public meeting was held on 13th April at Jallianwala
for British reforms against the Rowlatt Act and the Bagh in a small park enclosed by buildings on all
Jallianwala Bagh incident. sides to protest against the arrest.
(iii) Indian Muslims who had participated in the Khilafat (iv) General Dyer with his British troops entered
Movement to restore the status of the Caliph (the the park, closed the entrance of the park and
spiritual leader of Muslims) gave their support to commanded his army to fire on the gathered people
the Non- Cooperation Movement. (1×3=3) without any warning.
(v) The firing lasted for ten minutes and sixteen
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2020]
hundred rounds were fired killing about three
2. Describe the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra
hundred people and more than two thousand
Pradesh during 1920s. A [SQP-2020-21]
people were left wounded and unattended.
Ans. Role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Gudem Hills of (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
Andhra Pradesh [Marking Scheme SQP, 2020]
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
30 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

3. How had the ‘First World War’ created economic

Commonly Made Error problems in India ? Explain with examples.
Students are unable to remember the names of [OD Set–I, II, III, 2019]
Congress leaders who were arrested. OR
What was the impact of the First World War on the
economic conditions in India. U
Answering Tip
Ans. (i) It created new economic and political problems.
The reason behind the massacre should be clear The war had led to huge expenditure which was
before writing the answer. financed by heavy loans and an increase in taxes.
Customs duties were raised and income tax was
4. Analyse any three reasons for slow down of Non-
introduced.
Cooperation Movement in cities.
(ii) The prices had doubled between 1913 and 1918 and
[Delhi Set-II, 2017]
the common people underwent great hardships.
Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each) (iii) Crops had failed between 1918-19 and 1920-21
1. Gandhiji felt the Khilafat issue as an opportunity to leading to famine and disease. Epidemics were
bring Hindus and Muslims under the umbrella of a killing between 12-13 million people (Census, 1921).
unified national movement.” Explain the statement. (iv) People’s hope that the end of the war would bring
U [Delhi Set–2 2023] an end to their misery and near to their goals and
Ans. The Khilafat issue gave Mahatma Gandhi, an this led to their support for the National Movement.
opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on (v) The Muslims were antagonised by the British ill-
a common platform. The Ottoman Turkey was treatment of the Khalifa, after the First World War.
badly defeated in the First World War. There were
(vi) Indian villagers were also incensed by the British
rumours about a harsh peace treaty likely to be
Government’s forced recruitment of men into the
imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the
army.
spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
(vii) The Congress and other parties were angry with the
A Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in
British for not consulting them before making India
March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee
a party on their side against Germany.
had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to (viii) Taking advantage of the First World War, many
take up the cause to build a united mass action. At revolutionary parties cropped up and they incited
the Calcutta session of the Congress in September the people to join the anti-Colonial Movement in
1920, the resolution was passed to launch a Non- India (i.e. the National Movement).
Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat and (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5
also for swaraj. [Marking Scheme, 2019]
[Marking Scheme, Delhi, 2023]
2. Explain the meaning and notion of ‘Swaraj’ as Commonly Made Error
perceived by the plantation workers. How did Students forgot to mention about the forced re-
they respond to the call of the Non-cooperation cruitment of villagers in the army.
Movement. [SQP 2020-21]
Ans. (i) For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant Answering Tip
the right to move freely in and out of the confined Economic problems like heavy loans and increase
space in which they were enclosed, and it meant in taxes, income tax should be mentioned in the
retaining a link with the village from which they answer.
had come.
(ii) (a) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, 4. How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with
plantation workers were not permitted to leave the participation of middleclass people in the cities?
tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they Explain its impact on the economic front.
were rarely given such permission. U [Delhi and OD, 2018]
(b) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation OR
Movement, thousands of workers defied the How had Non–Cooperation Movement spread in
authorities, left the plantations and headed home. cities. Explain. U [Term–II, Foreign Set-1, 2, 2016]
(c) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming, and OR
everyone would be given land in their villages. How did the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ spread
(d) They, however, never reached their destination. in cities across the country? Explain its effects on
Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer the economic front. U [Term-II, OD Set-3, 2015]
strike, they were caught by the police and brutally OR
beaten up. (2+3=5) The middle classes played an important role in the
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2020] Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities. Explain.
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
Nationalism in India 31

Topper Answer, 2018

(v) Gandhiji was himself arrested.

Commonly Made Error
(vi) A frightened government responded with a policy
Students do not mention about the participation of brutal repression.
of middle-class people in Non-Cooperation Move- (vii) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and
ment. They just discuss the movement. children were beaten.
(viii) About 100,000 people were arrested.
Answering Tip Any other relevant point. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5
Student should mention about the role of [Marking Scheme OD, 2017]
Students, teachers, lawyers etc., briefly. 7. How was the social and political situation of India
affected by the First World War? Explain. A [OEB]
5. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide
Ans. (i) The war created a new economic and political
‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act
situation.
(1919)? How was it opposed or organised? Explain.
U [Compartment Paper, Set 1, 2, 3, 2018] (ii) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure
[Term-2 Delhi Set 1, 2016] which was financed by war loans and increasing
6. How did Colonial Government repress the Civil taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax
Disobedience Movement ? Explain. was introduced.
[OD Set 1, 2 3, 2017] (iii) Through the war years prices increased doubling
Ans. Colonial Government repressed the ‘Civil between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship
Disobedience Movement’ in the following ways: for the common people.
(i) The colonial government took brutal steps to repress (iv) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the
the Civil Disobedience Movement. forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread
(ii) The government began arresting the congress anger.
leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in (v) Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute
many places. shortages of food.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma
Gandhi was arrested (April 1930). (vi) This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
(iv) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Million people perished as a result of famines and
Peshawar facing armoured cars and police firing, the epidemic.
many were killed. (vii) Any other relevant point. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5)
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
 32 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

