Joint Publication 3-09.

Joint Tactics, Techniques,

and Procedures for
Close Air Support (CAS)

3 September 2003
Incorporating Change 1
2 September 2005
 PREFACE

1. Scope

This publication provides joint tactics, techniques, and procedures (JTTP) for joint fire support and
aviation planning, execution and control agencies, and aircrews in fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft to
attack targets in close proximity to friendly forces. It presents options the joint force commander (JFC)
can employ when planning and executing close air support in joint operations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
It sets forth doctrine and selected JTTP to govern the joint activities and performance of the Armed
Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for US military involvement
in multinational and interagency operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority
by combatant commanders and other JFCs and prescribes doctrine and selected tactics, techniques, and
procedures for joint operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces
in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the
JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to
ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and selected tactics, techniques, and procedures and guidance established in this
publication apply to the commanders of combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces,
and subordinate components of these commands. These principles and guidance also may apply when
significant forces of one Service are attached to forces of another Service or when significant forces of
one Service support forces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP) will be followed
except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. If conflicts
arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service publications, this publication
will take precedence for the activities of joint forces unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more current
and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational (alliance or coalition)
military command should follow multinational doctrine and procedures ratified by the United States.

i
Preface

For doctrine and procedures not ratified by the United States, commanders should evaluate and follow
the multinational command’s doctrine and procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law,
regulations, and doctrine.

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

JAMES A. HAWKINS
Major General, USAF
Vice Director, Joint Staff

ii JP 3-09.3
 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
REVISION OF JOINT PUBLICATION 3-09.3,
DATED 1 DECEMBER 1995

• Defines and discusses the position of joint terminal attack controller

(JTAC).

• Provides expanded guidance on the uses of close air support (CAS), to

include targeting.

• Adds guidance on the joint air attack team.

• Updates conditions required for effective CAS.

• Renames the “air operations center” as the “Air Force air and space
operations center.”

• Adds a discussion of Navy/Marine Corps command and control in

amphibious operations.

• Discusses special operations forces terminal guidance operations.

• Provides a discussion of CAS intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

requirements.

• Consolidates coverage of planning and requesting CAS into one chapter.

• Adds the five steps of CAS decision-making process.

• Adds a new chapter on CAS preparation to include rehearsals and pre-

combat preparations.

• Provides detailed discussion of joint terminal attack controller to combat

operations center/tactical operations center coordination.

iii
Summary of Changes

• Provides detailed discussion on the 3 types of CAS terminal attack control.

• Mandates verbal or digital read-back of Line 4 (elevation), Line 6 (target

location), and any restrictions provided by the JTAC from the 9-line CAS
briefing.

• Discusses urban CAS.

• Provides guidance on CAS execution with laser and inertial navigation

system/global positioning system guided weapons.

• Eliminates Appendices on communications equipment and aircraft and

helicopter capabilities.

• Adds the term “terminal attack control” and modifies the definitions of the
terms “terminal control” and “terminal guidance” in Joint Publication 1-02.

• Change 1 clarifies the types of CAS terminal attack control and updates
risk estimate distance data for aircraft-delivered ordnance.

iv JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNDAMENTALS

• Introduction ........................................................................................................................... I-1

• Close Air Support Defined ..................................................................................................... I-1
• Use of Close Air Support ....................................................................................................... I-3
• Close Air Support Integration ................................................................................................ I-4
• Fratricide ............................................................................................................................... I-4
• Fixed- and Rotary-Wing Close Air Support Employment ....................................................... I-5
• Conditions for Effective Close Air Support ............................................................................ I-6
• Responsibilities...................................................................................................................... I-8

CHAPTER II
COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, INTELLIGENCE,
SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE

• General ................................................................................................................................ II-1

• Close Air Support for Joint Force Operations ...................................................................... II-1
• Air Force/Army Command and Control ............................................................................... II-3
• Navy Command and Control .............................................................................................. II-11
• Marine Corps Command and Control ................................................................................. II-13
• Navy/Marine Corps Command and Control in Amphibious Operations .............................. II-15
• Special Operations Command and Control .......................................................................... II-15
• Communication Systems .................................................................................................... II-17
• Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance ................................................................... II-23

CHAPTER III
PLANNING AND REQUESTING

• Introduction ........................................................................................................................ III-1

• Deliberate Planning ............................................................................................................ III-1
• Crisis Action Planning ........................................................................................................ III-1
• Close Air Support in the Decision-making Process .............................................................. III-1
• Command and Staff Responsibilities ................................................................................. III-11
• Close Air Support Planning Considerations ....................................................................... III-12
• Integrating Close Air Support with Surface Fire Support ................................................... III-20
• Requesting Close Air Support ........................................................................................... III-26
• Forward Air Controller (Airborne) Planning ..................................................................... III-30

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER IV
PREPARATION

• Introduction ........................................................................................................................ IV-1

• Rehearsals .......................................................................................................................... IV-2
• Pre-Combat Preparations .................................................................................................... IV-6
• Communications ................................................................................................................. IV-7
• Movement/Positioning ...................................................................................................... IV-10

CHAPTER V
EXECUTION

• Introduction .......................................................................................................................... V-1

• Joint Terminal Attack Controller to Combat Operations Center/Tactical
Operations Center Coordination .......................................................................................... V-1
• Close Air Support Target Engagement ................................................................................ V-21
• Close Air Support Aircraft Tactics ....................................................................................... V-29
• Limited Visibility/Adverse Weather Considerations ............................................................ V-40
• Terrain Considerations ........................................................................................................ V-46
• Laser, Inertial Navigation System/Global Positioning System Guided, and
Digital Information Systems ............................................................................................. V-52
• AC-130 .............................................................................................................................. V-61

APPENDIX

A Planning Considerations for Close Air Support Using Night Vision Devices
and Infrared Pointers .................................................................................................... A-1
B Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (DD Form 1972).......................................................... B-1
C Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide .......................................... C-1
D Risk-Estimate Distances .................................................................................................. D-1
E References ...................................................................................................................... E-1
F Administrative Instructions ............................................................................................. F-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................... GL-1

Part II Terms and Definitions .......................................................................................... GL-6

FIGURE

I-1 Conditions for Effective Close Air Support ................................................................. I-6

II-1 Joint Force Close Air Support Connectivity .............................................................. II-2
II-2 Component Air Command and Control Agencies for Close Air Support ................... II-3
II-3 United States Air Force/United States Army Communications Nets .......................... II-4
II-4 Air Force/Army Close Air Support Connectivity ...................................................... II-6
II-5 Subordinate Theater Air Control System Agencies ................................................... II-7
II-6 Navy/Marine Corps Close Air Support Connectivity ............................................... II-12
II-7 Amphibious Tactical Air Control System Communications Network ....................... II-16

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 Table of Contents

II-8 Special Operations Close Air Support Connectivity ................................................. II-18

III-1 Close Air Support Integration Model ....................................................................... III-2
III-2 Planning Phase ........................................................................................................ III-4
III-3 Fire Support Coordinating Measures ..................................................................... III-22
III-4 Formal Airspace Coordination Area ...................................................................... III-24
III-5 Joint Airspace Control Measures ........................................................................... III-25
III-6 Close Air Support Request and Types of Missions ................................................. III-26
III-7 Preplanned Close Air Support Request Channels ................................................... III-27
III-8 Immediate Close Air Support Request Process ...................................................... III-29
III-9 Immediate Close Air Support Request Channels .................................................... III-30
IV-1 Preparation Phase .................................................................................................... IV-1
V-1 Close Air Support Execution ..................................................................................... V-2
V-2 Formal Airspace Coordination Area Terminology ...................................................... V-3
V-3 Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Lateral Separation ............................................. V-4
V-4 Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Altitude Separation ............................................ V-5
V-5 Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Altitude and Lateral Separation ......................... V-6
V-6 Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Time Separation ................................................ V-7
V-7 Offset Direction......................................................................................................... V-9
V-8 Standard Marking Brevity Terms ............................................................................. V-10
V-9 Standard Laser Brevity Terms ................................................................................. V-11
V-10 Close Air Support Check-In Briefing ....................................................................... V-22
V-11 Close Air Support Briefing Form (9-Line) ............................................................... V-23
V-12 Abort Call Illustration ............................................................................................. V-26
V-13 Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s Calls .................................................................. V-27
V-14 Inflight Report ......................................................................................................... V-28
V-15 Fixed-Wing Close Air Support Attack Phase Example ............................................. V-33
V-16 Coordinated Attack Types ....................................................................................... V-34
V-17 Movement Techniques ............................................................................................ V-37
V-18 Example of Rotary-Wing Close Air Support Tactics ................................................ V-38
V-19 Night Infrared Close Air Support Brevity Terms ...................................................... V-45
V-20 Urban Grid .............................................................................................................. V-50
V-21 Objective Area Reference Grid ................................................................................ V-50
V-22 Building Reference Grid ......................................................................................... V-51
V-23 Target Reference Points ........................................................................................... V-51
V-24 Airborne and Ground Designators Advantages and Disadvantages .......................... V-55
V-25 Example of Safety Zone and Optimal Attack Zones................................................. V-57
V-26 AC-130 Call for Fire ............................................................................................... V-63
V-27 Adjusting Rounds for the AC-130 Gunship ............................................................. V-64
B-1 Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (DD Form 1972) ..................................................... B-5
D-1 Risk-Estimate Distances ........................................................................................... D-2

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Intentionally Blank

viii JP 3-09.3
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

• Discusses Organization for and Fundamentals of Close Air Support

• Describes Close Air Support Command, Control, Communications,

Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR)

• Describes Planning and Requesting Close Air Support

• Discusses Preparation for Close Air Support

• Outlines Execution of Close Air Support

Fundamentals of Close Air Support

Close air support (CAS) is Close air support (CAS) can be conducted at any place and time
air action by fixed- and friendly forces are in close proximity to enemy forces. The word
rotary-wing aircraft against “close” does not imply a specific distance; rather, it is situational. The
hostile targets that are in requirement for detailed integration because of proximity, fires, or
close proximity to friendly movement is the determining factor. At times CAS may be the best
forces and which require means to exploit tactical opportunities in the offense or defense. CAS
detailed integration of each provides firepower in offensive and defensive operations to destroy,
air mission with the fire and disrupt, suppress, fix, harass, neutralize, or delay enemy forces.
movement of those forces.
CAS may be used to mass the effects of combat power, in order to
exploit opportunities in the offense and defense. Each Service
organizes, trains, and equips to employ CAS within its roles as
part of the joint force. As a result, a variety of aircraft are capable
of performing CAS. The joint force commander (JFC) and his staff
must be capable of integrating all CAS capabilities into the operation
plan.

A joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) is a qualified (certified) service

member who, from a forward position, directs the action of combat
aircraft engaged in CAS and other air operations. A qualified and
current JTAC will be recognized across Department of Defense as
capable and authorized to perform terminal attack control.

ix
Executive Summary

For joint air operations Whether conducting offensive or defensive operations, commanders
providing CAS, integration plan for CAS at key points throughout the battlefield. The JFC
starts at the operational level prioritizes CAS to support the concept of operations (CONOPS).
during the air Commensurate with other mission requirements, the joint force air
apportionment process. component commander (JFACC) postures aviation assets to optimize
support to requesting units. The operation order, air tasking order
(ATO), airspace control order, and special instructions provide the
framework for integrating joint air operations CAS into the
commander’s CONOPS.

There are several conditions The conditions for effective CAS are: thoroughly trained personnel
for effective CAS. with well developed skills; effective planning and integration; effective
command, control, communications, and computer systems; air
superiority (especially suppression of enemy air defenses); target
marking and/or acquisition; streamlined and flexible procedures; and
appropriate ordnance. Although not a requirement for CAS
employment, favorable weather improves CAS effectiveness.

Close Air Support C4ISR

CAS requires an integrated, The JFC normally exercises operational control (OPCON) through
flexible, and responsive component commanders. Most CAS in support of joint operations is
command and control (C2) allocated and tasked via the JFACC staff located in the joint air
structure to process CAS operations center (JAOC), using host component organic command
requirements, and a and control (C2) architecture. Reliable, secure communications are
dependable, interoperable, required to exchange information among all participants. In joint
and secure communications operations, components provide and operate the C2 systems, which
architecture to exercise have similar functions at each level of command. The JFACC tasks
control. air capabilities/forces made available for joint tasking through
the JAOC and appropriate Service component C2 systems.

The Commander, Air Force The theater air control system (TACS) provides the commander,
Forces exercises C2 over Air Force forces (COMAFFOR) the capability to plan and conduct
assigned and attached forces joint air operations. The COMAFFOR’s focal point for tasking and
through the theater air exercising operational control over Air Force forces is the Air Force
control system (TACS). air and space operations center, which is the senior element of the
Closely related to, and TACS.
interconnected with the
TACS is the Army air- The Army air-ground system (AAGS) begins at the field army level,
ground system. and extends down through all echelons to the maneuver battalion. AAGS
coordinates and integrates both Army component aviation
support and air support with Army ground maneuver.

x JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)
 Executive Summary

Terminal attack control of CAS assets is the final step in the TACS for
CAS execution. There are both ground and air elements of the TACS
to accomplish this mission.

The Navy tactical air control The Navy tactical air control system is comprised of the United States
system is the principal air Navy tactical air control center (TACC), tactical air direction center
control system afloat. and helicopter direction center. The Navy TACC is the primary air
control agency within the area of operations from which all air
operations supporting the amphibious task force are controlled.

The Marine air C2 system The Marine air command and control system (MACCS) consists
consists of various air C2 of various air C2 agencies designed to provide the Marine air-ground
agencies. task force aviation combat element commander with the ability to
monitor, supervise, and influence the application of Marine air. Marine
aviation's philosophy is one of centralized command and decentralized
control. The Commander, Marine Force's focal point for tasking and
exercising operational control over Marine Corps air forces is the tactical
air command center.

Principal organizations and Theater special operations are normally under the control of the joint
personnel that support force special operations component commander (JFSOCC). Control
coordination of CAS in the of special operations forces (SOF) air is normally exercised by a joint
special operations forces special operations air component commander (JSOACC), if designated
command system are the by the JFSOCC. If a JSOACC has not been designated, then the SOF
special operations liaison air is controlled by its Service component within the joint force special
element, the special operations command.
operations C2 element, and
joint terminal attack Principal organizations and personnel that support coordination of CAS
controller qualified special for SOF are the special operations liaison element, the special operations
operations personnel. command and control element, and joint terminal attack controller
(JTAC) qualified SOF personnel.

CAS missions require a high Communication must be flexible and responsive to ensure that links
degree of control exercised between aircraft and ground units are maintained. Flexibility and
through effective responsiveness of joint force CAS communications are made possible
communications. using a variety of techniques. When CAS is executed in joint operations,
everyone must have the appropriate signed operating instructions and/
or joint communications-electronics operating instructions in order to
communicate effectively and successfully. Communications
redundancy is achieved through the various communication nets used
by air control agencies and tactical aircraft.

xi
Executive Summary

Intelligence preparation for Optimum intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) support
CAS at all levels is largely to CAS begins early in the deliberate planning process. While it is
dependent on mission and impossible to account for every conceivable possibility, this early
planning time available. integration can assist in better target selection, ISR collection
requirements, force allocation, and follow-on assessment as well as
assist in preparing for immediate retaskings.

Planning and Requesting Close Air Support

CAS has a five step decision- Step 1: Receipt of Mission.

making process.
Step 2: Mission Analysis.

Step 3: Course of Action (COA) Development.

Step 4: COAAnalysis/Wargame.

Step 5: Orders Production.

Commanders should plan CAS has several planning considerations. They include:
for the employment of CAS
throughout the depth of CAS can support offensive, defensive, and other military operations.
their assigned battlespace.
CAS planners must account for the enemy’s disposition, composition,
order of battle, capabilities, and likely COAs.

CAS planners must consider C2, intelligence, surveillance, and

reconnaissance, and CAS aircraft assets available.

Terrain can affect communications and visual line of sight for identifying
the target and/or aircraft. Weather ceiling and visibility may affect the
decision to employ low, medium, or high altitude tactics.

Time considerations include the time available for planning and theATO
planning cycle.

Collateral damage risk to civilians, civilian structures and properties

associated with CAS attacks.

There are two types of CAS Preplanned requests may be filled with either scheduled or on-
requests, preplanned and call air missions while most immediate requests are filled with
immediate. on-call missions. Those CAS requirements foreseen early enough
to be included in the joint ATO are submitted as preplanned
requests. As soon as the requirements for CAS are identified during
the planning process, CAS planners submit a preplanned request

xii JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)

 Executive Summary
for CAS prior to the request cut-off time, as specified by higher
headquarters. Immediate requests arise from situations that develop
outside the ATO planning cycle. Because these requirements cannot
be identified early on, tailored ordnance loads may not be available for
specified targets.
Close Air Support Preparation

Preparation consists of The rehearsal is one of the most overlooked aspects of maneuver
activities by the unit before and fire support preparation. It provides attendees the opportunity to
execution to improve its visualize the battle, ensure total comprehension of the plan, promote
ability to conduct operations responsiveness, and identify areas of confusion, friction or conflict
including, but not limited to: that may have been overlooked.
rehearsals, pre-combat/
communication checks, and During the preparation phase, and often in consonance with the pre-
movement. combat inspections, communication links are checked and verified.
This ensures that primary and backup voice and digital systems are
checked, cryptology is current, time synchronized, and code words,
brevity codes, passwords, and call signs are available and current.

The air officer/air liaison officer ensures tactical air control party
(TACP) movement is in accordance with the maneuver unit’s
observation plan. Most TACP operations require movement to forward
assembly areas, observation posts, or battle positions during the
preparation phase of an operation.

Close Air Support Execution

It is critical for joint terminal CAS execution begins with a target nomination from the supported
attack controllers and commander and involves two processes that are continuous and
combat operations center/ overlapping in nature (1) JTAC to operations center coordination,
corps tactical operations and (2) CAS target engagement.
center elements to coordinate
their efforts prior to each Key issues such as battle tracking, target nomination, airspace
CAS engagement. deconfliction and coordination, synchronization, weapons release
authority, tactical risk assessment, types of terminal attack control,
and which JTAC provides terminal attack control must be clearly
understood. Only through effective coordination can the CAS
“team” successfully achieve the supported commander’s
objectives for CAS.

Standard procedures and To ensure effective execution of CAS regardless of theater or specific
tactics are vital to passing command, standardized procedures should be followed. Such
key information between
CAS participants.

xiii
Executive Summary
procedures attend to CAS aircraft check-in, situation updates, and
tactics, techniques, and procedures during final attack control.

Types of terminal attack There are three types of terminal attack control (Type 1-3).
control.
Type 1 control is used when the JTAC must visually acquire the attacking
Type 1 aircraft and the target for each attack.

Type 2 Type 2 control will be used when the JTAC requires control of individual
attacks but assesses that either visual acquisition of the attacking aircraft
or target at weapons release is not possible or when attacking aircraft
are not in a position to acquire the mark/target prior to weapons release/
launch.

Type 3 Type 3 control is used when the JTAC requires the ability to provide
clearance for multiple attacks within a single engagement subject to
specific attack restrictions. Type 3 control does not require the
JTAC to visually acquire the aircraft or the target; however, all
targeting data must be coordinated through the supported
commander’s battle staff.

Since both fixed- and rotary-wing CAS aircraft are ever changing,
standardized tactics provide a baseline for further refinement and
improvement. Aircrews will ultimately decide aircraft tactics but must
ensure that tactics used fall within any constraints issued by the JTAC.

CAS operations in limited visibility or adverse weather conditions

demand a high level of proficiency. Such proficiency can only come
about through dedicated, realistic CAS training. The three general
categories of limited visibility employment are visual, system aided, and
night vision device.

Technology can assist in effective CAS. Laser and inertial navigation

systems and/or global positioning system based systems can aid in target
acquisition and weapon guidance.

CONCLUSION

This publication provides joint tactics, techniques, and procedures for

joint fire support and aviation planning, execution and control agencies,
and aircrews in fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft to attack targets in close
proximity to friendly forces. It presents options the JFC can employ
when planning and executing CAS in joint operations.

xiv JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNDAMENTALS

“Among military men it is a commonplace that interallied and interservice operations

inescapably pose grave difficulties in execution. Differences in equipment, in
doctrine, in attitude and outlook stemming from contrasting past experience all
inhibit and complicate harmonious interaction. Past successes, however, have
shown that these difficulties can be overcome where determination is present and
effective procedures have been applied by properly trained troops. Experience
also shows that armed forces . . . have been slow to hammer out the necessary
procedures. Often corrective steps have been achieved only after many failures
in battle. In no area of interservice operations has this phenomenon been more
pronounced than in the matter of close air support.”

Professor I. B. Holley, Jr.,

Case Studies in the Development of Close Air Support

1. Introduction

a. This publication focuses on the joint tactics, techniques, and procedures (JTTP)
for close air support (CAS) in a joint environment. Although simple in concept, CAS
requires detailed planning, coordination, and training for effective and safe execution.

b. CAS is an element of joint fire support. Synchronizing CAS in time, space, and purpose
with supported maneuver forces increases the effectiveness of the joint force. CAS assists
land, maritime, amphibious, and special operations forces (SOF) to move, maneuver, and control
territory, populations, and key waters. The supported commander establishes the priority,
timing, and effects of CAS fires within the boundaries of the land, maritime, SOF, or amphibious
force’s area of operations. SOF may also need CAS and other joint fire support at locations
well beyond land, maritime, and amphibious operations force commanders’ areas of operations.

c. While the focus of this publication is on CAS operations, these tactics, techniques, and
procedures (TTPs) may be used for non-CAS missions that require terminal attack control but
do not require detailed integration with the fire and movement of ground force assets.

2. Close Air Support Defined

a. CAS is air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in
close proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission with
the fire and movement of those forces.

b. Although CAS is conducted at the tactical level, it is linked to the operational level
through the air apportionment and allocation process. CAS is planned and executed to
accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or joint task forces. CAS planning
focuses on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to each other
and to the enemy in order to achieve combat objectives.

I-1
Chapter I

Commanders integrate CAS with their fire and maneuver to achieve objectives.

c. CAS can be conducted at any place and time friendly forces are in close proximity to enemy forces.
The word “close” does not imply a specific distance; rather, it is situational. The requirement for detailed integration
because of proximity, fires, or movement is the determining factor. At times, CAS may be the best means to exploit
tactical opportunities in the offense or defense. CAS provides fires in offensive and defensive operations to destroy,
disrupt, suppress, fix, harass, neutralize, or delay enemy forces.

d. CAS may be used to mass the effects of combat power, in order to exploit opportunities in the offense and
defense. The impact of effectively executed CAS in modern warfare draws credence from one of Napoleon’s
maxims, “XCII. In battle as in a siege, skill consists in converging a mass of fire upon a single point; when the fight
is on he that has the skill to bring a sudden, unexpected concentration of artillery to bear upon a point is sure to win.”
Each Service organizes, trains, and equips to employ CAS within its roles as part of the joint force. As a result,
a variety of aircraft are capable of performing CAS. The joint force commander (JFC) and his staff must be
capable of integrating all CAS capabilities into the operation plan (OPLAN).

e. A joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) is a qualified (certified) Service member who, from a forward
position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in CAS and other air operations. Aqualified and current JTAC
will be recognized across Department of Defense as capable and authorized to perform terminal attack control.

Units and organizations that have a reasonable expectation to conduct terminal attack
control in order to accomplish their assigned missions need to have individuals available
trained to the appropriate standards to perform this activity (e.g., JTACs). However,
experience has shown that there has, and will likely continue to be instances where terminal
attack control will be requested by personnel/units that do not have JTACs present. In rare
circumstances, the ground commander might require CAS when no JTAC is available.
One reason for this would be as a result of some unforeseen consequence of combat
operations. In these instances, JTACs, FAC(A)s, and/or CAS aircrews should attempt to
assist these personnel/units to greatest extent possible to bring fires to bear in support of
their combat operations.

I-2 JP 3-09.3
 Introduction, Organization, and Fundamentals

3. Use of Close Air Support

Commanders employ CAS to augment supporting fires to attack the enemy in a variety
of weather conditions, day or night. Improvements in TTP and equipment have improved the
ability of aircraft to provide support. The speed, range, and maneuverability of aircraft
allow them to attack targets that other supporting arms may not be able to effectively
engage because of limiting factors such as target type, range, terrain, or the ground scheme of
maneuver. Ground commanders are the ultimate authority for the use of all supporting fires in
their respective areas of operation. The ground commander at the lowest level is responsible
for employment of CAS assets unless specifically retained by a higher level commander in the
ground force chain of command. Responsible ground force commanders decide the priority,
effects, and timing of CAS within an area of operations and optimally make decisions with the
advice and guidance of specially trained personnel.

a. Battlefield Utility. CAS provides commanders with flexible and responsive fire
support. Using CAS, commanders can take full advantage of battlefield opportunities by
massing firepower to maintain the momentum of an offensive action or reduce operational and
tactical risk. The mobility and speed of aircraft provides commanders with a means to strike
the enemy swiftly and unexpectedly.

b. Usage Criteria. Commanders consider the following criteria in planning for CAS:

(1) Mission and concept of operations (CONOPS).

(2) Enemy disposition and composition.

(3) Enemy air defenses and the joint force’s ability to counter them.

(4) Requirements necessary to integrate CAS with the fire and maneuver schemes.

(5) Capabilities and limitations of available or allocated CAS assets and available
ordnance.

(6) Compliance with the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC).

c. Targeting. At the tactical level, targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing
individual targets and matching the appropriate response to them, taking account of operational
requirements and capabilities. While conducting CAS, this may equate to the JTAC selecting
a particular target in a target array. When targeting, JTACs must consider items like target
type, mission, enemy, air defenses, terrain and weather, available armament, and response
time. Other considerations include controller-to-target aspect, aircraft-to-target aspect, weapon-
to-target aspect, designation or mark type, proximity of friendly forces, proximity of
noncombatants, and other joint fires. Additionally, controllers and aircrew must expeditiously
obtain and pass battle damage assessment (BDA) information. Commanders, controllers, and
aircrew can use BDA to determine if objectives have been met, or whether reattack is necessary.

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Chapter I

4. Close Air Support Integration

For joint air operations providing CAS, integration starts at the operational level
during the air apportionment process. Whether conducting offensive or defensive operations,
commanders plan for CAS at key points throughout the depth of the battlefield. The JFC
prioritizes joint air operations for CAS to support his CONOPS. Commensurate with
other mission requirements, the joint force air component commander (JFACC) postures aviation
assets to optimize support to requesting units. The operation order (OPORD), air tasking
order (ATO), airspace control order (ACO), and special instructions (SPINS) provide the
framework for integrating joint air operation’s CAS into commander’s CONOPS.

5. Fratricide

a. General. Fratricide or casualties to friendly forces caused by friendly fire, is an

unwanted consequence of warfare. This publication’s JTTP are key to reducing the risk
and potential of fratricide, in turn increasing the safety and effectiveness of CAS.

b. Causes. Although occasionally the result of malfunctioning weapons, fratricide has

usually been the result of confusion on the battlefield. Causes include misidentification of
targets, inaccurate target locations or descriptions, target locations incorrectly transmitted or
received, and loss of situational awareness by JTACs, CAS aircrews, requestors, battle staff,
or commanders. Items such as detailed mission planning, standardized procedures for friendly
force tracking and supporting immediate air requests, realistic training/mission rehearsal, use
of friendly tagging or tracking devices, and effective staff, forward air controller (FAC)/air
officer (AO) and air liaison officer (ALO) coordination, and sound clearance of fires procedures
can significantly reduce the likelihood of fratricide.

c. Responsibility. All participants in the CAS employment process are responsible

for the effective and safe planning and execution of CAS. Each participant must make
every effort possible to correctly identify friendly units and enemy forces prior to targeting,
clearing fires, and weapons release. Combat identification (CID) is the process of attaining an
accurate characterization of detected objects to the extent that high confidence and timely
application of military options and weapon resources can occur. Depending on the situation
and the operational decisions that must be made, this characterization may be limited to, “friend,”
“enemy,” or “neutral.” In other situations, other characterizations may be required including,
but not limited to, class, type, nationality, and mission configuration. CID characterizations,
when applied with rules of engagement (ROE), enable engagement decisions and the subsequent
use, or prohibition of use, of lethal and nonlethal weaponry to accomplish military objectives.
CID is used for force posturing, command and control (C2), situational awareness as well as
shoot, no-shoot employment decisions.

d. Training. JFCs, components, and units must conduct joint training and rehearsals,
on a regular basis, that routinely exercise these JTTP scenarios that simulate situations that
will be found in the battlespace in order to develop the skill-sets and familiarity required for
success.

