ST CLEMENT’S SECONDARY SCHOOL

COMPUTER SCIENCE
ORDINARY LEVEL SECONDARY EDUCATION

FORM 1
Fundamentals of
Computing
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 SPECIFIC COMPETENCES
 1.1.1.1 Demonstrate understanding of essential computer software and hardware
 1.1.2.1 Demonstrate proper management of operating system and files
 1.1.3.1 Operate Commonly used application software
 1.1.4.1 Diagnose and resolve common computer problems

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

1.1.1 Computer Basics
 .

ACTIVITY 1

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Discussing history and
evolution of
computers
 LESSON COMPETENCES

 outline the major milestones in the history of computers, including key generations and
technological advancements.
 explain the characteristics and differences between the five generations of computers.
 analyze the impact of computer evolution on modern society and technological
development.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Pre-Computer Era: Early Tools for
Calculation
Abacus (c. 2400 BCE): One of the earliest
known tools for arithmetic.
Napier's Bones (1617): A manual
calculator for multiplication and division.
Slide Rule (1622): Used for engineering
and scientific calculations before electronic
calculators.
 Mechanical Era (17th–19th Century)
 Blaise Pascal (1642): Built the Pascaline, a mechanical calculator
using gears.
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1673): Developed the Step
Reckoner, which could perform all four arithmetic operations.
 Charles Babbage (1830s):
 Difference Engine: Designed for polynomial calculations.
 Analytical Engine: The first concept of a general-purpose computer,
programmable via punched cards (never fully built in his lifetime).
 Ada Lovelace: Considered the first computer programmer for
her work on Babbage's Analytical Engine.
Electromechanical Era (1930s–
1940s)
Konrad Zuse (1941): First
programmable electromechanical
computer.
Harvard Mark I (1944): A relay-based
electromechanical computer developed
by IBM and Harvard.
First Generation (1940s–1950s) –
Vacuum Tubes

ENIAC (1945): First general-purpose

electronic digital computer, used vacuum
tubes and occupied a huge room.
Limitations: Bulky, generated a lot of heat,
and consumed massive electricity.
Second Generation (1950s–1960s) –
Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes:

Smaller, faster, and more energy-
efficient.
Notable Machines: IBM 1401, UNIVAC
II.
High-level programming languages:
COBOL, FORTRAN emerged.
Third Generation (1960s–1970s) –
Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits (ICs): Allowed

multiple transistors on a single chip.
Smaller and more powerful: Birth of
minicomputers.
Example: IBM System/360 family.
 Fourth Generation (1970s–Present) –
Microprocessors

Microprocessor invented (1971): Intel 4004,

a full CPU on a single chip.
Rise of Personal Computers (PCs):
Apple I & II (1976–1977), IBM PC (1981).
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): Made
computers user-friendly (Apple Macintosh,
Microsoft Windows).
Fifth Generation and Beyond – AI and
Modern Computing
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Began to be
integrated in the 1980s; now widespread.
Cloud computing, mobile devices, quantum
computing, IoT, and machine learning
characterize modern developments.
Key Trends:
 Ubiquitous computing (phones, watches, smart
appliances).
 Massive data processing and real-time analytics.
 Natural language processing (ChatGPT).
 Future Directions
Quantum Computing: Uses quantum bits
(qubits); promises exponential speedup for
certain tasks.
Neuromorphic Computing: Mimics the human
brain’s structure.
AI Integration: Increasingly powerful AI
shaping automation, robotics, and human-
computer interaction.
 EXERCISE
1. List and describe the major generations of computers.

2. Who is considered the "Father of the Computer" and what was his major
contribution?
.
3. Compare and contrast the features of first-generation and fifth-generation
computers.

4. Explain how the invention of the microprocessor impacted the development of

personal computers.

5. Create a timeline highlighting at least five major milestones in the evolution of

computers.
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 .

ACTIVITY 2

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Classifying types of
computers
 LESSON COMPETENCES
 identify and describe different types of computers (supercomputers,
mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers).
 classify computers based on size, purpose, and processing power.
 compare and contrast various types of computers in terms of
functionality and usage in different fields.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 types of computers
There are four main types of computers,
categorized by size, power, and purpose:
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframe Computers
3. Minicomputers (Midrange Computers)
4. Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
 Based on Size and Power
Supercomputers
 Extremely powerful and fast
 Used for complex scientific calculations, weather
forecasting, nuclear simulations
Mainframe Computers
 Large systems used by corporations and governments
 Handle large volumes of data and support
hundreds/thousands of users simultaneously
Minicomputers (Mid-range
computers)

Smaller than mainframes, used in small

businesses
Serve as servers or for tasks like
database management
Now mostly obsolete; replaced by
powerful servers
 Microcomputers (Personal
Computers)
 Includes desktops, laptops, tablets
 For general use: browsing, office work, gaming
 Examples: Dell desktop PC, MacBook, iPad
Embedded Systems
 Computers built into other devices (non-general
purpose)
 Found in cars, washing machines, routers, medical
devices
 Perform specific tasks with minimal user interface
 Based on Purpose
General-Purpose Computers
 Designed to perform a wide variety of tasks
 Can run many types of software
 Examples: PCs, laptops
Special-Purpose Computers
 Built for a specific task
 Highly optimized for that function
 Examples: ATMs, traffic light controllers, digital
watches
 Based on Performance/Processing
Power
Analog Computers
 Operate on continuous data
 Used in scientific simulations and engineering applications (mostly
obsolete)
Digital Computers
 Operate on binary data (0s and 1s)
 Most common type today (includes desktops, laptops)
Hybrid Computers
 Combine features of analog and digital
 Used in specialized areas like hospitals for monitoring and diagnostics
Based on Form Factor

Desktop Computers
Laptop Computers
Tablets
Smartphones
Wearables (smartwatches)
 EXERCISE
1. A small retail shop needs a computer system to manage sales transactions and
print receipts. Based on its function and size, classify the most suitable type of
computer for this scenario. Justify your answer.
2. Compare and contrast the features of a supercomputer and a microcomputer in
terms of speed, cost, and typical usage. Provide two examples of where each
might be used.
3. Create a table that lists at least four types of computers (e.g., microcomputer,
minicomputer, mainframe, supercomputer), and classify each based on size,
processing power, and common users or industries.
4. Label the diagram of various computer types (given or described) and explain
why each belongs to its specific category (e.g., handheld, personal, server,
mainframe, supercomputer).