TOPIC-2 Towards Civil Disobedience; The Sense of Collective Belonging

Concepts Covered:
 The advent of the Simon Commission  Features of the Civil Disobedience Movement  The famous Dandi March
Farmers: For the farmers, the fight for Swaraj was a
Revision Notes 
struggle against high revenues. When the Movement
 Simon Commission
was called off in 1931; without the revenue rates being
zTheBritish Government constituted a Statutory revised; the farmers were highly disappointed.
z
Commission under Sir John Simon. The Commission  Businessmen: The Indian merchants and industrialists
was made to look into the functioning of the could grow their Business during the First World
constitutional system in India and suggest changes. War. They were against those colonial policies which
But since all the members in the Commission were restricted their business activities. They wanted
British, the Indian leaders opposed the Commission. protection against imports and a Rupee-Sterling
zThe Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It Foreign Exchange ratio which would discourage
z
was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. All imports. The Indian Industrial and Commercial
parties joined the protest. In October 1929, Lord Irwin Congress was formed in 1920 and the Federation of
announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
but its timing was not specified. He also offered to (FICCI) was formed in 1927. These were the results of
hold a Round Table Conference to discuss the future attempts to bring the common business interests on a
Constitution. common platform. For the Businessmen, Swaraj meant
 Salt March (Beginning of Civil Disobedience an end to oppressive colonial policies. They wanted
Movement) an environment which could allow the Business to
zMahatma Gandhi believed that salt could be a powerful flourish. They were apprehensive of militant activities
z
symbol to unite the whole nation. Most of the people; and of growing influence of Socialism among the
including the British scoffed at the idea. Abolition of younger members of the Congress.
the Salt Tax was among many demands which were  Industrial Workers: The Industrial workers showed
raised by Gandhiji through a letter to Viceroy Irwin. a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience
zThe Salt March or Dandi March was started by Gandhiji Movement. Since, industrialists were closer to the
z
on 12th March, 1930. He was accompanied by 78 Congress, workers kept a distance from the Movement.
volunteers. They walked for 24 days to cover a distance But some workers selectively participated in the
of 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi. Many more Movement. Congress did not want to alienate the
joined them on the way. On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji Industrialists and hence, preferred to keep the workers’
ceremonially violated the law by taking a fistful of salt. demands at bay.
zThe Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil  Depressed Classes: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar demands for
z
Disobedience Movement. Thousands of people broke separate electorates for dalits. This made a clash
the salt law in different parts of the country. People between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. When British
demonstrated in front of government salt factories. accepted their demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto
Foreign cloths were boycotted. Peasants refused to death as he believed that it would slow down the
pay revenue. Village officials resigned. Tribal people process of their integration into society. As a result
violated forest laws. Ambedkar and Gandhiji signed an agreement known
 Response of British Rulers: The Colonial Government as Poona pact of September 1932 in which dalits got
began to arrest the Congress leaders. This led to violent reservation in Provincial and Central Legislative
clashes in many places. The Government’s repression councils.
was quite brutal. Even women and children were  Women’s Participation: Women also participated in
beaten up. About 100,000 people were arrested. the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers.
 Round Table Conference: When things began to However, most of the women was from High-Caste
take a violent turn, Mahatma Gandhi called-off the families in the urban areas and from rich peasant
movement. He signed a pact with Irwin on 5th March, households in rural areas. But for a long time, the
1931. This was called the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. As per the Congress was reluctant to give any position of authority
Pact, Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Round Table to women within the organisation. The Congress was
Conference in London. In lieu of that, the government just keen on the symbolic presence of women.
agreed to release the political prisoners. Gandhiji went  The Sense of Collective Belonging
to London in December 1931. The negotiations broke zNationalist Movement spreads when people belonging
z
down and Gandhiji had to return with disappointment. to different regions and communities begin to develop
When Gandhiji came back to India, he found that most a sense of collective belongingness. The identity of a
of the leaders were put in jail. Congress had been nation is most often symbolized in a figure or an image.
declared illegal. Many measures were taken to prevent zThis image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim
z
meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. Mahatma Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870 when he wrote ‘Vande
Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. Mataram’ for our motherland. Indian folk songs and
By 1934, the movement had lost its momentum. folk tales sung by bards played an important role in
Nationalism in India 33
making the idea of nationalism. In Bengal, Rabindranath
ICCI: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce
Tagore and in Madras, Natesa Sastri Made collection of
and Industry (FICCI), association of Indian business
folk tales and songs which led the Movement for folk organisations, dedicated to promoting the growth and global
revival. competitiveness of Indian businesses.
zDuring the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-color (red, green
Poona Pact: It was an agreement between Hindu leaders in
z
and yellow) flag was designed in Bengal. It had eight India granting new rights to Dalits.
lotuses representing eight provinces and a crescent Nationalism: It is a political, social and economic ideology or
moon representing Hindus and Muslims. a movement characterised by the promotion of the interests
zMeans of creating a feeling of nationalism was of a nation, as a whole.
z
through reinterpretation of history. The nationalist Swaraj: Swaraj means ‘self-rule’ or ‘self-government’. In
writers urged the readers to take pride in India’s great the context of India’s independence movement, it meant
achievements in the past and struggle to change the freedom from the colonial rule, both politically and socially.
miserable conditions of life under British rule.
Swadeshi Movement: It was a movement for national
Quit India Movement independence in India boycotting foreign goods and
zThe failed Cripps Mission and World War II fuelled encouraging the use of domestic products. It aimed to
z
widespread anger and a demand for immediate British resist British control and promote self-reliance, indigenous
withdrawal. The Congress, led by Gandhi, passed the businesses, national education, and Indian languages.
revolutionary “Quit India” resolution, igniting a mass
non-violent struggle. KEY PERSONALITIES
zThe Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Lord Irwin : He was a senior British Conservative politician of
z
Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic ‘Quit India’ the 1930s and the Viceroy of British India from 3 April 1926
resolution demanding the immediate transfer of power – 18 April 1931.
to Indians and quit India. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: He is the father of the In- dian
zOn 8 August 1942 in Bombay, the All India Congress Constitution, was an ambitious leader, journalist, economist
and social reformer who fought for discrimination against
z
Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a
non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale the untouchables.
throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: He wrote ‘Vande Mataram’
Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. and created the image of Bharat Mata.
zGandhi’s electrifying speech galvanised the nation,
Rabindranath Tagore: He was a poet, writer, playwright,
composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter.
z
prompting widespread participation from across social
classes. Strikes, demonstrations, and nationalistic Natesa Sastri: He published a massive four- volume
fervour gripped the country as ordinary people, collection of Tamil folk tales.
students, workers, and women like Matangini Hazra
and Kanaklata Barua joined the fight. KEY DATES
zDespite fierce British crackdowns, the movement’s
1920:The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress was
formed.
z
impact spanned over a year, showcasing the
unwavering desire for freedom. 1927:The Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce
and Industries (FICCI) was formed.
zIn conclusion, Growing resentment towards British
1928:Simon Commission arrived in India.
z
rule drew diverse groups and classes together in
a shared pursuit of freedom. Led by Gandhi, the Oct, 1929: Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion
Status’ for India.
Congress aimed to channel this anger into organised
movements, striving to forge a unified national front. December, 1929: Lahore Session of the Congress—Demand
for Purna Swaraj.
zHowever, participants held diverse aspirations for
January 31, 1930: Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin
z
what an independent India should look like, leading
stating 11 demands.
to internal fissures. The Congress constantly sought
to reconcile these differences, preventing one group’s 12th March, 1930: Salt /Dandi March was started by Gandhiji.
goals from alienating others, but unity remained 6th April, 1930: Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by
fragile. manufacturing a fistful of salt .
April, 1930: Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested.
KEY TERMS 5th March, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact is signed.
Dominion status: It meant giving a semi autonomous December, 1931: Gandhiji went to Second Round Table
status to India and not full independence where India would Conference.
still accept the British sovereignty and the British monarch as 1931: Second Round Table Conference; Gandhi- Irwin Pact;
the head of the state. Census of India.
Salt March or Dandi March: It was an act of civil disobedience 1932: Suppression of the Congress movement; Third
led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. Round Table Conference. Civil Disobedience Movement is
Gandhi-Irwin Pact: It was a political agreement signed by relaunched.
Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 September 1932: Poona Pact was signed.
March, 1931, before the Second Round Table Conference in 1934: Civil Disobedience Movement lost its momentum and
London. came to a stop.
 34 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) ported by the congress because this might upset the
rich peasant and the landlords. Many of them refused
1. Under which agreement the Indian ‘Depressed
to participate when the movement was re-launched in
Classes’ got reserved seats in the Provincial and 1932. These poor peasants joined a variety of radical
Central Legislative Councils in 1932?
movements, often led by socialists and communists. 3
R [Delhi Set-3, 2017]
3. “The Civil Disobedience Movement was different
Ans. Poona Pact. [Marking Scheme Delhi, 2017] from the Non-Cooperation Movement.” Support
2. Who organised Dalits into the ‘Depressed Classes the statement with examples.
Association’ in 1930? R [Delhi Set-2, 2017] A [Term–2, Delhi Set-1, 2, 3, 2016]
3. Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath’. OR
R [Delhi Set-1, 2017] How was the Civil Disobedience Movement
different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?