I-4 JP 3-09.3
 Introduction, Organization, and Fundamentals

6. Fixed- and Rotary-Wing Close Air Support Employment

The organizational structure, primary missions, and the capabilities of CAS-capable

aircraft determine CAS employment methods. In a joint force, the integration of CAS-
capable aircraft allows commanders to take advantage of the distinctly different, but
complementary, capabilities of each platform. Although fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft
can both conduct CAS, employment considerations differ. Traditional planning and
employment methods for fixed-wing CAS may differ from rotary-wing aircraft and may vary
among the Services.

a. Attack helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft have capabilities that are complementary,
especially when employed in combined attacks. Fixed-wing aircraft have a wide variety of
CAS munitions and excellent capability to conduct CAS in diverse terrain. Helicopters
offer the advantage of an increased loiter time on station. Both helicopters and fixed-wing
aircraft offer improved response times but may have decreased flexibility when operating
from forward locations.

b. Commanders and planners typically measure fixed-wing aircraft employment in

sorties. A sortie is an operational flight by one aircraft. Normally, CAS fighter/attack aircraft
fly in groups of two to four aircraft. Bombers normally fly as single ships or small groups.
The Air Force calls these flights, while the Navy and Marine Corps call them either sections
(two aircraft) or divisions (three to four aircraft). Special operations AC-130 gunships typically
operate single-ship sorties during hours of darkness and under low-threat conditions.
Survivability for aircraft is usually higher at night.

c. Army aviation units are organic to corps, divisions, and regiments and perform
missions as part of a combined arms team. Army helicopter units normally receive mission-
type orders and execute as an integral unit/maneuver element. Special situations may arise
where attack helicopters are employed in smaller units. The Army does not consider its
attack helicopters a CAS system, although they can conduct attacks employing CAS JTTP
when operating in support of other forces. The preferred employment method is as an
integral unit, operating under the control of a maneuver commander executing mission-type
orders.

d. Marine Corps attack helicopters are organized in squadrons and typically operate
in sections and divisions. These units are assigned to and are integral to the Marine air-
ground task force (MAGTF).

e. The joint force special operations component commander (JFSOCC) may maintain
a small fleet of special operations aircraft, both fixed- and rotary-wing. These aircraft are
normally used to support and conduct special operations, and some can perform CAS.

f. Joint air attack team (JAAT) is a combination of attack and/or scout rotary-wing
aircraft and fixed-wing CAS aircraft operating together to locate and attack high-priority targets and
other targets of opportunity. JAAT normally operates as a coordinated effort supported by fire
support, air defense artillery, naval surface fire support (NSFS), intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance (ISR) systems, electronic warfare (EW) systems, and ground maneuver forces
against enemy forces. JTACs may perform duties as directed by the air mission

I-5
Chapter I

commander in support of the ground commander’s scheme of maneuver. JAAT planning

considerations and employment methods are discussed in the multi-Service JAAT manual,
Field Manual (FM) 90-21, Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-3.23A, Naval
Warfare Publication (NWP) 3-01.3, Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (AFTTP)(I)
3-2.10.

7. Conditions for Effective Close Air Support

The conditions for effective CAS are: thoroughly trained personnel with well developed
skills, effective planning and integration, effective command, control, communications, and
computers systems, air superiority (especially suppression of enemy air defenses [SEAD]),
target marking and/or acquisition, streamlined and flexible procedures and appropriate ordnance.
Although not a requirement for CAS employment, favorable weather improves CAS
effectiveness (see Figure I-1).

a. Effective Training and Proficiency. This training should integrate all of the
maneuver and fire support elements involved in executing CAS. Maintaining proficiency
allows aircrew and JTACs to adapt to rapidly changing battlespace conditions.

b. Planning and Integration. Effective CAS relies on thorough, coherent planning and
detailed integration of air support into ground operations. The ability to mass joint fire support
at a decisive point and to provide the supporting fires needed to achieve the commander’s
objectives is made possible through detailed integration with ground forces. From a planner’s
perspective the preferred use of a CAS asset is to have it pre-planned and pre-briefed. Rehearsals
provide participants an opportunity to walk through the operation, to achieve familiarity with
terrain, airspace restrictions and procedures, and to identify shortfalls.

CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

EFFECTIVE TRAINING AND PROFICIENCY

PLANNING AND INTEGRATION

COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS

AIR SUPERIORITY

TARGET MARKING AND ACQUISITION

STREAMLINED AND FLEXIBLE PROCEDURES

APPROPRIATE ORDNANCE

FAVORABLE WEATHER

Figure I-1. Conditions for Effective Close Air Support

I-6 JP 3-09.3
 Introduction, Organization, and Fundamentals

c. Command, Control, and Communications (C3). CAS requires an integrated, flexible

C3 structure to identify requirements, request support, prioritize competing requirements, task
units, move CAS forces to the target area, provide threat warning updates, enhance CID
procedures, etc. Accordingly, C2 requires dependable and interoperable communications
between aircrews, air control agencies, JTACs, ground forces, requesting commanders, and
fire support agencies. Any airspace control measures and fire support coordinating measures
should allow for timely employment of CAS without adversely effecting other fire support
assets. See Joint Publication (JP) 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat
Zone, for more information.

d. Air Superiority. Air superiority permits CAS to function without prohibitive

interference by the adversary. Air superiority may range from local or temporary air
superiority to control of the air over the entire operational area. SEAD is an integral part
of achieving air superiority and may be required during CAS attacks.

e. Target Marking and Acquisition. The commander employing CAS can improve its
effectiveness by providing timely and accurate target marks. Target marking builds situational
awareness, identifies specific targets in an array, reduces the possibility of fratricide, and
facilitates terminal attack control. When the commander employing CAS foresees a shortfall
in ability to mark for CAS, the commander should request that capability during the planning
phase. See Chapter V, “Execution” for further details.

f. Streamlined and Flexible Procedures. Responsive fire support allows a commander

to exploit fleeting battlefield opportunities. Because the modern battlefield can be extremely
dynamic, the CAS system must also be flexible enough to rapidly change targets, tactics, or
weapons. The requestor is usually in the best position to determine fire support requirements,
and like all fire support, CAS must be responsive to be effective. Techniques for improving
responsiveness include:

(1) Using forward operating bases (FOBs) or forward operating locations near the
area of operations.

(2) Placing aircrews in a designated ground or airborne alert status.

(3) Delegating launch and divert authority to subordinate units.

(4) Placing JTACs and AOs/ALOs to facilitate continuous coordination with ground
units, communication with aircraft, and observation of enemy locations.

g. Appropriate Ordnance. To achieve the commander’s intent for CAS, planners, JTACs,
and aircrews must tailor the weapons and fuse settings. For example, cluster and general
purpose munitions are effective against area targets such as troops and vehicles in the open,
but not against hardened targets, and are not advisable for targets where friendly troops may be
affected by the immediate strike or by unexploded ordnance. Cluster munitions that dud may
affect the mobility of certain units. In all cases, the supported commander needs to know the
type of ordnance expended, and its possible impact on the unit’s current or subsequent mission.

I-7
Chapter I

Responsive CAS allows a commander to exploit fleeting battlefield opportunities.

h. Favorable Weather. Favorable weather improves aircrew effectiveness regardless of aircraft

or weapon capability. Tactical decision aids, such as target acquisition weather software, night vision
device (NVD) planning software, infrared (IR) target/scene simulation software, and integrated weather
effects decision aid, assist planners and operators by providing target and background detection data.
Before CAS missions are executed minimum weather conditions must be considered. Targets
located solely by radar or geographic coordinates may not offer the aircrew or JTAC precise enough
information to ensure positive target identification and assure avoidance of fratricide.

8. Responsibilities

a. The Joint Force Commander. The JFC establishes the guidance and priorities for CAS in
the CONOPS, operation or campaign plans, air apportionment decision, and by making capabilities and
forces available to the components.

b. Joint Force Air Component Commander. The JFACC is given the authority necessary to
accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. For CAS, these responsibilities
include recommending an air apportionment decision, allocating forces/capabilities made available
from the JFC and components, creating and executing the ATO, and other applicable actions associated
with CAS execution. The JFACC maintains close coordination with the other component commanders
to ensure CAS requirements are being met in accordance with JFC guidance.

c. Service Component Commanders. Service component commanders are responsible for

ensuring that their assets are capable of executing CAS missions within Service roles or as directed
by the JFC.

I-8 JP 3-09.3
 Introduction, Organization, and Fundamentals

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT IN WORLD WAR I

Despite the losses inflicted on attacking aircraft, aerial attack of front-line troops
appeared, on the whole, to be quite effective. On November 23, 1917, for example,
RFC D.H. 5 fighters (a type used almost exclusively for ground-attack duties)
cooperated with advancing British tanks, attacking artillery positions at Bourlon
Woods as the tanks advanced. Subsequent analysis concluded that “the aeroplane
pilots often made advance possible when the attacking troops would otherwise
have been pinned to the ground.” The critical problem affecting the quality of air
support in the First World War was, interestingly, one that has appeared
continuously since that time as well: communication between the air forces and
the land forces. During these early operations, communication was virtually one-
way. Infantry would fire flares or smoke signals indicating their position, or lay out
panel messages to liaison aircraft requesting artillery support or reporting advances
or delays. For their part, pilots and observers would scribble messages and send
them overboard (on larger aircraft, crews carried messenger pigeons for the same
purpose). Though by 1918 radio communication was beginning to make an
appearance in front-line air operations — as evidenced by its employment on
German ground-attack aircraft such as the Junker J1 and on Col. William Mitchell’s
Spad XVI command airplane — it was still of such an uncertain nature that, by and
large, once an airplane had taken off it was out of communication with the ground
until it had landed. Thus attack flights — both Allied and German — tended to
operate on what would now be termed a “prebriefed” basis: striking targets along
the front on the basis of intelligence information available to the pilots before the
commencement of the mission. The “on-call” and “divert” close air support
operations associated with the Second World War and subsequent conflicts were
not a feature of First World War air command and control, though attack flights
often loitered over the front watching for suitable targets of opportunity, as would
their successors in the Second World War.

SOURCE: Richard P. Hallion, Strike From The Sky,

The History of Battlefield Air Attack 1911-1945, 1989

I-9
Chapter I

Intentionally Blank

I-10 JP 3-09.3
 CHAPTER II
COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS,
INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE

“Command and control encompasses all military functions and operations, giving
them meaning and harmonizing them into a meaningful whole.”

Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 6

1. General

a. CAS requires an integrated, flexible, and responsive C2 structure to process CAS

requirements and a dependable, interoperable, and secure communications architecture
to exercise control. This chapter outlines the joint and component airspace control agencies
involved and joint force connectivity required for integrated CAS.

b. The JFC normally exercises operational control (OPCON) through component

commanders. Most CAS in support of joint operations is allocated and tasked via the JFACC
staff located in the joint air operations center (JAOC), using host component organic C2
architecture. Figure II-1 graphically illustrates joint force CAS connectivity. Reliable, secure
communications are required to exchange information among all participants. In joint
operations, components provide and operate the C2 systems, which have similar functions
at each level of command. The JFACC tasks capabilities/forces made available for joint
tasking through the JAOC and appropriate Service component C2 systems. Figure II-2
depicts functional equivalents among the US Air Force (USAF) theater air control system
(TACS), Army air-ground system (AAGS), Navy tactical air control system (NTACS), Marine
air C2 system (MACCS), and special operations air C2.

2. Close Air Support for Joint Force Operations

a. If a support relationship is established between components, the supporting

component uses the CAS C2 system of the supported component. For example, if an Army
brigade is under operational control (OPCON) to a Marine MAGTF, the Army brigade submits
CAS requests through the brigade fire support element (FSE) to the Marine Corps fire support
coordination center (FSCC) in the MAGTF’s combat operations center (COC). The CAS request
is handled the same as any other CAS request in the MACCS system.

b. If a command relationship is not established between components, each component

forwards CAS requests utilizing its respective CAS process to the JAOC for consideration/
fill. For example, if a MAGTF and an Army division are operating as adjacent units under the
JFC, each component would direct CAS requests through its respective CAS process to the
JAOC.

c. Figure II-3 (Air Force/Army TACS/AAGS nets) depicts Air Force and Army air C2
agencies and communications nets. This information is provided for supporting components
to determine control agencies and frequency band connectivity for CAS.

II-1
Chapter II

JOINT FORCE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CONNECTIVITY

JFC
JOC

JFSOCC MARFOR
JSOACC OPS MARINE
TACC
JFACC
JAOC
BCD
MARLO
NALE
AFAOC NAVY
AFLNO TACC
AFFOR
SOLE NAVFOR

TACP
ASOC
TOC
ARFOR
ACCE

ACCE air component coordination element JFC joint force commander

AFAOC Air Force Air and Space Operations Center JOC joint operations center
AFFOR Air Force forces MARFOR Marine Corps forces
AFLNO Air Force liaison officer MARLO Marine liaison officer
ARFOR Army forces NALE naval and amphibious liaison element
ASOC air support operations center NAVFOR Navy forces
BCD battlefield coordination detachment OPS operations
JAOC joint air operations center SOLE special operations liaison element
JFACC joint force air component commander TACC tactical air command/control center
JFSOCC joint force special operations TACP tactical air control party
component commander TOC tactical operations center
JFSOACC joint force special operations
air component commander

Figure II-1. Joint Force Close Air Support Connectivity

II-2 JP 3-09.3
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

COMPONENT AIR COMMAND AND CONTROL

AGENCIES FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

United States United States United States United States Special Operations
Air Force Army Navy Marine Corps Forces
Theater Air Army Air-Ground Navy Tactical Air Marine Air Command Air Command and
Control System System Control System and Control Stysem Control
Air Force Air and Tactical Air Tactical Air Joint Special
Space Operations Control Center/ Command Operations Air
Center Tactical Air Center/Tactical Air Component
Direction Center Direction Center
Battlefield Naval and Marine Liaison Special Operations
Coordination Amphibious Officer Liaison Element
Detachment Liaison Element
Control and Fleet Air Warfare Tactical Air
Reporting Center Coordinator Operations Center

Air Support Air Support Direct Air Support Special Operations

Operations Coordination Center Command and Control
Center Section Element
Fire Support Supporting Fire Support Special Operations
Element/Army Arms Coordination Command and Control
Airspace CommandCoordination Center Element
and Control Center

Tactical Air Tactical Air

Control Party Control Party
Forward Air Forward Air Forward Air
Controller Controller Controller
(Airborne) (Airborne) (Airborne)

Tactical Air Tactical Air Tactical Air

Controller Controller Controller
(Airborne) (Airborne) (Airborne)
Terminal Attack Forward Air Joint Terminal Attack
Controller Controller Controller qualified
special operations
personnel

Figure II-2. Component Air Command and Control Agencies for Close Air Support

3. Air Force/Army Command and Control

The commander, Air Force forces (COMAFFOR) exercises C2 over assigned and
attached forces through the TACS.

a. Theater Air Control System. The TACS provides the COMAFFOR the capability
to plan and conduct joint air operations. Army and Air Force connectivity is outlined in
Figure II-4. The COMAFFOR’s focal point for tasking and exercising OPCON over Air Force
forces (AFFOR) is the Air Force air and space operations center (AFAOC), which is the
senior element of the TACS. Subordinate TACS agencies performing the tasks of planning,
coordinating, monitoring, surveillance, controlling, reporting, and execution of CAS are shown
in Figure II-5.

II-3
II-4

Chapter II
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE/UNITED STATES ARMY COMMUNICATIONS NETS

NET FREQUENCY AFAOC ASOC CRC WOC FAC TACP CAS AWACS JSTARS
A/C

Command and High Frequency (HF)

Control Net
Satellite X X X X X X
Communication
(SATCOM)
Air Force Air HF #
Request Net SATCOM X X X X
Air Control Net Ultra High Frequency
(UHF) X X # X X
Very High Frequency/
Amplitude
Modulation (VHF/AM)

Tactical Air UHF

Direction Net X X X X X
Inflight Report UHF
Net VHF/AM # X X # X # X #
Guard UHF
VHF X X X X X X X X X

Tactical Air HF
Control Party VHF/Frequency #
Administration Modulation (FM) X X
Net
Voice Product Net
X X X X X
High Value
Asset Net UHF X X X

“X” Indicates normal participation in the specified net. “#” Indicates participation when directed, or as required.
JP 3-09.3

Figure II-3. United States Air Force/United States Army Communications Nets
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE/UNITED STATES

ARMY COMMUNICATIONS NETS

LEGEND
A/C Aircraft
AFAOC Air Force Air and Space Operations Center
ASOC Air Support Operations Center
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
CAS Close Air Support
CRC Control and Reporting Center
FAC Forward Air Controller
JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar Systems
TACP Tactical Air Control Party
WOC Wing Operations Center

Figure II-3. United States Air Force/United States Army Communications Nets (cont’d)

(1) Air Force Air and Space Operations Center. The AFAOC is the
COMAFFOR’s means of turning the JFC’s guidance into a component air operations
plan. It allocates resources and tasks forces through ATOs. When the COMAFFOR is also the
JFACC, he will augment the AFAOC with elements from other components to create a JAOC.

For further information on a JAOC, see JP 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations.

(2) Air Component Coordination Element (ACCE). The Air Force component
commander establishes an ACCE to interface and provide liaison with the joint force land
component commander (JFLCC) or commander, Army forces. The ACCE is collocated with
the JFLCC staff. The ACCE is the senior Air Force element assisting the JFLCC staff in
planning air component supporting and supported requirements. The ACCE interface includes
exchanging current intelligence and operational data, support requirements, coordinating the
integration of AFFOR/JFACC requirements for airspace control measures (ACMs), joint fire
support coordinating measures (FSCMs), and CAS. The ACCE is organized with expertise in
the following areas: plans, operations, intelligence, airspace management, and airlift. The
ACCE is not an air support operations center (ASOC) or tactical air control party (TACP), but
acts as the AFFOR/JFACC senior liaison element and can also perform many air support planning
functions.

(3) Wing Operations Center (WOC). The WOC is a unit’s operational center. It
provides C2 of unit forces and ensures sorties are generated to accomplish CAS missions as
directed by the ATO. The WOC may recommend weapons load changes based on factors
including weapons availability and desired effects.

(4) Airborne C2 Elements. Airborne C2 platforms supporting CAS include the E-3
Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), and the E-8C, Joint Surveillance
Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS).

II-5
Chapter II

ARMY/AIR FORCE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CONNECTIVITY

JFC
JOC
AWACS/ JSTARS
CRC
COMAFFOR COMARFOR

AFAOC ACCE CAS

Aircraft
BCD

XXX
CORPS
FSE XX
FAC(A)
A2C2 DIV
X
FSE BDE II
ASOC TACP BN
WOC GLO A2C2 FSE
TACP FSE
Airbases TACP
TACP

Air Force Air Request Net

A2C2 Army Airspace Command and Control CRC Control and Reporting Center
ACCE Air Component Coordination Element DIV Division
AFAOC Air Force Air and Space Operations Center FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne)
ASOC Air Support Operations Center FSE Fire Support Element
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System GLO Ground Liaison Officer
BCD Battlefield Coordination Detachment JFC Joint Force Commander
BDE Brigade JFLCC Joint Force Land Component Commander
BN Battalion JOC Joint Operations Center
CAS Close Air Support JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System
COMAFFOR Commander Air Force Forces TACP Tactical Air Control Party
COMARFOR Commander Army Forces WOC Wing Operations Center

Figure II-4. Air Force/Army Close Air Support Connectivity

(a) Airborne Warning and Control System. AWACS provides safe passage
information and radar control and surveillance for aircraft transiting from bases/ships to the
target area and back.

(b) JSTARS. JSTARS provides ground and air commanders with situation
development, targeting, attack planning and limited post-attack assessment information.
JSTARS supports CAS by providing targeting information to the ASOC, FSCC/FSE, tactical
operations centers, or direct air support center (DASC). If necessary, JSTARS can provide
ground surveillance situational awareness and targeting information directly to CAS aircraft,
the forward air controller (airborne) (FAC(A)), or the TACP. As part of its airborne battlespace
C2 mission, JSTARS can provided limited ASOC back-up functions.

(5) Control and Reporting Center (CRC). CRCs are ground-based airspace control/air
defense, battlespace management centers that provide the COMAFFOR with a decentralized

II-6 JP 3-09.3
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

SUBORDINATE THEATER
AIR CONTROL SYSTEM AGENCIES

Airborne Warning and Control System

Control and Reporting Center

Deployed Radar

Air Support Operations Center

Tactical Air Control Party

Terminal Attack Controllers

Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System

Figure II-5. Subordinate Theater Air Control System Agencies

C2 execution capability. Critical core competencies of the CRC include air battle execution,
surveillance, combat identification, data link management, and theater air defense. The CRC
provides a robust systems/communications hub capability that connects lateral and subordinate
joint and TACS C2 nodes to the JAOC. CRCs provide safe passage and radar control and
surveillance for CAS aircraft transiting to and from target areas.

(6) Air Support Operations Center

(a) Location and Mission. The ASOC is the primary control agency
component of the TACS for the execution of CAS. Collocated with the senior Army echelon’s
FSE, normally the Corps FSE, the ASOC coordinates and directs air support for Army or
joint force land component operations. In a multi-corps environment, there will normally
be one ASOC with each corps, reporting individually to the AFAOC. An ASOC may be
collocated with a Field Army or a division engaged in independent operations. The AFAOC
may grant the ASOC control (launch or divert authority) of missions designated to it on the
ATO.

(b) Function. The ASOC processes Army requests for immediate CAS that
are submitted by ground maneuver forces over the Air Force air request net (AFARN) directly
to the ASOC. Once the Army approves these immediate requests, the ASOC tasks on-call
missions or diverts scheduled missions (with Army approval) to satisfy those approved
immediate requests. The ASOC may be granted launch and/or divert authority over all or
some of these missions. If the ASOC has not been given control of on-call or scheduled missions,
they must contact the AFAOC or JAOC to launch or divert CAS missions.

II-7
Chapter II

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT IN WORLD WAR II

In the late afternoon of March 26, the Western Desert Air Force began to
attack enemy lines before El Hamma. The British and New Zealand forward
elements were marked by yellow smoke, while British artillery fired smoke
shells into important enemy positions. Behind the Allied front line “a large
land-mark [was] cut into the ground against which red and blue smoke was
burned . . . Lorries were also arranged in the form of letters to act as ground
strips at selected pinpoints.” At 1530 hours, fifty-four bombers — Bostons
and Mitchells of the Army Air Force (AAF) and the South African Air Force —
conducted “pattern bombing” on targets near El Hamma. On the heels of the
bombers came the first group of fighter-bombers — P-40s, Spitfires, and
Hurricanes — which machine-gunned and bombed enemy positions from the
lowest possible height at fifteen-minute intervals. The pilots, including some
in the AAF, were ordered to attack preset targets and shoot-up enemy gun
crews to knock out enemy artillery and antitank guns. Twenty-six fighter-
bomber squadrons provided effective close air support, strafing and bombing
the enemy for two-and-a-half hours, while a squadron of Spitfires flew top
cover for the fighter bombers.

At 1600, half an hour after the fighter-bomber attacks had begun, British and
New Zealand forces attacked behind an artillery barrage. The offensive moved
at a rate of one hundred yards every three minutes, thus automatically
defining the bomb-line. Allied fighter-bombers continued to work in front of
the barrage. This combined air-artillery fire proved too much for the Axis
defenders, and by the time the moon rose, British armor and New Zealand
infantry broke through the enemy line. Within two days, the New Zealanders
took Gabes, and the British Eighth Army marched north through the gap
between the sea and Chott El Fedjadj.

The Allied use of aircraft during the Mareth Line battles provided a classic
example of great flexibility. While the XII Air Support Command and 242 Group
pinned down the enemy air force by attacking airfields, the Western Desert
Air Force worked with ground artillery to blast a path through the defenses
at El Hamma for the ground troops. Broadhurst thought that the battle fought
on March 26 at El Hamma was “an example of the proper use of air power in
accordance with the principle of concentration.” The Allied breakthrough at
El Hamma and the capture of Gabes forced the retreat of Axis forces from
southern Tunisia.

SOURCE: Case Studies in the Development of Close Air Support,

Edited by Benjamin Franklin Cooling, 1990,
Office of Air Force History

b. Army Air-Ground System. The AAGS (see Figure II-4) begins at the field army
level, and extends down through all echelons to the maneuver battalion (BN). AAGS
coordinates and integrates both Army component aviation support and air support with
Army ground maneuver.

II-8 JP 3-09.3
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

(1) Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD). The Army maintains BCDs at

the numbered Army level to interface and provide liaison with the JFACC or COMAFFOR
during combat operations. It is the senior Army airspace command and control (A2C2) element.
The BCD is located in the JAOC or AFAOC. Preplanned CAS requests proceed through Army
command channels to the BCD. The BCD interface includes exchanging current intelligence
and operational data, support requirements, coordinating the integration of Army forces
(ARFOR) requirements for ACMs, joint FSCMs, and CAS. The BCD is not an FSE, but acts
as the ARFOR senior liaison element and can also perform many fire support functions.

(2) Tactical Operations Center (TOC). At each level in the Army the TOC is
focal point of staff planning and synchronization of all operations for the commander,
including planning and requesting CAS for unit missions. The staff uses the TOC to coordinate
the requirements for CAS employment within the unit’s area of operations.

(3) Tactical Command Post. The tactical command post primarily concentrates on
the conduct of the current operations. The tactical command post is usually the approving
authority for immediate CAS requests or diversions of preplanned missions for the unit.
It is normally where the commander or battle staff will issue clearance of fires.

(4) FSE and ASOC/TACP Interface. The FSE is the link for the CAS mission
area between the Army unit and the ASOC/TACP. The FSE is responsible for fire support
planning, coordination, integration, and synchronization of fires delivered on surface targets
by all fire-support assets under the control, or in support, of the unit. As part of this
responsibility, the FSE coordinates the airspace usage with the unit’s A2C2 element collocated
with the FSE. The FSE and ASOC/TACP synchronize and integrate CAS for the unit. CAS
coordination occurs through the ASOC and the unit’s ALO or TACP in conjunction with the
fire support coordinator and operations officer (G-3/S-3). If Navy or Marine Corps CAS is
available, the air and naval gunfire liaison company provides the division, brigade, and BN
FSEs with supporting arms liaison.

c. TACS/AAGS Terminal Attack Control Agencies and Personnel. When appropriate,

AAGS may be clearly related to and interconnected with the USAF TACS. Together,
these systems are known as “TACS/AAGS.” Terminal attack control of CAS assets is the
final step in the TACS for CAS execution. There are both ground and air elements of the
TACS to accomplish this mission.

(1) Tactical Air Control Party. The TACP is the principal Air Force liaison element
aligned with Army maneuver units from BN through corps. The primary mission of corps-
through brigade-level TACPs is to advise their respective ground commanders on the capabilities
and limitations of air power and assist the ground commander in planning, requesting, and
coordinating CAS. The TACP provides the primary terminal attack control of CAS in support
of ground forces.

(a) Air Liaison Officer. The ALO is the senior TACP member attached to a
ground unit who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operations. Above

II-9
Chapter II

BN level, an ALO is an aeronautically rated officer and is an expert in the capabilities and
limitations of air power. The ALO plans and executes CAS in accordance with the ground
commander’s guidance and intent. At BN level, an ALO (commonly called a “BALO”) is an
Air Force officer or specially-qualified enlisted TACP member who provides the BN commander
direct CAS support.

(b) Terminal Attack Controllers (TAC). The TAC is the forward Army ground
commander’s CAS expert. TACs provide the ground commander recommendations on the use
of CAS and its integration with ground maneuver. They are members of TACPs and perform
terminal attack control of individual CAS missions. The TAC must:

1. Know the enemy situation, selected targets, and location of friendly units.

2. Know the supported unit’s plans, position, and needs.

3. Validate targets of opportunity.

4. Advise the commander on proper employment of air assets.

5. Submit immediate requests for CAS.

6. Control CAS with supported commander’s approval.

7. Perform BDA.

(2) Forward Air Controller (Airborne). A specifically trained and qualified aviation
officer who exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in CAS of ground troops. The
FAC(A) is normally an airborne extension of the TACP.

(3) Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne) (TAC[A]). Normally performed by

JSTARS, or a FAC(A) in the absence of JSTARS, the TAC(A) provides communications
relay between the TACP and attack aircraft as well as other agencies of the TACS. It also
expedites CAS aircraft-to-FAC hand-off during “heavy traffic” CAS operations. Air Force
two-ship FAC(A) flights, especially in higher threat environments, may divide responsibilities
so one aircraft fills the normal FAC(A) role while the second becomes a TAC(A).

(4) Fire Support Team (FIST). The FIST is the ground commander’s fire support
element at the company level. The company fire support officer (FSO) supervises the FIST
and is the company fire support coordinator (FSC). Field artillery and mortars provide the
primary fire support to the company. The FIST coordinates these assets, and when available,
coordinates CAS and naval resources through appropriate agencies. The FIST also provides
forward observer capabilities to the company. In the absence of a TACP, the FIST can assist
the commander in the execution of CAS. Non-JTAC qualified personnel providing terminal
attack control of a CAS mission may increase the risk of fratricide. The decision to use non-
JTAC qualified personnel for terminal attack control of CAS must be balanced against
potential loss of friendly forces to enemy action. Regardless, FIST personnel provide expert
targeting information that other CAS personnel can use.

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 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

(5) Army Aviation Unit Commander. Army attack aviation commanders

establish liaison with supported headquarters (HQ) when operating under mission-type
orders. The liaison element integrates aviation maneuver and fires into the ground tactical
plan. During execution, the liaison element monitors the mission while the unit commander
executes in accordance with orders generated by the supported commander. The aviation
unit commander controls aviation maneuver and fires and provides reports to the command
group. FAC(A) qualified helicopter aircrew or heliborne JTAC may direct the terminal attack
control of CAS.

4. Navy Command and Control

The NTACS is the principal air control system afloat (see Figure II-6). It is comprised of
the United States Navy (USN) tactical air control center (TACC), tactical air direction center
(TADC) and helicopter direction center (HDC). The commander, Navy force’s
(COMNAVFOR’s) focal point for tasking and exercising OPCON over Navy air forces is the
Navy TACC.

a. Tactical Air Control Center. The Navy TACC is the primary air control agency within
the area of operations from which all air operations supporting the amphibious task force are
controlled. When the COMNAVFOR is also the JFACC, he will augment the Navy TACC with
elements from other components to create a JAOC. One of the seven functions of the Navy
TACC is to provide CAS and other air support as requested by the landing force (LF). Ideally
the Navy TACC is collocated with the supporting arms coordination center (SACC). Two
sections within the Navy TACC specifically support the CAS function:

(1) The Air Traffic Control Section (ATCS) provides initial safe passage, radar
control, and surveillance for aircraft in the amphibious operation area. The ATCS can also
provide early detection, identification and warning of enemy aircraft.