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 3

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Analysing components of
computer hardware
LESSON COMPETENCES
 identify and classify the main components of computer hardware (input, output,
processing, and storage devices) based on their functions.
 analyse the roles and interdependence of different hardware components in the
functioning of a computer system.
 demonstrate the ability to assemble or label computer hardware components and
explain their individual contributions to overall system performance.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

MAIN components of computer

Input devices
processing unit (CPU)
storage devices
 Output devices.
 Input devices
 Keyboard – used to type text and commands.
 Mouse – used to point, click, and drag on a computer screen.
 Scanner – converts physical documents into digital format.
 Microphone – captures sound and converts it into digital
data.
 Webcam – captures video input.
 Touchscreen – allows users to interact directly by touching
the screen.
 Joystick – used mostly in gaming and simulations.
 Digital Camera – captures images as input to a computer.
 Barcode Reader – reads data from barcodes.
 Light Pen – used to draw or select objects on the screen.
processing unit (CPU)

It is often called the "brain of the computer"

because it performs all the processing tasks,
such as:
Carrying out instructions from programs
Performing calculations
Controlling input, output, and storage
devices
 storage devices
Primary Storage Devices (Temporary
storage)
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Stores
data temporarily while the computer is on.
ROM (Read Only Memory) – Stores
permanent instructions needed for startup.
 Secondary Storage Devices (Permanent storage)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD
Solid State Drive (SSD)
USB Flash Drive
Memory Card (SD Card)
CD/DVD
External Hard Drive
Cloud Storage – Online storage (Google Drive,
Dropbox).
 Output devices
 Monitor – Displays text, images, and videos visually.
 Printer – Produces a physical (printed) copy of digital
documents or images.
 Speakers – Output sound or audio from the computer.
 Headphones – Personal audio output device.
 Projector – Displays images or videos onto a large screen or
surface.
 Plotter – Prints large-scale images, such as blueprints or
engineering drawings.
 Braille Display – Outputs text in braille for visually impaired
users.
 components of computer
hardware
Computer hardware refers to all the physical, tangible
parts of a computer system that you can see and touch.
These are the components that work together to
perform computing tasks.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Function: Connects the computer to a network
(Ethernet or Wi-Fi).
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Function: Acts as the brain of the computer; performs
calculations and executes instructions.
Memory (RAM)
 Function: Temporary storage for active data and
programs.
Peripheral Devices
 Examples:
 Keyboard and mouse (input)
 Monitor (output)
 Printer, scanner (input/output)
 Storage Devices
 Function: Long-term data storage.
 Types:
 HDD (Hard Disk Drive): High capacity, slower speeds.
 SSD (Solid State Drive): Faster access, lower latency.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
 Function: Converts electrical power into usable voltage for the
components.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
 Function: Renders images, video, and animations; essential for
gaming and content creation.
Cooling Systems
Function: Maintains optimal operating
temperatures.
Optical Drives (optional)
Function: Reads/writes CDs, DVDs, or Blu-
rays.
Input/Output Ports
Function: Interface for peripherals and
external devices.
 EXERCISE
1.List four major components of computer hardware
and explain the function of each in the operation of a
computer system.
2 Compare RAM (Random Access Memory) and hard
disk drive (HDD) volatility, and suitability for
storage. Classify the following as input, output, processing,
or storage devices:
• Keyboard, Monitor, CPU, SSD, Scanner, Printer and plotter

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 4

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Classifying types of
software
LESSON COMPETENCES
 define and distinguish between different types of software, including system
software, application software, and programming software.
 categorize given software examples into the correct type (e.g., classifying MS
Word as application software and Windows OS as system software).
 analyze real-world computing scenarios and identify the appropriate type of
software used in each case.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

types of software
Computer software refers to the set of
instructions, programs, or data that tell a
computer what to do and how to do it. It is the
non-physical (intangible) part of a computer
system.
1. System Software
2. Application Software
 System Software
Software that manages and controls computer
hardware so that other software can function.
Examples:
• Operating Systems (OS) (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
• Device Drivers (help hardware communicate with the OS)
• Utility Programs (antivirus, disk cleanup tools)
Purpose: Provides a platform for running application
software and manages hardware resources.
 Application Software
Programs designed for end-users to perform
specific tasks.
Examples:
• Word processors (Microsoft Word)
• Web browsers (Google Chrome, Firefox)
• Media players (VLC)
• Games
Purpose: Helps users accomplish real-world tasks.
 Programming Software
Tools used by developers to write, test, and
maintain software.
Examples:
• Text editors (Notepad++, Sublime Text)
• Compilers and interpreters (GCC, Python
interpreter)
• Debuggers and IDEs (Visual Studio, Eclipse)
Purpose: Facilitates software development.
Driver Software
Specialized system software that allows the
operating system to interact with hardware
devices.
Examples:
• Printer drivers
• Graphics card drivers
Purpose: Enables hardware components to work
properly with the computer system.
 EXERCISE
1. You are given the following software: Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Windows
11, and Avast Antivirus. Classify each one as either system software, application
software, or utility software. Justify your classification.
2. Imagine your school is setting up a new computer lab. You are responsible for
recommending three types of software to install. Choose one system software,
one application software, and one utility software. Explain how each type will
help users in the lab.
3. Compare system software and application software. Provide two differences and
give one example of each type that is commonly used in schools.
4. A student complains that their computer is running slowly and crashing often.
What type of software could help fix this problem? Suggest two specific utility
programs and explain how each one helps improve system performance.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 5

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Operating essential computer
software and hardware
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Identify essential computer hardware and their uses.
 Operate basic hardware devices like keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
 Use essential software such as an operating system and basic applications.
 Perform basic file management tasks (e.g., create folders, save documents).