4. What is the importance of the Lahore Congress
Session of 1929 ? U [OEB]
State any three points of difference. A [OEB]
Ans. It was the session in which the demand of ‘Purna Ans. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different
Swaraj’ or full independence for India was made. from the Non-Cooperation Movement:
5. Who announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ Non-Cooperation Movement:
for India in 1929 ? R [OEB] (i) The people were asked not to co-operate with the
Ans. Lord Irwin government.
Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each) (ii) Foreign goods were boycotted.
1. How did the Indian merchants and industrialists (iii) Liquor shops were picketed.
relate themselves to the Civil Disobedience (iv) Foreign clothes were burnt in heap.
Movement? Explain. [Specimen 2022-2023] (v) In many places merchants and traders refused to
Ans. (i) Indian merchants and industrialists were keen trade on foreign goods or finance foreign traders.
on expanding their business and reacted against (vi) Students left the government - owned schools and
colonial policies that restricted business activities. colleges.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign (vii) Lawyers gave up legal practices.
goods, and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio Civil Disobedience Movement:
that would discourage imports. (i) People were asked to break Colonial Laws.
(iii) To organise business interests, they formed the (ii) The countrymen broke the Salt Law.
Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in (iii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of (iv) Village officials resigned from their jobs.
Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. (v) Forest people violated Forest Rules and Laws.
(iv) Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas (Any three points of difference to be mentioned)
Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, the industrialists attacked 1½ + 1½ = 3 [Marking Scheme, 2016]
colonial control over the Indian economy and 4. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go
supported the Civil Disobedience Movement back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction
(v) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or of Indians with arguments.
sell imported goods.
(vi) Most businessmen wanted to flourish trade without A [Term–2, Foreign Set–1, 2, 3, 2016]
constraints. Ans. Simon Commission:
(vii) Any other relevant point (Any Three)(1×3=3) (i) The new government in Britain constituted a
[Marking Scheme Specimen 2022-2023] Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.
2. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil (ii) It was set up in response to the Nationalist
Disobedience Movement.’ [OD Set I 2020] Movement.
(iii) The Commission was to look into the functioning
Ans. The peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Move- of the Constitutional System in India and suggest
ment (1930-34) because the poor peasantry was not changes.
just interested in the lowering of the revenue but
(iv) The problem was that the Commission didn‘t have a
also remission of rent as many had rented land and
single Indian Member.
had been unable to pay the rent during the years
of depression and decreasing cash incomes. Many (v) When the Simon Commission arrived in India
had rented land. They could not pay rent because of in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back,
the depression and dwindling cash incomes. When Simon’.
the movement was called off in 1931; without the (vi) All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim
revenue rates being revised; the farmers were high- League, participated in the demonstrations.
ly disappointed. In some parts of the country, they (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
launched ‘no rent’ campaign which was not sup- [Marking Scheme, 2016]
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
Nationalism in India 35
Q. 5. Explain in brief the ‘Dandi March’. 2. Analyse the ways through which people of different
communities developed a sense of collective
A [Delhi Term–2, 2016]
belonging in India. A [Delhi Set – I, 2023]
OR
Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’. Ans. The sense of collective belonging came partly
Ans. (i) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous ‘Salt March’ through the experience of united struggles and
or ‘Dandi March’ on 11th March, 1930 accompanied growing anger among people against the colonial
by 78 of his trusted volunteers. government. But there were also a variety of cultural
(ii) The March was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi’s processes through which nationalism captured
Ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of people‘s imagination.
Dandi. (a) The identity of the nation symbolised in a figure or
(iii) On 6th April, 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremoni- image of Bharat Mata created through literature,
ally violated the law by manufacturing salt by boil- songs, paintings, etc.
ing sea water. (b) Movement to revive Indian folklore to enhance
(iv) This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience nationalist sentiments.
Movement. (c) Role of icons and symbols in unifying people and
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
[Marking Scheme Delhi, 2016] (d) Creating a feeling of nationalism was through
6. What were Mahatma Gandhi‘s views on women‘s reinterpretation of history.
participation in the national movements? [Marking Scheme, Delhi, 2023]

R [Delhi Term–2, 2016] 3. Examine the significance and key milestones of the
7. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact‘. Civil Disobedience Movement that took place in
A [Delhi Term-2, OD Set-1 2015] India during the struggle for independence.
Ans. The main features of ‘Poona Pact’ were: U [APQ, 2023-24]
(i) The Poona Pact (September 1932) gave Depressed Ans. Significance and Key milestones of the Civil
Classes (later to be known as Scheduled Caste) Disobedience Movement:
reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative
Councils. (i) Dandi March: Gandhi’s 240-mile march to Dandi to
(ii) They were to be voted in by the general electorate. produce salt became a powerful symbol of resistance
and gained international attention.
(iii) The Act came into force due to Gandhiji’s fast unto
death. (ii) Repression and Imprisonment: British authorities
(iv) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s responded with repression and arrests, fueling
stand. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 public outrage and strengthening the movement.
[Marking Scheme, 2015] (iii) Negotiations and Outcomes: The movement led
to negotiations between Congress and the British
Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each) government but fell short of full independence.
1. Examine the progress of the Civil Disobedience (iv) Significance Mass Participation: The movement
Movement in the countryside. witnessed widespread involvement from diverse
E [Delhi Set – I, 2023] segments of society, showcasing unity and
Ans. From the cities, the Civil Disobedience Movement determination
spread to the countryside. (v) Boycott of British Goods: Indians boycotted British
(i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities-like products to promote self-reliance and protest
the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh colonial economic policies.
were active participants. (vi) Spread of Nationalist Ideas: The movement raised
(ii) They participated in the Movement because they awareness, inspired active participation, and
suffered the most due to the economic depression. fostered national unity among the masses.
As their cash income disappeared, they found
(vii) Legacy and Inspiration: The movement’s legacy as
it impossible to pay the government’s revenue
a symbol of non-violent resistance inspired future
demand.
freedom fighters worldwide. (to be assessed as a
(iii) They demanded a reduction in revenue, but the
government refused to do so. This led to a widespread whole) [Marking Scheme, APQ, 2023-24]
resentment. These rich landlords participated in the 4. Explain the participation of women in the ‘Civil
boycott programmes, and refused to pay revenues. Disobedience Movement’. U [Delhi Set – 2, 2023]
For them, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against
Ans. Participation of women in the Civil Disobedience
high revenues.
Movement:
(iv) But they were deeply disappointed when the
movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue (i) Women in large number participated in the Civil
rates being revised. So when the movement was Disobedience Movement.
restarted in 1932, many of them did not participate. (ii) During Salt March thousands of women came out of
(v) The poor peasantry also participated on a large scale their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
in a hope that their unpaid rent to the landlords will (iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured
be remitted. [Marking Scheme, Delhi, 2023] salt.
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
36 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

(iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. government to change them. Gandhiji and Martin
(v) Many went to jail. Luther King both conducted Civil Disobedience
(vi) They began to see service to the nation as a sacred Movements in their respective countries to get rid
of the exploitation and oppression offered by their
duty of women. [Marking Scheme, Delhi, 2023]
colonial rulers.
5. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and (i) Rich Peasants: Depression and fall in prices affected
the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience them badly. They demanded reduction in land
Movement’. E [SQP, 2023-24] revenue. Swaraj meant reduction of taxes for them.
Ans. The attitude of the Indian merchants and the They were disappointed when the movement was
industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience called off.
Movement: (ii) Poor Peasants: Depression affected them badly.
They demanded reduction in rent. Swaraj meant
(i) During the First World War, Indian merchants and reduction of rent for them. They joined Communist
industrialists had made huge profits and became and revolutionary movements. 1+4=5
powerful. (To be assessed as whole)
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign [Marking Scheme Delhi, 2019]
goods and a Rupee- Sterling Foreign Exchange ratio
that would discourage import. Commonly Made Error
(iii) To organise business interest they formed the Indian
Industrial and Commercial Congress (in 1920) and Discuss participation of rich and poor separately
the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce point-wise.
and Industries–FICCI (in 1927).
(iv) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or Answering Tip
sell imported goods. Students should be very clear about the motive of
(v) Most businessmen came to see ‘Swaraj’ as a time rich and poor separately.
when colonial restrictions on business would no
longer exist and trade and industry would flourish 8. Who had organized the dalits into the ‘Depressed
without constraints. classes Association in 1930? Describe his
(vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference achievements. A [Delhi Set-1, 2, 3, 2019]
business groups were no longer uniformly Ans. Depressed Classes Association was organized by
enthusiastic. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1930.
(vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant Achievements:
activities and worried about prolonged disruption (i) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar raised the demand of separate
of business. (Any five) electorate for Dalits.
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2023-24] (ii) British Government conceded Ambedkar’s demand
6. ‘Through the Civil disobedience movement of separate electorates for Dalits.
Mahatma Gandhi sought to unite the nation and (iii) The depressed classes got reservation of seats in
Provincial and Central Legislative Councils.
he accomplished his goal’. In light of the given
(iv) Ambedkar accepted Gandhiji’s proposal and as the
statement, discuss the role of common people in the
result Poona Pact was signed.
civil disobedience movement. U [SQP, 2023-24] (v) Any other relevant point.
Ans. The role of common people in the Civil (To be assessed as whole) 5
Disobedience Movement: [Marking Scheme Delhi, 2019]
(i) Common people from across the nation participated
in the civil disobedience movement. Commonly Made Error
(ii) Thousands of people manufactured salt in different
Ambedkar’s demands as well as achievements are
parts of the country and broke the salt law.
confused. First discuss about demands and then
(iii) People boycotted foreign cloth and picketed liquor his achievements in the end.
shops.
(iv) Peasants refused to pay revenue. Answering Tip
(v) Forest people violated forest laws by giving into
Reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle. Answering first part of the question is must.
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2023-24]
7. Define the term ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ 9. Why was the ‘Salt March’ considered an effective
Describe the participation of rich and poor symbol of resistance against Colonialism? Explain.
peasant communities in the ‘Civil Disobedience U [Delhi Comptt. Set 1, 2, 3, 2018]
Movement’. A [Delhi Set-1, 2, 3 2019]
Ans. Salt March:
Ans. Definition of Civil Disobedience Movement: (i) Salt was consumed by all the sections of the society.
Civil Disobedience Movement refers to the act by a (ii) It was the most essential item of food.
group of people by refusing to obey laws or pay taxes, (iii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over
as a peaceful way of expressing their disapproval production was the height of British oppression in
of those laws or taxes and in order to persuade the India.
Nationalism in India 37
(iv) Gandhiji found salt as a powerful symbol that could (iv) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of
unite the nation. bhangi , the sweepers.
(v) On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy (v) He persuaded upper castes to change their heart
Irwin stating eleven demands. and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.
(vi) The idea was to make the demands wide ranging, so Any other relevant point. (Any five)
that all classes within Indian society could identify [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 1 × 5 = 5
with them and everyone could be brought together 12. What were the limitations of the Civil Disobedience
in a united campaign. Movement? Elaborate. R [Board Term-2, 2016]
(vii) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish 13. How did people belonging to different communities,
the salt tax. 1 × 5 = 5 (Any five) regions or language groups develop a sense of
[Marking Scheme Delhi, 2018] collective belonging in the nineteenth century
10. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold India? Explain. [SQP, 2020-21]
any position of authority within the organisation? OR
How did women participate in Civil Disobedience How was the sense of collective belonging
developed during the Freedom Movement ?
Movement? Explain. U [Delhi OD, 2018] Explain. U [Outside Delhi Set II, 2017]
Ans. Congress reluctant in the participation of women: OR
(i) Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence How did a variety of cultural processes play an
of women within the organisation. important role in the making of Nationalism in
(ii) Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of India? Explain with examples.
women to look after home and hearth, be good U [Board Term–II, Delhi Set–III, 2016]
mothers and good wives. OR
(iii) Any other relevant point. How did people belonging to different communities,
Participation of women in Civil Disobedience regions or language groups develop a sense of
Movement: collective belonging? U [SQP-2016]
(i) During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women
came out of their homes to participate in protest Ans. (i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised
marches. with the image of Bharat Mata.
(ii) Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops. (ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande
Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
(iii) Boycotted foreign goods.
(iii) Novel Anandamath played an important role in
(iv) Many went to jail.
spreading nationalist fervor in the nation.
(v) Women from high caste families and from rich
(iv) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abindranath
peasant households participated. Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed as an
(vi) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see Service ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and
to Nation as a sacred duty of women. spiritual.
(vii) Any other relevant point. (v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a
(Any three points to be explained) 2 + 3 = 5 movement to revive Indian folklore.
[Marking Scheme Delhi, 2018] (vi) Icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring
in them a feeling of nationalism.
Commonly Made Error (vii) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a
tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
Don’t forget to mention Gandhiji’s view about (viii) Reinterpretation of history to instill a sense of pride
women’s duty in society. in the nation. (Any Five Points)(1 × 5 = 5)
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2020]
Answering Tip 14. How had a variety of cultural processes developed
a sense of collective belongingness in India during
Mention few points of women’s participation in
the 19th century ? Explain with examples.
Civil Disobedience Movement.
U [OD Set-1, 2, 3, 2019]
11. Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate
Ans. Collective responsibility means that people began to
the problem of untouchability. [OD Set–3, 2017]
believe that they were all a part of the same nation
Ans. Following methods were adopted by Gandhiji to and discovered some unity, which bound them
eliminate untouchability: together.
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not Examples of main cultural processes:
come for a hundred years if untouchability was not (a) Figures or Images: These helped in creating
eliminated. an image with which people could identify the
nation. Devotion to this mother figure came to
(ii) He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan or the children
be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. It was
of God. with the growth of nationalism, that the identity
(iii) He organised satyagraha to secure their entry into of India was associated with the Image of Bharat
temples and access to public well, tanks, roads and Mata. This Image was firstly created by Bankim
schools. Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote the song
38 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

‘Vande Mataram’ in his novel Anandamath. Then Remember...

Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous image
of Bharat Mata. He was greatly inspired by the “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that
Swadeshi Movement. they are all part of the same nation.” Support the state-
ment.
(b) Movement to Revive Folklore: In the late 19th
Such types of questions will help the students in under-
century, in India, Nationalists started recording standing the significance of the independence move-
folk tales sung by bards and they toured the ments of the nation.
villages to gather folk songs and legends. In Bengal, 1. Remember the foundation of the Indian National
Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting Congress and the efforts made by its leaders to bring
ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the out the evil policies of the British.
Movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri 2. Analyse how the freedom fighters launched several
published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil movements like the Swadeshi, Non-Cooperation and
folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India”. Civil Disobedience movements to get the support
(c) Icons and Symbols: During the Swadeshi of the masses and give them a sense of collective
Movement in Bengal, a Tricolour flag (red, green belonging.
and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses, 3. Remember the role played by the common flag,
representing eight provinces of British India and a common national anthem, national song and com-
mon ideals and motives in instigating the feeling of
crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. nationalism among the Indians.
By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It
16. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and
was also a tricolour (red, green and white) and had
the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience
a spinning wheel in the centre – representing the
Movement’. [SQP 2023-24]
Gandhian ideals of self-help.
OR
(d) Reinterpretation of History: Many Indians started
‘Through the Civil disobedience movement
looking at the past to discover India’s great
achievements. They wrote about the glorious Mahatma Gandhi sought to unite the nation and
developments in ancient times. This glorious time, he accomplished his goal’. In light of the given
in their belief, was followed by a history of decline, statement, discuss the role of common people in the
when India was colonised. These Nationalists civil disobedience movement. [SQP 2023-24]
urged the readers to take pride in India’s great
Ans. The attitude of the Indian merchants and the
achievements in the past and struggle to change the
industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience
miserable condition of the life of Indians under the
Movement:
British rule. [Marking Scheme OD, 2019] (i) During the First World War, Indian merchants and
industrialists had made huge profits and became
Commonly Made Error powerful.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign
The students only give physical description and
goods and a Rupee- Sterling Foreign Exchange ratio
not the allegorical meaning of the two figures.
that would discourage import.
(iii) To organise business interest they formed the Indian
Answering Tip Industrial and Commercial Congress (in 1920) and
the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce
Little description of each i.e. figures of images, folk-
and Industries–FICCI (in 1927).
lore, icons and symbols and lastly reinterpretation
(iv) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or
of History should be given.
sell imported goods.
15. ”Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe (v) Most businessmen came to see ‘Swaraj’ as a time
that they are all part of the same nation.” Support when Colonial restrictions on business would no
longer exist and trade and industry would flourish
the statement. A [Term-2, Delhi Set-1, 2, 3, 2015]
without constraints.
Ans. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe (vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference
that they are all part of the same nation. The sense business groups were no longer uniformly
of collective belonging came partly through the enthusiastic.
experience of united struggles. Variety of cultural (vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant
processes through which nationalism captured activities and worried about prolonged disruption
people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore of business. (Any five) [1×5=5]
and songs helped with promotion of nationalism. [Marking Scheme SQP, 2015]
Literature also helped to arouse national feelings. OR
The ideas of nationalism also developed through (i) Common people from across the nation participated
the celebration of regional festivals. As the national in the civil disobedience movement.
movement developed nationalist leaders became (ii) Thousands of people manufactured salt in different
more and more of icons and symbols in unifying parts of the country and broke the salt law.
and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. 5 (iii) People boycotted foreign cloth and picketed liquor
[Marking Scheme Delhi, 2015] shops.
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
Nationalism in India 39
(iv) Peasants refused to pay revenue. 2. Through swadeshi and non-cooperation, he urged
(v) Forest people violated forest laws by giving into Indians to boycott British products, institutions, and
Reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle. laws, and to abstain from paying taxes or engaging in
17. Elucidate the role of values and methods such as British-administered elections. These methods were
swaraj, swadeshi, passive resistance, ahimsa, in aimed to make it difficult for the British to govern the
achieving India’s independence? [OEB] country.
Ans. The values and principles like swaraj, swadeshi, 3. The ideology of civil disobedience, a non-violent
passive resistance, ahimsa or non-violence played a form of resistance, included disobeying unfair laws
huge role in India’s fight for freedom. or rules. Civil disobedience emerged as an effective
1. The non-violent resistance approach of satyagraha method to achieve widespread mass support for the
employed by Gandhiji during India’s struggle cause of independence.
for independence included civil disobedience, Under Gandhiji’s leadership, the values and
strikes, boycotts, and other peaceful methods to principles of non-violence, swadeshi and civil
confront unjust laws and oppressive policies. It used disobedience united the Indian masses and
persuasion in place of force or coercion to appeal to compelled the British to address the demands of the
the conscience of the oppressors. Indian people.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

Objective Type Questions
[A] Multiple Choice Questions
1. There are two statements given below, marked as
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements
and choose the correct option.
1. Certain events are given below. Choose the
appropriate chronological order:
(i) Coming of Simon Commission to India
(ii) Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of
INC Which of the following events was related to this
image of Gandhi? [OEB]
(iii) Government of India Act, 1919
(A) Non-Cooperation Movement
(iv) Champaran Satyagraha
(B) Kheda Satyagraha
Options:
(C) Dandi March
(A) (iii) - (ii) - (iv) - (i) (D) None of these
(B) (i) - (ii) - (iv) - (iii) 4. Identify the appropriate reason for the formation
(C) (ii) - (iii) - (i) - (iv) of the Swaraj party from the options given
(D) (iv) - (iii) - (i) - (ii) [OD Set-1, 2020] below: [OEB]
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (A) Wanted members of Congress to return to
Explanation: Council Politics.
(B) Wanted members of Congress to ask for Purna
(i) Champaran Satyagraha in 1917.
Swaraj for Indians.
(ii) Government of India Act, 1919. (C) Wanted members of Congress to ask Dominion
(iii) Coming of Simon Commission to India in 1928. Status for India.
(iv) Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of (D) Wanted members of Congress to oppose Simon
INC in 1929. Commission.
2. In which of the following Indian National Congress 5. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in .
Session, the idea of Non-Cooperation Movement [OEB]

was adopted? [OEB] (A) January, 1916 (B) January, 1915
(A) Lahore Session (B) Nagpur Session
(C) March, 1921 (D) April, 1917
(C) Calcutta Session (D) Madras Session 6. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
[OEB]
Explanation: In December 1920, at Nagpur session, (i) Formation of the Muslim League.
the Congress adopted the Non-Cooperation (ii) The First Word War.
Movement. (iii) The first meeting of the Indian National Congress
3. Study the picture and answer the question that in Bombay.
follows: (iv) Through the war prices increased in double.
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
40 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Options: (B) Vernacular Press Act

(A) (ii) - (iv) - (iii) - (i) (B) (i) - (iii) - (iv) - (ii) (C) Government of India Act
(C) (iv) - (ii) - (i) - (iii) (D) (iii) - (i) - (ii) - (iv) (D) Inland Emigration Act
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: 9. The Congress Session at Nagpur was held in:
(i) The first meeting of the Indian National Congress in [OEB]
(A) January 1920 (B) September 1920
Bombay took place in 1885.
(C) October 1919 (D) December 1920
(ii) Formation of the Muslim League in 1906.
Ans. Option (D) is correct
(iii) The First World War in 1914. 10. Gandhiji decided to participate in Round Table
(iv) During the war prices increased by double in 1918. Conference in London after: [OEB]
7. Arrange the following in the correct sequence: (A) Poona Pact
[OEB] (B) Gandhi-Irwin Pact
(i) Rowlatt Act passed. (C) Simon Commission Report
(ii) The Partition of Bengal officially came into (D) Dandi March
existence. Ans. Option (B) is correct
(iii) Satyagraha Movement in Ahmedabad. 11. In context to the Simon Commission find the
incorrect option from the following: [OEB]
(iv) Satyagraha Movement in Kheda District (Gujarat).
(A) Against this background the new Tory
Options: Government in Britain constituted a Statutory
(A) (iv) - (ii) - (i) - (iii) (B) (ii) - (iii) - (iv) - (i) Commission under Sir John Simon.
(C) (ii) - (iv) - (iii) - (i) (D) (i) - (iii) - (ii) - (iv) (B) Set up in response to Nationalist Movement, the
Ans. Option (C) is correct Commission was to look into the functioning of
the Constitutional System in India and suggest
Explanation:
changes.
(i) The Partition of Bengal officially came into existence (C) The problem was that the Commission did not
in 1905. have a single Indian Member.
(ii) Satyagraha Movement in Kheda District (Gujarat) in (D) They were all Americans.
1917. Ans. Option (D) is correct.
(iii) Satyagraha Movement in Ahmedabad 1918. Explanation: All members were Britishers.
(iv) Rowlatt Act Passed in 1919. [Specimen 2022-2023]
8. Identify the correct option that describes the act 12. Why did the Simon Commission come to India?
given below. [SQP 2023-24] Identify the correct reason from the following
(i) The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative options. [OEB]
Council. (A) To control the campaign against the British in
(ii) It gave power to the government to repress political cities.
activities. (B) To look into the functioning of the British.
(iii) It empowered the government to detain political (C) To initiate salt law in India.
prisoners without trial. (D) To suggest changes in the functioning of the
(A) Rowlatt Act constitutional system in India.