(2) The Air Support Coordination Section (ASCS) is designed to coordinate and control
overall CAS employment. The primary task of the ASCS is to provide fast reaction to CAS requests
from the LF. The ASCS coordinates with the SACC to integrate CAS and other supporting arms;
provides aircrews with current and complete intelligence, and target briefings; passes CAS control to the
JTAC; executes the CAS portion of the ATO; and acts as the agency for immediate CAS requests.

b. Tactical Air Direction Center. The TADC is a control agency subordinate to the
Navy TACC or Marine tactical air command center, smaller in area of control, seen during
advance force or sector operations (see paragraph 6).

c. Helicopter Direction Center. The HDC is an air operations installation under the
overall control of the Navy TACC, TADC or DASC (ashore), as appropriate, from which control
and direction of helicopter operations are exercised.

d. Supporting Arms Coordination Center. Although not part of the NTACS, the SACC
is integral to supporting arms C2. The SACC is a single location on board an amphibious
ship in which all communications facilities incident to the coordination of fire support of the
artillery, air and naval gunfire are centralized. The SACC processes joint tactical air strike
requests (JTARs) and determines which supporting arm is best suited to engage targets. The

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Chapter II

NAVY/MARINE CORPS
CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CONNECTIVITY
JFC
JOC

AFFOR MARFOR NAVFOR JFSOCC

JFACC
JAOC

CTF/OTC

MAGTF/MEF CATF COMCARGRU

DASC(A) FFCC SACC TACC/TADC
TAC(A)
FAC(A) CV
XX AREC
III GCE/DIV CSSE
ACE
II RGT FSCC DASC
BN FSCC TACC TADC
TACP
FSCC TACP AO
TACP Flying Squadrons
AO (Ftr/Attack/Helo)
AO
TAOC
Reque st Net
Tactical Air

ACE Aviation Combat Element JFC Joint Force Commander

AFFOR Air Force Forces JFSOCC Joint Force Special Operations
AO Air Officer Component Commander
AREC Air Resource Element Coordinator JOC Joint Operations Center
BN Battalion MAGTF Marine Air-Ground Task Force
CATF Commander, Amphibious Task Force MARFOR Marine Forces
COMCARGRU Commander Carrier Group MEF Marine Expeditionary Force
CSSE Combat Service Support Element NAVFOR Navy Forces
CTF Combined Task Force OTC Officer Tactical Command
CV Carrier RGT Regiment
DASC(A) Direct Air Support Center (Airborne) SACC Supporting Arms Coordination Center
DIV Division TAC(A) Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne)
FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne) TACC Tactical Air Control Center(USN)/
FFCC Force Fire Coordination Center Tactical Air Command Center (USMC)
FSCC Fire Support Coordination Center TACP Tactical Air Control Party
GCE Ground Combat Element TADC Tactical Air Direction Center
JAOC Joint Air Operations Center TAOC Tactical Air Operations Center
JFACC Joint Force Air Component Commander

Figure II-6. Navy/Marine Corps Close Air Support Connectivity

SACC maintains radio contact on tactical air request (TAR) nets with TACP to coordinate CAS
requests.

e. The naval and amphibious liaison element and Marine Corps liaison officer are available
to the JFACC JAOC for CAS coordination and integration.

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 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

5. Marine Corps Command and Control

a. The MACCS consists of various air C2 agencies designed to provide the MAGTF
aviation combat element (ACE) commander with the ability to monitor, supervise, and influence
the application of Marine aviation’s six functions (see Figure II-6). The Marine air control
group (MACG) is responsible for providing, operating, and maintaining principal MACCS
agencies. Marine aviation’s philosophy is one of centralized command and decentralized
execution. The commander, Marine force’s (COMMARFOR’s) focal point for tasking and
exercising OPCON over Marine Corps air forces is the tactical air command center.

b. The principal agencies within the MACCS critical to the employment of CAS are:

(1) Tactical Air Command Center. The Marine Corps tactical air command center
is the senior agency of the MACCS. It provides the facilities for the ACE commander and the
battlestaff to command, supervise and direct MAGTF air operations. When the COMMARFOR
is also the JFACC, he will augment the Marine Corps tactical air command center with elements
from other components to create a JAOC. Other Services’ comparable agencies include the
AFAOC and the Navy’s TACC.

(2) Tactical Air Direction Center. The Marine TADC is an air operations agency
subordinate to the Navy TACC. The Marine TADC is normally utilized during the phasing of
the MACCS ashore (see paragraph 6).

(3) Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC). The TAOC is subordinate to the Marine
tactical air command center. The TAOC provides safe passage, radar control, and surveillance
for all aircraft within the operational area.

(4) Direct Air Support Center. The DASC is the principal air control agency
responsible for the direction of air operations that directly support ground forces and is only
capable of providing procedural air control. It functions in a decentralized mode of operation,
but is directly supervised by the Marine tactical air command center. The DASC processes
immediate CAS requests, coordinates the execution of preplanned and immediate CAS, directs
assigned and itinerant aircraft, and controls unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) transiting through
DASC-controlled airspace. When delegated authority, the DASC adjusts preplanned schedules,
diverts airborne assets, and launches aircraft, as required. The DASC’s configuration is flexible
and can be task-organized to meet a variety of requirements. The DASC normally collocates
with the senior FSCC. When there are multiple ground combat elements (GCEs), the DASC
may collocate with the MAGTF’s force fires coordination center (FFCC). Synchronization
between the DASC and the FFCC/FSCC is vital to the effective coordination of direct air
support missions and the employment of other supporting arms. An airborne DASC can also
be operated from KC-130 aircraft providing the functions of the DASC on a limited scale.

(a) Tactical Air Control Party. The TACP, although an agency of the MACCS,
is not administratively part of the MACG. Instead, it is located within the GCE. The TACP
provides a way for ground commanders to access the MACCS to satisfy their direct air support
requirements. It provides the ground commander with aviation advisory personnel and the

II-13
Chapter II

means to integrate tactical air operations with supporting arms. TACPs are located at the
regimental, BN, and company levels.

(b) Forward Air Controller. The FAC controls aircraft in support of ground
troops from a forward ground position. This control aids target identification and greatly
reduces the potential for fratricide. Primary duties of the FAC are to:

1. Know the enemy situation, selected targets, and location of friendly units.

2. Know the supported units’ plans, position, and needs.

3. Locate targets of opportunity.

4. Advise the supported company commander on proper air employment.

5. Request CAS.

6. Control CAS.

7. Perform BDA.

(5) Airborne Controllers. The two airborne MACCS agencies that provide airborne
control for CAS missions are the TAC(A) and the FAC(A).

(a) Forward Air Controller (Airborne). A specifically trained and qualified

aviation officer who exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in CAS of ground troops.
The FAC(A) is normally an airborne extension of the TACP.

(b) Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne). The TAC(A) is a naval aviator who
coordinates the action of combat aircraft engaged in close support of ground or sea forces. He
serves as an on site airborne extension of the DASC. The DASC or Marine tactical air command
center determines the TAC(A)’s authority over aircraft operating within his assigned area.

(6) Force Fires Coordination Center/Fire Support Coordination Center. In order

to conduct CAS, detailed coordination is required between the MACCS and the FFCC/FSCC.
The MAGTF FFCC plans, coordinates, and executes lethal and nonlethal fires in support of
the MAGTF commander’s CONOPS. The FFCC is the senior fire support coordination agency.
The FSCC is a single location in which there are centralized communications facilities and
personnel incident to the coordination of all forms of fire support. An FSCC exists from
division to BN levels. One of the most challenging tasks performed by an FSCC is integrating
and coordinating air support with surface fires. The overarching goal is integrating fire support
assets and maneuver to achieve the desired results from the air attack without suspending the
use of the other supporting arms or unnecessarily delaying the scheme of maneuver. An
additional goal is to offer a reasonable measure of protection to the aircraft from our own
surface fires and enemy fires.

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 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

6. Navy/Marine Corps Command and Control in Amphibious Operations

a. Both the Navy and the Marine Corps air control systems are capable of independent
operations; however, in the conduct of an amphibious operation, elements of both systems are
used to different degrees from the beginning of the operation until the C2 of aircraft and missiles
is phased ashore (see Figure II-7).

b. Under the commander, amphibious task force, the Navy TACC, typically onboard the
amphibious flagship will normally be established as the agency responsible for controlling all
air operations within the allocated airspace regardless of mission or origin, to include supporting
arms. As the amphibious operation proceeds, C2 of aviation operations is phased ashore as
MACCS agencies are established on the ground. Air C2 functions are traditionally sequenced
ashore in five phases.

(1) Phase one is characterized by the arrival of various “supporting arms controllers”
ashore; namely the TACP, forward observers, air support liaison teams and naval surface fire
spot teams.

(2) In phase two, the DASC is normally the first principal air control agency ashore
during amphibious operations. When control is afloat, the Navy TACC supervises the DASC’s
operations.

(3) The movement of the TAOC ashore, although not directly related to CAS, is the
principal event in phase three.

(4) In phase four, the senior organization of the MACG is established ashore and
functions as the Marine TADC under control of the Navy TACC.

(5) Phase five is characterized by the passage of command responsibility ashore.

The Marine Corps TADC assumes the role of the tactical air command center and once the
Marine Corps tactical air command center receives control of all LF air operations, the Navy
TACC becomes a TADC supporting the land-based air control agency.

7. Special Operations Command and Control

Theater special operations are normally under the control of the JFSOCC. Control of
SOF air is normally exercised by a joint special operations air component commander
(JSOACC), if designated by the JFSOCC. If a JSOACC has not been designated, then the SOF
air is controlled by its Service component within the joint force special operations command.
Principal organizations and personnel that support coordination of CAS for SOF are the special
operations liaison element (SOLE), the special operations C2 element, and JTAC qualified
SOF personnel (see Figure II-8).

a. Special Operations Liaison Element. A SOLE is a special operations liaison team

provided by the JFSOCC to the JFACC to coordinate, deconflict, and integrate special operations
air and surface operations with conventional air operations. The SOLE is the focal point in the
JAOC for all air support requests for SOF, to include CAS.

II-15
II-16

Chapter II
AMPHIBIOUS TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
NET FREQUENCY TACC TACC TADC TAOC DASC MAG TACP A/C
USN USMC

Tactical Air High Frequency X X X X

Request/ (HF)
Helicopter Very High
Request Net Frequency (VHF)

Group Common Ultra High X #

Frequency (UHF)

UHF X X X X
Guard
VHF

UHF #
Squadron
Common

Tactical Air HF
Command
UHF

Tactical Air
Control Party VHF
Local and Tactical # X #
Air Direction

Tactical Air
UHF X X # # X # #
Direction VHF

Tactical HF N N # # X X

“X” Indicates normal participation in the specified net. “N” Indicates participation by Naval Tactical Air Control
System agencies.
“#” Indicates participation when directed, or as required.
JP 3-09.3

Figure II-7. Amphibious Tactical Air Control System Communications Network

 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

AMPHIBIOUS TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SYSTEM

COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

LEGEND
A/C Aircraft
DASC Direct Air Support Center
MAG Marine Air Group
TACC Tactical Air Control Center (USN)
Tactical Air Command Center (USMC)
TACP Tactical Air Control Party
TADC Tactical Air Direction Center
TAOC Tactical Air Operations Center
USMC United States Marine Corps
USN United States Navy

Figure II-7. Amphibious Tactical Air Control System Communications Network (cont’d)

b. Special Operations Command and Control Element (SOCCE). A SOCCE performs

C2 or liaison functions according to mission requirements and as directed by the JFSOCC. Its
level of authority and responsibility may vary widely. It is the C2 focal point for CAS requests
for SOF units in support of a conventional joint or Service force.

c. JTAC Qualified Special Operations Forces. SOF from all three Service components
(USAF special tactics personnel, USN sea-air-land teams, and US Army special forces) may
have individuals that are JTAC qualified to perform terminal attack control. SOF terminal
attack control training emphasizes night IR, laser, and beacon equipment.

d. Terminal Guidance Operations (TGO). Terminal guidance is different than terminal

attack control. TGO are actions that provide terminal guidance to weapons or aircraft to facilitate
target engagement. TGO are many times conducted by SOF and make joint air attacks and
SOF ground operations complementary. Enemy targets, such as mobile high-payoff targets,
that are difficult to locate from the air are often more visible to ground SOF. Small ground
SOF elements can sometimes search for, identify, and precisely report the location of these
targets and with systems like global positioning system (GPS), laser designators, etc. or
combinations of the above can provide target locations. Ground SOF may also be able to
provide precise BDA of attacks on targets that otherwise may be obscured or hidden. TGO do
not include authority to clear aircraft to release ordnance and should not be confused
with terminal attack control.

8. Communication Systems

a. Control and Flexibility. CAS missions require a high degree of control exercised
through effective communication. Communications must be flexible and responsive (mission-
tailored and robust) to ensure that links between aircraft and ground units are maintained,
reducing the chance of fratricide and enhancing mission effectiveness. Flexibility and responsiveness
of joint force CAS communications are made possible using a variety of techniques including

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Chapter II

SPECIAL OPERATIONS
CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CONNECTIVITY
JFC
JOC

JFACC BCD

JAOC MARLO

SOLE NALE

MARFOR NAVFOR ARFOR AFFOR JFSOCC

MAGTF TACC CORPS NAVSOF JSOACC ARSOF

SOCCE SOCCE SOCCE NSTG/U
SFOB
AFSOF ARSOA TACP

Platoon
ODA
SOF SOF
Rangers
TACP

AFFOR Air Force Forces MARFOR Marine Corps Forces

AFSOF Air Force Special Operations Component MARLO Marine Liaison Officer
ARFOR Army Forces NALE Naval And Amphibious Liaison Element
ARSOA Army Special Operations Aviation NAVFOR Navy Forces
BCD Battlefield Coordination Detachment NAVSOF Naval Special Operations Forces
JAOC Joint Air Operation Center NSTG/U Navy Special Operations Task Group/Unit
JFACC Joint Force Air Component Commander ODA Operational Detachment Alpha
JFC Joint Force Commander SFOB Special Forces Operations Base
JFSOCC Joint Force Special Operations Component SOCCE Special Operations Command And Control
Commander Element
JOC Joint Operations Center SOF Special Operations Forces
JSOACC Joint Special Operations Air Component SOLE Special Operations Liaison Element
Commander TACC Tactical Air Control Center
MAGTF Marine Air-Ground Task Force TACP Tactical Air Control Party

Figure II-8. Special Operations Close Air Support Connectivity

countermeasures and emission control (EMCON), and through the interoperable

communications nets of the components.

b. Secure Voice/Frequency-Agile Communications. The preferred means of

communication during CAS missions is either using secure voice or frequency-agile radio
systems (e.g., Have Quick, Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System [SINCGARS]).
Data link should also be used to transmit information whenever possible. However, do not
allow the non-availability of these methods to hinder the application of CAS, especially in
emergency situations or in the case of fleeting targets.

c. Countermeasures. Enemy communications jamming, monitoring, and imitative

deception interfere with the air C2 system and can jeopardize the use of CAS. Proper
radio procedures are critical. There are a number of techniques to counter jamming and
deception. They include natural terrain masking, burn through, brevity, chattermarks,

II-18 JP 3-09.3
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

frequency-agile radios, secure communications, authentication, and visual signals. No

single technique is completely effective by itself. The tactical environment, available
communications equipment, and mission determine the proper technique.

d. Emission Control. Emphasize EMCON throughout the planning and training cycles.
As the enemy increases the use of EW, traditional air support communications may become
impossible. This may reduce an aircrew’s ability to conduct immediate missions. A preplanned
mission, however, can be accomplished with minimum communication between the JTAC
and the aircrew. The DASC/ASOC/TACC or TAC(A) transmits the CAS brief to the aircrew
as early as possible and prior to initial contact with the JTAC. The aircrew contacts the JTAC,
transmits the abort code, and receives the time to target (TTT) or time on target (TOT).

e. Joint Communications Requirements

(1) CAS participants will use the communications nets and architecture of the
requesting component.

(2) When CAS is executed in joint operations, everyone involved must have the
appropriate signal operating instructions (SOI)/joint communications-electronics
operating instructions (JCEOI) data to communicate effectively and successfully. The JFACC
(or the JFC staff if a JFACC is not established) identifies the communications requirements
associated with CAS. The command, control, communications, and computers systems
directorate of a joint staff (J-6) satisfies these requirements (e.g., providing frequencies, call
signs, cryptographic key information) and produces the SOI/JCEOI. It is the responsibility of
the JFACC to ensure that required communications data for CAS is published in the joint ATO/
SPINS.

(3) Specifically, CAS-capable units and aircrews will need radio frequencies and
call signs for airspace control agencies, ground forces, and JTACs they will need to contact
during the course of their missions. They will also need identification, friend or foe codes and
authentication materials. The component communications manager should establish direct
liaison with the joint force J-6 to coordinate the necessary CAS communications data to all
elements in the CAS process.

f. Component Communications Nets. This subparagraph describes the

communications nets used by air control agencies and tactical aircraft in the conduct of
CAS. In addition to these nets, there are numerous others within the C2 systems that could be
used in extreme situations. These nets are designed to provide communications redundancy.
See Figures II-3 and II-7 for a listing of the communications nets associated with CAS.

(1) Air Force/Army Communications Nets

(a) Army Interface. The ASOC and TACPs are key liaison points between Air
Force and Army elements. They have SINCGARS communications equipment for entry into
Army voice and digital communications nets.

(b) Army Command/Operations Net (voice). This net is used for C2 of all maneuver
elements within the maneuver force. TACPs may access this net to obtain commander’s final

II-19
Chapter II

release authority or to coordinate with key staff agencies for information such as the
disposition and location of forward friendly units or elements.

(c) Fire Support Net (voice). The primary purpose of this net is to request
calls for fire and facilitate coordination between maneuver, FSEs, field artillery, mortars, and
non-field artillery observers. TACPs may access this net to activate or deactivate airspace
coordination areas (ACAs), or for coordinating target marks and/or suppression fire missions.
This net may also be used to contact forward observers or facilitate control of CAS missions.

(d) Operations and Intelligence (O&I) Net (voice). Scouts, reconnaissance

elements, and other intelligence gathering entities use this net to pass routine operational and
intelligence information. The O&I net connects battlespace observers with their corresponding
C2 nodes. Additionally, this net may be used to determine if specific triggers for CAS have
been met in order to synchronize CAS with ground fire and maneuver. TACPs may access this
net to obtain forward battlespace information or facilitate terminal attack control.

(e) Command and Control Net. Interfaces with other TACS units (AFAOC,
CRC, AWACS, JSTARS, and WOC) are accomplished via high-frequency (HF)/single sideband
(SSB), tropo-microwave links, and satellite communications (SATCOM) systems. All of these
systems should normally be encrypted. These communications nets are used for command
communications traffic, including operations and scramble orders, coordination, intelligence,
and air defense warning. Whenever possible, reliability and survivability are enhanced by
using multiple systems and redundant switches.

(f) Air Force Air Request Net. The AFARN is the link between the ASOC and
subordinate TACPs for request and coordination of immediate air support. The ASOC is the
net control station (NCS). An AFARN will normally be provided for each division. The
ASOC will activate and operate as many nets as necessary, contingent with needs, equipment
available, and frequencies allocated. Although the primary mode for the AFARN was HF/SSB
in the past, the Air Force has recently procured and fielded PRC-117F radios with SATCOM
capability. This capability will likely lead to the use of SATCOM as the preferred mode for
AFARN communications. Digital is the preferred method for transmitting/receiving air support
requests as it expedites integration of request into automated systems.

(g) Air Control Net. The purpose of this net is to coordinate mission direction
of airborne aircraft under control of the CRC. The ASOC interfaces with the tactical air control
net through the US Army/USAF C2 net.

(h) Tactical Air Direction (TAD) Net. The TACPs/FACs use their ultra-high
frequency (UHF)-amplitude modulation (AM) net for the direction and control of aircraft
engaged in CAS. The TACP is the prime user of this net and is allocated specific frequencies
to conduct tactical operations. The ASOC is also authorized to enter this net to pass time-
sensitive information. The TAD net should be reserved for time-critical terminal attack control
information only.

(i) Inflight Report Net. This UHF-AM net is for the airborne transmission of
inflight reports to the elements of the TACS. Reports are normally passed to the CRC, AWACS, or

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 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

JSTARS and relayed to the AFAOC and/or ASOC. The ASOC and AFAOC monitor this net
when in range.

(j) Guard Net. Provides an emergency distress net for aircraft. Guard further
serves as a means for air control agencies to advise aircraft of emergency conditions or serious
hazards to flight safety. All aircraft continuously monitor guard.

(k) TACP Admin Net. This net is used to pass urgent administrative, logistic,
and command information between the ASOC and TACP elements.

(l) Squadron Common Net. Provides a means of communication between

squadron aircraft and/or with the squadron HQ. Each aircraft squadron has its own common
net.

(2) Navy/Marine Corps Communications Nets

(a) United States Marine Corps (USMC) Command Net. This net is used for
C2 of all maneuver elements within the maneuver force. AOs and FACs may access this net to
obtain commander’s final release authority or to coordinate with key staff agencies for
information such as the disposition and location of forward friendly units or elements.

(b) USMC Fire Support Coordination Net. This net provides a means for
overall fire support coordination. TACPs and JTACs may access this net to request activation
or deactivation of ACAs, or for coordinating target marks and/or suppression fire missions.

(c) USMC Artillery Conduct of Fire Net. This net provides a means to directly
request and adjust artillery fire.

(d) Direct Air Support Net. Provides a means for the DASC to request direct
air support aircraft from the Navy TACC/TADC. Information pertaining to aircraft status and
progress of direct air support missions may also be passed over this net.

(e) Group Common Net. Provides a means of communication between in-

flight group aircraft and/or with the aircraft group HQ. Each aircraft group has its own common
net.

(f) Guard Net. Provides an emergency distress net for aircraft. Guard further
serves as a means for air control agencies to advise aircraft of emergency conditions or serious
hazards to flight safety. All aircraft continuously monitor guard.

(g) Helicopter Direction Net. Provides positive control of helicopters in the

amphibious objective area (AOA) or area of operations with a high-density airspace control
zone (HIDACZ) inbound to and outbound from USN ships. It is a backup net available to
coordinate rotary-wing CAS.

(h) Squadron Common Net. Provides a means of communication between squadron

aircraft and/or with the squadron HQ. Each aircraft squadron has its own common net.

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Chapter II

(i) Tactical Air Command Net. Provides the primary means for the Navy TACC/
TADC to pass operational and/or administrative traffic to various agencies providing tactical
air support. During a large operation, an additional tactical air command net may be reserved
for purely operational purposes.

(j) Tactical Air Control Party Local Net. Provides a means for coordination
between the AO and the FACs. Coordination with TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s may also be conducted
over this net.

(k) Tactical Air Direction Net. Provides a means for the control of aircraft
conducting CAS and for the TACC/Marine tactical air command center, TADC, and DASC to
brief CAS aircraft on target information or assignment to the FAC or FAC(A). Multiple TAD
nets are required and are utilized by various air control agencies afloat and ashore. This net is
primarily UHF, with a secondary very high frequency (VHF) capability available in some
cases. Due to the extremely time sensitive information passed on this net, the TAD net assigned
to the FAC or FAC(A) should be reserved for terminal attack control only.

(l) Tactical Air Request Net. Provides a means for ground maneuver units to
request immediate air support from the DASC or TACC/SACC. The SACC/FSCCs monitor
this net and may modify or disapprove a specific request. The DASC uses the net to brief the
requesting unit on the status of the mission. Additionally, BDA may be passed over the net.
Multiple tactical air request nets may be required depending on the scope of CAS operations.
A secondary VHF capability may be available.

(m) Tactical Air Traffic Control Net. Provides a means for the TACC/Marine
tactical air command center/TAOC and DASC to exercise control of all tactical and itinerant
aircraft in the AOA or area of operations with a HIDACZ. Types of information passed over
the tactical air traffic control (TATC) net include aircraft reports of launches by mission number,
clearance of aircraft to their assigned control agencies, diverting aircraft as necessary, and
relay of in-flight reports and BDA. Multiple TATC nets are often required.

(n) Naval Gunfire Ground Spot Net. Provides a means for shore fire control
parties to directly request and adjust naval surface fires.

(o) Naval Gunfire Air Spot Net. Provides a means for aircraft to directly request
and adjust naval surface fires.

(p) Shore Fire Control Party, Local Net. Provides a means for coordination
between the naval gunfire liaison officer and the shore fire control party.

(3) Special Operations Communications Nets. SOF communications nets provide

a means for both SOF air assets to provide preplanned/immediate CAS and SOF surface teams
to request immediate CAS. The majority of SOF surface unit requests will be immediate.

(a) SOF Air. Communications between the aircraft and the JSOACC will be
used to coordinate preplanned/immediate CAS requests. For preplanned CAS missions in
support of another component, SOF air will access the established network of the requesting

II-22 JP 3-09.3
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

component. For immediate CAS (after JFSOCC approval), SOF air will access the requesting Service
communications net to provide the requested CAS support.

(b) SOF Surface Units. SOF surface units have a variety of communications
capabilities that can be used for CAS. For CAS requests not supported via organic SOF assets,
the JFSOCC (by means of the joint special operations air component [JSOAC]) will forward
the request to the JFACC via established communication links (through the SOLE). Once the
asset has been assigned, that information is passed to the requester via the JFSOCC (again, by
means of the JSOAC). The requesting unit will communicate with the CAS aircraft via the
established providing component net (including UHF/VHF Guard).

g. Alternate Nets. When communications are lost on the primary nets, CAS can still be
conducted through alternate modes of communication. Communications may be restored using
alternate air support nets or non-air support communications nets.

h. Communications Equipment. See FM 90-2, MCRP 3-16.8B, NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP

3-2.6, Multi-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (J-FIRE) publication
for a listing of radios found on CAS-capable aircraft and ground units. The figures in that
publication describe communication frequency ranges and capabilities.

i. Digital Call-for Fire. Systems that enable the TACP or forward observers to
communicate with the FSC and to aid in the speed and accuracy of information flow may be
used. All agencies involved with the conduct of fires should have the capability to receive and
disseminate digital requests for fires if digital means are to be used.

9. Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

a. Joint intelligence preparation of the battlespace (JIPB) is the analytical process

used to produce intelligence assessments and other intelligence products in support of the
JFC’s decision-making process. It is a continuous process that includes four major steps:

(1) Defining the total battlespace environment.

(2) Describing the battlespace effects.

(3) Evaluating the enemy.

(4) Determining and describing potential enemy courses of action (COAs), particularly
the most likely and dangerous to friendly forces and mission accomplishment.

b. Intelligence preparation for CAS at all levels in the CAS process is largely
dependent on mission and planning time available. Optimum ISR support to CAS begins
early in the deliberate planning process to include JIPB and the targeting process. While it is
impossible to account for every conceivable possibility, this early integration can assist in
better target selection, ISR collection requirements, force allocation, and follow-on assessment.
In turn, this will assist in preparing for immediate retaskings. While preplanned CAS benefits
most from advanced planning, immediate CAS can still realize the same benefits. At a minimum,

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Chapter II

tactical level forces should analyze the battlespace and environment in terms of military
objectives; air, land, and sea avenues of approach; and the effects of weather and geography
on personnel, CAS operations and weapons systems. The tactical level evaluation for CAS
should concentrate on standard order of battle factors such as composition, strength, morale,
tactics, and training status of specific tactical units that can interfere with mission
accomplishment.

For more detailed discussion of JIPB see JP 2-01.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
for Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace.

c. Human Intelligence (HUMINT). There are many sources of HUMINT on the

battlefield. Teams deployed on the battlefield such as the TACP, combat observation and lasing
teams (COLTs), reconnaissance teams, SOF, and FISTs may have the most current disposition
of the enemy. All have the capability to relay critical information such as post attack BDA that
will aid in the effectiveness of CAS. CAS aircrews are often in a position to provide and pass
critical reconnaissance information. CAS aircrew should provide the TACP and controlling
agencies as much reconnaissance information as possible throughout the course of their mission.

d. CAS Related ISR Systems

(1) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. UAVs can provide multiple types of information.
Most can be equipped to collect one or more types of information on a single mission. Types
of information available from UAVs include real time video and synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
data. When utilized, UAV platforms must be integrated and deconflicted with CAS aircraft
and surface fires within the battlespace to support CAS.

(2) Joint Surveillance, Target, Attack, Reconnaissance Radar System. JSTARS

provides two primary radar modes; moving target indicator and SAR. Two types of ground
stations can receive JSTARS radar information: the common ground station, normally found
with Army ground units, and the joint Services workstation, normally found in the AFAOC/
ASOC or TACC.

(3) USAF RC-135 RIVET JOINT and U-2, USN EP-3/ARIES, and US Army
RC-12/GUARDRAIL provide classified communications intelligence and electronic
intelligence (ELINT) information which may be used independently or cross-checked with
other ISR platforms to augment or complete the overall intelligence picture.

(4) Tactical Reconnaissance Systems. Some aircraft are equipped with sensors that
enable tactical airborne reconnaissance.

For more information, see FM 90-2, MCRP 3-16.8B, NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP 3-2.6 Multi-Service
Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (J-FIRE).

(5) Ground Surveillance Systems. Ground surveillance radar provides a mobile,

near all-weather ability to detect objects and provide target locations. The radar is capable of
performing a variety of tasks, including searching avenues of approach, possible enemy
attack positions, assembly areas, or other sectors or areas on a time schedule, at random, or

II-24 JP 3-09.3
 Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

continuously to report location, size composition, and nature of enemy activity. Counterfire
radars can also provide targeting information on enemy artillery, mortar, and rocket systems
locations.

For additional information on intelligence support to military operations, intelligence processes

(planning, collection, etc.), and federated intelligence support, see JP 2-01, Joint Intelligence
Support to Military Operations.

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Chapter II

Intentionally Blank

II-26 JP 3-09.3
 CHAPTER III
PLANNING AND REQUESTING

“Planning is everything — Plans are nothing.”