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 Essential Computer Hardware

These are the physical parts of a computer

required for it to operate.
Examples:
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – processes data.
Monitor – displays output.
Keyboard and Mouse – for user input.
RAM – stores data temporarily.
Hard Drive/SSD – stores data permanently.
 Essential Computer Software
 This includes the programs that are necessary for the
hardware to function and for users to perform basic tasks.
Examples:
 Operating System (Windows, macOS, Linux) – manages
hardware and software resources.
 Utility Software (antivirus, file management tools) –
maintains and optimizes system performance.
 Application Software (Microsoft Word, web browsers) –
allows users to do specific tasks.
Basic Operations
Hardware Operations
Turning the computer on and off properly.
Connecting input/output devices (mouse,
printer).
Using a keyboard and mouse to interact
with the system.
Software Operations

Logging into an operating system.

Launching and closing applications.
Saving, opening, and printing files.
Running antivirus scans or updating
software.
EXERCISE
1. List three essential hardware components of a
computer and describe their functions.

2. Explain the steps to start a computer, open a word

processing application, and create a new file.

3. Your mouse is not responding. Suggest two hardware

checks you would perform and explain what you would
do if it still doesn’t work..

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

1.1.2 Operating system

and file management

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Specific competences
 1.1.2.1 Demonstrate proper management of operating system
and files
 .

ACTIVITY 1

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Discussing functions of an
operating system
 LESSON COMPETENCES
 Identify and explain the major functions of an operating system.
 Relate operating system functions to real-life computer use.
 Evaluate the importance of an operating system in managing hardware and software resources.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 Functions of an Operating
System
An Operating System (OS) is a vital system software that manages the
hardware and software resources of a computer. It acts as a bridge
between the user and the computer hardware, enabling smooth
interaction and operation.
 Managing Hardware Resources
 File Management
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 User Interface
 Security and Access Control
 Device Management
 Managing Hardware Resources
The OS controls and coordinates the use of the
hardware among various application programs.
Examples:
Allocating memory to applications.
Managing CPU time.
Controlling devices like keyboard, printer, or hard
drives.
File Management
The OS manages the creation, storage,
retrieval, and organization of files on storage
devices.
Examples:
Creating folders.
Saving or deleting files.
Keeping track of file locations and access
permissions.
Process Management

The OS manages processes (programs in

execution), including multitasking and
process scheduling.
Examples:
Running multiple applications at the same
time.
Switching between programs without
crashing.
Memory Management
The OS handles the system’s memory,
ensuring each application has enough
memory to function properly without
interfering with others.
Examples:
Allocating RAM to active applications.
Preventing programs from using each other’s
memory.
 User Interface
The OS provides a way for users to interact with
the computer — either through a Graphical
User Interface (GUI) or a Command Line
Interface (CLI).
Examples:
Start menu, desktop, icons, taskbar (GUI).
Typing commands (CLI).
 Security and Access Control
The OS helps protect data and system
integrity by managing user permissions
and security settings.
Examples
Password protection.
User account control.
Antivirus integration and firewall settings.
Device Management

The OS manages device drivers and

controls how data is sent and received
from peripherals.
Examples:
Sending a document to the printer.
Detecting USB drives or connecting to Wi-
Fi.
 EXERCISE
1. List and explain any three major functions of an operating system. Give an
example for each function.
2. You are using a computer to type a document, listen to music, and download a
file at the same time. Which function of the operating system is at work here,
and how does it help?
3. If your computer does not recognize a newly connected printer, which
operating system function might not be working correctly, and what could you
do to fix it?
4. Explain how the file management function of an operating system helps you
stay organized when saving and locating schoolwork on a computer.
5. Imagine a computer without an operating system. What challenges would a
user face? Discuss two major difficulties.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 2

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Demonstrating proper handling
of operating system
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Learners will be able to identify the types and basic functions of
operating systems used in computers and digital devices.
 Learners will be able to demonstrate correct procedures for performing
basic operating system tasks, such as file management, user settings
adjustment, and application launching.
 Learners will be able to apply appropriate methods for maintaining and
troubleshooting an operating system, including safe shutdown, updates,
and system recovery options.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

handling of operating system
Demonstrating proper handling of an operating
system (OS) involves understanding best
practices for its use, maintenance, and security to
ensure optimal performance, stability, and safety.
Installation and Setup
Regular Maintenance
Security Practices
User Management
Software Management
Troubleshooting and Recovery
Performance Optimization
Proper Shutdown and Restart
Installation and Setup
Choose the Right OS
Clean Installation
Partitioning
Driver Installation
Regular Maintenance

Keep the OS Updated

Monitor Performance
Defragmentation
 Security Practices

Use Strong Passwords

Enable Firewall
Install Antivirus
Be Cautious with Downloads
Regular Backups
 User Management
 Create Standard Accounts: Use non-admin accounts for
daily tasks to limit system changes.
 Example: In Windows, go to Settings > Accounts > Family &
other users to add a standard user.
 Manage Permissions: Restrict access to sensitive files or
directories.
 Log Out or Lock: Secure the system when not in use.
 Example: Press Win + L on Windows
Software Management

Install Only Necessary Software

Uninstall Unused Software
Update Software
 Troubleshooting and Recovery

Use Built-in Tools:

Safe Mode
Create Recovery Media
System Restore
Performance Optimization

Disable Unnecessary Startup Programs

Manage Services
Upgrade Hardware (if needed
Proper Shutdown and Restart

Avoid Forced Shutdowns

Save Work Before Closing
Restart Periodically
 EXERCISE
1. You notice your computer is running slower than usual, and you
suspect outdated software may be the cause.
Task: Outline the steps to check for and install the latest system updates
on your chosen OS. Explain why keeping the OS updated is important.
2. You want to protect your computer from unauthorized network access.
Task: Provide step-by-step instructions to enable and configure the
firewall on your chosen OS. Specify at least one service or port you
would allow (e.g., SSH for Linux, HTTP for web servers). Explain how a
firewall enhances OS security.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 3

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Installing and updating
the operating
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Learners will be able to identify the requirements and types of operating
systems suitable for various computing environments.
 Learners will be able to demonstrate the correct procedure for installing an
operating system using installation media or network-based methods.
 Learners will be able to perform and verify operating system updates to
enhance system performance, security, and compatibility.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Why Install or Update an OS?
Installation: Required for new computers,
replacing corrupted OS, or switching to a
different OS.
Updates: Provide security patches, bug fixes, and
new features to improve performance and protect
against threats.
Preparing for OS Installation (15
minutes)

System Requirements
Check the minimum hardware requirements
for the OS (RAM, CPU, storage).
Example for Windows 11:
4 GB RAM, 64 GB storage, 64-bit processor,
TPM 2.0, Secure Boot.
Installing the Operating System

Create Bootable Installation Media

Download Windows ISO:
Visit Microsoft’s official website (
https://www.microsoft.com/software-
download).
Select your Windows version (Windows 10 or
11) and download the ISO file.
 Create Bootable USB

Use the Windows Media Creation Tool

(download from Microsoft’s site):
Run the tool, select “Create installation media for
another PC.”
Choose language, edition, and architecture (64-bit
or 32-bit).
Select “USB flash drive” and follow prompts to
format and write the ISO to the USB.
 Prepare the Computer
Backup Data: Copy important files to an external drive
or cloud storage.
Check BIOS/UEFI Settings:
 Restart the PC and enter BIOS/UEFI (usually by pressing F2,
Del, or Esc during boot).
 Set the USB drive or DVD as the first boot device in the boot
order.
 Enable Secure Boot and TPM (if required, especially for
Windows 11).
 Save changes and exit.
Boot from Installation Media
Insert the USB drive or DVD.
Restart the computer; it should boot
from the media (press any key if
prompted).
If it doesn’t boot, re-enter BIOS and
confirm the boot order.
 Install Windows
 Language and Region: Select your language, time format, and
keyboard layout, then click “Next.”
 Install Now: Click “Install Now” on the Windows Setup screen.
 Enter Product Key: Input your 25-character product key (or
skip if using a digital license tied to your Microsoft account).
 Accept License Terms: Check the box and click “Next.”
 Installation Type:
 Choose Custom: Install Windows only (advanced) for a clean install.
 Select the drive/partition where you want Windows installed. For a
clean install, delete existing partitions (if safe) and select unallocated
space.
 Click “Next” to begin installation (this may take 10–30 minutes, with
automatic restarts).
 Tips and Troubleshooting
 No Product Key?: You can skip the key during installation, but some
features may be limited until activated.
 Won’t Boot from USB?: Ensure the USB is formatted as FAT32 or
NTFS and created with a compatible tool. Check BIOS for
legacy/UEFI boot settings.
 Slow Installation?: Verify the USB is USB 3.0 (if supported) and
plugged into a matching port for faster speeds.
 Error Codes: Note any error codes during installation and search
Microsoft’s support site or let me know for specific guidance.
 Windows 11 TPM/Secure Boot Issues: If your PC doesn’t meet
requirements, consider Windows 10 or use a workaround (e.g.,
registry tweaks), but be cautious as these may affect stability.
 Updating the Operating System
 Importance of Updates
 Security patches protect against vulnerabilities (malware,
ransomware).
 Feature updates add new functionalities or improve user
experience.
 Driver updates ensure hardware compatibility.
How to Update Windows:
 Go to Settings > Windows Update.
 Click “Check for updates” and install available updates.
 Restart if prompted.
EXERCISE
1.What is an operating system?
2.What are two common types of OS installation?
3.Why is it important to update an operating system?
4.List three steps in the OS installation process.
5.Name two things to do before installing an OS.
6.How do you check for updates on Windows

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 4

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Applying file management tasks
such as copying, pasting,
renaming and
deleting
LESSON COMPETENCES
 describe the purpose and function of copying, pasting, renaming, and deleting
files in a computer system.
 demonstrate how to copy, paste, rename, and delete files and folders using
standard operating system tools (Windows Explorer or macOS Finder).

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

file management tasks
Applying file management tasks like
copying, pasting, renaming, and deleting
can be done using different methods
depending on your operating system or
environment.
 Copying a File

Windows/macOS (GUI)
Right-click on the file > select Copy.
Navigate to the desired folder > Right-click
> select Paste.
 Pasting a File

This is the follow-up step after copying:

Navigate to the target location and use
Paste in GUI.
Renaming a File

Windows/macOS (GUI):
Right-click > Rename, or single-click and
type new name.
 Deleting a File

Windows/macOS (GUI):
Right-click > Delete or press Del key.
 EXERCISE

1.Locate a file named project.docx on your

desktop. Copy it and paste it into a folder
named Backup in your Documents directory.
2. Go to the folder named Old_Projects and
delete the file named draft1.txt.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 5