TOPPER ANSWER

13. Who was the President of Muslim League in 1930? 15. What was the main problem with the Simon
[OEB] Commission? [OEB]
(A) Sir Muhammad Iqbal (A) It was an all British commission.
(B) Shaukat Ali (B) It was formed in Britain.
(C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (C) It was set up in response to the Nationalist
Movement.
(D) Maulana Azad
(D) All of the above
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Ans. Option (A) was correct.
14. With the growth of Nationalism, who created the 16. In the 19th Century India, the idea of Nationalism
image of Bharat Mata? [OEB] was revived through which of the following?
(A) Abanindranath Tagore [OEB]
(B) Rabindranath Tagore (A) History and fictions (B) Figure or images
(C) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (C) Folklore or songs (D) Popular prints
(D) Mahatma Gandhi (E) All the above.
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
Nationalism in India 41
17. Choose the correct option: [OEB] (A) He supported separate electorates.
(B) He led Dandi March
Column A Column B
(C) He started Non-Cooperation movement
(i) Abanindranath (a) Jana Gana Mana
(D) He attended Round Table Conference
Tagore
Ans. Option (A) is correct
(ii) Bankim Chandra (b) The Folklore of
Chattopadhyay Southern India [B] Assertion & Reason
(iii) Rabindranath (c) Bharat Mata Directions: In the following questions, a statement
Tagore image of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
(iv) Natesa Sastri (d) Vande Mataram Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(B) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c) explanation of A.
(D) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(d) (C) A is true but R is false.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (D) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: 1. Assertion (A): The Non-Cooperation Movement
(i) Abanindranath Tagore designed the image of Bharat gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons in the
Mata. cities.
(ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote our National Reason (R): As the boycott movement spread, and
Song. people began discarding imported clothes and
wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian
(iii) Rabindranath Tagore wrote our National Anthem textile mills and handlooms went up. [OEB]
Jana Gana Mana.
2. Assertion (A): In 1917, Gandhiji organised a
(iv) Natesa Sastri wrote the folklore of Southern India. Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda
18. Find the incorrect option from the following: district of Gujarat.
Reason (R) : The peasants were affected by crop
[OEB] failure and plague epidemic. They could not pay
(A) Mahatma Gandhi found sugar a powerful
the revenue and were demanding that revenue
symbol that could unite a nation. collection be relaxed. [OEB]
(B) On 31st January, 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Ans. Option (A) is correct
Irwin stating eleven demands. Explanation: The peasants wanted that their revenue
(C) Some of these were of general interest; others collection be relaxed because they were at a complete
were specific demands of different classes, from loss because of the epidemic. Gandhiji came forward
industrialists to peasants. and organized a Satyagraha to provide them with a
(D) The idea was to make the demands wide- platform to raise their voice.
ranging, so that all classes within Indian society 3. Assertion (A): In Awadh the peasants were led by
could identify with them and everyone could be Alluri Sitaram Raju.
brought together in a united campaign. Reason (R): The movement here was against
talukdars and landlords. [OEB]
19. Look at the given picture. Identify the name of the
4. Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch
painter of this painting from the following options.
Civil Disobedience Movement by violating Salt Law.
[OEB] Reason (R): An image or figure helps people to
identify with the nation. [OEB]
Ans. Option (B) is correct
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch
Civil Disobedience Movement by violating Salt
Law because salt is an essential item of food and
consumed by people of all classes.
5. Assertion (A): After the failure of the second Round
Table Conference , business groups were no longer
(A) Abhahindra Nath Tagore uniformly enthusiastic.
Reason (R): They were apprehensive of the militant
(B) Rabindra Nath Tagore
activities and worried about prolonged disruption
(C) Raja Ravi Verma of business , as well as, of the growing influence
(D) Samant Das Gupta of socialism amongst the younger members of the
Ans. Option (C) is correct. [1] Congress. [OEB]
Explanation: Raja Ravi Verma was one of the most 6. Assertion (A): Folklores gave a picture of traditional
renowned painters of India and he made some of the culture, it helps in discovering a national identity
best-known paintings in India. and restoring a sense of pride in one’s past.
20. Which among the following statements is incorrect Reason (R): Nationalism spreads when people
about Gandhiji? [OEB] discover some unity that binds them together. [OEB]
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
42 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Ans. Option (B) is correct. discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian
Explanation: Folklores played an important role in ones, production of Indian Textile Mills and handlooms
developing a feeling of nationalism. went up.
7. Assertion (A): Gandhiji entered into Gandhi-Irwin But this Movement in the cities gradually slowed
Pact on 5 March 1931. down for a variety of reasons. Khadi cloth was often
more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and
Reason (R): Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru poor people could not afford to buy it. How then
were both put in jail, the Congress was declared could they boycott mill cloth for too long? Similarly,
illegal,and a series of measures had been imposed to the boycott of British institutions posed a problem.
prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian
[OEB] institutions had to be set up so that they could be used
Ans. Option (B) is correct in place of the British ones. These were slow to come
Explanation: With the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin up. So students and teachers began trickling back to
government schools and lawyers joined back work in
Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in the
Government Courts.
Round Table Conference in London. However, the
1. What was the purpose of Justice Party to contest
negotiations broke down and Gandhiji returned to
Elections to the Council in Madras?
India disappointed. New repressive measures by the
Select the appropriate option:
government declared the Congress illegal and put
(A) It wanted to contest elections to the Council as
Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru into jail. it was one of the ways to gain some income that
8. Assertion (A): When Simon Commission arrived usually only Brahmans had access to.
in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back (B) It wanted to contest elections to the Council as
Simon’. it was one of the ways to gain some power that
Reason (R): This happened as Mahatma Gandhi was usually only Brahmans had access to.
on Dandi March during that time. [OEB] (C) It wanted to contest elections to the Council as it
9. Assertion (A): Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was one of the way to gain more popularity that
wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. usually only Brahmans had access to.
(D) It wanted to contest elections to the Council
Reason (R): It was later included in his novel
as it was one of the ways to take revenge from
Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi Brahmans.
movement. [OEB]
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
10. Assertion (A): Sense of belongingness came partly 2. How was the effect of ‘Non-Cooperation on the
through the experience of united struggles. economic front’ dramatic?
Reason (R): There was also a variety of cultural (A) Merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or
processes through which nationalism captured finance foreign trade.
people’s imagination. [OEB] (B) The merchants imported goods from other
Ans. Option (B) is correct countries.
Explanation: History, fiction , folklore and songs , (C) The neighbouring countries were offering same
popular prints and symbols all played a part in the goods at cheaper prices.
making of nationalism. (D) Public was not interested in buying foreign
goods.
[C] Case Based MCQs Ans. Option (A) is correct.
3. The import of foreign cloth between 1921 and 1922
Attempt any four sub-parts from each question. Each saw changes because:
question carries 1 mark. (A) Its value dropped from ` 100 crore to ` 97 crore.
I. Read the following text and answer the following (B) Its value dropped from ` 201 crore to ` 150 crore.
questions on the basis of the same : U [OEB] (C) Its value dropped from ` 102 crore to ` 57 crore.
The Movement started with middle-class participation (D) Its value dropped from ` 102 crore to ` 75 crore.
in the cities. Thousands of students left government- Ans. Option (C) is correct.
controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and Explanation: The import of foreign cloth halved
teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal between 1921 and 1922.
practices. The Council Elections were boycotted in 4. Thousands of ____________ left government
most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, controlled schools and colleges and _______ gave
the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the up their legal practices.
council was one way of gaining some power-something (A) Teachers, judges.
that usually only Brahmans had access to. (B) Headmasters, clerks.
The effects of Non-Cooperation on the economic front (C) Students, advocates.
were more dramatic. Foreign goods were burnt in huge (D) Students, lawyers
bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between Ans. Option (D) is correct.
1921 and 1922, its value dropping from `102 crore to 57 5. Who were the first ones to join the Non- Cooperation
crore. In many places merchants and traders refused Movement?
to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As (A) Higher class (B) Middle class
the boycott movement spread, and people began (C) Service personnel (D) Politicians
This Question is for practice and it’s solution is given at the end of the chapter.
Nationalism in India 43
Ans. Option (B) is correct figure in the Indian independence movement and
Explanation: The movement started with middleclass led the farmers’ agitation against the British colonial
participation in the cities. policies, particularly focusing on issues related to
6. Movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a land revenue and taxation.
variety of reasons. Choose the correct reason. 3. Which Act did not permit the plantation workers in