Field Marshal Helmuth Graf von Moltke (1800-1891)

1. Introduction

This chapter outlines a CAS-related decision-making process that can be applied to

deliberate and crisis action planning, identifies specific CAS-related staff responsibilities,
outlines basic CAS planning considerations, and identifies procedures for requesting CAS and
CAS-related air support. Focus will be at the brigade level and below with the concept of a
joint fires team consisting of TACP personnel and the FSE/FSCC. The FSE is the US Army
representation to the team and the FSCC is the USMC’s representation. The joint fires team is
the primary tactical staff agency responsible for CAS planning. The planning phase begins
when the unit receives the order from higher HQ (HHQ). Finally, while the chapter focuses on
the tasks that planners must perform during major ground operations, the same tasks may
apply to CAS performed in support of tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (TRAP),
combat search and rescue forces, rear area security forces, etc., that may not have the formal
staff agencies discussed in the chapter.

2. Deliberate Planning

Commanders and planners must effectively incorporate their knowledge of CAS capabilities
and limitations. Apportionment and allocation decisions, campaign phase development, force
deployment flow, etc. can all impact tactical level CAS planning. CAS planning covered in
this chapter provides planners at all levels with the necessary CAS considerations for sound
concept and orders development. Deliberate planning supports crisis action planning (CAP)
by anticipating and developing OPLANs that facilitate the rapid development and selection of
a COA and execution planning during a crisis.

For more information on the deliberate planning process see JP 5-0, Doctrine for Planning
Joint Operations.

3. Crisis Action Planning

CAP is the time critical development of OPORDs and campaign plans in response to an
imminent crisis. CAP is the planning process more closely related to the employment of the
tactical level procedures of CAS. The CAS decision-making process and considerations in
this chapter can be applied to the phases of CAP identified in JP 5-0, Doctrine for Planning
Joint Operations.

4. Close Air Support in the Decision-making Process

The CAS decision-making process, as indicated in Figure III-1, is a continuous 3-phase

cycle that has been tailored for joint fire support and focused specifically on CAS. This chapter
focuses on planning (see Figure III-2), and Chapter IV, “Preparation,” and Chapter V,

III-1
III-2

Chapter III
CLOSE AIR SUPPORT INTEGRATION MODEL
PLANNING PHASE PREPARATION PHASE
RECEIPT OF MISSION
PLANNING
COA PHASE COA ANALYSIS/ ORDERS
PREPARATION PHASE
REHEARSALS MOVEMENT OBSERVATION
MISSION ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT WARGAME PRODUCTION

Read Order Understand: Determine Locations of WARGAME Cdr Approves/ Maneuver Rehearsal Observers
EFSTs Formations: Friendly vs. Enemy Modifies COA TACP
Issue Warning Higher FS Plan ID HPTs COA Finalizes FS Plan Fire Support Rehearsal FIST Targets
Order Artillery Quantity Effects Produce Final Drafts: Issues FS Plan R/S NAIs
CAS Plan Methods Scheme of Fires with OPORD CAS Target List Reviewed COLT TAIs
Mortars Allocate Acquisition Fires Paragraph Observation Plan FAC(A)
Fighter/Attack Aircraft Assets FS Annex/Air Annex CAS Target Description Other
Attack Helos Allocate Attack Assets FSEM CAS Target Location and Elevation
NSFS Integrate Triggers with Target List TARGETS CAS Target Marketing
EW Maneuver Target Overlay CAS Triggers Practiced
Conduct FS Estimate TSM SEAD Practiced
Analyze Facts/Assumptions Produce Draft: HPTL FSCMs/ACMs Practiced
Identify Specified/Implied Concept of Fires AGM
Tasks HPTL TSM Field Artillery PA and ADF
Translate Capabilities/ AGM CAS Targets VERIFY COMMUNICATIONS
Limitations/Constraints/ FSEM SEAD
Restrictions Targeting Sync Matrix Marking TOC/COC Observers
Priority S-3 JTAC/FAC(A)
Analyze Effects of IPB on FS Target List FSE FIST/JTAC
Obtain Initial HVTs from S-2 FSCMs/ACMs Precedence R/S
Update JTAR AD/TACP
Obtain Cdr’s Initial Targeting Priority of Fires S-2 COLT
Guidance FAC(A) Other Other
Develop Draft EFSTs
Prepare/Send JTAR

EXECUTION PHASE
EXECUTION ASSESSMENT
JTAC/OPERATIONS CENTER COORDINATION CAS TARGET ENGAGEMENT
Basic Tracking:
Friendly Units Aircraft Check-in with CAS A/C Attack Begins Further Instructions
POF Synchronize Determine Weapons Release
Triggers SEAD Type of JTAC Depart IP Re-Stock
FSCM/ACM Marks Control Situation Update/ Mark/SEAD Initiated Return to IP
S/A Threats FSCM/ACM Required Instructions Confirms Target/Mark Depart
LD/Defend NLT

Spot Reports TOC/COC Notified

CAS on Station

MFC Weapon Release

TARGETS CAS Target Deconfliction/Coordination Authority
Nomination Indirect (PA/GTL)
Direct
CAS Available?
CAS Cross-boundary
Target Designation Weapons Delivery BDA/Assessment
TARGETS Clearance of Fires
Validate/Submit CAS Brief Attempt Begins
CAS Routing
JTAR Clearance Issued
JP 3-09.3

Figure III-1. Close Air Support Integration Model

 Planning and Requesting

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT INTEGRATION MODEL

LEGEND
A/C Aircraft IP Initial Position
ACM Airspace Control Measures IPB Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace
AD Advanced Deployability JTAC Joint Terminal Attack Controller
ADF Automatic Direction Finding JTAR Joint Tactical Air Strike Request
AGM Air to Ground Missile LD Line of Departure
BDA Battle Damage Assessment MFC Multinational Force Commander
Cdr Commander NAI Named Area of Interest
CAS Close Air Support NLT No Later Than
COA Course of Action NSFS Naval Surface Fire Support
COLT Combat Observation and Lasing Team OPORD Operation Order
EFST Essential Fire Support Task PA Position Area
EW Electronic Warfare POF Priority of Fires
FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne) R/S Reconnaissance/Surveillance
FIST Fire Support Team S-2 Battalion or Brigade Intelligence Staff Officer
FS Fire Support S-3 Battalion or Brigade Operations Staff Officer
FSCM Fire Support Coordinating Measure SA Surface to Air
FSE Fire Support Element SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
FSEM Fire Support Execution Matrix TACP Tactical Air Control Party
GTL Gun-target Line TAI Target Area of Interest
HPT High-Payoff Target TOC/COC Tactical Operations Center/
HPTL High-Payoff Target List Combat Operations Center
HVT High-Value Target TSM Trunk Signaling Message
ID Identify

Figure III-1. Close Air Support Integration Model (cont’d)

“Execution,” cover the subsequent phases in detail. For the purpose of this publication, the
fire support staff officers, AOs/ALOs, and the BN or brigade operations staff officer (S-3/G-3)
air are CAS planners. CAS planners actively participate with the ground commander to provide
CAS-related inputs to the plan or OPORD. The planning phase ends in a published order to
subordinate units.

a. Orders (Basics and Annexes). Orders are the means by which the commander expresses
to his subordinates his battlefield visualization, intent, and decisions, focusing on the results
the commander expects to achieve — his vision of the end state of an operation. They also
help the staff integrate and synchronize the commander’s decisions and concepts. FSCC/FSE
members and AOs/ALOs should pay particular attention to the CAS-related portion of HHQ
orders. Planners must understand the commander’s objectives for CAS and the utilization of
CAS to best support the overall mission objective.

b. CAS Decision-making Process — 5-steps

(1) Step 1: Receipt of Mission. The CAS decision-making process is a tool that
assists the commander and staff in developing a fire support plan. The FSC/FSO plays a
crucial role in the process both as the staff fire support expert and as a member of the targeting
team. AOs and ALOs are also integral members of the targeting team and should be prepared
to provide:

(a) Air order of battle (apportionment, allocation, and distribution decision).

III-3
Chapter III

PLANNING PHASE

RECEIPT OF MISSION COA COA ANALYSIS/ ORDERS

MISSION ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT WARGAME PRODUCTION

Read Order Understand: Determine Locations of WARGAME Cdr Approves/

EFSTs Formations: Friendly vs. Enemy Modifies COA
Issue Warning Higher FS Plan ID HPTs COA Finalizes FS Plan
Order Artillery Quantity Effects Produce Final Drafts: Issues FS Plan
CAS Scheme of Fires with OPORD
Plan Methods
Mortars Allocate Acquisition Fires Paragraph
Fighter/Attack Aircraft Assets FS Annex/Air Annex
Attack Helos Allocate Attack Assets FSEM
NSFS Integrate Triggers with Target List
EW Maneuver Target Overlay TARGETS
Conduct FS Estimate TSM
Analyze Facts/Assumptions Produce Draft: HPTL
Identify Specified/Implied Concept of Fires AGM
Tasks HPTL TSM
CAS Targets
Translate Capabilities/ AGM SEAD
Limitations/Constraints/ FSEM Marking
Restrictions Targeting Sync Matrix
Analyze Effects of IPB on FS Priority
Target List
Obtain Initial HVTs from S-2 Precedence
FSCMs/ACMs
Obtain Cdr’s Initial Targeting Update JTAR
Priority of Fires
Guidance FAC(A)
Develop Draft EFSTs
Prepare/Send JTAR

ACM Airspace Control Measures HPT High-Payoff Target

AGM Air to Ground Missile HPTL High-Payoff Target List
Cdr Commander HVT High-Value Target
CAS Close Air Support ID Identify
COA Course of Action IPB Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace
EFST Essential Fire Support Task JTAR Joint Tactical Airstrike Request
EW Electronic Warfare NSFS Naval Surface Fire Support
FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne) OPORD Operation Order
FS Fire Support S-2 Battalion or Brigade Intelligence Staff Officer
FSCM Fire Support Coordinating Measure SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
FSEM Fire Support Execution Matrix TSM Trunk Signaling Message

Figure III-2. Planning Phase

(b) Input to the ground commander’s initial guidance.

(c) Estimated air combat capability to support the operations.

(d) Capabilities and limitations of assigned personnel and equipment.

(2) Step 2: Mission Analysis. CAS planner responsibilities for mission analysis
actually begin before the new mission is received. As part of the ongoing staff estimate, they
must continuously monitor and track the status of fire support systems to include available air
support. CAS planners perform the following actions:

(a) Determine specified, implied, and mission essential tasks.

III-4 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

(b) Consider mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-
time available (METT-T).

(c) Assist in developing the mission statement.

(d) Anticipate air power required to support the mission based on:

1. HHQ priorities of fires.

2. Facts and assumptions.

3. Weight of effort decisions.

(e) Provide the following products:

1. Available CAS assets.

2. CAS constraints.

3. CAS risk assessment (type of terminal attack control required).

4. Use of available time.

5. Warning order(s) to subordinate units.

6. Verification that subordinate TACP elements understand the plan and

the ability of air power to support the mission.

(f) Key Considerations. During the mission analysis step, CAS planners should
be familiar with the following elements of the HHQ order:

1. CONOPS/Scheme of Maneuver. What is the commander’s intent? Is

this an offensive or defensive operation? What type of offensive or defensive operation
(Deliberate Attack, Hasty Defense, etc.)?

2. Concept for fires/essential fire support tasks (EFSTs). What are the
commander’s desired task and purpose for fires? How can CAS contribute? What other
battlefield operating systems (BOSs) are affected? Have all CAS assets been properly integrated
with joint air attack team operations?

3. JIPB. What is the enemy order of battle? What effects will time of day,
terrain and weather have on CAS operations? What are likely enemy avenues of approach?

4. Reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) Plan. What R&S assets are

available? Where are R&S assets positioned? How can CAS operators communicate directly/
indirectly with R&S assets? What are the commander’s critical information requirements
(CCIRs)? Can CAS assets satisfy CCIRs?

III-5
Chapter III

5. Observation Plan. How can CAS take advantage of available “eyes” on

the battlefield? Are terminal attack control methods considered? Where will JTACs be required?

6. Communications Plan. How will maneuver elements, fire support, and TACP
personnel communicate? Are JTACs integrated into the ground force communications plan? Are
communications plans reliable and redundant?

(g) Preplanned Air Support Request. Once CAS planners have analyzed the mission
and are familiar with CAS requirements, initial CAS requests should be drafted and submitted. Further
refinements to these initial requests can be forwarded as details become available. It is critical to adhere
to time constraints relative to the ATO cycle.

(3) Step 3: COA Development. After receiving guidance, the staff develops COAs for
analysis and comparison. Guidance and intent focuses staff creativity toward producing a comprehensive,
flexible plan within available time constraints. During this step, CAS planners:

(a) Analyze relative combat power. This is typically accomplished by weighing the
individual effectiveness of air platforms against anticipated enemy surface forces to include air defense
threats.

(b) Generate options used to develop possible COAs. Options should be suitable, feasible,
acceptable, distinguishable, and complete.

(c) Array initial forces to determine CAS requirements.

(d) Develop the CAS “scheme of maneuver” by examining opportunities for the best
use of air power including the placement of TACP assets.

(e) The AO/ALO assists in developing engagement areas, target areas of interest (TAIs),
triggers, objective areas, obstacle plan, and movement plan.

(f) Prepare COA statements, and sketches (battle graphics). This part involves
brainstorming to mass the most effective combat power against the enemy (CAS, EW, ISR, and surface
fire support).

(g) Key Considerations. During COA development, CAS planners must consider:

1. Commander’s Intent. How does the commander intend to use CAS? What are
his objectives? Does CAS facilitate the commander’s ability to achieve his mission objective?

2. CCIRs. What CCIR can CAS assets provide? Will TACPs and/or FAC(A)s be
able to provide critical battlefield information? How will this information be relayed to the maneuver
unit?

3. Develop COAs. Where is the enemy and how does he fight (enemy order of
battle)? Where is he going? Where can I kill him? When will he be there? What can he do to kill me?
How am I going to kill him?

III-6 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

4. Statements and Sketches. Once COA development has started, sketches

of each COA should be made with notes for the staff to better understand what each can offer
the unit. How will CAS aircraft enter/exit the battlespace? Does the CAS overlay reflect
artillery positioning areas and azimuths of fire (AOFs)? Does the plan promote simultaneous
engagement of targets by CAS and surface fires? Has the CAS overlay been shared with all
BOS elements? Where will JTACs be positioned on the battlefield? What ACMs and FSCM
are needed to support the COA?

5. Priority of Fires. CAS planners must be aware of which unit has priority
for CAS. This consideration must be reflected in the COA development. It is also important to
make the commander and his staff aware of their unit’s relative priority for CAS within the
operational area. Does the element with priority of fires have a designated JTAC? What if
priorities change or CAS is unavailable for the planned COA? How will changes in priority be
communicated with forward elements and JTACs?

(h) TACP: The TACP provides the following inputs during COA development:

1. Specific TACP portions of the following plans:

a. Observation plan.

b. Employment plan.

c. Communications plan.

2. Evaluation of overall TACP capabilities/limitations:

a. Personnel.

b. Equipment.

3. Risk assessment. Type of terminal attack control procedures (See Chapter

V, “Execution,” for types of terminal attack control).

4. Initial JTARs with all information currently available.

5. Current geospatial products and overlays.

(4) Step 4: COA Analysis/Wargame. The staff follows eight steps during the
wargaming process. Specific CAS-related considerations are provided below:

(a) Gather the tools.

1. ATO/SPINS information.

2. Decision-making matrices/devices.

III-7
Chapter III

3. Briefing cards/CAS Briefs (9-lines/North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]

theater standard brief).

4. Standard conventional load (SCL) listings.

5. Aircraft and weapons capabilities information.

(b) List all friendly forces.

1. CAS aircraft.

2. FAC(A).

3. Airborne C2.

4. Ground forces, including fire support assets.

5. JTACs.

6. Other observers/ISR assets.

7. Other aviation and support assets.

(c) List assumptions.

1. Aircraft operating altitudes.

2. Enemy surface to air threat posture.

3. CAS tactics.

4. JTAC procedures in effect.

5. Terrain/weather effects on CAS.

(d) List known critical events and decision points.

1. Line of Departure or Defend No Later Than Times.

2. CAS triggers (named areas of interest (NAIs)/TAIs).

3. ACM/FSCM requirements.

4. SEAD/marking round requirements.

(e) Determine evaluation criteria.

1. Timeliness.

III-8 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

2. Accuracy.

3. Flexibility.

4. Mass.

5. Desired effects.

(f) Select the wargame method.

1. Rock drill.

2. Terrain model/sand table.

3. Map.

4. Radio.

5. Other.

(g) Select a method to record and display results.

1. Event logs.

2. Timetables.

3. Reaction times, etc.

(h) Wargame the battle and assess the results. Did CAS support the commander’s intent
for fires? Was CAS effectively integrated with ground scheme of maneuver? Was C2 of CAS reliable
and effective? Were FSCMs and ACMs effective in supporting the COA?

(i) Fires Paragraph. CAS and other fire support planners begin to refine the fires
paragraph to the OPORD by further developing specific tasks, purpose, methods, and desired effects for
fires. The resulting list of tasks becomes the CAS EFSTs. EFSTs have four distinct components: task,
purpose, method, and effects (TPME).

1. Task. Describes the targeting objectives fires must achieve against a specific
enemy formation’s function or capability. Examples include:

a. Disrupt movement of 3rd Guards Tank Regiment.

b. Delay Advanced Guard Main Body movement by 2 hours.

c. Limit advance of 32nd Motorized Rifle Regiment.

d. Destroy lead elements of the Forward Security Element.

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Chapter III

2. Purpose. Describes the maneuver or operational purpose for the task. Examples
include:

a. “To allow 2nd BN to advance to phase line Smith.”

b. “To seize and hold Objective Panther.”

c. “To enable Task Force 2-69 Armor to secure access to Brown’s Pass.”

3. Method. Describe how the task and purpose will be achieved. Examples include:

a. CAS engages armored targets vicinity of Brown Pass not later than 1400L.

b. CAS attacks defensive positions at point of penetration at 1300Z.

c. CAS available to engage targets of opportunity entering the main defensive

belt.

4. Effects. Attempts to quantify the successful accomplishment of the task.

Examples:

a. CAS destroys 8–10 vehicles vicinity Brown’s Pass; 2-69 Armor secured
Brown’s Pass.

b. CAS disables enemy engineer platoon at point of penetration; 2nd BN

advanced to phase line Smith, seized and held Objective Panther.

c. CAS destroys 10 T-80s/T-72s in main defensive belt; 2nd BN advanced to

phase line Smith, seized and held Objective Panther.

(j) Fire Support Annex. Fire support and CAS planners may also elect to produce a
Fire Support Annex. This annex may be necessary to expand upon the fire support information in
paragraph 3 of the OPORD. If the fire support plan information in paragraph 3 is adequate, then a Fire
Support Annex is not published. A fire support execution matrix (FSEM) may also be developed as part
of or used in place of a standard Fire Support Annex. Regardless of format, further expansion of fire
support information includes:

1. Purpose. Addresses exactly what is to be accomplished by fire support during

each phase of the battle. It should be specific in addressing attack guidance and engagement criteria.
This is the most important part of the fires paragraph. The Fire Support Annex must articulate how
fire support as a BOS will be synchronized with the other BOSs/Service assets.

2. Priority. Designates priority of fires (POF) and when or if it shifts for each
phase. Include all fire support systems to include CAS when assigning POFs.

3. Allocations designates the allocation of fire support assets to include the following:
targets allocated to units for planning; CAS sorties for planning; smoke, expressed in minutes

III-10 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

and size; priority targets, final protective fires (FPFs), and special munition priority targets; laser equipped
observation teams.

4. Restrictions. Addresses FSCMs and the use of specific munitions. Some

examples are critical FSCMs and specific munition restrictions such as those placed on the
employment of illumination, smoke, dual-purpose improved conventional munitions, family
of scatterable mines, and cluster bomb units (CBUs).

(k) Airspace Control Annex. This addresses ACMs required to support the
CAS and fire support plans.

(5) Step 5: Orders Production. The staff prepares the order or plan to implement
the selected COA by turning it into a clear, concise CONOPS, a scheme of maneuver, and
concept of fires. Orders and plans provide all necessary information that subordinates require
for execution, but without unnecessary constraints that would inhibit subordinate initiative.

5. Command and Staff Responsibilities

This section identifies commander and key staff member responsibilities relating to CAS
planning. While these members may be from different Services with differing specialties, the
detailed integration requirement inherent in CAS mandates that they work as a team. Key staff
members should make every effort to establish a close relationship with each other and provide
cross talk and professional development opportunities. Only through thorough understanding
and appreciation for each other’s perspective can CAS planners function as an effective combat
team.

a. Supported Commander. The commander’s intent and end state must be clearly
understood, particularly, the desired results for CAS in relation to the overall mission objective.
Commanders must ensure CAS planners understand the objective, scheme of maneuver, C2
requirements, and criteria for specific ROE. Commanders also provide the risk assessment
determination identifying specific guidance for types of terminal attack control.

b. Intelligence Officer. The intelligence officer is the principal staff officer for all matters
concerning military intelligence, counterintelligence, and security operations. In this capacity,
the intelligence officer provides current and timely CAS targeting information as well as
projected enemy actions. He serves as the focal point for ISR systems that feed real time or
near real time battlefield intelligence. The intelligence officer is the source of targeting data
and other JIPB information.

c. Operations Officer. The operations officer is the principal staff officer for ensuring
the commander’s intent is met. The operations officer is responsible for ensuring CAS is fully
integrated into the OPORD and fire support plan.

d. Fires Support Coordinator/Fire Support Officer. The FSC/FSO is the staff officer
in charge of the FSCC/FSE. Regardless of Service or echelon, the FSC/FSO works in
conjunction with the AO/ALO and other fire support representatives to ensure CAS is fully
integrated into the fires portion of the OPORD. He also coordinates the preparation of the fire support

III-11
Chapter III

subparagraph (or annex) that constitutes the Fire Support Plan. If the fire support subparagraph
needs amplification, the FSC/FSO prepares a Fire Support Annex.

e. Naval Gunfire Liaison Officer (NGLO). NGLOs are Navy officers provided by the
USMC supporting artillery units to GCE FSCC/FSEs. The NGLO assists the FSC/FSEs in
planning naval surface fire support.

f. Air Officer/Air Liaison Officer. The AO/ALO advises the respective ground
commanders on the capabilities and limitations of CAS. The AO/ALO should maintain
awareness of the proposed sortie distribution for his respective ground element. AO/ALOs
should work closely with other members of the staff such as the FSC to ensure the smooth and
effective integration of CAS into the planning process. The AO/ALO is responsible for the
specific planning tasks as indicated in each step of the CAS planning process.

6. Close Air Support Planning Considerations

This section addresses basic planning considerations associated with the METT-T format.
CAS planners should also refer to their Service TTP. Extensive use of checklists and decision-
making tools is recommended to ensure these considerations are reviewed as part of the CAS
planning process. CAS is coordinated with other maneuver, combat support, and joint forces
to form a combined arms team. CAS provides firepower in offensive and defensive operations
to destroy, neutralize, disrupt, suppress, fix, or delay enemy forces as an element of joint fire
support. Commanders use CAS to gain and employ required capabilities not organic to the
force or to augment organic surface fires. Commanders should plan for the employment of
CAS throughout the depth of their assigned battlespace.

a. CAS can support deep, close, and rear area operations.

(1) Deep Operations. Commanders may employ CAS to support operations deep
within their area of operations, which may include SOF or conventional forces with a deep
operation mission. This type of CAS will normally be limited in scope and duration to
supporting maneuver forces or special operations activities. Deep operations involving
CAS may require additional coordination to deconflict with other missions deep in the area of
operations such as air interdiction (refer to the joint ATO).

(2) Close Operations. A commander generally assigns most of his available CAS to
the unit he has designated as his main effort or attack. CAS aircraft and fire support assets
mass with surface forces to enable the commander to achieve his objectives. The speed,
range and firepower of CAS also make it a valuable asset for exploiting success and attacking
a retreating enemy.

(3) Rear Operations. CAS is effective for countering enemy penetrations. The
responsiveness and firepower of CAS greatly augment the combat power of rear area forces.
The potential for fratricide, however, is high in rear area operations because of the larger
number of support personnel and activities located there. CAS aircrews and JTACs must take
special care to identify friendly forces and ensure that they are not subject to direct attack or
weapons effects from CAS ordnance delivered against enemy forces operating in friendly rear
areas.

III-12 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

b. Mission. CAS can support offensive and defensive operations.

(1) CAS in Support of Offensive Operations. CAS supports offensive operations,

with scheduled or on-call missions to destroy, disrupt, suppress, fix, or delay enemy forces.
Commanders employ CAS depending on the type of offensive operation being conducted:
movement to contact, attack, exploitation, or pursuit.

(a) Movement to Contact. CAS can be employed to support maneuver forces

providing forward and flank security. Once contact is made, employing CAS aircraft at the
initial point of contact can overwhelm and force the enemy to prematurely deploy his forces.
The ground commander rapidly augments his organic combat power with CAS to secure time
and space to maneuver forces, gain positional advantage, and seize the initiative. CAS assets
might be the first friendly force to make contact with the enemy. When planning for CAS
integration in a movement to contact, consider possible CAS engagement areas along the
entire axis of advance and friendly force vulnerable flanks.

(b) Attack. Commanders plan for and use CAS to support attacks against enemy
forces. CAS can destroy critical enemy units or capabilities before the enemy can concentrate
or establish a defense. CAS can also help fix the enemy in space or time to support the movement
and assault of ground forces. CAS may add to the concentration of firepower and the violence
against the enemy. CAS can help to isolate enemy forces on the battlefield and force the
enemy to defend in a direction from which he is unprepared to fight. CAS is incorporated into
the detailed planning and coordination involved in a deliberate attack.

(c) Exploitation. Exploitation is an offensive operation that usually follows a

successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy and erode his cohesion. In
exploitation, CAS is used to sever escape routes, destroy fleeing forces, and strike unprotected
enemy targets that present themselves as enemy cohesion deteriorates.

(d) Pursuit. In the pursuit, the commander attempts to annihilate the fleeing
enemy force as the enemy becomes demoralized and cohesion and control disintegrate. Because
the objective of the pursuit is destruction of the enemy, CAS can keep direct pressure on the
enemy to prevent them from reorganizing or reconstituting.

(2) CAS in Support of Friendly Defensive Operations. In defensive operations,

commanders employ CAS to cause the enemy to deploy prematurely, or slow or stop the enemy’s
attack. CAS can be distributed to support specific forces in the security, main battle, or rear
areas depending on the type of defense (mobile or area). Commanders may use CAS to:

(a) Support Maneuver. Complement maneuver forces and integrate with

surface-delivered fires as part of a combined arms attack.

(b) Support Movement. Support the movement of friendly forces between

positions. Use CAS to augment protection to the front, flank, and rear of the moving force.

III-13
Chapter III

(c) Attack Penetrations. Engage enemy units that have bypassed main battle
area forces or penetrated friendly positions. CAS participants must take special care to
identify friendly forces and ensure that they are not subject to direct attack or weapons effects.

(3) CAS in Other Military Operations. CAS aircraft, particularly the FAC(A)/
TAC(A) may prove beneficial in various military operations by providing a flexible and timely
forward aerial observation platform. CAS can provide the commander with certain CCIRs
that can facilitate the mission.

c. Enemy. CAS planners must account for the enemy’s disposition, composition, order of
battle, capabilities, and likely COAs.

(1) Other enemy considerations include:

(a) What are his offensive/defensive capabilities?

(b) Surface-to-air threats, decoys, camouflage, etc. Valuable enemy targets are
usually defended by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), antiaircraft artillery (AAA), or automatic
weapons. Use of “standoff weapons” and varying initial point location will enhance aircraft
survivability by reducing exposure and altering attack direction.

(c) What is his capability to conduct C2 warfare? (Communications, navigational

aids, and targeting, etc.)

(2) From this information, CAS planners anticipate the enemy’s ability to affect the
mission, and the potential influence enemy actions may have on flight tactics. As the threat
level increases, prebriefing of aircrews and detailed mission planning become critical. The
potential for the threat situation to change during the course of the mission makes
communications and close coordination between the aircrews, control agencies, and the
supported ground force crucial. In-flight updates on enemy activity and disposition along the
flight route and in the target area may require aircrews to alter their original plan and tactics.
If the enemy is successful at disrupting communications, alternatives are planned to ensure
mission accomplishment. Secure voice equipment and frequency-agile radios can overcome
some effects of enemy interference.

d. Troops (CAS Assets) Available. CAS planners must consider C2, ISR, and CAS aircraft
assets available.

(1) C2 Assets. A detailed, flexible, and redundant C2 plan is essential. Airborne C2

support systems may alleviate some of the challenges in C2. Each of these platforms has
inherent capabilities and limitations. Consider each of the available C2 assets and what role
they can play to support the mission. This may generate specific requirements that, in turn,
end up as formal requests for air support. As a minimum, consider the following C2 assets:

(a) Direct Air Support Center/Air Support Operations Center. The USMC DASC
or USAF ASOC functions as the primary control agency of the MACCS or theater air ground
system (TAGS) for the execution of CAS in direct support of ground operations. Normally

III-14 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

aligned with the senior tactical ground command HQ at corps level and below, the DASC/
ASOC coordinates and directs CAS for land forces. The DASC/ASOC facilitates CAS, air
interdiction, SEAD, mobility, and ISR missions within its assigned area of control. The DASC/
ASOC is the NCS for immediate air support request nets, and monitors aircraft check-in/check-
out within its area of control. Ensure that the DASC/ASOC has all the following pertinent
information concerning the mission for transmittal to supporting aircrews:

1. Target updates.

2. Enemy/friendly situation.

3. Surface fire support activities.

4. Surface-to-air threats.

5. Airspace coordination measures.

6. JTAC contact instructions.

(b) Airborne C2 Assets. Consider integrating airborne C2 assets to enhance

the plan. Are these assets critical and do they warrant specific requests to HHQ? What is the
specific role and function of each? As a minimum, review the following:

1. JSTARS and direct air support center (airborne) (DASC[A]). JSTARS

and the USMC DASC(A) provide C2 of strike resources in support of a ground conflict. They
can serve as an alternate ASOC/DASC for battle management of immediate CAS operations.