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Organizing files and folders
using appropriate naming
convention and directories
structures
LESSON COMPETENCES
 identify and implement appropriate naming conventions that enhance file
organization, search ability, and clarity in both personal and collaborative digital
environments.
 demonstrate the ability to design, create, and maintain a well-structured
directory (folder) hierarchy suited to various contexts such as academic, personal,
or professional projects.
 assess the organization of a file system, identify inefficiencies or inconsistencies,
and propose improvements using best practices in naming and structuring
directories.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Organizing files and folders
Organizing files and folders with an appropriate
naming convention is essential for clarity,
consistency, and efficiency—especially in
collaborative or long-term projects.
Be Descriptive and Consistent
Use Lowercase and Hyphens or Underscores
Use ISO Date Format for Chronological Sorting
Format: YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD
Version Control: v1, v1.1, final, revA
Avoid Special Characters
Avoid: * ? < > \ / : | "
Folder Organization
📁 Main Folder ("Work" or
"Personal") ├── 📁 Finance
│ │ ├── 📁 Invoices
├── 📁 Projects │ ├── 📁 Receipts
│ ├── 📁 ProjectA_2024 │ └── 📁 Tax_2024
│ │ ├── 📁 Documents
│
│ │ ├── 📁 Media
├── 📁 Archive
(Old/Completed Files)
│ │ └── 📁 Contracts
└── 📁 Templates
│ └── 📁 ProjectB_2024
(Reusable Files)
 File Naming Convention
Examples
Type Good Example Bad Example
sales-summary-
Report finalreport.xlsx
2025-q1.xlsx
Script backup-database.sh script.sh
product-shot-123-
Images img001.jpg
front.jpg
marketing-pitch-
Presentations presentation.pptx
v3.pptx
Logs/Exports log-2025-05-16.txt newlog.txt
 EXERCISE
1. Create a main folder for your school projects named
School_Projects_2025. Inside it, create subfolders for each
subject: Math, English, Science, and History.
2. You have the following files in your Downloads folder:
doc1.docx, image123.jpg, and notes.txt. Rename them to reflect
their content.
3. Create a folder structure to organize weekly assignments for
the subject "Science" for the month of May 2025.
4. Design a folder and file naming system that helps you easily
locate photos by event and date (Photos_2025 > 2025-03-
15_Birthday, 2025-04-01_FieldTrip). Explain your system.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 6

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Utilizing search functions to
locate files and programs
efficiently.
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Identify and explain the purpose of search functions in an operating system.
 Demonstrate the ability to use built-in search features to locate specific files,
folders, or applications.
 Apply advanced search techniques to filter results based on file type, date
modified, or location.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

search functions
Utilizing search functions efficiently can
dramatically speed up your workflow by
helping you find files, folders, and programs
without digging through directories
manually.
 Windows Search Tips

Basic Search (File Explorer or Start Menu)

Press Windows + S or click the Start button and
start typing.
Use File Explorer search bar to search within a
specific folder.
 Useful Search Operators
Function Example Description
File type *.pdf All PDF files
Files or folders with
Keyword in name report
"report" in the name
Look for "budget" in
Specific folder foldername: budget
that folder
datemodified:this Files modified this
Date modified
month month
Files larger than
File size size:>100MB
100MB
Tips for Efficient Searching
 Use consistent naming conventions so searches are
predictable.
 Tag files (on macOS or in Windows file properties) for
keyword-based organization.
 Combine date, type, and keywords for laser-focused
searches.
 Regularly index your files if using tools like locate or
Everything.
 EXERCISE
1. What are the different search tools available in your operating system
and how do they function
2. How can you use keywords and filters (such as file type, date modified,
or file size) to refine your search results?
3. What are the advantages of using keyboard shortcuts or command-line
search tools (e.g., Ctrl + F, Search bar, grep, or find) when locating files or programs?
4. What common issues might prevent a file or program from appearing
in search results, and how can you troubleshoot them?
5. How does effective file organization complement the use of search
functions to improve efficiency in locating digital resources?

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

1.1.3 Application
Software
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
Specific competences

1.1.3.1 Operate Commonly used application

software
 .

ACTIVITY 1

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Discussing application software
and their functions
LESSON COMPETENCES
 identify different types of application software and describe their primary
functions.
 compare and contrast various application software based on their features and
use cases.
 select appropriate application software for specific real-life tasks or scenarios.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 application software and their
functions

Application software refers to programs

designed to perform specific tasks for
users.
These are different from system
software, which manages the hardware
and basic system operations.
Word Processors

Function: Create, edit, format, and print

text documents.
Examples: Microsoft Word, Google
Docs, LibreOffice Writer
Uses: Writing reports, letters, essays,
resumes.
Spreadsheet Software

Function: Organize, analyze, and store data

in tabular form, often with calculations and
charts.
Examples: Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets,
LibreOffice
Uses: Budgeting, financial analysis, data
visualization.
 Presentation Software
Function: Create slide shows with text,
images, videos, and animations.
Examples: Microsoft PowerPoint, Google
Slides, Keynote
Uses : Business presentations, educational
lectures, pitches.
Database Management Systems
(DBMS)

Function: Store, manage, and retrieve large

volumes of data efficiently.
Examples: MySQL, Microsoft Access, Oracle
Database
Uses : Managing customer records,
inventory, and transactions.
Graphic Design Software

Function: Create and edit visual content like

images, logos, and illustrations.
Examples: Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator,
GIMP, CorelDRAW
Uses: Advertising, digital art, photo editing.
Web Browsers

Function: Access and navigate the

internet.
Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, Safari
Uses: Surfing the web, accessing web
applications.
Email Clients

Function: Manage sending, receiving, and

organizing emails.
Examples: Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla
Thunderbird, Apple Mail
Uses: Professional and personal
communication.
Multimedia Software

Function: Play, edit, or create audio and

video files.
Examples: VLC Media Player, Adobe
Premiere Pro, Audacity
Uses: Video editing, podcasting, music
playback.
Enterprise Software
Function: Support large-scale business
processes.
Examples: ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning) like SAP, CRM (Customer
Relationship Management) like Salesforce
Uses: Managing supply chains, customer
relations, HR, accounting.
Educational Software

Function: Facilitate learning and

training.
Examples: Duolingo, Khan Academy,
Blackboard
Uses: Online courses, language learning,
virtual classrooms.
 EXERCISE
1. What is application software, and how does it differ from system
software?
2. Can you identify and describe the functions of three common types of
application software (e.g., word processors, spreadsheets, and
presentation tools)?
3. How does application software enhance productivity in a business or
educational setting?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cloud-based
application software compared to traditional desktop applications?
5. How would you choose the most appropriate application software for a
specific task, such as editing a photo or managing finances?