(A) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than Assam to leave the tea gardens without permission?
mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could (A) Inland Emigration Act of 1947
not afford to buy it. (B) Inland Emigration Act of 1839
(B) The boycott of British institutions posed a (C) Inland Emigration Act of 1859
problem. (D) Inland Emigration Act of 1887
(C) Alternative Indian institutions had to be set up Ans. Option (C) is correct.
so that they could be used in place of the British Explanation: The Act that did not permit the
ones. These were slow to come up. plantation workers in Assam to leave the tea gardens
(D) All of the Above without permission was the Inland Emigration Act of
Ans. Option (D) is correct 1859. This Act imposed restrictions on the movement
II. Read the following text and answer the following of plantation workers, particularly indentured
questions on the basis of the same : U [OEB] laborers, to ensure a steady workforce for the tea
In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like plantations.
the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh 4. Congress was unwilling to support ___________
– were active in the movement. Being producers of campaigns in most places.
commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the (A) high rent (B) no rent
trade depression and falling prices. As their cash (C) low rent (D) equal rent
income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of
the government to reduce the revenue demand led to 5. When was the movement called off?
widespread resentment. These rich peasants became (A) 1930 (B) 1931 (C) 1932 (D) 1933
enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Movement, organizing their communities and at III.Read the following text and answer the following
times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the questions on the basis of the same : [OEB]
boycott programs. For them the fight for Swaraj was a The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a
struggle against high revenues. But they were deeply figure or image. This helps create an image with which
disappointed when the movement was called off in people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth
1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So, when century, with the growth of nationalism, that the
the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them identity of India came to be visually associated with the
refused to participate. image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by
The poorer peasantry were not interested in the Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote
lowering of the revenue demand. Many of them were
‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later
small tenants cultivating land they had rented from
it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely
landlords. As the Depression continued and cash
sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved
incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult
by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore
to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the
painted his famous image of Bharat Mata (see figure).
landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical
movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic
Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In
peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired
to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places. So, many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints,
the relationship between the poor peasants and the and was painted by different artists. Devotion to this
Congress remained uncertain. mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s
1. Patidars and Jats are rich Peasants of which State? nationalism. [NCERT, Chapter 1, Page – 47]
(A) Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh
(B) Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh
(C) Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
(D) Punjab and Haryana
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Rich peasants of Gujarat are called
Patidars and in Uttar Pradesh they are called Jats.
2. Who led the Peasant’s Movement in Awadh?
(A) Baba Ramnath (B) Baba Ramchandra
(C) Baba Ramdev (D) Baba Ram Mohan
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: The leader of the Peasant’s Movement in
Awadh was Baba Ramchandra. He was a prominent
44 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Answer the following questions based on the above with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. …
Passage: Nonviolence is the supreme dharma …’ It is certain
1. Who created the image of Bharat Mata, which later that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of
became associated with the identity of India in the arms. The British worship the war god and they can
twentieth century? all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of
(A) Rabindranath Tagore arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never
(B) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay carry arms. They have made the religion of non-
(C) Abanindranath Tagore violence their own. In his famous book Hind Swaraj
(1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was
(D) Mahatma Gandhi
established in India, with the cooperation of Indians,
Ans. Option (B) is correct. and had survived only because of this cooperation. If
Explanation: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Indians refused to cooperate, British rule will collapse
created the image of Bharat Mata in the 1870s, and it within a year. [SQP, 2023-24]
became associated with the identity of India. 1. Why did Gandhiji say that passive resistance is not
2. In which novel did Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay the weapon of the weak? [1]
first include the hymn ‘Vande Mataram,’ which Ans. Gandhiji said” passive resistance is not the weapon
later became associated with Bharat Mata? of the weak because it calls for intense activity with
(A) Anandamath a lot of inner strength.
(B) Swadeshi Movement [Marking Scheme, SQP, 2023-24]
(C) Vande Mataram 2. “Satyagraha is pure soul-force”. Substantiate this
(D) Bharat Mata statement in 20 words. [1]
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Ans. Truth is the very substance of the soul that is
Explanation: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay informed with knowledge and thus this force is
included the hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ in his novel called satyagraha. [Marking Scheme, SQP, 2023-24]
Anandamath. 3. What according to Mahatma Gandhi is the best
3. Which artist painted the famous image of Bharat weapon to use to collapse British rule in India? [2]
Mata in response to the Swadeshi movement in Ans. Mahatma Gandhi in his book Hind Swaraj declared
Bengal? that through non-cooperation (Satyagraha) only
(A) Rabindranath Tagore British rule could be collapsed in India as they could
(B) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay build their empire only with the cooperation of
(C) Abanindranath Tagore Indians. [Marking Scheme, SQP, 2023-24]
(D) Mahatma Gandhi II. Read the given extract and answer the following
Ans. Option (C) is correct. questions: E [SQP, 2023-24]
Explanation: Abanindranath Tagore painted the Quit India Movement
famous image of Bharat Mata in response to the The failure of the Cripps Mission and the effects of
Swadeshi movement in Bengal. World War II created widespread discontentment in
4. What was the significance of devotion to Bharat India. This led Gandhiji to launch a movement calling
Mata in the context of nationalism? for complete withdrawal of the British from India.
The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting
(A) Aesthetic appreciation in Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic ‘Quit
(B) Cultural diversity India’ resolution demanding the immediate transfer of
(C) Evidence of nationalism power to Indians and quit India. On 8 August 1942 in
(D) Religious tolerance Bombay, the All India Congress Committee endorsed
Ans. Option (C) is correct. the resolution which called for a non-violent mass
struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the
Explanation: Devotion to Bharat Mata came to be
country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji delivered
seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. The call for ‘Quit India’
almost brought the state machinery to a standstill in
[D] Case Based Subjective Questions large parts of the country as people voluntarily threw
1. Read the given source below and answer the following themselves into the thick of the movement. People
questions: observed hartals, and demonstrations and processions
were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The
It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon
movement was truly a mass movement which brought
of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this into its ambit thousands of ordinary people, namely
article can be used only by the strong. This power is not students, workers and peasants. It also saw the active
passive resistance; indeed, it calls for intense activity. participation of leaders, namely Jayprakash Narayan,
The movement in South Africa was not passive but Aruna Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia and many
active … ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi women such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata
does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha. The British
seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there responded with much force, yet it took more than a
is no ill will whatever. ‘Satyagraha is pure soul force. year to suppress the movement.
Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why 1. What factors led Gandhi to launch Quit India
this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed Movement? (2)
Nationalism in India 45
OR Ans. The Quit India Resolution was passed by the
What was the main demand of the Quit India Congress Working Committee on 8 August 1942 in
Movement? (1) Bombay.
Ans. The failure of the Cripps Mission and the effects of the OR
World War II created widespread discontentment in Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’.
India. This led Gandhi to launch a movement calling (1)
the complete withdrawal of the British from India. 3. Who was the female leader of the ‘Quit India
OR Movement?
The main demand of the movement was to end the OR
British rule in India and to get the cooperation of Why was Quit India Movement a mass movement?
Indians against fascism. (2) Ans. Aruna Asaf Ali.
2. When and where was the Quit India Resolution OR
passed? (1) Quit India Movement was a mass movement because
OR it had the participation of lakhs of ordinary people.
Who gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’ ? (1) (1)