2. TAC(A). Normally performed by USMC F/A-8D aircraft, DASC(A), or

JSTARS. The TAC(A) coordinates the action of aircraft engaged in support of ground or sea
forces. During periods of heavy traffic CAS operations, the TAC(A) can expedite aircraft to
FAC(A) handoff. Does the mission require a TAC(A)?

3. Army Aviation Unit Commander. The aviation unit commander controls

aviation maneuver and fires and provides reports to the command group. Qualified attack
helicopter commanders may also provide CAS terminal attack control. Is there an Army Aviation
Unit Commander involved in the mission? How will he integrate with the JTAC?

(c) TACP. While corps through brigade TACPs function primarily as liaisons,
BN TACPs and company JTACs have the primary responsibility of terminal attack control. It
is important to consider TACP capabilities and limitations as well as subordinate or adjacent
unit TACPs. This consideration should include personnel (levels of training and qualification)
as well as equipment serviceability and availability. How will the TACP move, shoot, and
communicate?

(d) Combat Lasing Team (CLT)/COLT. CLT/COLTs may aid the JTAC by
acquiring or lasing targets. If the JTAC plans to use a CLT/COLT, then he must be able to
communicate and coordinate with the team during target marking or terminal guidance
illumination.

III-15
Chapter III

(2) Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Assets. Use all sources of ISR.
Assets that may be used include UAV and JSTARS feeds, JSTARS voice link, ELINT sources,
scout reconnaissance troop reports, FAC(A) and JTAC observations, O&I reports, and feeds
from elements of the TAGS are all viable sources of information. There are many human
sources of CAS targeting information available on the battlefield. These elements are
specifically tailored for ISR roles and normally report through established intelligence channels.

(3) CAS Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities. Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, their
weapons and capabilities can be found in the FM 90-2, MCRP 3-16.8B, NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP
3-2.6 Multi-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (J-FIRE) publication.
CAS planners should select those combinations of munitions and aircraft offering the required
accuracy, firepower, and flexibility. To achieve the desired level of destruction, neutralization,
or suppression of enemy CAS targets, the weapons load, arming and fuze settings must be
tailored for the desired results. Cluster and general-purpose munitions are very effective against
troops and stationary vehicles. However, hardened, mobile, or pinpoint targets may require
specialized weapons, such as laser-guided, electro-optical (EO), or IR munitions, or aircraft
with special equipment or capabilities. While the AFAOC determines the actual ordnance
CAS aircraft will carry, the requesting commander should provide sufficient information
outlining his desired effects, any external or self-initiated tactical restrictions or limitations,
etc. This allows CAS to best support the commander’s intent while simultaneously giving
them as much flexibility as possible. Ground commanders should be aware that immediate
CAS requests might have to be filled by aircraft loaded with less-than-optimum munitions.

e. Terrain and Weather Effects on CAS. Terrain can affect communications and visual
line of sight (LOS) for identifying the target and/or aircraft. Situational awareness enhancing
systems (e.g., SAR and data link type systems) and GPS-guided weapons improve the ability
to execute CAS in certain tactical situations despite weather limitations. Regardless, favorable
visibility normally improves CAS effectiveness. Weather ceiling and visibility may affect the
decision to employ low, medium, or high altitude tactics. These conditions will also affect the
JTAC’s ability to see the target. Weather conditions may also determine the attack profile of
the aircraft. If enemy vehicles are moving, exhaust smoke, dust trails, and movement can
indicate their location. Visibility is more critical for long-range deliveries (e.g., free-fall bombs/
rockets) than it is for short-range deliveries (e.g., retarded bombs and guns). Thick haze or
smoke has a greater effect on low-level attacks than on steep-dive attacks because horizontal
visibility is usually lower than oblique visibility. Reduced visibility and cloud layers restrict
laser and electro-optically guided ordnance. Target acquisition is usually easier when the sun
is behind the aircraft.

(1) Target Masking. A target screened by valleys or other natural cover may be
difficult to see on low-level attacks. An increase in altitude may be necessary to find the
target.

(2) Thermal Significance. Many variables can affect a target’s vulnerability to

detection and attack by thermal systems. Recent operating conditions, time of day (thermal
crossover), and target composition and background should all be considered.

(3) Contrast and Brightness. A major factor in target detection is the contrast of
the target against its background. Camouflaged targets against a background of similar color

III-16 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

may be impossible to detect. All targets, regardless of contrast differences, are more difficult
to locate under poor light conditions.

(4) Mountainous Environments. Mountainous terrain may force the enemy to

concentrate his forces along roads, valleys, reverse slopes, and deep defiles, where CAS is
very effective. However, the terrain also restricts the attack direction of the CAS strikes. CAS
planners must assume the enemy will concentrate air defenses along the most likely routes
CAS aircraft will fly. CAS planners must thoroughly identify the air defense systems and
target them to enhance the survivability of CAS assets.

(5) Desert Environment. CAS aircraft may be more vulnerable in the desert because
of the lack of covered approaches, and both friendly and enemy units are often widely dispersed.

(a) Target Acquisition. In general if good contrast exists between the target
and the background, target detection will be possible at extended ranges. Deserts that have
vegetation will reduce target detection capabilities from standoff ranges. Camouflage and
decoys have proven to be effective countermeasures in the desert environment and will also
delay target acquisition.

(b) Targets in revetted positions may only be visible from the air. JTACs may
have trouble designating these types of targets. In most cases the desert environment will
allow weapons to be employed at maximum ranges and will provide increased weapons effects
due to lack of obstructions. Greater communication ranges may be possible due to increased
LOS ranges.

(6) Jungle/Forested Environment. In jungle terrain, most contact with the enemy
is at extremely close range. If the friendly force has a substantial advantage in fire support, the
enemy will most likely try to close with the friendly force and maintain that close contact.
Thus, the friendly force commander might not be able to use his fire support advantage without
increasing the risk of inflicting friendly casualties. Therefore, knowledge of the type of
munitions best suited for jungle/forested terrain and how to employ them is vital.

(a) Target Acquisition. Due to limited LOS ranges, both vertical and horizontal,
target acquisition will be difficult for both the attacking aircraft and the JTAC. Target marking
techniques and attack profiles may have to be altered to engage targets. Smoke has limited
effectiveness; however, even in forested terrain, white phosphorous (WP) is normally effective
as a marking round.

(b) Munitions Effects. Ordnance and fuzing may have to be tailored to penetrate
dense forest or jungle canopies. Because combat in these environments is usually of such
close nature, the delivery of the munitions must be closely controlled to avoid fratricide.

(c) Observation/Terminal Attack Control. The dense vegetation of most

jungles makes observation beyond 25 to 50 meters very difficult. The jungle also makes
navigation, self-location, target location, and friendly unit location very difficult.

(d) Communications. Communications may be severely degraded due to LOS.

Use FAC(A)/TAC(A), or airborne C2 platforms as relay stations.

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Chapter III

(7) Urban CAS Environment. CAS planners must be aware of the special
considerations regarding urban terrain. These considerations include, but are not limited
to:

(a) Target Acquisition

1. Increased need for marking and designating CAS targets.

2. The ability of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft to provide fires may be

limited by the structural make up of the urban location.

3. Tall buildings make it difficult for pilots to identify targets and may require
specific attack headings to achieve LOS with the target.

4. Detailed gridded maps or photos derived in planning will aid in target

description and location. Roads and buildings may be numbered to speed the target acquisition
process from the air. Prior planning is required to ensure all units, both on the ground and in
the air, have the correct charts or imagery.

(b) Munitions Effects. Whenever ordnance is delivered, the unexpected

consequences of collateral damage in the form of fratricide, damage or destruction of unintended
targets, should be a consideration. Detailed planning of weapons and delivery tactics will
minimize the risk to friendly forces, noncombatants and adjacent buildings/structures.

(c) Observation/Terminal Attack Control. Consider the use of FAC(A)s.

Observers may be placed on upper floors of buildings to improve visibility.

(d) SEAD Requirements. If the enemy air defense threat is significant, air
support may be limited until the threat is reduced. SEAD support may be required against air
defenses both in and outside the urban area, with internal SEAD targets more difficult to find
and anticipate. An aggressive, proactive SEAD effort may be necessary during the early stages
of urban operations.

(8) Limited Visibility/Adverse Weather. The execution of limited visibility or night

CAS is one of the most difficult missions on the battlefield. Limited visibility may occur due
to fog, smoke, or dust on the battlefield, but occurs most frequently due to operations extending
into hours of darkness. Units can take advantage of their night vision and navigational
superiority to gain tactical and psychological advantages over the enemy. See Appendix A,
“Planning Considerations for Close Air Support Using Night Vision Devices and Infrared
Pointers.”

(a) Advantages. The most important advantage of night and adverse weather
CAS is the limitation it imposes on enemy optically-directed AAA and optical/IR-guided SAMs.
Selectively placed airborne and ground illumination may further degrade enemy night vision
capabilities while preserving or enhancing those of friendly forces. As an example, overt
airborne illumination flares, selectively placed at a distance well behind and above friendly
positions (at the backs of, but not close enough to silhouette), could be employed to “gain
down” enemy NVDs, improve low ambient light conditions, and counter enemy IR SAMs.

III-18 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

(b) Disadvantages. Darkness and weather can impose several limitations on

CAS employment. During periods of low illumination and reduced visibility, both CAS aircrews
and ground forces may have difficulty in acquiring targets and accurately locating enemy and
friendly forces. Accurate target marking plays a vital role in target acquisition. Low ceilings
may require CAS aircraft to operate in the low to very low altitude environment. Consideration
must be given to target marking SEAD and fires deconfliction. CAS aircraft operating in the
low to very low environment will also have reduced target acquisition times.

(c) Friendly Force Location and Combat Identification. The challenges of

identifying friendly and enemy locations, identifying targets, and maintaining situational
awareness become acute in the night or adverse weather CAS environment. The entire training,
equipping, planning, tasking, and execution process must recognize these challenges.

(d) Visual Employment. Visual employment is a viable option for conducting

night CAS. With detailed prior planning and coordination, target area illumination and target
marking can provide effective conditions for CAS. Specific visual employment considerations
include:

1. Illumination. Coordination and approval for illumination must occur

prior to CAS aircraft entering the target area. Artificial illumination may be used to enhance
target acquisition. The target may be illuminated or marked by the JTAC, artillery/mortars,
direct fire weapons or by CAS or FAC(A) aircraft delivering parachute flares (e.g., LUU-2) in
conjunction with an attack.

2. Marking. Laser marks are extremely effective for target marking and
should be used to the maximum extent possible commensurate with CAS aircraft capabilities.
WP rockets, mortars (red phosphorus), or artillery rounds are excellent night and low visibility
marking rounds and may be used in conjunction with airborne delivered illumination.

(e) System-Aided Employment. System-aided target acquisition and weapons

delivery methods are relied on more heavily during night and adverse weather. While these
system-aided employment options can be used independently, combining the systems increases
the probability of mission success. These systems include laser, EO/IR, radar, radar beacon,
and GPS.

1. Laser. Night procedures for target designation by laser are the same as
those used during daytime operations. However, adverse weather may limit the use of lasers.
Cloud cover and precipitation as well as battlefield conditions (smoke, dust, haze, and other
obscurants) can seriously degrade laser effectiveness.

2. EO/IR systems. Cloud cover, humidity, precipitation and thermal

crossover, battlefield conditions (smoke, dust, or other obscurants) may degrade forward looking
infrared (FLIR) and low light level television effectiveness.

3. Radar. Although not preferred, radar deliveries are an option in certain

instances. During severe weather or when the target cannot be marked, this type of weapons
delivery may be the only option available. The FM 90-20, MCRP 3-16.8B, NWP 3-09.2,
AFTTP 3-2.6 Multi-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (J-FIRE) publication

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Chapter III

lists the aircraft capable of radar-directed bombing. In order to perform a radar delivery, the
target or offset aimpoint(s) must be radar significant.

4. GPS. Weapons can be delivered at night or through the weather at specific

coordinates by GPS-equipped aircraft. When supplied with a 10-digit grid location or equivalent
by JTACs, computed deliveries can be accurate. CAS planners, JTACs, and aircrew must
ensure that the same coordinate datum plane is used by both controller and weapon delivery
platform. Datum planes should be verified prior to deployment/mission as part of deployment/
mission checklist and coordinated or confirmed with the ASOC/DASC and/or higher echelons.
Significant error can result if different datums are used. This will increase the likelihood
of fratricide. They must also ensure that the JFC’s ROE supports the use of inertial navigation
system (INS)/GPS-aided munitions.

f. Time Considerations

(1) Time Available for Planning. Time is the critical element in coordinating events
and massing fires to achieve the combined arms effect of ground and air forces. Planners must
estimate the amount of time necessary to plan the mission, effect the coordination, and execute
the mission to support the ground commander. Inadequate planning time will result in reduced
effectiveness and increased risk to aircrews and ground troops alike.

(2) Air Tasking Order Planning Cycle. The joint ATO cycle is related to the joint
targeting cycle. The specific theater or joint operations area (JOA) will have established ATO
cycle “cut off” times for pre-planned requests. CAS requirements that do not meet the
established cut off times are submitted as a change to the ATO through the combat operations
division of the JAOC or as an immediate request per theater/JOA standing operating procedures
(SOPs).

(3) Synchronization. Synchronization of maneuver and fires is critical. Whenever

possible, use GPS time to synchronize actions.

g. Civil Considerations. Review and adhere to the LOAC when considering collateral
damage risk to civilians, civilian structures and properties associated with CAS attacks. This
may require precision-guided munitions.

7. Integrating Close Air Support with Surface Fire Support

The goal is to integrate CAS aircraft with other supporting arms in a manner that quickly
achieves the commander’s objectives and supports the commander’s scheme of maneuver and
intent. An additional goal is to offer a reasonable measure of protection to the aircraft
from friendly surface fire. There are two types of fire support that support CAS
individually or in combination. They are SEAD and target marking.

a. SEAD. The primary objective of SEAD is to allow friendly aircraft to operate in

airspace defended by an enemy air defense system — including the target area and ingress/
egress routes. SEAD missions do not guarantee aircraft immunity from enemy air defenses.
JTACs should first evaluate different mission profiles, in order to minimize the aircraft’s

III-20 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

exposure to the threat envelope from known or suspected anti-air threats. If aircraft cannot
avoid enemy air defenses, aircraft vulnerability must be balanced against the risk of exposing
SEAD delivery systems to determine if SEAD is appropriate for that CAS mission. Before
requesting CAS that would require SEAD support, fire support personnel must first consider
whether artillery or NSFS can range the target and achieve the desired results. Like other
suppression missions, surface-delivered SEAD normally requires only a few rounds per target
for a short period. Effective SEAD depends on accurate intelligence on the position and type
of enemy weapons. The FSC, working with the JTAC and forward observer, may coordinate
surface-delivered SEAD with target marking.

b. CAS Target Marking. JTACs should mark targets whenever possible. Plan to mark
the target in sufficient time prior to weapons employment to ensure target acquisition. When
one of the following marking methods is not possible, the CAS target may be identified by
narrative description provided by the JTAC. This is known as a “talk on” to target. The JTAC
marking his position with devices such as strobe lights, mirrors, or air panels may aid this
narrative. Care must be taken to not highlight the JTAC’s position to the enemy. The target
mark can be provided by:

(1) Indirect fire. Fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as a point of aim for
the weapons or the director, such as mortars, artillery, and direct fire weapons fired from defilade.

(2) Direct fire weapons (fires delivered on a target using the target itself as a point of
aim for either the weapon or the director), such as a tank main gun or heavy machine guns.

(3) Laser designators.

(4) FAC(A) aircraft (e.g., laser, IR, rockets).

(5) IR pointers (when used in conjunction with NVDs airborne or ground IR pointers
may be used to verify target location).

c. Fire Support Coordinating Measures. Within their operational areas, land and naval
force commanders employ permissive and restrictive FSCMs which are positioned and adjusted
in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected commanders. The supported
commander establishes FSCMs based on the recommendations of the FSC, who coordinates
all fire support impacting in the operational area of his commander. FSCMs are used to facilitate
timely and safe use of fire support and may be permissive or restrictive in nature. Figure III-3
depicts common FSCMs.

See JP 3-09, Doctrine for Joint Fire Support, for further details of control and coordination
measures.

(1) Permissive Measures. Permissive measures facilitate target attacks.

(a) Coordinated Fire Line (CFL). A line beyond which conventional, indirect,
surface fire support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the establishing HQ
without additional coordination.

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Chapter III

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATING MEASURES

BOUNDARIES
FSCL (EST. HQ)

EFF DTG
RFA
EST HQ
FFA EFF DTG
ESTABLISHING HQ RESTRICTION
EFF DTG

ACA
XXX

EST HQ
MIN ALT

XXX
MAX ALT
EFF DTG MAX ALT

NFA MIN ALT

EST HQ
EFF DTG

XXX FLOT

ACA Airspace Coordination Area FFA Free-fire Area MIN Minimum

ALT Altitude FLOT Forward Line of Own Troops NFA No-fire Area
DTG Date-Time Group FSCL Fire Support Coordination Line RFA Restrictive Fire Area
EFF Effective HQ Headquarters
EST Establish MAX Maximum

Figure III-3. Fire Support Coordinating Measures

(b) Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL). A FSCM that is established

and a d j u s t e d b y a p p r o p r i a t e l a n d o r a m p h i b i o u s f o r c e c o m m a n d e r s w i t h i n t h e i r
b o u n d a r i e s in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected
commanders. FSCLs facilitate the expeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity
beyond the coordinating measure. A FSCL does not divide an area of operations by
defining a boundary between close and deep areas or create a zone for CAS. The
FSCL applies to all fires of air, land, and sea-based weapon systems using any type of
ammunition. Forces attacking targets beyond a FSCL must inform all affected commanders
in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide. Supporting elements
attacking targets beyond the FSCL must ensure that the attack will not produce adverse
effects on, or to the rear of, the line. Short of an FSCL, the appropriate land or
amphibious force commander controls all air-to-ground and surface-to-surface attack
operations. The FSCL should follow well-defined terrain features. Coordination of
attacks beyond the FSCL is especially critical to commanders of air, land, and special
operations forces. In exceptional circumstances, the inability to conduct this coordination

III-22 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

will not preclude the attack of targets beyond the FSCL. However, failure to do so may increase
the risk of fratricide and could waste limited resources.

(c) Free-Fire Area (FFA). A FFA is a specific area into which any weapon
system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing HQ.

(2) Restrictive Measures. Restrictive measures safeguard friendly forces.

(a) No-Fire Area (NFA). A land area designated by the appropriate commander
into which fires or their effects are prohibited. Two exceptions are:

1. When establishing, HQ approve fires temporarily within the NFA on a

mission by mission basis.

2. When an enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force, the
commander may engage the enemy to defend his force.

(b) Restrictive Fire Area. An area in which specific restrictions are imposed
and into which fires (or the effects of fires) that exceed those restrictions will not be delivered
without coordination with the establishing HQ.

(c) Restrictive Fire Line (RFL). A line established between converging friendly
forces — one or both may be moving — that prohibits fires or their effects across that line.

(d) Airspace Coordination Area. A three-dimensional block of airspace in a

target area, established by the appropriate ground commander, in which friendly aircraft are
reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. There are two types of ACAs: formal and informal.

1. Formal ACA. The airspace control authority establishes formal ACAs

at the request of the appropriate ground commander. Formal ACAs require detailed planning.
Although not always necessary, formal ACAs should be considered. The vertical and lateral
limits of the ACA are designed to allow freedom of action for air and surface fire support for
the greatest number of foreseeable targets. Since the SACC/FSCC/FSE fire direction center
(FDC) can determine the trajectory for a specific ground or NSFS asset firing at a specific
target, each target must be evaluated to ensure the trajectories of the rounds do not penetrate
the ACA. The FSC should consult the FDC when deciding the altitude of an ACA to determine
if that altitude would allow the majority of targets to be attacked without interference or
problems. Formal ACAs are promulgated in the ACO or the ATO, SPINS (see Figure III-4).
Note: Due to their restrictive nature, formal ACAs are not the preferred method of airspace
deconfliction.

2. Informal ACA. Informal ACAs can be established using separation plans

and may be established by any ground commander. Aircraft and surface fires may be separated
by distance (laterally, in altitude, or a combination thereof) or by time.

(e) Lateral Separation. Lateral separation is effective for coordinating fires

against targets that are adequately separated from flight routes to ensure aircraft protection
from the effects of friendly fires.

III-23
Chapter III

FORMAL AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA

MAXIMUM
ALTITUDE

CENTER LINE

MINIMUM ALTITUDE

COORDINATE POINT

WIDTH

COORDINATE POINT
LENGTH

NO SURFACE FIRES

Figure III-4. Formal Airspace Coordination Area

(f) Altitude Separation. Altitude separation is effective for coordinating fires

when aircraft remain above or below indirect fire trajectories and their effects.

(g) Altitude and Lateral Separation. Altitude and lateral separation is the
most restrictive technique for aircrews and may be required when aircraft must cross the firing
unit’s gun-target line.

(h) Time Separation. Time separation requires the most detailed coordination
and may be required when altitude restrictions from indirect fire trajectories adversely impact
aircraft ordnance delivery (e.g., mortar trajectory).

d. Airspace Control Measures. The JFC uses the airspace control authority to establish
airspace control measures (see Figure III-5). Each component within a joint force maintains
an airspace control organization within the senior command facility linked to the airspace
control authority. The airspace control authority coordinates the airspace C2 system, assigns
responsibilities, and develops procedures for planning, implementing, and executing airspace
control using the airspace control plan and ACO. See JP 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace
Control in the Combat Zone, for a detailed definition of joint ACMs, which include:

III-24 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

JOINT AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES

MRR
COORDINATING ALTITUDE
ROZ

HIDACZ
FLOT ROA

XX SAAFR

XX

XXX

FLOT Forward Line of Own Troops ROA Restricted Operations Area

HIDACZ High-Density Airspace Control Zone ROZ Restricted Operations Zone
MRR Minimum-Risk Route SAAFR Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight Route

Figure III-5. Joint Airspace Control Measures

(1) Coordinating Altitude. A procedural method to separate fixed- and rotary-wing

aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft normally will not fly and
above which rotary-wing aircraft will not normally fly.

(2) High-Density Airspace Control Zone. Airspace designated in an airspace control

plan or ACO, in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and varied weapons
and airspace users. A HIDACZ has defined dimensions which usually coincide with
geographical features or navigational aids. Access to a HIDACZ is normally controlled by the
maneuver commander. The maneuver commander can also direct a more restrictive weapons
status within the HIDACZ.

(3) Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ). Airspace of defined dimensions created in

response to specific operational situations or requirements within which the operation of one
or more airspace user is restricted.

(4) Minimum-Risk Routes (MRRs). A temporary corridor of defined dimensions

recommended for use by fixed-wing aircraft that presents the minimum known hazards to low-
flying aircraft transiting the combat zone.

III-25
Chapter III

(5) Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight Routes. Routes established below the
coordinating altitude. They facilitate the movement of Army aviation assets and are normally
located in the corps through brigade rear areas of operations. These routes do not require
approval of the airspace control authority.

8. Requesting Close Air Support

There are two types of CAS requests, preplanned and immediate. Preplanned requests
may be filled with either scheduled or on-call air missions while most immediate requests
are filled with on-call missions (see Figure III-6).

a. Preplanned Requests. Those CAS requirements foreseen early enough to be included

in the joint ATO are submitted as preplanned requests. As soon as the requirements for CAS
are identified during the planning process, CAS planners submit a preplanned request for CAS
prior to the request cut off time, as specified by HHQ. CAS planners prepare preplanned
requests by using DD FORM 1972 (Joint Tactical Air Strike Request) (see Appendix B, “Joint
Tactical Air Strike Request”). Submission procedures (i.e., numbering system, time frame for
inclusion in the ATO) for preplanned requests are theater-specific, and detailed guidance should
be found in unit SOPs.

(1) Precedence. Each preplanned request is assigned a precedence, which orders

the requests in descending order of importance.

(2) Amount of Detail. The amount of detail the requester is able to include in the
request is critical. If possible, the requesting unit should identify the target, TOT, and
other mission data (e.g., munitions, FSCMs). This information will provide more effective
coordination and a higher likelihood that the aircraft will have the proper weapons load for

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT REQUEST AND TYPES OF MISSIONS

REQUEST MISSION

Scheduled
Preplanned
On-call

Divert
Immediate
On-call

Figure III-6. Close Air Support Request and Types of Missions

III-26 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

the assigned target. Detailed preplanned requests that retain a high precedence through the
various echelons of command will likely result in a scheduled mission line on the ATO.

(3) Timeliness. A high level of detail is not always available prior to the ATO cut-
off time. In these cases, preplanned requests can still identify an anticipated requirement
for CAS to be available during a period of time, with the exact time and place to be
coordinated as the battle develops. The requesting commander should provide a time frame,
probable target type, and place where the need for CAS is most likely. The important thing to
remember for preplanned requests is to get the request in before the ATO cut-off time. Then,
as the situation develops, update the request with the ASOC/DASC referencing the original
request number as needed.

(4) Submission. CAS planners at each echelon consolidate their requests and submit
them to the next higher echelon. There, the commander and the staff consolidate all requests
and approve or disapprove them. Disapproved requests should be sent back to the requesting
unit with an explanation. Approved requests are re-prioritized and assigned a new precedence
in accordance with the ground commander’s desires (see Figure III-7).

(5) Coordination. Approved and prioritized requests are forwarded to the JAOC
for inclusion into the ATO planning cycle.

For further explanation of the preplanned request process, see JP 3-30, Command and
Control for Joint Air Operations.

b. Immediate Requests. Immediate requests arise from situations that develop outside
the ATO planning cycle. Because these requirements cannot be identified early on, tailored

PREPLANNED CLOSE AIR SUPPORT REQUEST

CHANNELS
Army requests
Request channels BCD
Feedback channels
JAOC
Unfilled requests
Marine/Navy/SOF
requests
JSOAC/SACC/TACC

Approval / Disapproval
I II XXX / XX
FAC ALO/AO ALO/AO
AO FSO/FSC FSC
S-3 G-3 Approval / Disapproval

ALO Air Liaison Officer JAOC Joint Air Operations Center

AO Air Officer JSOAC Joint Special Operations Air Component
BCD Battlefield Coordination Detachment SACC Supporting Arms Coordination Center
FAC Forward Air Controller SOF Special Operations Forces
FSC Fire Support Coordinator TACC Tactical Air Command Center (USMC)
FSO Fire Support Officer

Figure III 7. Preplanned Close Air Support Request Channels

III-27
Chapter III

ordnance loads may not be available for specified targets. If CAS is unavailable, the senior
ground echelon (e.g., Corps) AO/ALO may advise the G-3/S-3 to divert preplanned CAS
missions or forward additional requests to the JAOC. During the execution phase of the ATO,
the JFACC staff may need to redirect missions to cover immediate requests for CAS (see
Figure III-8).

(1) Conventional Force Submission. Immediate requests are forwarded to the

appropriate command post by the most rapid means available (see Figure III-9). Requests
are broadcast directly from the TACP to the ASOC/DASC using AFARN or TAR/helicopter
request (HR). The AO/FSC/ALO at each intermediate HQ monitors the flow of requests.
Based on the commander’s intent, and after considering whether organic assets are available to
fulfill the request, they approve or deny the request. Denial involves sending SECTION II
data of the DD Form 1972 (See Appendix B, “Joint Tactical Air Strike Request”) back to the
requestor. Silence by intermediate HQ implies consent to the request.

(2) SOF Submission. SOF HQ’ communications capabilities are usually adequate
to link directly to component communications nets that can scramble or divert CAS aircraft as
required.

(3) Priority. For immediate requests, each DD Form 1972 is assigned a priority.
Use the numerical designation below to determine priority (e.g., define the tactical situation).

(a) Alpha — Targets preventing or immediately capable of preventing the

execution of the plan of action. This designation supersedes all other categories of mission
priority.

(b) Bravo — Targets seriously interfering with the execution of the plan of action.
Targets that supersede priority Charlie requests.

(c) Charlie — Targets capable of limited interference with the execution of the
plan of action.

(4) Request Format. Use of the DD form 1972 as a guide is the preferred method
for requesting CAS through the ASOC/DASC.

(a) Mission Data. For preplanned requests, mission data can be passed through
maneuver force or ASOC/DASC communications channels. Data may be included in the ATO,
mission order, or fire support plan. For approved immediate requests, mission data is passed
down the same air request net used by the requesting unit.