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 2

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Identifying commonly used
application software
LESSON COMPETENCES
1. Demonstrate understanding of different categories of application software and
their functions.
2. Analyze and differentiate between various application software based on their
features and use cases.
3. Select and justify appropriate application software for given tasks or scenarios.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

1. Microsoft Office Suite
 Includes: Word (word processing), Excel (spreadsheets),
PowerPoint (presentations), Outlook (email).
 Use: Business, education, personal productivity.
2. Google Workspace (formerly G Suite)
 Includes: Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, Gmail.
 Use: Cloud-based productivity tools for collaboration.
3. Web Browsers
Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
Microsoft Edge, Safari.
Use: Accessing websites and online applications.
4. Email Clients
Examples: Microsoft Outlook, Gmail (web-
based), Apple Mail.
Use: Managing email communications.
5. Adobe Creative Cloud
Includes: Photoshop (photo editing), Illustrator
(vector graphics), Premiere Pro (video editing).
Use: Graphic design, video production, digital content
creation.
6. Media Players
Examples: VLC Media Player, Windows Media
Player.
Use: Playing audio and video files.
7. Antivirus Software
Examples: Norton, McAfee, Avast.
Use: Protecting computers from malware
and viruses.
8. Messaging Apps
Examples: Microsoft Teams, Slack, Zoom.
Use: Team communication, video
conferencing, collaboration.
9. Accounting Software
• Examples: QuickBooks, FreshBooks, Xero.
• Use: Managing finances, invoicing, payroll.
• 10. Social Media Apps
• Examples: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter.
• Use: Social networking and content sharing
EXERCISE
1. What is application software, and how does it differ from system
software?
2. Can you list five commonly used application software programs
and explain their primary functions?
3. Which application software would you use for creating a
presentation, and why?
4. How does a word processor differ from a spreadsheet program in
terms of usage?
5. Why is it important to choose the right application software for a
specific task? Give an example.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 .

ACTIVITY 3

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Demonstrating installation
of application software
(VLC, Chrome, Adobe...)
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Identify and follow the correct procedures for downloading and installing
common application software such as VLC, Google Chrome, and Adobe Reader.
 Evaluate system requirements and ensure compatibility before installing
application software.
 Demonstrate safe, legal, and ethical practices in downloading and installing
software, including avoiding malicious sources and understanding software
licenses.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 General Tips for Installing Software
Always download software from the official
website to avoid malware.
Pay attention to optional offers during
installation (toolbars, antivirus trials) and
uncheck if you don’t want them.
Make sure your computer meets the system
requirements.
After installation, it’s good practice to restart
your computer (sometimes needed).
Installing VLC Media Player on
Windows
1.Open your web browser (Edge or Chrome).
2.Go to the official VLC website:
https://www.videolan.org/vlc/
3.Click on the 8j Download VLC button.
4.Once the installer file downloads (usually in
your “Downloads” folder), double-click the file
( vlc-3.0.18-win64.exe).
5.The VLC setup wizard will open. Click Next.
6.Read and accept the License Agreement, then
click Next.
7.Choose the installation location or leave it as
default, click Next.
8.Choose components if needed, then click Install.
9.Wait for the installation to complete.
10.Click Finish to exit the setup wizard.
11.VLC Media Player is now installed and ready to
use! You can find it in your Start Menu.
Installing Google Chrome
1.Open your current web browser.
2.Go to the official Chrome download page:
https://www.google.com/chrome/
3.Click Download Chrome.
4.Agree to the Terms of Service and download the installer.
5.Open the downloaded file (usually called ChromeSetup.exe).
6.The installer will launch and automatically download and
install Chrome.
7.Once done, Chrome will open, and you can set it as your
default browser if you want.
 Installing Adobe Acrobat Reader
 Open your web browser.
 Go to the official Adobe Acrobat Reader download
page: https://get.adobe.com/reader/
 Uncheck any optional offers (McAfee Security Scan).
 Click Download Acrobat Reader.
 Open the downloaded installer file.
 Follow the prompts to install Acrobat Reader.
 Once complete, you can open PDF files with Adobe
Reader.
 EXERCISE
1. What are the steps involved in downloading and installing
VLC Media Player on a Windows or Mac computer?
2. Why is it important to verify the source of software before
installing applications like Chrome or Adobe Reader?
3. What are the key system requirements to check before
installing software such as Adobe Acrobat Reader?
4. During the installation of Google Chrome, what options can
you customize, and why might you want to do so?
5. What common issues might users encounter during software
installation, and how can they be resolved?
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 .

1.1.4 Basic trouble

shooting
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
Specific competences

1.1.4.1 Diagnose and resolve common computer

problems
 .

