BT 3
CLAS MIXTURE CEMENT SAND GRAVEL
S
AA 1:1½:3 12 .5 10
A 1:2:4 9 .5 10
B 1:2½:5 .75 .5 10
C 1 : 3 :6 6 .5 10
CLASS C
U have a slab that is 5by3 with a thickness of 0.10
V = 3 X 5 X 0.10 = 1.5M^3
C = 1.5M^3 X 6 = 9 BAGS
S = 1.5M^3 X .5 = .75 cu. m
G = 1.5M^3 x 1 = 1.5 cu. m
Concrete Mix Classes (per 1 m³ of concrete)
Mixture by ratio (cement : sand : gravel) with typical take-off—your instructor’s simplified set.
Class Mix Cement (bags) Sand (m³) Gravel (m³)
AA 1 : 1½ : 3 12 0.50 1.00
A 1:2:4 9 0.50 1.00
B 1 : 2½ : 5 7.5 0.50 1.00
C 1:3:6 6 0.50 1.00
Corrections from your table:
Write 1.00 m³, not “10”.
Class B cement is 7.5 bags, not “.75”.
Notes: These are classroom approximations. Detailed specs (aggregate size, moisture, slump) can shift the volumes a bit.
Your Slab Example (Class C)
Slab: 5 m × 3 m × 0.10 m
Volume: V = 3 × 5 × 0.10 = 1.5 m³ ✅
Using Class C factors (per 1 m³): Cement 6 bags, Sand 0.50 m³, Gravel 1.00 m³
Cement = 1.5 × 6 = 9 bags ✅
Sand = 1.5 × 0.50 = 0.75 m³ ✅
Gravel = 1.5 × 1.00 = 1.50 m³ ✅
Add waste/contingency (recommended 5–10%):
Cement ≈ 9.5 to 9.9 bags → buy 10 bags
Sand ≈ 0.79–0.83 m³
Gravel ≈ 1.58–1.65 m³
Pre-Construction
Planning – scope, drawings, specs, schedule, method statements
Financing – budget, cashflow, contingencies
Processing – permits (building, excavation), barangay clearances, utilities
Procurement – materials take-off, RFQs, supplier selection, contracts, delivery plan
Construction
1. Clearing – remove debris/vegetation; temporary fence
2. Site layout & staking – benchmarks, string lines, batter boards
3. Excavation – to required depth; compaction & base prep
4. Foundation – lean concrete (if needed), footing/rebar, pour
5. Laying of CHB – plumb/level, vertical/horizontal bars, grouting
6. Framing – columns, beams, slab forms & shoring, rebar install, MEP sleeves
7. Lock-up – roof, doors/windows, exterior walls closed; secure utilities rough-ins
8. Finishing – plastering, tiling, ceilings, paint, fixtures, trims, final MEP hookup
Post-Construction
Reuse – keep excess forms/rebar offcuts for future works
Recycle – segregate steel, cardboard, plastics; proper disposal
Maintenance – punch list, O&M manual, schedules (sealants, paint, HVAC filters)
Reinforced Concrete vs Structural Steel — Pros & Cons
Reinforced Concrete (RC)
Pros
Good in compression; with rebar, handles most building loads well
Fire and corrosion resistant; low maintenance
Excellent mass for sound and thermal performance
Can form complex shapes; commonly available materials
Cons
Heavier → larger foundations, transport effort
Slower: formwork, curing time (schedule impact)
Harder to modify later (cutting/chiseling)
Quality depends on batching, placement, vibration, curing
Structural Steel
Pros
Fast erection, high strength-to-weight, longer clear spans
Prefabricated accuracy; easy to modify/extend later
Smaller foundations due to lighter weight
Clean site (less wet work)
Cons
Requires fire protection (intumescent paint/encasement)
Needs corrosion protection (paint/galv), ongoing inspections
Fabrication tolerances & connections require skilled labor
Price can fluctuate with market/availability
Quick reinforcement tip for a 100 mm slab (general guidance only)
Typical light-duty: 10 mm bars @ 200 mm each way (top for negative moments over beams, bottom mid-span), 25–40 mm cover.
Always check your span, loads, and local code/structural design before finalizing.
VERNCULAR WORDS
Structural & Foundation
Sapatos / Pundasyon → Footing / Foundation
Haligi sa ilalim / Poste sa pundasyon → Pier
Haligi / Poste → Post / Column
Biga / Madre de biga → Girder / Beam
Sepo → Girt / Bridging / Horizontal Stud
Planchuela → Fish Plate
Bintelada / Suleras → Lintel / Header Joist
Wall Framing
Plate (Itaas) → Top Plate
Sililya / Plate (Ibaba) → Bottom Plate / Sole / Partition Sole
Barakilan / Stud → Vertical Stud / Common Stud
Trimmer Stud / Barakilan ng Bintana o Pinto → Jack Stud (Over / Under)
Gilid ng Bintana o Pinto → Jamb Stud / Secondary Jamb Stud
Sepo / Gitna ng Stud → Nogging / Bridging / Horizontal Stud
Cap Plate → Partition Cap
Trimmer Plate / Pang-ibabaw na Suleras → Head Trimmer
Floor Framing
Soleras / Soleras ng Sahig → Floor Joist
Pinagdikit na Soleras → Joist Splice
Sangkal / Harang → Solid Blocking
Sililya / Plate sa Sahig → Sill
Taktak / Base ng Sahig → Subfloor
Roof Framing
Kaballete / Tuktok na Tabla → Ridge Board
Kabalyo / Rafter → Rafters
Patig-ilid / Kabalyo sa gitna → Collar Tie
Suporta ng Rafter / Bracing → Rafter Brace
Kaballete ng Kanto → Hip Rafters
Kaballete ng Lambak → Valley Rafters
Kabalyo na putol → Jack Rafters
Soleras ng Kisame → Ceiling Joist
Purlina → Purlin
Konsola ng Purlina → Purlin Cleat
Tablang Bubong / Base ng Yero → Sheathing
Harapan / Dulo ng Bubong → Gable Ends
Fasya / Tabla sa Gilid ng Bubong → Fascia
Sofito / Soporte sa ilalim ng Bubong → Soffit
Truss Members
Poste sa Gitna ng Truss → King Post
Dalawang Poste sa Truss → Queen Post
Biga sa Ilalim ng Truss → Bottom Chord / Tie Beam
Rafter ng Truss → Top Chord