(b) Mission data is passed using the DD Form 1972 Section III format to the
requesting unit. As a minimum, mission data will include:

1. Line 20 Mission Number.

2. Line 21 Call Sign.

3. Line 22 Number and Type of Aircraft.

III-28 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

IMMEDIATE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

REQUEST PROCESS

15 ASSESSMENT
14 BOMBS ON TARGET

1 UNIT DETECTS TARGET

13 JOINT TERMINAL ATTACK

2 COMMANDER CONTROLLER CONTROLS
DECIDES TO CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS)
REQUEST CAS
JTAC AIRCRAFT

3 UNIT NOTIFIES
TACP
12 AIRCRAFT
TACP DEPART THE IP INITIAL
POINT
4 TACP PASSES
(IP)
5 INTERMEDIATE TACP MONITORS
REQUEST TO AND COORDINATES CAS
ASOC/DASC REQUEST IF NEEDED

6 ASOC/DASC COORDINATES
ASOC/DASC WITH SENIOR GROUND HQS
11 JTAC, FAC(A)
OR TAC-A BRIEFS
WHICH APPROVES REQUEST AIRCRAFT
7 ASOC/DASC
CALLS AOC/TACC
TO SCRAMBLE IF 10 APPROACHING THE
NO ON-CALL AIRCRAFT CONTACT POINT, THE
OR
CRE, AWACS, OR DASC
ASOC/DASC CALLS WOC
TELLS CAS AIRCRAFT TO
TO SCRAMBLE ON-CALL CAS
CONTACT FAC(A) AND
AOC/TACC PASSES CRITICAL
8 AFAOC/TACC CALLS WOC TO UPDATES TO AIRCRAFT
SCRAMBLE IF THERE ARE NO CRC
ON-CALL AIRCRAFT

9 CRC/DASC SENDS AIRCRAFT

TO A CONTACT POINT FROM
AIRBORNE ALERT/DIVERT
WOC

AWACS

AFAOC Air Force Air and Space Operations Center FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne)
ASOC Air Support Operations Center HQ Headquarters
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System JTAC Joint Terminal Attack Controller
CRC Control and Reporting Center TACC Tactical Air Command Center
CRE Control Reporting Element TACP Tactical Air Control Party
DASC Direct Air Support Center WOC Wing Operations Center

Figure III-8. Immediate Close Air Support Request Process

III-29
Chapter III

IMMEDIATE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT REQUEST CHANNELS

Request channels

Unfilled requests JAOC

Feedback channels

Intermediate monitoring
Approval/
(fill if able / silence = consent) Disapproval
AFAOC/TACC/JSOAC

Approval/
I II XXX / XX Disapproval
FAC ALO/AO ALO/AO
AO FSO/FSC FSC ASOC/DASC
S-3 G-3

ALO Air Liaison Officer FSC Fire Support Coordinator

AO Air Officer FSO Fire Support Officer
AFAOC Air Force Air and Space Operations Center JAOC Joint Air Operations Center
ASOC Air Support Operations Center JSOAC Joint Special Operations Air Component
DASC Direct Air Support Center TACC Tactical Air Command Center
FAC Forward Air Controller

Figure III-9. Immediate Close Air Support Request Channels

4. Line 23 Ordnance.

5. Line 25 Estimate TOT.

6. Line 26 Contact Point (CP).

7. Line 27 Initial Contact (who the aircrew will contact first).

8. Line 28 Call Sign and Frequency of Final Control Agency.

9. Forward Air Controller (Airborne) Planning

a. Introduction. The FAC(A) is an airborne extension of the TACP. The FAC(A) extends
the range that the TACP can detect, identify, and destroy targets. He can serve as an additional
controller for the TACP, support a maneuver element without a TACP, or supplement the
capability of a TACP. A FAC(A) must be able to coordinate supporting arms missions in
conjunction with CAS missions, without assistance from the TACP. The FAC(A) must be
capable of executing the desires of the ground commander in day, night, and adverse weather
conditions. To accomplish this, the FAC(A)s must conduct detailed planning and integrate
with the maneuver element.

b. Pre-Mission Planning. FAC(A)s are unlikely to be on hand during the planning

stages of the ground scheme of maneuver. AO/ALO will be responsible for advising the
ground commander on how and when to employ a FAC(A). There are several steps that FAC(A)s

III-30 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

must take to ensure that they can accomplish the mission, and execute within the intent of the
ground commander. The following sections list the responsibilities of the aforementioned
individuals.

(1) FAC(A) Responsibilities. FAC(A)s must be familiar with the OPLAN/OPORD,

applicable theater/operation SOPs, and the ATO. FAC(A)s should conduct liaison with the
supported unit’s AO/ALO and FSC. In some cases, a face-to-face meeting will be possible;
however, most of the time this will have to take place via other means. This liaison should
clarify the information contained within the OPLAN/OPORD/ATO and any particular
requirements of the supported ground unit. Upon completion of the liaison, this individual is
responsible to disseminate the following information to the rest of the squadron/group:

(a) Ground scheme of maneuver.

(b) Ground commander’s intent.

(c) FSCMs.

(d) Expected operational areas.

(e) Expected supported unit locations.

(f) Initial positions of JTACs and other fire support observers.

(g) Fire Support Plan.

(h) Target Precedence List.

(i) Fire support assets.

(j) SEAD SOP.

(k) LASER employment plan.

(l) FAC(A) employment plan.

(m) CAS assets available.

(n) FAC(A) assets available.

(o) Tanker assets available.

(p) Forward arming and refueling point (FARP) locations.

(q) Routing.

(r) Control points and initial points (IPs).

III-31
Chapter III

(s) Battle positions (BPs) and holding areas (HAs).

(t) Communications plan and nets.

(u) Code words/procedure words (prowords).

(2) Air Officer/Air Liaison Officer. The AO/ALO is responsible for advising the
regimental and BN commanders, S-3s and the FSC on the employment and integration of CAS
and FAC(A). The AO/ALO is expected to have a working knowledge and understanding of
CAS and FAC(A) aircraft capabilities and limitations. The AO/ALO is also expected to
understand the ground maneuver force to enhance situational awareness. They are also expected
to advise on the employment of FAC(A)s in the accomplishment of their specified tasks. The
AO/ALO will conduct liaison with the FAC(A)s to ensure that they understand the scheme of
maneuver and the ground commander’s intent. The AO/ALO should be ready to provide the
following information to the FAC(A):

(a) Ground Scheme of Maneuver and Ground Commander’s Intent. Without

the knowledge of the scheme of maneuver and desired end state, the FAC(A) will not be able
to effectively provide support to the ground forces.

(b) Specified and Implied Tasking. What the FAC(A) is expected to accomplish.
The FAC(A) can be used to detect and destroy targets, coordinate or conduct target marking,
provide terminal attack control for CAS, perform aerial reconnaissance, conduct aerial spotting
for artillery and naval surface fires, act as a radio relay for TACPs, and provide BDA.

(c) Initial Unit and TACP Locations. These can change rapidly, but can be
used for initial planning information for the FAC(A)s.

(d) Communications. Verification of the expected TACP (Local)/TACP

(Admin), and TAD nets, and call signs of the TACPs and FACs.

(e) Air Fire Plan. Defines how CAS (preplanned and immediate) missions will
be integrated into the overall fire support plan.

(f) Plan for FAC(A) Use. Will the FAC(A) be an airborne extension of an
existing TACP, or as an additional TACP for a maneuvering unit? Positioning and planned
tactics of the FAC(A) should be discussed.

(g) Target Area Coordination. The plan for combining CAS (rotary- and fixed-
wing) and indirect fire support assets in the target area.

(h) Control of CAS Assets. How terminal attack control will be passed from
the JTAC to the FAC(A). This includes who will provide marks, who will provide a ‘cleared
hot’ when required, and approval authority to run a mission.

(i) CPs and IPs. Expected points that will be used in conjunction with the ACO
and supports the scheme of maneuver.

III-32 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

(j) BPs and HAs. Positions that best support the planned scheme of maneuver.

(k) Reference Map Datum-Spheroid. Defined for the entire theater, but verify
with the supported unit.

(l) Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) Plan. Operational area plan for using
aviation to provide this support.

(3) Fire Support Coordinator/FSO. The ground officer responsible for the
integration of all fires in support of the operation. Close coordination and integration between
FSC/FSOs and AO/ALOs is critical to mission success. FSC/FSOs and the AO/ALOs will
work closely together in the development and dissemination of the following:

(a) Fire Support Plan. The overall plan to integrate surface- and air-delivered
fires, to include priority of fires, groups, series, programs, triggers, etc.

(b) High Payoff Target List (HPTL). The priority of all HPTLs by phase of
the operation.

(c) Communications. Verification of the Conduct of Fire and Air Spot nets,
and the call signs of the artillery and mortar units. It is critical to establish this communications
link prior to commencing the operation.

(d) Target List. Preplanned targets.

(e) List of Targets. Other targets of interest.

(f) Fire Support Assets. General and direct support artillery positions and AOFs,
multiple launch rocket system, mortar units positions and AOF, counterfire radar sites, and
displacement schedules.

(g) FSCMs. Verification of all active and planned control measures.

(h) SEAD SOP. The plan for suppressive fires including targets requiring
suppression, suppression assets, fire plans and standard calls for fire.

(i) LASER employment plan. Available assets and expected employment

guidelines. Verify LASER code assignments and de-confliction as per the ATO.

(4) Operation Order. The OPORD is a directive from the commander issued to
subordinate commanders to coordinate the execution of an operation. A thorough understanding
of the OPORD, its annexes and appendices, will provide the FAC(A) planner much of the
information required to successfully plan for the mission. The following sections and respective
information should be read and understood.

(a) Operations Section

III-33
Chapter III

1. Friendly Situation. The status and missions of higher, adjacent and

supporting units.

2. Maneuver Control Measures. Unit boundaries, operational areas, phase

lines.

3. Main Effort. Where the main effort and weight of support will be concentrated
during all phases of the operation.

4. Reconnaissance Units. The initial and planned location, mission, fire support
assets and communication nets of these units.

(b) Intelligence Section

1. Priority Intelligence Requirements.

2. Target Intelligence.

3. Possible and Probable Enemy COAs.

4. Intelligence Estimates.

5. Collection Plan.

6. Ground Order of Battle.

7. Air Order of Battle.

8. Missile Order of Battle.

(c) Fire Support Section

1. Scheme of Maneuver.

2. Fire Support Plan.

3. ROE.

4. Air Fire Plan.

5. Preplanned Air Support (preplanned scheduled and on-call missions).

6. Air Fire Plan.

7. Air Target Overlays (depicts planned air targets, FSCMs, and unit boundaries).

8. Artillery Fire Plan.

9. Artillery Targets.

III-34 JP 3-09.3
 Planning and Requesting

10. Initial Position Area/Fire Capabilities (overlay depicting initial position areas
assigned to artillery units, unit boundaries, and their fire capabilities).

11. Artillery Target (overlay depicting artillery targets, groups, series, FSCMs, and
unit boundaries).

12. Artillery Fire Support Tables.

13. Naval Surface Fire Plan.

14. Fire Support Coordination Overlay (depicts applicable FSCMs to include unit
boundaries).

(d) Communications-Electronics Section

1. C3 Assets.

2. Planned Nets.

3. Communication electronics operations instructions (CEOI)/AKAK/AKVH/

AKTV authentication procedures.

4. Communications security procedures.

(e) Air Operations Section

1. Tactical Air Control Procedures.

2. FAC(A) Procedures.

3. Mission Report (MISREP) Procedures.

4. Target Marking for Air Attack.

5. Interdiction and Armed Reconnaissance.

6. CAS Briefing.

7. Attack Helicopter Brief.

8. Assault Support.

9. Armament.

10. Airspace Control Measures.

11. Tactical Routing.

III-35
Chapter III

(f) Theater/Operation SOPs. These documents will supplement the information that
is found in the OPORD. There may exist Memorandums of Agreement/Understanding that FAC(A)s
will need to be familiar with and adhere to where applicable.

(g) Air Tasking Order. The ATO or equivalent Integrated Tasking Order contains the
JFACC’s plan for providing the air support required in the OPLAN/OPORD. FAC(A)s must read the
ATO, the ACO, and the SPINS thoroughly to derive the following information:

1. CAS and FAC(A) assets available (mission number, Type/Model/Series,

Ordnance, Time on Station, etc.).

2. Routing (Rotary- and Fixed-Wing).

3. Control Points.

4. Airspace Control Measures.

5. Expected Area of Operations.

6. Tanker Availability/Locations/Times.

7. Code Words.

8. Communications Plan.

9. FSCMs.

10. FARP Locations.

(h) Automated Communication Electronic Operating Instructions (ACEOI). The

ACEOI provides the daily communications plan including monitored nets, frequencies, call signs, and
encryption/authentication tables.

c. Summary. FAC(A)s may not have the opportunity to meet with the ground forces they are
supporting. However, every attempt should be made to establish liaison with the supported unit. Rotary-
wing FAC(A)s have a unique capability to land at the command post and speak directly with the AO/
ALO, the FSC, the S-3 and the commanding officer if available. There are times when fixed-wing
FAC(A)s may be able to do the same, but this will probably only occur during the initial planning of an
operation. Once the operation starts, face-to-face meetings with fixed-wing FAC(A)s are unlikely to
occur. Knowing this, the planners that are sent to a JAOC need to have an understanding of the capabilities
that a FAC(A) brings to the battle. AO/ALOs must learn this as well to appropriately brief the FSC, S-
3, and ground commander. Finally, the FAC(A)s must realize that they have to make every effort to
liaise with the supported units to ensure that they provide the best possible support to the ground
commander.

III-36 JP 3-09.3
 CHAPTER IV
PREPARATION

“The man who is prepared has his battle half fought.”

Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote, 1605

1. Introduction

a. Preparation consists of activities by the unit before execution to improve its ability to
conduct operations including, but not limited to, the following: rehearsals, pre-combat/
communication checks, and movement (see Figure IV-1).

PREPARATION PHASE

REHEARSALS MOVEMENT OBSERVATION

Maneuver Rehearsal
Observers
Fire Support Rehearsal
TACP
FIST Targets
CAS Target List Reviewed
R/S NAIs
Observation Plan
COLT TAIs
CAS Target Description
FAC(A)
CAS Target Location and Elevation
Other
CAS Target Marking
CAS Triggers Practiced
SEAD Practiced
FSCMs/ACMs Practiced
Field Artillery PA and ADF
VERIFY
COMMUNICATIONS

TOC/COC Observers
S-3 FAC/FAC(A)
FSE FIST/JTAC
AD/TACP R/S
S-2 COLT
Other Other

ACM Airspace Control Measures JTAC Joint Terminal Attack Controller

AD Advanced Deployability NAI Named Area of Interest
ADF Automatic Direction Finding PA Position Area
CAS Close Air Support R/S Reconnaissance/Surveillance
COLT Combat Observation and Lasing Team S-2 Battalion or Brigade Intelligence Staff Officer
FAC Forward Air Controller S-3 Battalion or Brigade Operations Staff Officer
FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne) SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
FIST Fire Support Team TACP Tactical Air Control Party
FSCM Fire Support Coordinating Measure TAI Target Area of Interest
FSE Fire Support Element TOC/COC Tactical Operations Center/Combat Operations Center

Figure IV-1. Preparation Phase

IV-1
Chapter IV

b. Once the plan is formulated and approved by the commander, it should be rehearsed.
This includes primary and redundant connectivity and control methodology. Observers must
be identified and their communications capabilities verified. Consideration must be given to
the methods of tactical movement throughout the battlefield. The overall TACP employment
plan should be feasible, executable, and tactically sound. Preparation by the TACP, fire
support assets, and maneuver staff is critical to the synchronized execution of joint fires.

c. Coordination between echelons and preparation that precedes execution are just as
important as plan development. Staff preparation includes assembling and continuously updating
estimates, (e.g., continuous JIPB) with the goal of providing accurate situational updates for
commanders. Whether incorporated into a formal process or not, the staff’s preparatory activities
such as JIPB, targeting, fire plan refinement, etc., continue throughout preparation and execution.

d. Preparation requires staff, unit, and individual actions. Rehearsals help staffs, units,
and individuals prepare for operations. Preparation includes concept of employment (COE)
briefs, COE mission rehearsals, OPORDs, brief-backs, equipment and communications checks,
SOP reviews, load plan verification, troops readiness preparation, and weapons test-fire.

2. Rehearsals

a. The rehearsal is one of the most overlooked aspects of maneuver and fire support
planning. It provides attendees the opportunity to visualize the battle, ensure total
comprehension of the plan, promote responsiveness, and identify areas of confusion, friction
or conflict that may have been overlooked. This visual impression helps orient individuals to
both the environment and other units during the execution of the operation. Moreover, the
repetition of combat tasks during the rehearsal leaves a lasting mental picture of the sequence
of key actions within the operation. The extent of the rehearsal is limited by imagination, the
tactical situation, time, and resources available. There are six types of rehearsals: full dress,
reduced force, terrain model, sketch map, map, and radio.

b. Local SOPs should identify appropriate rehearsal types and techniques as well as
standards for their execution. This section focuses on the key areas that CAS participants
should focus on, be prepared to discuss/cover in the rehearsal, and leave the rehearsal
understanding.

c. Combined Arms Rehearsal. The combined arms/maneuver rehearsal is normally

conducted by a maneuver unit HQ and performed after subordinate units have issued their
OPORD. The following CAS related areas should (at a minimum) be covered and/or rehearsed
during the combined arms rehearsal.

(1) Commander’s Intent for Fires/CAS. The commander’s intent for fires should
include his intent for CAS. During the planning phase, the AO/ALO should advise the
commander with respect to threat, aircraft availability, and potential weapons loads to ensure
a viable, obtainable intent is developed. JTAC requests for CAS should clearly describe the
desired effects to meet the commander’s intent. JAOC planners should then tailor aircraft and
weapons loads to achieve the desired effects. Often, there is no separate “intent for CAS”

IV-2 JP 3-09.3
 Preparation

defined, however, the commander’s intent for fires is inclusive for all fires of which CAS is an
integral part.

(2) Priority of CAS Fires. Priority of fires for each phase of an operation must be
identified. For CAS sorties, a projection of “who” will get CAS, “when” it’s expected, “what”
the commander’s desired end state is, and “where” the primary and alternate observers are
located needs to be understood. Additionally, at the conclusion of the rehearsal, participants
should have a thorough understanding of the following:

(a) Verification of grid coordinates/locations for critical targets, primary and

alternate observers, unit locations (defense), and projected movements (by phase) for offensive
operations.

(b) Triggers for targets and target engagement criteria.

(c) FSCMs/ACMs and how they facilitate fire and maneuver.

(d) Verify SEAD plan.

(e) Communications connectivity.

(f) Verify CAS target marks, and if necessary, friendly marking.

(g) Terminal attack control types to be utilized.

(h) Which JTAC will provide terminal attack control of aircraft conducting CAS.

(3) After the rehearsal, the participants must be able to effectively communicate the
plan to subordinate personnel prior to the beginning of the operation. Specific AO/ALO
responsibilities include providing key information concerning all aspects of air support of the
ground commander. During the combined arms rehearsal, the AO/ALO or FSO will address
the following:

(a) Confirm commander’s intent for CAS.

(b) Number of CAS sorties expected.

(c) Type aircraft.

(d) Weapons load information.

(e) CAS on-station times.

(f) CPs/IPs.

(g) ACMs/FSCMs.

IV-3
Chapter IV

(h) SEAD plan.

(i) Target marks/laser plan.

(j) Friendly marking procedures.

(k) TACP battlefield employment.

(l) TACP battlefield recovery.

(m) TACP communications plan.

(n) Approved/disapproved CAS requests.

(o) Terminal attack control types.

d. Fire Support Rehearsal. Fire support rehearsals focus on the execution of EFSTs and
the FSEM, the effectiveness of FSCMs, and the timing and synchronization of all fire support
efforts with maneuver. Fire support rehearsals serve to refine the Fire Support Plan, ensure
understanding by all personnel in the FSCC/FSE, and confirm the feasibility of the current
plan.

(1) The fire support rehearsal is the most critical part of the preparation phase of an
operation. The AO/ALO/JTAC is responsible for providing key information concerning all
aspects of air in support of the ground commander. The following areas should be covered
and/or rehearsed during the fire support rehearsal:

(a) Identify and confirm that FSCMs support the scheme of maneuver and fires.

(b) Verify consolidated target list to include CAS targets.

(c) Verify coordinate locations for critical targets using the proper map datum.

(d) Verify that each target has a TPME, and that targeting priorities are clearly
delineated.

(e) Verify trigger points for each target and target engagement criteria.

(f) Confirm observation plans:

1. Primary/alternate observers: (JTAC, FAC(A), forward observer, FIST,

COLT, R&S, scouts).

2. Infiltration and exfiltration routes.

3. Disengagement criteria.

(g) Verify likely CAS attack tactics (high/medium altitude, low/very low altitude).

IV-4 JP 3-09.3
 Preparation

(h) Verify primary and back-up communications links/connectivity for fire support/CAS
execution:

1. Call signs.

2. Code/Brevity words.

3. Nets:

a. Command.

b. Fire Support.

c. Air.

(i) Verify attack guidance for each target (unit(s) to fire, shell fuze combination, number
of volleys, if the information is available, number and type of aircraft available and SCLs).

(j) Verify/deconflict the movement plan specifying when and where firing units will
move:

1. Gun Target Lines.

2. Positioning Areas.

(k) Verify the method of engagement (at my command, TOT, or when ready).

(l) FSCMs/ACMs:

1. ACAs.

2. Formal.

3. Informal.

(m) Identify CPs/IPs and general aircraft flow.

(n) Synchronize timing of air assets and surface fires.

(o) Verify SEAD plan/procedures.

(p) TOT/TTT.

(q) Verify CAS target marking procedures:

1. Verify unit to fire.

2. Type of mark.

IV-5
Chapter IV

(r) Review type of CAS control for CAS targets:

1. Type 1-3 (see Chapter V, “Execution”).

2. Identify observer and controller connectivity.

3. Review clearance procedures for CAS targets.

4. AO/ALO/FSO/S3-Air/NGLO recap critical fire support, CAS, and naval surface

fire events.

5. Make refinements as necessary.

6. FSCMs discussed/understood.

7. Discuss indirect fire system position areas and AOF/gun target lines
(GTLs). CAS changes or updates made during combined arms or fire support rehearsals should
be forwarded to the DASC/ASOC as soon as possible in accordance with established ATO
planning cycle “timelines”. Changes or updates that cannot be included in the ATO must be
passed to the aircrews as soon as possible to increase the chances of success.

3. Pre-Combat Preparations

a. Pre-combat checks and pre-combat inspections allow personnel to prepare for a mission
and provide the leader/supervisor an opportunity to ensure the operational readiness of personnel,
equipment and vehicles.

b. The following pre-combat checklists are a guide to help personnel to prepare for pre-
combat inspections. Pre-combat checks can be broken down into the following areas:

(1) Mission Essential Knowledge. Ensure personnel in each subordinate element

understand the mission, CONOPS, scheme of maneuver, and fires.

(2) Mission Essential Equipment. Ensure all required equipment is operating and
accounted for. Recommended items for a JTAC include NVDs, an IR laser pointer, laser
rangefinder/designator, IR strobe light, chemlights, spotting scope, multi-band radio, radar
beacon, pyrotechnics (smoke/illum), access to an M203 grenade launcher with illumination
and smoke rounds, compass, mirror, common objective graphics and GPS. The JTAC must
plan for redundant communication and marking tools.

(3) Mission Essential Coordination. Ensure distribution of graphics and/or overlays

depicting:

(a) Scheme of maneuver.

(b) FSCMs.

(c) ACMs.

IV-6 JP 3-09.3
 Preparation

(d) NAIs, TAIs.

(e) Decision points and triggers.

(f) Aircraft CPs and IP.

(g) Helicopter HAs, BPs and/or landing zones.

(h) Countermobility/obstacle plan.

(i) Friendly marking procedures:

1. Day.

2. Night.

(j) Target List, target overlays and schedules of fire with:

1. Priority of fires.

2. Priority targets.

3. SEAD targets.

4. Preparatory fires.

5. FPFs.

6. Groups and series.

7. Target blocks.

(4) Aviation Preparation. See Appendix C, “Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission
Planning Guide,” for sample aircrew mission planning guide.

4. Communications

a. During the preparation phase, and often in consonance with the pre-combat inspections,
communication links are checked and verified. This ensures that primary and backup voice
and digital systems are checked, crypto material is current, time is synchronized, and code
words, brevity codes, passwords and call signs are available and current. Ensure systems are
fully operational and connectivity is established. Often unit SOPs will delineate connectivity
checks (e.g., “...each station will perform a communications check on TAR/HR on the half
hour reporting in precedence order”). Additionally, any extra measures such as day/night
friendly marking procedures and visual or sound signals are practiced.

b. Check and verify:

IV-7
Chapter IV

(1) Command Nets:

(a) Company.

(b) BN.

(c) Regiment/Brigade.

(d) Division Command.

(2) Fire Support Nets:

(a) Conduct of fire (COF).

(b) Mortar COF.

(c) FSC nets.

(d) Air Spot.

(3) Air Nets:

(a) TAR/HR.

(b) AFARN.

(c) TADs.

(d) TACP local.

(e) TATC.

(f) NSFS Ground Spot.

(g) NSFS Air Spot.

(h) Shore fire control party.

c. Cryptographic keys/Call signs/Code words/Prowords/Passwords/Brevity Codes

(1) Crypto verified and loaded.

(2) Time synchronized.

(3) Copies or excerpts of call signs available.

IV-8 JP 3-09.3
 Preparation

(4) Code words and brevity codes for current plan reviewed.

(5) Pro words posted or noted for communicators.

d. Friendly day/night marking procedures. Equipment available and correctly displayed/checked.

(1) IR marker lights/pointers.

(2) Strobe lights (visual and/or IR).

(3) Air panels.

(a) VS-17 panels.

(b) Thermal panels.

(c) Chemical lights.

(4) Pyrotechnics.

(a) Smoke.

(b) Star clusters.

(5) Radar beacons and codes.

(6) Tagging devices (Grenadier Brat, etc.).

A-10 Aircraft

IV-9
Chapter IV

5. Movement/Positioning

a. Movement. The AO/ALO ensures TACP movement is in accordance with the maneuver unit’s
observation plan. Most TACP operations require movement to forward assembly areas, observation
posts, or battle positions during the preparation phase of an operation. The maneuver unit OPORD will
normally specify formations and techniques of movement. This allows the commander to position his
elements where they will optimize the unit’s battlespace and facilitate execution of his scheme of maneuver.

b. Positioning. The AO/ALO recommends initial observation positions of TACPs to the commander.
The AO/ALO and the commander must consider three aspects in the TACP positioning decision: security,
observation, and communications.

(1) Security. A TACP cannot provide its own security. The TACP must be positioned within
the maneuver unit’s area where it can optimize its observation capability yet maintain its survivability
and communications capability. The maneuver unit commander must consider the factors of METT-T
when selecting a position.

(2) Observation. The selection of an observation position is critical to the ability of the
TACP to effectively control CAS. The position must permit observation of targets. Landmarks and
prominent terrain features should be avoided, as the enemy probably targets them.

(3) Communications. TACP’s primary means of communication are the tactical radios.
The TACP must be positioned to allow communications with the commander, HHQ (TACP), and the
CAS aircraft.

c. Reconnaissance. If time and the tactical situation permit, take advantage of the opportunity to
conduct reconnaissance of the battlefield. Confirm when observation positions offer visibility of
engagement areas, enemy avenues of approach, and dead space. Verify communications connectivity.

IV-10 JP 3-09.3
 CHAPTER V
EXECUTION

“All movements on the battlefield have but one end in view; the development of
fire in greater volume and more effectively than that of the opposing force.”

T. Miller Magure
The Development of Tactics, 1904

1. Introduction

CAS execution, as depicted in Figure V-1, begins with a target nomination from the
supported commander and involves two processes that are continuous and overlapping in nature:
JTAC/Operations Center coordination and CAS target engagement. This chapter discusses the
concepts and considerations required for the detailed integration of CAS with the fire and
maneuver of the supported unit.

2. Joint Terminal Attack Controller to Combat Operations Center/Tactical

Operations Center Coordination
It is critical for JTACs and COC/TOC elements to coordinate their efforts prior to each
CAS engagement. Key issues such as battle tracking, target nomination, airspace deconfliction
and coordination, synchronization, weapons release authority, tactical risk assessment, types
of terminal attack control, and which JTAC provides terminal attack control must be clearly
understood. Only through effective coordination can the CAS “team” successfully achieve
the supported commander’s objectives for CAS.

a. Battle Tracking. Battle tracking is the process of building and maintaining an overall
picture of the battlespace that is accurate, timely, and relevant. Effective battle tracking is
fundamental to CAS/fire support integration. It increases the probability of CAS attack success
by ensuring its application at the proper time and place. The level of detail required and scope
of the picture will depend on the mission and information requirements of the warfighter. At
the tactical level, the simplest form of battle tracking is the mental and graphic picture built
and maintained by using maps, observations, and battle updates from HHQ. At higher levels,
battle tracking is more complex and takes advantage of digital information systems using
multiple sources to generate a coherent picture of the battlespace. By maintaining up-to-date
information on FSCMs and friendly and enemy positions and actions, uncertainty is reduced.
Effective battle tracking will aid in maintaining an understanding of friendly and enemy progress,
reduce redundant targeting, and reduce the possibility of fratricide. Effective methods of battle
tracking include maintaining up-to-date maps, imagery, and status boards, and utilizing
computerized tracking and display methods. It is imperative that TACP personnel remain
part of the information flow (e.g., battle drills, spot reports, targeting, etc.). Additionally,
the JTAC and COC/TOC must both operate with the most current information:

(1) FSCMs/ACMs as applicable: IPs, CPs, BPs, ingress/egress routes, MRRs, ACAs,
NFAs, and ROZs, CFLs, RFLs, and FSCLs.

V-1
Chapter V

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT EXECUTION

EXECUTION JOINT TERMINAL ATTACK CONTROLLER/

OPERATIONS CENTER COORDINATION

Basic Tracking:
Friendly Units Synchronize Determine
POF SEAD Type of
Triggers Marks Control
LD/Defend NLT

FSCM/ACM FSCM/ACM Required

S/A Threats
Spot Reports Deconfliction/Coordination
Indirect (PA/GTL)
TARGETS Direct
CAS Target
Nomination Cross-boundary
Clearance of Fires
CAS Available? CAS Routing
CAS
TARGETS
Validate/Submit JTAR

ASSESSMENT

Aircraft Check-in with CAS A/C Attack Begins Weapons Release Further
JTAC Depart IP Instructions
CAS on Station

Situation Update/ Mark/SEAD Initiated Re-attack

Instructions Confirms Target/Mark Return to IP
TOC/COC Notified Depart
MFC Weapon Release
Authority

Target Designation Weapons Delivery BDA Assessment

CAS Brief Attempt Begins
Clearance Issued

A/C Aircraft LD Line of Departure

ACM Airspace Control Measures MFC Multinational Force Comander
BDA Battle Damage Assessment NLT No Later Than
CAS Close Air Support PA Position Area
FSCM Fire Support Coordinating Measure POF Priority of Fires
GTL Gun-target Line S/A Surface to Air
IP nitial Position SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
JTAC Joint Terminal Attack Controller TOC/COC Tactical Operations Center/Combat Operations Center
JTAR Joint Tactical Airstrike Request

Figure V-1. Close Air Support Execution

(2) Friendly Unit Information. Unit boundaries, phase lines, friendly locations,
COLT and scout locations, objectives, engagement areas, and obstacles.