ACTIVITY 1

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Analyzing computer
error messages
LESSON COMPETENCES
 identify and interpret common computer error messages to determine their
causes.
 apply troubleshooting steps to resolve computer errors based on the messages
displayed.
 document and explain computer error messages and their resolutions clearly,
using appropriate technical language.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Read the Error Message Carefully

Error messages often provide key

details like error codes, file names, or
the operation that failed.
Example: “Error 404: Page Not Found”
clearly indicates a missing webpage.
 Identify the Type of Error
Syntax Errors: Usually in programming, caused by
incorrect code format.
Runtime Errors: Occur while the program is running
(e.g., division by zero).
Logical Errors: Program runs but produces incorrect
results.
System Errors: OS-level problems like file not found,
disk full.
Application Errors: Specific to software apps (e.g.,
VLC unable to open a file).
Check for an Error Code

Many errors include codes (like 0x80070005 or

404).
These codes can be searched online for detailed
explanations and solutions.
Look at the Context

What were you doing when the error

occurred? Installing software? Opening
a file? Running a game?
This helps narrow down causes.
 Common Examples and What
They Mean
 Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)” on Windows: Severe
system error usually caused by hardware or driver issues.
 “Access Denied” or “Permission Denied”: You don’t have
the rights to perform the action.
 “File Not Found” or “404 Error”: The system or browser
cannot locate the file or webpage.
 “Application Has Stopped Working”: The program
crashed unexpectedly.
 “Out of Memory”: Your system ran out of RAM.
 Search for Solutions

Copy the exact error message and paste

it into search engines or support forums.
Often, others have had the same
problem with posted fixes.
 Use Built-in Tools

Windows Event Viewer: Logs system

and application errors.
Mac Console: Similar log viewer for
macOS.
Error Logs: Many apps keep logs you
can check.
 Examples of Troubleshooting
If you get “DLL file missing”, reinstall the
software or download the missing DLL
carefully.
For “Printer offline”, check the printer
connection and restart the printer.
If “Slow computer” error, check for malware,
close unused apps, or upgrade RAM.
 EXERCISE
1. What key information can be found in a typical error message, and how can
each part help diagnose the issue?

2. How can you distinguish between syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical
errors based on the message provided?

3. What steps would you take to research an unfamiliar error message? What
keywords would you search for?

4. Given the following error message, what is the most likely cause, and how
would you fix it?

5. How can improving error message comprehension benefit software

development or technical troubleshooting in real-world scenarios?
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 .

ACTIVITY 2

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Isolating common computer
problems
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Identify and describe common hardware and software problems encountered in
personal computers.
 Apply basic troubleshooting techniques to isolate and resolve common computer
problems.
 communicate technical findings and solutions to peers or users using appropriate
terminology.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

common computer problems
Common computer problems most users
encounter, grouped into hardware, software,
and network categories.
 Hardware-Related Problems
 Computer Won’t Turn On
 Faulty power supply, loose cables, dead battery, or damaged
motherboard.
 Overheating
 Blocked air vents, failing cooling fans, or accumulated dust.
 Unusual Noises
 Clicking or grinding sounds from the hard drive or fans.
 Peripheral Devices Not Working
 Keyboard, mouse, printer, or USB not detected (could be driver or port
issue).
 Display Issues
 Blank screen, distorted images, or screen flickering due to loose cables
or faulty GPU.
 Software-Related Problems
 Operating System Crashes or Freezes
 Corrupted files, insufficient memory (RAM), or outdated drivers.
 Slow Performance
 Too many startup programs, malware, or low disk space.
 Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)
 Windows system error caused by driver or hardware failure.
 Programs Not Responding or Crashing
 Software bugs, compatibility issues, or lack of updates.
 Missing or Corrupted Files
 Often due to improper shutdowns, malware, or user error.
Network and Connectivity Issues
 No Internet Connection
 Modem/router problems, disconnected cables, or ISP
outage.
 Wi-Fi Not Connecting
 Wrong password, signal interference, or disabled network
adapter.
 Slow Internet Speeds
 Network congestion, background apps consuming
bandwidth.
 Network Printer Not Detected
Computer Won’t Turn On

Check Power Supply

Inspect Power Button
Remove External Devices
Listen for Beeps
Try a Different Power Cable or Outlet.
Computer Runs Slowly

Check Task Manager (Ctrl+Shift+Esc)

Close Unnecessary Programs
Scan for Malware
Check for Low Disk Space
Update Software and Drivers.
Internet Connectivity Issues
Check Physical Connections
Restart Router/Modem.
Run Network Troubleshooter
Check IP Settings
Try Another Device.
Software Won’t Open or Crashes

Restart the Computer.

Update the Software: Developers fix bugs in
updates.
Reinstall the Software: Sometimes files get
corrupted.
Check for Compatibility: Ensure the software
matches your OS version.
Check System Requirements.
Printer Not Working
 Check Printer Power and Connection: USB or network.
 Set as Default Printer.
 Clear Print Queue: Sometimes stuck jobs cause
problems.
 Update or Reinstall Printer Drivers.
 Run Printer Troubleshooter (Windows).
Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)
 Note the Error Code: Search for the code online.
 Check Recent Hardware or Software Changes: Roll
back if necessary.
 Run Memory and Disk Checks: Tools like Windows
Memory Diagnostic.
 Update Drivers.
Overheating

Check if Fans Are Running.

Clean Dust from Vents and Fans.
Ensure Proper Ventilation.
Use Cooling Pads for Laptops.
Tips for Isolating Problems
Change One Variable at a Time: For
example, if troubleshooting a printer, try
different cables or computers.
Use Safe Mode: Runs Windows with
minimal drivers; helps isolate driver or
software issues.
Backup Important Data: Always backup
before major troubleshooting or reinstalling.
 EXERCISE
1. Your computer suddenly shuts down after a few minutes of use. What are three
possible causes of this problem, and how would you test or isolate each one?
2. A user reports that their monitor stays black even after turning on the computer. What
steps would you take to determine whether the issue lies with the monitor, graphics
card, or another component?
3. After installing a new program, a computer begins to run very slowly and freezes
often. What steps would you follow to isolate whether the issue is caused by the new
software or something else?
4. A laptop cannot connect to the internet, while other devices on the same network
work fine. List at least four steps you would take to diagnose and isolate the problem.
5. A user plugs in a USB printer, but the computer does not recognize it. Describe how
you would isolate whether the issue is with the printer, the USB port, or the operating
system settings.
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 .