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-1)

VSATQs LATQs
3. The writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’ is Mahatma 5. Gandhiji decided to launch a nation-wide
Gandhi. [Marking Scheme, 2017] Satyagraha:
4. Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the (i) This Act had been hurriedly passed through the
need to search for truth. Imperial Legislative Council.
[Marking Scheme, 2017] (ii) Indian members opposed the Act.

(iii) It gave the government enormous powers to repress
SATQs
political activities.
4. Reasons for slowing down of Non-Cooperation
(iv) It allowed detention of political prisoners without
Movement :
trial for two years.
(i) The Indians could not boycott for a long time
because, Khadi cloth was more expensive than (Any two points to be explained.)
mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could It opposed in the following ways:
not afford to buy it.
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a problem
as alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so (ii) Workers went on strike.
that they could be used in place of British ones. (iii) Shops were closed.
(iii) Students and teachers began trickling back to
government schools and lawyers joined back work (iv) Communication, railway, telegraphs lines were
in government courts in the absence of alternate disrupted.
Indian Institutions. Any other relevant point.
(Any three) (v) Any other relevant point. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5
[Marking Scheme, 2017] 3 × 1 = 3 [Marking Scheme, 2018]

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-2)

VSATQs (iii) The woman is the better half of humanity, not the
weaker sex. 1×3=3
2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
LATQs
3. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. 12. Limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement:
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] (i) Dalit participation was limited. They began
organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in
VSATQs educational institutions, and a separate electorate.
Dr B. R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into
6. (i) According to Gandhiji, the woman is the the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed
companion of man and gifted with equal rights of with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table
Conference by demanding separate electorates
freedom and liberty.
for Dalits. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted
(ii) The woman is more fit than a man to take exploration Gandhiji’s proposal and the result was the Poona
and bolder action in non-violence. Pact of September 1932.
46 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

(ii) Muslim political groups were also lukewarm in Muslims could not respond to the call for a united
their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. struggle. Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals
After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as
Movement, large section of Muslims felt alienated a minority within India. They feared that the culture
from the Congress. When the Civil Disobedience and identity of minorities would be submerged
Movement started, there was a sudden atmosphere under the domination of Hindu majority.
of suspicion and distrust between communities. 2½ + 2½ = 5
Alienated from the Congress, large sections of

SOLUTIONS FOR COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

MCQs afford to buy it. The boycott of British institutions
3. Option (C) is correct. posed a problem as there were no alternative Indian
4. Option (A) is correct. institutions to replace the British ones.
5. Option (B) is correct. 3. Option (D) is correct
14. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: The movement was against Oudh
16. Option (E) is correct. Kisan Sabha.
18. Option (A) is correct. 5. Option (A) is correct
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi found salt a powerful 8. Option (C) is correct.
symbol that could unite a nation as salt is used in our Explanation: The Simon Commission was greeted
day to day life by all Indian Classes. with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’ because it did not
have a single Indian member. They were all British
A&R but had come to look into the functioning of the
1. Option (B) is correct constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
Explanation: Khadi cloth was more expensive than Gandhiji went on Dandi March on 11 March 1930.
mass-produced mill cloth and people could not 9. Option (A) is correct.

REFLECTION
1. Will you be able to recognise the characteristics of Indian nationalism through a case study of Non-
Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement?
2. Will you be able to analyse the nature of the diverse social movements of the time?
3. Did you get familiarised with the writings and ideas of different political groups and individuals?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI CONCEPTS
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
INTEGRATED
Chapter Covered Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Name of the Book India and Contemporary World – II, Class 10, NCERT
Subject and Artificial AI Tools: Inkle Writer and My Story Time integrated with
Intelligence Nationalism in India.
Integrated
Learning • To identify the causes that led to Nationalism in India.
Objectives • To know the various stages of National Movement in
India.
• To understand the spread and impact of National
Movements on different social groups.
• To analyse the comparison between Non Cooperation
Movement and Civil Disobedience movement.
• To make them able to establish comparison with
respect to similarities and dissimilarities among these
movements.
• To understand and record the timelines, reasons and
impact of Different National Movement through AI
app
Time Required 3 Periods of 40 minutes each
Classroom Flexible Seating arrangement
Arrangement
Nationalism in India 47

Material Required Textbooks, Blackboard, chalk, laptop / desktop, internet

connection.
Pre – Preparation Students are asked to list down all the national movements
Activities they are able to recall and the possible reasons behind the
growth of nationalism in India. Teacher will explain three
major National Movements Satyagraha, Non Cooperation
Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement in detail to the
students.
Previous Knowledge Students are encouraged to discuss about Anti Colonial
Movements and how these different notion of freedom
brought together as National Movements.
Methodology • Each Student is assigned three National Movements Scan this
–Satyagraha, Non Cooperation Movement, Civil
Disobedience Movement.
• Students are asked to records Timeline & initiation,
causes behind the movement, participation of different
social groups, impact and withdrawal of these
movements.
• Students are asked to establish comparison with
respect to similarities and dissimilarities among these
movements.
• Students would be able to record and present their
report through AI app.
Learning Outcomes • The students would be able to identify the causes that
led to Nationalism in India.
• The students would be able to Know the various stages
of National Movement in India.
• The students would be able to understand the spread
and impact of National Movements on different social
groups.
• The students would be able to analyse the comparison
between Non Cooperation Movement and Civil
Disobedience movement.
• The students would be able to establish comparison
with respect to similarities and dissimilarities among
these movements.
• The students would be able to understand and record
the timelines, reasons and impact of Different National
Movement through AI app
Follow up Activities Students would present their report in the class with help
of my story time
Reflections Find out the anti-colonial movements in different countries. Scan this
Compare and contrast them with Nationalism in India.
Record and play the story with MY Story Time.

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