(3) Artillery. Current and planned artillery locations and GTLs.

(4) Enemy locations (including surface-to-air threats).

(5) Targeting. Preplanned target locations, CAS target triggers, air requests,
observation plan, and fire support plan.

V-2 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

(6) Fragmentary Orders, spot reports, and ATO updates.

b. CAS Target Nomination. A nomination occurs when the commander or his

representative tells a JTAC to engage a target with CAS. Commanders nominate CAS targets
based on previously planned target sets, or from spot reports received during execution. The
nomination process can occur before or after aircraft arrive at the CP.

c. Airspace Deconfliction. Direct and indirect fires may interfere with aircraft operations.
JTACs and fire support personnel must deconflict airspace to provide a reasonably safe operating
space for aircraft to maneuver and attack targets. Deconfliction must also accommodate other
airspace users to include UAVs, MEDEVAC, C2, ISR, and transport aircraft as listed in ACO.
CAS aircraft may require specific deconfliction and coordination using time, space, and altitude.
JTACs and fire support personnel should select the separation techniques that require
the least coordination without adversely affecting the ability to safely complete the mission.
To be successful, all participants must be well versed in ACA terminology and have knowledge
of all applicable ACAs in use (see Figure V-2).

For further detail concerning airspace deconfliction, refer to JP 3-52, Doctrine for Joint
Airspace Control in the Combat Zone.

Note: Deconfliction methods should facilitate simultaneous CAS and indirect fire operations.

(1) Deconfliction. Deconfliction may be accomplished with a formal ACA (see

Chapter III, “Planning and Requesting”) in the ACO or, more frequently, with informal methods.

(2) Informal ACAs. Informal ACAs can be established using separation plans and
may be established by any supported commander. An informal ACA is an expedient
measure designed to provide immediate, yet temporary control and deconfliction. As such, informal
ACAs are normally short-lived and not as widely disseminated as formal ACAs. Aircraft and
surface fires may be separated by distance (lateral, altitude, and combination of lateral and

FORMAL AIRSPACE COORDINATION

AREA TERMINOLOGY
TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION
Airspace Coordination Area The ACA size and location have been defined and
(ACA) Established but not designated, usually by code name, but
activated NO CLEARANCE has been given to enter the
airspace. Fires allowed through the ACA without
coordination.

ACA Activated ACA is activated at this time. Aircraft are CLEARED

to operate in the defined airspace.
A time limit may be established. Fires prohibited
through the ACA.

Figure V-2. Formal Airspace Coordination Area Terminology

V-3
Chapter V

altitude) or by time. Although relatively easy to set up and deconflict with CAS, informal
ACAs can be more difficult for the FSCC/FSE to coordinate. FSCC/FSE must ensure restrictions
to indirect fires or aircraft are limited to those required to successfully execute the attack and
are coordinated with all affected agencies. When FSC/FSO set up informal ACAs, they use
one of the following deconfliction methods.

(a) Lateral Separation (see Figure V-3). Lateral separation allows coordinated
attacks against two adjacent targets. The ACA should be big enough to allow aircraft to operate
over the target yet small enough to minimize restrictions on supporting fire. Divide the target
area into two or more engagement zones. While the separation measure may be described by
a universal transverse mercator grid line or latitude/longitude reference, terrain features have
the added advantages of simplicity and constant visual reference. This is an appropriate
technique when aircrews and firing units engage separate targets and aircraft will not cross
GTLs. JTACs must know the GTLs so they can prevent aircraft from flying through trajectories.
For example: “Stay west of the grid line 62” or “Remain west of the river.”

(b) Altitude Separation (see Figure V-4). This technique permits indirect fires
to continue when the aircraft must cross the GTL. Clearance from the indirect fire trajectory
and fragmentation pattern is provided by “stay above” or “stay below” altitude restrictions.

ARTILLERY-CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

AIRCRAFT LATERAL SEPARATION

"Stay west of
grid line 62."

ARTILLERY
POSITION

UNPROTECTED
FLIGHT

PROTECTED
FLIGHT
GRID
LINE
62

Figure V-3. Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Lateral Separation

V-4 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

ARTILLERY-CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

AIRCRAFT ALTITUDE SEPARATION

ARTILLERY
POSITION

PROTECTED FLIGHT

"Remain above UNPROTECTED

3000 feet AGL." FLIGHT

Figure V-4. Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Altitude Separation

When calculating the safe separation for an aircraft to stay above or below the maximum
ordinate (MAXORD), the JTAC and FSC/FSO use tabular firing tables and apply a margin of
safety above the MAXORD. Convert this number to mean sea level (MSL) before passing it to
the aircraft. (For example, “Stay above 5000 MSL.”)

(c) Altitude and Lateral Separation (see Figure V-5). This is an appropriate
technique when aircraft and firing units engage targets along the GTL or aircraft must cross
the GTL. This requires aircraft to remain above or below indirect fire trajectories. To calculate
safe separation from indirect fires, determine the point where the aircraft will cross the GTL,
determine the ordinate at the selected point and add or subtract the margin of safety. For
example, “Stay west of the 62 easting and remain below 3000 feet MSL” or “Stay above 5000
feet MSL west of the 62 easting.”

(d) Time Separation. Time separation requires the most detailed coordination
and may be required when aircrews must fly near indirect fire trajectories or ordnance effects.
The timing of surface fires must be coordinated with aircraft routing. This technique is
appropriate when aircrews and firing units engage the same or nearby targets, when indirect
fire is providing SEAD in coordination with the aircraft attack, or when the target is being
marked by indirect fire. When deconflicting sorties, consider weapons fragmentation envelope
and the likelihood of secondary explosions. All timing for surface fires will be based on the
specific aircraft event time (TOT/TTT).

V-5
Chapter V

ARTILLERY-CLOSE AIR SUPPORT AIRCRAFT

ALTITUDE AND LATERAL SEPARATION

UNPROTECTED
FLIGHT

MAX ALTITUDE 3000 FEET

ARTILLERY
PROTECTED TARGET
FLIGHT

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

TARGET
GRID
LINE
"Stay west of grid 62
line 62 and remain
below 3000 feet.”

Figure V-5. Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Altitude and Lateral Separation

1. Time on Target. TOT is a time at which the aircraft are to have bombs
on target and around which supporting surface fires can be coordinated. TOT requires minimum
communication and is usually easier to employ than TTTs. All participants, air and ground,
must understand the time standard in use (Zulu or local), and the JTAC must ensure all clocks
are synchronized by providing a time hack. GPS time, if available, is normally used to
establish a TOT. Strict adherence to timing by participants is required for aircraft safety.
Aircrews can update the clock on check-in with air control/fire support coordination agencies.
Figure V-6 illustrates time separation using a TOT.

2. Time to Target. TTT establishes a precise number of minutes and seconds

that elapse between an established time hack and bombs on target. This is an accurate method
of time control and is easy to implement when few participants are involved. The time hack
must be of sufficient duration for the FSC/FSO to synchronize indirect fires. Additionally, the
JTAC must consider time required for the aircraft to execute the attack. After the CAS brief,
specify the TTT and give the “time hack” (e.g., “TIME TO TARGET 5+00, READY, READY,
HACK”). The JTAC normally provides the “hack.” Aircrew will acknowledge receipt of the
time hack.

d. Coordination. Once a target has been nominated, the JTAC and COC/TOC must
coordinate the CAS attack with affected maneuver elements. Cross-boundary clearance of

V-6 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

ARTILLERY-CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

AIRCRAFT TIME SEPARATION

"TOT 1410, SEAD minus 2 through minus 1

and plus 1 through plus 2."

ARTILLERY
POSITION
1408.57

1410.00

ARTILLERY
POSITION 1411.03

Figure V-6. Artillery-Close Air Support Aircraft Time Separation

fires, friendly air defense artillery (ADA), and CAS aircraft ingress/egress routing must be
deconflicted and coordinated.

(1) Cross-Boundary Clearance of Fires. Boundaries are the basic maneuver control
measure used by commanders to designate the geographical area for which a particular unit is
tactically responsible. They are restrictive in that no fire support weapons may deliver fires or
fires effects across a boundary unless those fires are coordinated with the affected unit. The
FSC/FSO must conduct clearance of fire procedures directly with the cross-boundary COC/
TOC, or the common HHQ COC/TOC.

V-7
Chapter V

(2) Friendly ADA. To avoid fratricide, COC/TOC should announce “friendly air on
station” to subordinate units. TACP and ADA personnel must coordinate CP/IP usage, target
location, type and number of aircraft, altitudes, and times on station. The SPINs and ACO
should include MRRs or safe return corridors and associated procedures for aircraft to return
from CAS target areas.

(3) Procedural Control Measures. Procedural control measures provide target

orientation to aircrew, align aircraft for the attack or egress, provide separation from other
supporting fires, and provide separation from enemy air defense assets. Procedural control
measures include IP selection, offset direction, and attack heading.

(a) IP Selection. The JTAC selects the IPs based on enemy capabilities, target
orientation, friendly location, weather, aircraft capabilities, and fire support coordination
requirements. IPs should be identifiable visually and with radar, and normally located from 5
to 15 nautical miles (nm) from the target.

(b) Offset Direction. The offset direction tells the aircrew on which side of the
IP-to-target line they can maneuver for the attack (see Figure V-7). JTACs use an offset direction
to ease fire support coordination, align the aircraft for the attack or egress, or keep aircrews
away from known threats. An offset direction aids fire support coordination by restricting
aircrews from using airspace on the side of the IP-to-target line where there might be a conflict
with a GTL. The offset direction regulates the attack quadrant without assigning a specific
attack heading.

(c) Attack Heading. JTACs assign attack headings for several reasons: to
increase ground troop safety, aid in aircraft acquisition, aid aircrews in target acquisition by
the JTAC, meet laser safety cone attack restrictions, and facilitate fire support coordination.
Controllers may employ attack cones that allows aircrew to maneuver on either side of the
attack heading. This gives aircrew more flexibility in prosecuting the target while maintaining
the required degree of restriction on the aircraft heading. Attack cones might be particularly
useful when the attack aircraft are using coordinate dependent weapons, since it is possible the
weapon final attack heading may significantly differ from the aircraft heading. Aircrews and
JTACs must understand that the attack cones may differ between both the aircraft and weapon.
JTACs must weigh the advantages of issuing an attack heading with the disadvantages of
restricting aircraft tactics. Final attack headings are not issued when there is no requirement.

e. Synchronization

(1) Simultaneous Employment. One of the most difficult functions performed by a

FSCC/FSE is synchronizing CAS with surface fires. The intent is to coordinate the timing of
air support, supporting arms, and maneuver to achieve the mass of a combined-arms attack.
The goal is to accomplish this without suspending the use of any of the supporting arms
or affecting the scheme of maneuver. An additional goal is to offer a reasonable measure of
protection to aircraft from the effects of friendly surface fires.

(2) A common time reference is essential to accomplish the high degree of

coordination necessary for effective CAS. All participants (aircrew, JTAC, TACC/SACC, DASC/ASOC,

V-8 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

OFFSET DIRECTION

ENEMY AIR
DEFENSE TARGET
TARGET

ET LINE
GUN-TARG

FRIENDLY ARTILLERY INITIAL POSITION (IP)

"OFFSET RIGHT" EXAMPLE
Plot an IP and a target and connect them with a straight line. Specify the offset direction
as either right or left. If told to offset right, as in the example above, proceed on or to the
right of this line while inbound to the target. Aircrews cannot fly to the left of this line. An
offset restriction applies from the time aircrews leave until they release their ordnance or
begin egress.

Figure V-7. Offset Direction

FSCC/FSE, and artillery) must use the same timing method. Refer to the two methods, TOT
and TTT, described previously.

(3) Fires that Support CAS. There are two primary forms of surface fires that
support the conduct of CAS missions: target marking and SEAD. They are often used in
combination.

(a) Marks. A target mark should be provided for CAS aircraft whenever possible.
Target marks should be planned to include sufficient time before weapons employment to
ensure target acquisition by the CAS aircrew. The target mark can be provided by direct or

V-9
Chapter V

indirect fire weapons (heavy machine gun tracer, mortars, artillery, or naval gunfire) or an
airborne platform such as a FAC(A). See Figure V-8 for standard marking brevity terms.

1. Marking by indirect fire. Artillery, NSFS, or mortar fires are an effective

means of enabling pilots to visually acquire the target. Before choosing to mark by artillery,
NSFS, or mortars, observers should consider the danger of exposing these supporting arms to
the enemy’s indirect fire acquisition systems, and the additional coordination between supporting
arms required for this mission. Caution must be applied when using a WP and/or red
phosphorous mark on a crowded battlefield that the mark is not confused with other activities
on the ground. Marking rounds should be delivered as close to CAS targets as possible, with
WP marks timed to impact 30 to 45 seconds prior to the CAS TOT/TTT and illumination
marks timed to impact 45 seconds prior to the CAS TOT/TTT (the illumination mark must be
earlier than 45 seconds at night). This lead time ensures that the marking round is in position
early enough and remains visible long enough for the JTAC to provide final control instructions
and for the pilot of the attacking aircraft to acquire the target. Indirect fire marking rounds are
most effective when delivered within 100 meters of the CAS target, but those within 300 meters
of the CAS target are generally considered effective enough to direct CAS aircraft. When
indirect fire marking rounds are not timely or accurate, JTACs should use a backup marking
technique or verbal instructions to identify the target to CAS aircrew. If the situation requires
precise marks, observers or spotters can adjust marking rounds to ensure that accurate marks
are delivered to meet the CAS schedule.

2. Marking by direct fire. Direct fire weapons can be used to mark targets.
While this method may provide more accuracy and timeliness than indirect fire marks, its use
may be limited by range and the visibility of the burst from the air and on the battlefield.

3. Laser designators. For laser spot tracker (LST) equipped aircraft,

designating/marking targets by laser is very effective. If using lasers (ground or airborne) to mark the

STANDARD MARKING BREVITY TERMS

CALL MEANING
The joint terminal attack controller has the attack aircraft
VISUAL in sight, or the attack aircraft has positively identified the
terminal attack controller’s or friendly position.

CONTACT Acknowledges the sighting of a specific reference point.

TALLY The enemy position/target is in sight.

NO JOY Aircrew does not have visual contact with the

target/bandit/bogey/landmark. Opposite of tally.
Ref: FM 3-97.18; MCRP 3-25B; NWP 6-02.1, and AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multiservice Operations Brevity Codes

Figure V-8. Standard Marking Brevity Terms

V-10 JP 3-09.3
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target, laser designation must be selective and timely as lengthy laser emissions may
compromise friendly positions. The CAS aircrew can also confuse the laser with the intended
target. When employing lasers to designate/mark, include “LASER”, along with the 4-digit
laser code in the marks portion of the CAS briefing. JTACs should also provide the laser-
target-line in degrees magnetic from the operator to the target. For laser marks, the aircrew
will provide a ten second warning to activate the mark. Use the standard laser brevity terms
listed in Figure V-9.

See JP 3-09.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Laser Designation Operations,
for more information.

4. FAC(A) marks. Some FAC(A) aircraft can mark with WP/high explosive
rockets, IR pointer, and/or LASER. In addition, AC-130 gun ships can mark a target with
105mm WP, 40mm high-explosive incendiary, and/or laser. See FM 90-20, MCRP 3-16.8B,
NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP 3-2.6 Multi-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower
(J-FIRE) publication for a complete listing of aircraft target marking capabilities.

5. IR pointers. JTACs may use IR pointers and other IR devices to mark

targets at night for aircrews that are using NVDs. Unlike laser designators, IR devices cannot
be used to guide munitions. Use IR pointers with caution as they may expose the JTAC to an
enemy with night vision capability. IR marks should be initiated 20 to 30 seconds prior to the
CAS TOT/TTT, or when requested by the aircrew.

STANDARD LASER BREVITY TERMS

CALL MEANING
TEN SECONDS Prepare to start LASER designation in 10 seconds

LASER ON Designate the target with LASER energy

SPOT Aircraft has acquired LASER energy

NEGATIVE Aircraft has not acquired the LASER energy

LASER

SHIFT Call to shift LASER energy from the offset position next to
the target onto the target

TERMINATE Cease LASER designation

Ref: FM 3-97.18; MCRP 3-25B; NWP 6-02.1, and AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multiservice Operations Brevity Codes

Figure V-9. Standard Laser Brevity Terms

V-11
Chapter V

WARNING

Use extreme caution when using an IR pointer or laser sources as the sole source
for target mark/designation/verification. Attack aircraft may confuse IR pointer or
laser energy source with the intended target. When using IR pointers or lasers to
mark, include “IR POINTER” or “LASER” in the marks portion of the CAS briefing.
JTACs should also provide the Pointer-Target-Line or Laser-Target-Line also
known as the Designator-Target-Line in degrees magnetic from the operator to
the target. JTACs should consider the use of a discriminate target mark whenever
possible.

6. Combination. JTACs should use a combination of marking methods

when practicable to aid in orienting the CAS aircrew to the target.

7. Marking Friendlies. Marking friendlies is the least desirable method

of providing a target mark. Marking friendlies can be confusing and should be used
cautiously and only when no other method is available.

(b) Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses. SEAD may be accomplished by

surface- and air-delivered weapons. To minimize exposure of friendly aircraft to enemy air
defenses, JTACs should first evaluate the option to route the aircraft away from known or
suspected anti-air threats. If aircraft cannot be routed away from enemy air defenses, aircraft
vulnerability must be balanced against the risk of exposing SEAD delivery systems.

1. Objectives. The primary objective of SEAD is to allow friendly aircraft

to operate in airspace defended by an enemy air defense system, including the target area and
ingress/egress routes.

2. Coordination. Surface-delivered SEAD involves planning and

coordination by the FSCC/FSE and at the maneuver units down to the company level. Air-
delivered SEAD and EW must be coordinated and deconflicted in order to provide necessary
support during the time CAS is being conducted. For these reasons, SEAD is another critical
timing factor associated with CAS. Effective SEAD also depends on accurate intelligence on
the position and type of enemy weapons. The FSC/FSO, working with the JTAC and forward
observer, must coordinate surface-delivered SEAD with target marking to minimize confusion.

See JP 3-01.2, Doctrine for Offensive Operations for Countering Air and Missile Threats, for
more information.

f. Weapons Release Authority. The authority and responsibility for the expenditure of
any ordnance on the battlefield rests with the supported commander. The supported commander
will delegate weapons release clearance authority to his JTACs to facilitate CAS attacks.
Weapons release authority grants JTACs the authority to provide the following to attacking
aircraft:

(1) “Cleared Hot” — Term used by a JTAC during Types 1 and 2 control, granting
weapons release clearance to an aircraft attacking a specific target.

V-12 JP 3-09.3
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(2) “Cleared To Engage” — Term used by a JTAC during Type 3 control, granting
a “blanket” weapons release clearance to an aircraft or flight attacking a target or targets
which meet the prescribed restrictions set by the JTAC.

g. Tactical Risk Assessment. As the battlefield situation changes, the supported

commander and staff make continuous tactical risk assessments. Risk assessments involve
the processing of available information to ascertain a level of acceptable risk to friendly forces
or noncombatants. Based on the current risk assessment, the supported commander will
weigh the benefits and liabilities of authorizing a particular type of terminal attack control.
Specific levels of risk should not be associated with each type of terminal attack control.
Information to consider when assessing risk includes:

(1) Confidence and training of the unit, staff, and key personnel.

(2) Timeliness of information.

(3) Absence of information.

(4) Information flow and communications.

(5) Confidence in battle tracking:

(a) Friendly force locations.

(b) Noncombatant locations.

(c) Enemy locations.

(6) Confidence in targeting information:

(a) Targeting information source and accuracy (HUMINT, signals intelligence,

geospatial intelligence, visual, etc.).

(b) Stationary or moving.

(c) Ability to mark the target.

(d) Level of difficulty for aircrew to acquire mark/target.

(7) Ordnance available for attack:

(a) Capabilities.

(b) Limitations.

(c) Restrictions.

(d) Proximity of friendlies/noncombatants.

(CH 1) V-13
Chapter V

(8) Risk-Estimate Distance

(a) Troops in Contact. JTACs and aircrews must be careful when conducting
CAS when friendly troops are within 1 kilometer (km) of enemy forces. The JTAC should
regard friendlies within 1 km as a “troops in contact” situation and so advise the supported
commander. However, friendlies outside 1 km may still be subject to weapons effects.
JTACs and aircrews must carefully weigh the choice of munitions and types of terminal
attack control against the risk of fratricide (e.g., troops in contact does not necessarily dictate
a specific type of control). Risk-estimate distances allow the supported commander to
estimate the danger to friendly troops from the CAS attack. They are described in terms of 10
percent probability of incapacitation (PI) and 0.1 percent PI. These estimates, listed in
Appendix D, “Risk-Estimate Distances,” are based on specific conditions. Different factors
such as target elevation, terrain, buildings, trees, etc., can significantly reduce or increase PI.

(b) Danger close ordnance delivery inside the 0.1 percent PI distance will be
considered “danger close.” The supported commander must accept responsibility for the risk to
friendly forces when targets are inside the 0.1 percent PI distance. Risk acceptance is confirmed
when the supported commander passes his initials to the attacking CAS aircraft through the
JTAC, signifying that he accepts the risk inherent in ordnance delivery inside the 0.1 percent PI
distance. Risk-estimate distances allow the supported commander to estimate the danger to
friendly troops from the CAS attack. When ordnance is a factor in the safety of friendly troops,
the aircraft’s axis of attack should be parallel to the friendly force’s axis or orientation. This will
preclude long and/or short deliveries from being a factor to friendly forces.

h. Types of CAS Terminal Attack Control. Recent technological advances in aircraft

capabilities, weapons systems and munitions have provided JTACs additional tools to maximize
effects of fires while mitigating risk of fratricide when employing air power in close proximity to
friendly forces. GPS-equipped aircraft and munitions, laser range finders/designators, and digital
system capabilities are technologies that can be exploited in the CAS mission area. There are
three types of terminal attack control (Type 1-3). The commander considers the situation and
issues guidance to the JTAC based on recommendations from his staff and associated risks
identified in the tactical risk assessment. The intent is to offer the lowest level supported
commander, within the constraints established during risk assessment, the latitude to determine
which types of terminal attack control best accomplish the mission. Specific levels of risk should
not be associated with each type of terminal attack control. The tactical situation will define the
risk associated with a given type of terminal attack control, (e.g., GPS and digital targeting
systems used in Type 2 control may be a better mitigation of risk than using Type 1). The three
types of control are not ordnance specific.

(1) Type 1 control is used when the JTAC must visually acquire the attacking
aircraft and the target for each attack. Analysis of attacking aircraft geometry is required to
reduce the risk of the attack affecting friendly forces. Language barriers when controlling
coalition aircraft, lack of confidence in a particular platform, ability to operate in adverse
weather, or aircrew capability are all examples where visual means of terminal attack
control may be the method of choice. Type 1 control procedures are as follows:

(a) JTAC will visually acquire the target.

V-14 JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)

 Execution

(b) JTAC will send a CAS briefing (9-line or theater standard) to attack
aircraft (verbally or digitally).

(c) Attack aircraft will verify target location correlates with expected target area.

Note: Attack aircraft validates target location by cross-checking that the position
is coincident with the expected target area by using all appropriate means: map plot, target
designation displayed on digital map set, head-up display symbology, FLIR, radar, etc.

(d) Attack aircraft will read-back verbally or confirm digitally Line 4

(elevation), Line 6 (target location), and any restrictions provided by the JTAC.

(e) Aircraft will provide an “IP INBOUND” call if requested (verbally or

digitally).

(f) JTAC will mark/designate target (as practicable).

(g) Attack aircraft will provide “IN” call indicating maneuvering for weapons
firing solution (verbally or digitally).

(h) Attack aircraft will visually acquire target or mark.

(i) JTAC will visually acquire the attacking aircraft.

(j) JTAC will analyze attacking aircraft geometry to reduce the risk of the
attack affecting friendly forces.

(k) JTAC will provide a “CLEARED HOT” or “ABORT” based on the above
procedures being met (verbally or digitally).

Note: In the case where aircraft acquisition/analysis by the JTAC is difficult or

not possible, attack aircraft may be forced to modify their attack profile to aid in acquisition.
The following scenario provides a step-by-step example of how Type 1 control is conducted.
— JTAC visually acquires target and verifies target location. At the direction of the supported
commander, the JTAC submits an immediate Joint Tactical Air Strike Request and receives two
aircraft with 4 MK-82 low drag general-purpose bombs. The JTAC also coordinates with the fire
support representative for integration of a target mark and SEAD.
— Attack aircraft checks in and receives the CAS briefing.
JTAC: “Dragon 31, this is Icebox 11, Type 1 in effect, advise when ready for 9-line.”
Attack Aircraft: “Icebox 11, Dragon 31 ready to copy.”
JTAC:
“PLYMOUTH
275 left
9.1
350
Platoon of infantry dug in

(CH 1) V-15
Chapter V

CM 367971
White Phosphorous (wp)
South 900, troops in contact
Egress east to DODGE
Advise when ready for remarks”
Attack Aircraft: “Ready to copy remarks”
JTAC: “Final attack heading 285-330. ZSU 23-4 (from the target) north 1000, continuous
suppression, gun-target line 275, report IP inbound”
— Attack aircraft validates target location by cross-checking that the position is coincident with the
expected target area by using all appropriate means: map plot, target designation displayed on digital
map set, head-up display symbology, FLIR, radar, etc.
ATTACK Aircraft: “350, CM 367971, final attack heading 285-330”
JTAC: “Readback correct, TOT 50”
Attack Aircraft: “Roger, TOT 50”
— Prior to weapon release, each attack aircraft in the flight will provide JTAC with an “IN” call with
direction.
Attack Aircraft: “Dragon 31 IP INBOUND”
JTAC: “Dragon 31 CONTINUE.”
JTAC: “Mark is on the deck.”
Attack Aircraft: “CONTACT the mark.”
JTAC: “From the mark, south 100”
Attack Aircraft: “Dragon 31 “IN” from the east”
JTAC: “Dragon 31, CLEARED HOT”
Attack Aircraft: “Dragon 31 off, two away.”
JTAC: “Dragon 32, from lead’s hits, west 100”
Attack Aircraft: “Dragon 32 IN from the southeast.”
JTAC: “Dragon 32, CLEARED HOT”

(2) Type 2 control is used when the JTAC requires control of individual attacks
and any or all of the conditions highlighted in the following text box exist.

JTAC is unable to visually acquire the attacking aircraft at weapons release.

JTAC is unable to visually acquire the target.
The attacking aircraft is unable to acquire the mark/target prior to weapons
release.

Examples of when Type 2 control may be applicable are night, adverse weather, and high
altitude or standoff weapons employment. Successful attacks depend on timely and accurate
targeting data that may be provided by another source (e.g., scout, COLT, FIST, UAV, SOF,
or other assets with accurate real time targeting information). Considerations for employing
Type 2 control are emphasized below.

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 Execution

When employing unguided munitions using Type 2 control, consideration must

be given to host aircraft navigation/weapons system accuracy.
Inaccurate navigation/weapon systems can result in extensive miss distances.
Weapon time of flight will be a factor relative to movement of enemy targets and
friendly forces when employing standoff weapons incapable of receiving in-
flight targeting updates. Detailed planning and preparation by both the JTAC
and the aircrew are required to identify situations and locations conducive to
standoff weapons attacks, and to address flight profile and deconfliction
(aircraft/weaponry/terrain) considerations.
Digital or data link systems capable of displaying aircraft track, sensor point of
interest, etc., significantly enhance situational awareness and the effectiveness of
terminal attack control.

Type 2 control procedures are listed in the following subparagraphs:

(a) JTAC visually acquires the target or acquires targeting data from a scout,
COLT, FIST, UAV, SOF or other assets with accurate real-time targeting information.

(b) JTAC will send a CAS briefing (9-line or theater standard) to attack
aircraft (verbally or digitally).

(c) Attack aircraft will verify target location correlates with expected target area.

Note: Attack aircraft validates target location by cross-checking that the position
is coincident with the expected target area by using all appropriate means: map plot, target
designation displayed on digital map set, head-up display symbology, FLIR, radar, etc.

(d) Attack aircraft will read-back verbally or confirm digitally Line 4

(elevation), Line 6 (target location), and any restrictions provided by the JTAC.

(e) When delivering GPS/INS guided weapons, attack aircraft will confirm that
the briefed target location and elevation have been accepted by the selected munition. When
using aircraft system targeting, aircrew will confirm the coordinates loaded into the waypoint,
offset, or target points. Aircrew will verify correct data is selected prior to the “IN” call.

(f) Aircraft will provide an “IP INBOUND” call (verbally or digitally) if

requested.

(g) Attack aircraft will provide the JTAC with an “IN” call indicating
maneuvering for a targeting solution (verbally or digitally). Aircrew should make this call at
the appropriate time to allow clearance before entering the release window. Given the
extended time-of-flight and standoff ranges of some weapons at medium and high altitudes,
aircrew employing standoff precision munitions may consider making a “ONE-MINUTE”
call one minute prior to the “IN” call to build JTAC situational awareness.

(h) JTAC will provide a “CLEARED HOT” or “ABORT” (verbally or digitally).