ACTIVITY 3

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 Accessing help resources
such as built-in system guides
to resolve technical issues
LESSON COMPETENCES
 locate and describe different types of built-in help resources available in
operating systems and software applications.
 demonstrate the ability to navigate and utilize built-in help features to diagnose
and resolve common technical issues
 assess the usefulness of built-in system guides in resolving technical problems and
suggest when alternative support methods

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Ways to Access Help Resources
on a Computer
Using Built-in Help in Microsoft Applications
(eAccess, Word, Excel)
Press F1 on your keyboard.
 This opens the help window related to the
application you are using.
Use the Help tab or icon (usually marked with a
“?”).
 Example: In Microsoft Access, go to the Help menu
and search for terms like “Create Table” or
“Validation Rules”.
Using Windows Help and Support

Click the Start Menu and type “Help

and Support” or press F1 on the
desktop.
Use the search bar to type your issue
(e.g., “printer not working”, “slow
computer”).
Troubleshooters (Windows Settings)

Go to Settings > Update & Security >

Troubleshoot.
Select the appropriate troubleshooter (e.g.,
Internet Connections, Audio Playback,
Printer).
Click Run the troubleshooter to auto-detect
and fix issues.
 Right-click Context Help
Right-click on problematic items (like a device in
Device Manager or an application icon) and select
Troubleshoot or Properties to get more info.
Use Online Microsoft Support
Visit: https://support.microsoft.com
Search for your problem or use guided assistants
for Office, Windows, or Access-related issues.
 EXERCISE
1.You are trying to connect your laptop to a Wi-Fi network, but it's
not detecting any available networks. Describe the steps you would
take to access the built-in system help guide to troubleshoot this
issue.
2.Where can you find the built-in Help or Support section in your
Windows operating system? List the steps to access it
3.You are having trouble with your computer’s sound output. What
keywords would you type into the built-in help search bar to find a
relevant solution? Provide at least three keyword combinations.
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 .

ACTIVITY 4

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Resolving identified
problems
LESSON COMPETENCES
 identify, analyze, and propose effective solutions to real-life problems using
critical thinking strategies.
 work collaboratively to resolve identified problems, communicating their ideas
clearly and respectfully in group settings.
 apply subject-specific knowledge and skills to develop practical solutions to
contextual challenges.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

Resolving Identified Problems
Restart the Program or Computer
Check Settings or Preferences
Update Software
Repair the Installation
• Microsoft Office has a built-in repair tool via Control Panel >
Programs > Microsoft Office > Repair.
Check for Compatibility
Ensure that the software version is compatible with
your system.
Use Troubleshooters
Windows has built-in troubleshooters for
hardware, network, and software issues
(found in Settings > Update & Security >
Troubleshoot).
Seek Technical Support
If all else fails, consult an ICT teacher,
technician, or qualified expert.
 EXERCISE
1.Explain how you would determine whether a
problem is caused by hardware or software. Provide
one example of each type of issue and how you
would fix it.
2.After resolving a recurring issue with frequent
system crashes, what preventive actions would you
recommend to reduce the chances of similar
problems in the future?
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo
 .

ACTIVITY 5

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

 Recovering lost data or
from corrupted/damaged
storage devices
LESSON COMPETENCES
 Demonstrate the ability to identify, select, and apply appropriate data recovery
tools and techniques to retrieve data from damaged or corrupted storage devices.
 Apply systematic troubleshooting procedures to diagnose and resolve data loss
issues on various types of storage media
 Exhibit responsible behaviour in handling recovered data by adhering to ethical
and legal standards regarding data privacy and integrity.

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

methods to recover data from corrupted
or damaged storage devices
1. Data Recovery Software (Logical Damage)

Steps:
1. Download and install the software on a working computer.
2. Connect the corrupted device (hard drive, USB, SD card) to the computer.
3. Create a byte-to-byte disk image to avoid further damage to the original drive

•Scan the device or image, preview recoverable files, and save them to a different
storage device.
Best for: Corrupted file systems, deleted files, or RAW drives.
Tools: Disk Drill
•Note: Software won’t work for physically
damaged drives.
Connect to Another Computer or Use a
Bootable Disk (Drive Not Booting)
If the drive isn’t recognized or won’t boot, connect it to another
computer or use a bootable disk.
Steps:
•External Connection: Use a USB cable or external disk
enclosure to connect the damaged drive to a working
computer. If detected, copy files to a safe location.

•Bootable Disk: Create a bootable emergency disk (e.g., Live

CD/USB) on another computer, boot the affected system from
it, and transfer data to a safe storage
device.
•Check Disk Management: If the drive appears as RAW
or unreadable, use software like TestDisk to repair the
partition table or master boot record
(MBR).
•Best for: Drives with logical damage or minor physical issues
(loose connections).

•Note: Avoid repeated read attempts, as they may worsen

physical damage.
Professional Data Recovery Services
(Physical Damage)
For physically damaged drives (clicking noises, water damage, or
mechanical failure), professional services are required.
•Steps:
•Stop using the drive to prevent further damage (e.g.,
grinding platters).

•Contact a reputable service with ISO-certified cleanrooms

(e.g., Stellar, Secure Data Recovery, or Geek Squad).

•Choose a provider with strict privacy policies (NDAs,

secure data handling).
Preventive Tips
 Regularly back up data to external drives or cloud
storage.
 Use reliable antivirus software to prevent malware-
related corruption.
 Safely eject external devices to avoid file system
errors.

 Monitor drive health with S.M.A.R.T. tools or utilities

like CHKDSK.
EXERCISE
1. A user accidentally formatted their USB drive, which contained
important documents. Describe the steps you would take to recover
the lost data, including any tools or software you would use.
Explain why each step is necessary.
2. esearch and compare three data recovery tools (e.g., Recuva,
PhotoRec, EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard). Create a comparison
table showing their features, supported file systems, ease of use, and
effectiveness. Based on your findings, which tool would you
recommend for a beginner and why?

Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo

"Behind every
powerful program is a
simple principle: clear
logic, precise
instructions, and a
mind that knows how
to connect them."
Mario Kabula Makanga Chongo