(CH 1) V-17
Chapter V

The following scenario provides a step-by-step example of how Type 2 terminal attack control may be
used for a coordinate-dependent, weapon employment.
— JTAC is unable to acquire the target but receives accurate targeting information from a scout. The
JTAC verifies target location and coordinates the use of an aircraft—with Joint Direct Attack Munition.
— Attack lead aircraft checks in, informs the JTAC regarding his onboard capabilities, and is provided
the CAS briefing.
JTAC: “Hog 11, this is A3C, Type 2 in effect, advise when ready for 9-line”
Attack Aircraft: “A3C, Hog 11 ready to copy”
JTAC:
“MAZDA
360 right
9.9
450
T-80 dug in
NB 8652342745
NONE
South 900, troops in contact
Egress east to CHEVY
Final attack heading 300-345”
— Attack aircraft validates target location by cross-checking that the position is coincident with the
expected target area by using all appropriate means: map plot, target designation displayed on digital
map set, head-up display symbology, FLIR, radar, etc.
Attack Aircraft: “450, NB 8652342745, final attack heading 300-345”
JTAC: “Readback Correct. Report IP inbound, TOT 45”
Attack Aircraft: “Roger, TOT 45”
— Each attack aircraft in the flight may call “ONE MINUTE” if expected to release from standoff
ranges.
— Prior to weapon release, each attack aircraft provides the JTAC with an “IN” call
Attack Aircraft: “Hog 11 IP INBOUND”
JTAC: “Hog 11 CONTINUE”
Attack Aircraft: “Hog 11 ONE MINUTE”
JTAC: “Hog 11 CONTINUE”
Attack Aircraft: “Hog 11 IN from the south”
JTAC: “Hog 11, CLEARED HOT”

(3) Type 3 control is used when the JTAC requires the ability to provide
clearance for multiple attacks within a single engagement subject to specific attack
restrictions. Like Type 1 and 2, only a JTAC can provide Type 3 control. During Type 3
control, JTACs provide attacking aircraft targeting restrictions (e.g., time, geographic
boundaries, final attack heading, specific target set, etc.) and then grant a “blanket”
weapons release clearance (“CLEARED TO ENGAGE”). Type 3 control does not require
the JTAC to visually acquire the aircraft or the target; however, all targeting data must be
coordinated through the supported commander’s battle staff. The JTAC will monitor radio
transmissions and other available digital information to maintain control of the

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 Execution

engagement. The JTAC maintains abort authority. Observers may be utilized to provide
targeting data and the target mark during Type 3 Control. Type 3 is a CAS terminal attack
control procedure and should not be confused with TGO or air interdiction. Type 3
control procedures are as follows:

(a) JTAC acquires the target or acquires targeting data from a scout, COLT,
FIST, UAV, SOF, or other assets with accurate real-time targeting information.

(b) JTAC will send a CAS briefing (9-line or theater standard) to attack
aircraft (verbally or digitally). Briefing must include area for attacks, restrictions/limitations,
and attack time window.

(c) Attack aircraft will verify target location correlates with expected target area.

Note: Attack aircraft validates target location by cross-checking that the

position is coincident with the expected target area by using all appropriate means: map
plot, target designation displayed on digital map set, head-up display symbology, FLIR,
radar, etc.

(d) Attack aircraft will read-back verbally or confirm digitally Line 4

(elevation), Line 6 (target location), and any restrictions provided by the JTAC.

Note: When delivering GPS/INS guided weapons, attack aircraft will confirm
that the briefed target location and elevation have been accepted by the selected munitions.
When using aircraft system targeting, aircrew will confirm the coordinates loaded into the
waypoint, offset, or target points. Aircrew will verify correct data is selected prior to the
“IN” call.

(e) Once satisfied the attacking aircraft have situational awareness (SA) of the target
area, the JTAC will provide attack aircraft “CLEARED TO ENGAGE” (verbally or digitally).

(f) Aircraft will provide an “IP INBOUND” call (verbally or digitally) if

requested.

(g) Prior to initial weapons release, the attack aircraft will provide
“COMMENCING ENGAGEMENT” to the JTAC (verbally or digitally).

(h) JTAC will continue to monitor the engagement by all means available
(visual, voice, digital, etc.). No other communications are required unless directed by the JTAC.

(i) Attack aircraft will provide “ENGAGEMENT COMPLETE” to the JTAC

(verbally or digitally).

Note: The JTAC maintains abort authority in all cases.

(CH 1) V-19
Chapter V

The following scenario provides a step-by-step example of how Type 3 control may be used.
— The supported commander has just been informed that a reconnaissance team has spotted a
company of mechanized infantry approaching 15 km to the north. A very discernible river conveniently
separates friendly forces from the enemy. The commander and staff are confident in their situational
awareness of friendly force disposition provided by sound battle tracking, and the commander has
authorized the JTAC to determine which type of CAS control best suites the situation. A division of
AV-8Bs is currently in the CAS stack and has sensors in the target area verifying the recon team’s
sighting. Upon consideration of all these factors, the JTAC decides to utilize Type 3 terminal attack
control against the mechanized company. The following 9-line is provided:
JTAC: “Razor 11, this is A3C, Type 3 in effect, advise when ready for 9-line.”
Attack Aircraft: “A3C, Razor 11, Roger, Type 3, ready to copy”
JTAC:
“MAZDA
360
9.0
450
Mechanized company in the open
NB 922556
Laser 1111
South 3000
Egress S to MAZDA, advise when ready for remarks”
Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11 ready to copy”
JTAC: “Razor 11, you’re “CLEARED TO ENGAGE” from time 45-55. Execute attacks north of the
river. No attack run-ins from north to south. Cobra recon team is currently 3000 S in position to lase,
as required. Contact him this TAD. Report COMMENCING ENGAGEMENT and ENGAGEMENT
COMPLETE with BDA.”
— Note: Attack aircraft validates target location and cross-checks that the position is coincident with
the expected target area by using all appropriate means: map plot, target designation displayed on
digital map set, head-up display symbology, FLIR, radar, etc.
Attack Aircraft: “A3C, 450, NB 922556, execute attacks north of the river with no north to south run-
ins, TOT 45-55.”
JTAC: “Razor 11, readback correct.”
— Attack aircraft establishes communications with Cobra recon team.
Cobra: “Razor 11, your target’s estimated to be a mechanized company of BRDMs and BMPs with
dismounted infantry. Your target is located on the north side of the river, 100 meters west of the large
brown suspension bridge with the burning vehicle about mid-span. Report “contact” that bridge.”
Attack Aircraft: “Cobra, Razor 11 is “contact” the brown suspension bridge and a large staging area
just to the west along the tree line that appears to have multiple vehicles parked in rows.”
Cobra: “Razor 11 that’s your target; wind in the target area is light and variable, designator target line
360, final attack heading 300 to 315, laser will be on the southernmost vehicle, confirm laser code
1111.”
Attack Aircraft: “Laser code 1111. ”
Attack Aircraft: “A3C, this is Razor 11, COMMENCING ENGAGEMENT.”
— Cobra recon team and Attack Aircraft conduct terminal guidance of laser guided weapons using
standard terminology. JTAC monitors progress of the mission via radio.

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 Execution

— Attack Aircraft make multiple attacks within the time window while complying with other restrictions.
Laser designation from Cobra recon team is provided for laser-guided weapon employment against
the BRDMs and BMPs. The attacks continue until time 55.
Attack Aircraft: “A3C, ENGAGEMENT COMPLETE at time 55. Advise when ready to copy BDA.”
— Aircrew passes BDA to JTAC.

(4) Because there is no requirement for the JTAC to visually acquire the target or
attack aircraft in Type 2 or 3 control, JTACs may be required to coordinate CAS attacks using
targeting information from an observer. An observer may be a scout, COLT, FIST, UAV,
SOF, or other asset with real-time targeting information. The JTAC maintains control of the
attacks, making clearance or abort calls based on the information provided by other observers
or targeting sensors. The JTAC must consider the timeliness and accuracy of targeting
information when relying on any form of remote targeting.

(5) JTACs will provide the type of control as part of the CAS brief. It is not
unusual to have two types of control in effect at one time for different flights. For example, a
JTAC may control helicopters working Type 2 control from an attack position outside the
JTAC’s field of view while simultaneously controlling medium or low altitude fixed-wing
attacks under Type 1 or 3 control. The JTAC maintains the flexibility to change the type of
terminal attack control at any time within guidelines established by the supported commander.
Senior commanders may impose restrictions that will prevent subordinate commanders from
choosing certain terminal attack control types. However, the intent is for senior commanders
to provide guidance that allows the lowest level supported commander to make the decision
based on the situation.

Note: The JTAC maintains abort authority in all cases.

While recent technological advances in weaponry and digital/data link systems have
provided significant enhancements to the CAS mission, it is imperative that
commanders and operators fully understand the capabilities and limitations of the
systems being brought to the fight. Descriptive dialog between the JTAC and aircraft
will often provide the best means of mitigating risk and producing the desired effect
on target. It is essential that standard procedures and terminology be used by all CAS
participants.

(CH 1) V-20.1
 Execution

3. Close Air Support Target Engagement

This section will provide standard procedures for CAS execution. While theaters or specific
commands may have unique requirements, JTACs, CAS aircrews, and fire supporters should
be familiar with the standard formats used in passing key information between CAS participants.
One way to ensure this is to follow standardized procedures. This begins with CAS aircraft
check-in procedures, providing situation updates, and includes following standard TTP during
final attack control. There may be instances where ground-based JTACs and FAC(A)s combine
their efforts in support of a maneuver force. In these instances, it is critical that ground JTAC
and FAC(A) actions are complementary.

a. Ground JTAC to FAC(A) Coordination. The responsibilities of the ground JTAC

and the FAC(A) must be determined prior to the attack. These responsibilities may include
coordination with maneuver elements, attack aircraft briefing, target marking, airspace
deconfliction, SEAD execution, and who provides final attack clearance.

b. CAS Aircraft Check-in. Aircraft check-in procedures are essential for establishing
the required flow of information between the CAS aircrews and control agencies. Controlling
agencies should update all CAS assets on the current situation en route to the area of operations.
Consequently, it is important for the JTAC to brief the current situation to the DASC/ASOC
allowing CAS aircraft to arrive with the most current information available.

c. Aircraft on the ATO. If the aircraft are on the ATO, they may simply state “AS
FRAGGED”, which would eliminate the need to pass anything other than the mission number
and abort code. At check-in, the aircrew establishes the abort code for terminating the
attack using AKAC authentication procedures. This eliminates unnecessary heads-down
time in the target area. Authentication and abort procedures are identified in the ATO SPINS.
JTACs should have current SCLs available and confirm actual ordnance loads at aircraft check-
in. The CAS check-in briefing format is found in Figure V-10.

d. Situation Update

(1) After CAS aircrew checks in, the JTAC will provide a current situation update.
This update should include:

(a) Unit mission.

(b) Enemy disposition.

(c) Threat activity in target area.

(d) Weather (if required).

(e) Friendly positions.

(f) Current FSCMs.

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Chapter V

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CHECK-IN BRIEFING

(Aircraft Transmits to Controller)

Aircraft: “ , this is ”
(controller call sign) (aircraft call sign)

1. Identification/Mission Number:
Note: Authentication and an appropriate response are suggested
here. This brief may be abbreviated for brevity or security (“as
fragged” or “with exception”)

2. Number and Type of Aircraft:

3. Position and Altitude:

4. Ordnance:

5. Time on Station:

6. Abort Code:
(if applicable)

Figure V-10. Close Air Support Check-In Briefing

(2) A technique for an effective update is to build a logical briefing format. JTACs
(when able) should pass their update to the DASC/ASOC who will pass it to the attack aircraft.
The situation update may be passed to a TAC(A) or FAC(A) to relieve the workload if multiple
aircraft are expected. Upon initial check-in with the JTAC, aircraft should state if they have
the latest ground situation. The JTAC should provide a detailed target area situation at this
time.

e. CAS Attack Control

(1) CAS Briefing. JTACs will use a standardized briefing to pass information rapidly.
The CAS brief (Figure V-11), also known as the “9-Line Briefing,” is the standard for use with
fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. The CAS briefing form helps aircrews in determining if they
have the information required to perform the mission. The brief is used for all threat conditions
and does not dictate the CAS aircraft’s tactics. The mission brief follows the numbered sequence
(1-9) of the CAS Briefing Form. The first 9 lines are understood, and line numbers do not
need to be passed. When applicable, remarks should include those items listed in paragraph
4e(1)(j) below. Lines 4, 6, and any restrictions are mandatory read-back items (verbal or
digital) for all three types of control. Additionally, the JTAC may need confirmation that the
aircraft has correctly received other critical items of the brief. In these situations, the JTAC
will specify the additional items to be confirmed.

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CLOSE AIR SUPPORT BRIEFING FORM (9 LINE)

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT BRIEFING FORM (9 LINE)

Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless otherwise
specified. Lines 4, 6 and any restrictions are mandatory read-back items. JTAC
may request read-back of additional items as required.

“JTAC:_______________, this is__________________

(aircraft call sign) (JTAC)

Type______________Control______________”
(1,2, or 3)

1. IP/BP: “___________________________________________________________”
(IP/BP to target)
2. Heading: “____________________Offset: L/R______________________________”

3. Distance: “____________________________________________________________”
(IP-to-target in nautical miles/BP-to-target in meters)
4. Target elevation: “__________________________________________” (in feet MSL)

5. Target description: “___________________________________________________”

6. Target location: “______________________________________________________”

(latitude/longitude or grid coordinates or offsets or visual)
7. Type mark: “_______________________” Code: “__________________________”
(WP, laser, IR) (actual code)

8. Location of friendlies: “___________________________________”

(from target, cardinal directions and distance in meters)
Position marked by: “__________________”

9. “Egress: ____________________________”
(cardinal direction and/or control point)

Remarks (As appropriate): “_______________________________________________”

Laser to target line: “________________(degrees)”

Time on Target (TOT): “______________________”

Time-to-Target (TTT): “Stand by_________Plus_________, Hack.”

(Minutes)_________(Seconds)_________

Figure V-11. Close Air Support Briefing Form (9-Line)

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Chapter V

(a) IP/BP. The IP is the starting point for the run-in to the target. For rotary-
wing aircraft, the BP is where attacks on the target are commenced.

(b) Heading and Offset. The heading is given in degrees magnetic from the IP
to the target or from the center of the BP to the target. JTACs give an offset (offset left/right)
if a restriction exists. The offset is the side of the IP-to-target line on which aircrews can
maneuver for the attack.

(c) Distance. The distance is given from the IP/BP to the target. For fixed-
wing aircraft, the distance is given in nm and should be accurate to a tenth of a nm. For attack
helicopters, the distance is given in meters from the center of the BP and is accurate to the
nearest 5 meters. The unit of length must be specified.

(d) Target Elevation. The target elevation is given in feet above MSL.

(e) Target Description. The target description should be specific enough for
the aircrew to recognize the target. The target should be described accurately and concisely.

(f) Target Location. The JTAC can give the target location in several ways
(e.g., grid coordinates, latitude and longitude, relative to a navigational aid, or visual description
from a conspicuous reference point). Because of the multiple coordinate systems available for
use, the datum that will be used must always be specified in the JTAR. If using grid coordinates,
JTACs must include the 100,000-meter grid identification. For an area target, give the location
of the target’s center or location of the greatest concentration. For a linear target, give the
location of intended end impact point, orientation, and the distance to each end in the remarks
section of the 9-line brief if required.

(g) Mark Type. The type of mark the JTAC will use (smoke, laser, or IR). If
using a laser, the JTAC will also pass the code he will use.

(h) Friendlies. The distance of friendlies from the target is given in meters and
is a cardinal heading from the target (north, south, east, or west). If the friendly position is
marked, identify the type of mark. Caution — Friendly positions should not be defined by
anything other than bearing and range from the target.

(i) Egress. These are the instructions the aircrews use to exit the target area.
Egress instructions can be given as a cardinal direction or by using control points. The word
“egress” is used before delivering the egress instructions.

(j) Remarks. The following information should be included if applicable:

1. Laser-to-target line (in degrees magnetic).

2. Ordnance delivery.

3. Threat, location and type of suppression (if any).

4. Any active GTLs.

V-24 JP 3-09.3
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5. Final attack heading (final attack headings).

6. Hazards to aviation.

7. ACAs.

8. Weather.

9. Restrictions (if any, should be brief and concise).

10. Additional target information.

11. Night vision capability.

12. Danger close (if applicable and with commander’s initials).

13. Other time considerations.

(k) TOT/TTT. The JTAC gives aircrew a TOT or TTT.

1. TOT. TOT is the synchronized clock time when ordnance is expected to

hit the target. TOT is the timing standard for CAS missions. There is no time “Hack” statement
when using TOT.

2. TTT. TTT is the time in minutes and seconds, after the time “Hack”
statement is delivered, when ordnance is expected to hit the target. The time “Hack” statement
indicates the moment when all participants start the timing countdown.

(2) Mission Brief Accuracy. Ideally, the controlling agency (e.g., ASOC, DASC,
TACC, TAC[A]), briefs the aircrew before contact with the JTAC using the information from
the JTAR, Section 1, Block 8 (see Appendix B, “Joint Tactical Air Strike Request”). The brief
must be accurate, concise and executed quickly. Map datum must be considered when
determining target grid coordinates. The mission brief should not change once an aircrew
leaves the IP/BP inbound to the target.

(a) Clearance to Drop/Fire. Once the clearance requirements for a particular

type of control are met, it is important to pass clearance in a timely manner to give aircrews
time to prosecute the attack before release parameters have expired. A wide variety of ordnance
is available and suitable for CAS missions. Mixed weapons loads on aircraft or between flight
members will require the flight lead and the JTAC to coordinate different delivery patterns.
When employing standoff munitions or delivery methods, the JTAC must provide a timely
clearance appropriate for the weapon being delivered. For example, medium-altitude level
attacks can result in weapon releases at more than 4 miles from the target.

(b) Re-attacks. Re-attacks allow CAS aircraft to quickly reposition to attack

the same target, and while maneuvering, maintain compliance with any restrictions in force. A
re-attack may be requested if additional weapons effects are required on the target. In a low/very low
altitude environment, aircraft may be unable to make multiple passes due to enemy defenses.

V-25
Chapter V

The JTAC issues clearance for immediate re-attack and must be aware of any threats to the
aircraft. As was required in the initial attack, clearance to drop/fire on a re-attack must be
issued by the JTAC before ordnance release. Corrections and new restrictions can be given to
the aircrew during maneuvering. If ordnance adjustments are required, they must be given in
a timely manner. Corrections are given in cardinal direction and distance in meters from the
previous bomb impact point. In the following example a correction is being given to the second
attacking aircraft in the flight based on lead aircraft’s impacts (e.g., “Razor 02, from lead’s
hits, north 100").

(c) Abort Procedures. The JTAC should direct CAS aircrews to abort if they
are not aligned with the correct target, and must abort them if it appears that friendly troops
may be endangered, or for the safety of the CAS aircrew. The CAS abort procedure uses the
“challenge-reply” method to authenticate the abort command. During the CAS check-in briefing,
the flight lead gives the JTAC a challenge code for use with his flight only. The JTAC refers to
his authentication document, finds the reply, and notes but does not transmit it. The reply
“letter” becomes that flight’s abort code. If no abort code was briefed, then the CAS attack is
aborted by simply transmitting, “ABORT, ABORT, ABORT” (see Figure V-12).

(3) Brevity. A brevity code is a single word or phrase that does not provide security
but shortens the message rather than concealing its content. Using brevity eases coordination
and improves understanding in tactical communications since brevity codes have only one
meaning. In periods of communications jamming, brevity is required to “get the message
across” since transmissions must be minimized. CAS players should always use brevity for
clearer and more concise communications. See Figure V-13 for a list of CAS related brevity
codes or FM 3-97.18, MCRP 3-25B, NWP 6-02.1, AFTTP 3-2.5 Multi-Service Air-Air, Air-
Surface, Surface-Air Brevity Codes for a complete list of all multi-Service brevity codes.

f. Battle Damage Assessment

(1) BDA is used to update the enemy order of battle. Accurate BDA is critical for
determining if a target should be re-attacked. In a high-threat environment, BDA may be

ABORT CALL ILLUSTRATION

(The FAC is "NAIL 11"; the CAS attack flight is "SPIKE 41." SPIKE 41 flight has chosen "BRT”
(authenticated "D") as its abort code.)

RADIO CALL ACTION TAKEN

(During the CAS check-in briefing): NAIL 11 notes the correct reply for
"NAIL 11, SPIKE 41, abort code "BRT” is "D".
BRAVO ROMEO TANGO."

(The FAC calls for an abort) SPIKE 41 aborts the pass.

"SPIKE 41, NAIL 11, ABORT DELTA, ABORT
DELTA, ABORT DELTA."

Figure V-12. Abort Call Illustration

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JOINT TERMINAL ATTACK CONTROLLER'S CALLS

CALL MEANING

ABORT (abort code) Abort the pass. Do not release ordnance.

CLEARED HOT You are cleared to release ordnance on this pass.

Cleared to proceed with the attack, but you may not

CONTINUE release any ordnance yet. Used to acknowledge aircraft
without providing clearance.

Type 3 control clearance. Attack Aircraft Flight Leaders

CLEARED TO may initiate attacks within the parameters imposed by the
ENGAGE JTAC. Attack platform will provide “attack complete” to
the JTAC.

***WARNING***
The word “CLEARED” will only be used when ordnance is actually to be delivered.
This will minimize the chances of dropping ordnance on dry passes further
reducing the risk of fratricide. Non-standard calls must be avoided at all times.

Figure V-13. Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s Calls

difficult to judge. BDA at the operational level must be based on objectivity, not guesswork.
There is no simple answer as to who is in the best position to determine BDA. Aircraft and
JTACs have different capabilities based on experience, weather, terrain, weapons employment
techniques, and enemy actions when assessing BDA. BDA is crucial in determining mission
effectiveness, enemy disposition, and re-attack requirements. BDA will be difficult to ascertain
in a high threat environment, but the difficulty can be mitigated by integration of JIPB early in
the deliberate planning process. This assists in developing an appropriate mix of ISR assets
that maximizes collection and exploitation potential. Determination of who reports or collects
BDA within a given scenario is based upon the objective, capabilities, experience, weather,
terrain, employment techniques, and enemy actions. The BDA should be sent using joint
Service formats. At a minimum this information should include:

(a) Size — Number and type of equipment/personnel observed.

(b) Activity — Movement direction, stationary, dug-in.

(c) Location — Where was the target you attacked or observed.

(d) Time — What time did you attack the target or when did you observe the
target.

(e) Your Actions — Munitions expended, observed damage (number of tanks

destroyed), mission number, and mission accomplished.

(2) JTAC Responsibilities. Whenever possible, the JTAC provides attack flights
with the BDA of their attack as they egress. The JTAC gives BDA for the flight, not for individual

V-27
Chapter V

aircraft in the flight. The JTAC should not assume the target is completely destroyed since
the enemy may employ deception. TACP personnel must use their judgment and be precise
(“if you do not see it, do not report it”) in reporting BDA. BDA must be passed to intelligence
and controlling agencies as soon as possible. If conditions preclude briefing complete BDA,
at a minimum pass “SUCCESSFUL” or “UNSUCCESSFUL” to the aircraft and the controlling
agency. Additionally, the JTAC should provide all available BDA information to the DASC/
ASOC and TOC, or appropriate C2 agency. Develop and maintain a log of all BDA. The log
should contain the following elements: mission number, call sign, target coordinates, TOT,
specific results (number of enemy killed by air, vehicles/structures destroyed, unexploded
ordnance), and whether the mission was successful.

(3) Aircrew Responsibilities. Use the abbreviated US message text format (USMTF)
inflight report (INFLTREP) (Figure V-14) to report CAS mission results. The INFLTREP can
be used to report other tactical information of such importance and urgency that if the aircrew
were to wait for a normal post-flight debriefing the information might no longer be useful.
This might include the presence of SAMs, AAA, or radar warning receiver indications or
numbers of remaining targets. Send the INFLTREP directly to any TAGS/MACCS agency, the
supported unit, or via any available relay. Message recipients may add additional information
and forward via another INFLTREP. INFLTREP information is incorporated in all-source
intelligence reports. Use the standard USMTF MISREP format to report mission results after
return to base.

INFLIGHT REPORT

INFLIGHT REPORT (INFLTREP)

Aircrew transmits:

“___________________, this is______________________,INFLTREP, over.”

(addressee) (aircrew call sign)

***(authentication requested here, as required)***

“This is___________________, INFLTREP.”

Line One/Call Sign________________________________________________

Line Two/Mission Number__________________________________________

Line Three/Location_______________________________________________
(latitude/longitude, UTM grid, place name)
Line Four/Time-on-Target___________________________________________

Line Five/Results__________________________________________________

Remarks________________________________________________________
(Target area weather, significant sightings, essential elements of information)

Figure V-14. Inflight Report

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4. Close Air Support Aircraft Tactics

This section identifies some basic JTTP used by aircrews to conduct CAS. Standardized
procedures and tactics provide a baseline for further refinement and improvement. This section
describes basic fixed- and rotary-wing CAS aircraft tactics. Tactics are ever changing and
must be adapted to the specific situation. JTACs must be familiar with these as well as advanced
CAS tactics. Aircrew will ultimately decide aircraft tactics but must ensure the tactics used
fall within any constraints issued by the JTAC.

a. Fixed-Wing Tactics

(1) Medium/High Altitude Tactics. Medium/High altitude tactics are flown above
approximately 8,000 above ground level (AGL) feet. High altitude bombing can be described
as “bombing with the height of release over 15,000 feet AGL.” These tactics are employed
when slant range and altitude can be used to negate the adverse effects of the local threat
systems. For visual deliveries, the local weather conditions must include sufficient visibility
and ceilings for the desired/required weapons deliveries to be employed. Terrain must also be
considered when selecting employment altitudes. More time may be available for target
acquisition, but bombing accuracy with unguided munitions may be degraded.

(a) Advantages of medium/high altitude tactics include:

1. All flight members can continuously observe the target area, marks, and
hits from other aircraft.

2. Lower fuel consumption and increased time on station.

3. Reduced navigation difficulties.

4. Improved formation control.

5. Improved mutual support.

6. Allows considerable maneuver airspace and allows aircrews to

concentrate on mission tasks instead of terrain avoidance tasks.

7. Communications between aircrews and control agencies are less affected

by terrain.

8. Reduces exposure to AAA and man-portable IR SAMs.

9. The ability to roll-in from any axis requested by the JTAC.

10. Easier timing of TOT.

(b) Disadvantages of medium/high altitude tactics include:

V-29
Chapter V

1. Enemy acquisition systems can detect the attack force at long range,
allowing the enemy to prepare its air defenses.

2. Requires local air superiority.

3. May require high weather ceilings and good visibility when using laser
guided or other weapons requiring visual target acquisition by the aircrew (may not be a limiting
factor when the ground commander authorizes use of GPS-guided weapons).

4. May make it difficult for the JTAC to visually acquire the aircraft.

5. Visual target acquisition can be more difficult from higher altitudes and
slant ranges.

(c) Ingress. The higher altitude of the aircraft often makes receiving situation
updates from extended ranges feasible. This enables the aircrew to build SA prior to entering
the immediate target area. JTACs may route CAS aircraft to the target area via IPs, geographic
references, dead reckoning (time, distance, and heading) or a combination of these techniques.
JTACs should use caution to not send friendly aircraft into uncoordinated adjacent unit airspace
or known areas of concentrated enemy air defense. Multiple attack flights can be deconflicted
using vertical and horizontal separation.

(d) CAS Aircraft Observation and Holding Patterns. When possible, CAS
aircraft should be given enough airspace to hold in an area of relatively low AAA activity that
provides a good position to observe the target area. JTACs should not restrict attack aircraft to
specific observation or holding patterns but should specify the observation or holding area that
will best accomplish the mission. Considerations for observation or holding area and altitude
selection include: artillery GTLs, adjacent unit operations, weather conditions such as sun
position and clouds, terrain and threat locations and activity, and other attack aircraft either on
station or inbound. Typical holding patterns include the following:

1. Racetrack: An oval holding pattern with straight legs of at least 10

miles in length and hard, 180 degree turns on each end.

2. Figure Eight: The same as the racetrack pattern except the turns at each
end of the pattern are made toward the target area and are 230 degrees of turn instead of 180
degrees.

3. Wheel: Circle around the designated target. Ideal for non-linear

battlefields with “pockets” of enemy activity.

(e) Attack. Types of Delivery:

1. Dive Deliveries: Used for both free fall and forward firing ordnance,
these dive deliveries typically use dive angles of 20 to 60 degrees. Most modern fighter aircraft
delivery systems incorporate some type of continuously computed impact point (CCIP) display.
CCIP allows the aircrew to accurately deliver ordnance without having to fly predictable wings
level passes.

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2. Dive Toss: These deliveries provide increased standoff by using aircraft

systems to compute release points similar to loft deliveries. The target is designated in the
weapon system’s computer by the aircrew at an extended slant range with the aircraft in a dive.
The weapon is then released as the aircraft’s dive angle is decreased.

(2) Low/Very Low Altitude Tactics. Low/very low altitude tactics are flown below
approximately 8,000 feet AGL. Low altitude bombing can be described as “horizontal
bombing with the height of release between 900 and 8,000 feet.” Very low can be described
as a height below 500 feet. These tactics are employed when threat system capabilities and/or
weather conditions preclude aircraft operating at higher altitudes.

(a) Advantages of low/very low altitude tactics include:

1. Decreases enemy acquisition systems ability to detect the attack force at

long range, decreasing the enemy’s time available to prepare its air defenses.

2. May be used when local air superiority has not been achieved.

3. May be used with low weather ceilings and poor visibility.

4. Degrades enemy ground control intercept radar coverage, denying

intercept information to enemy fighters and forcing enemy aircraft to rely on visual or onboard
acquisition systems.

5. May improve target acquisition and accuracy of weapons delivery due

to shorter slant ranges at low altitude.

(b) Disadvantages of low/very low altitude tactics include:

1. Navigation is demanding and requires a high level of aircrew skill

(Navigation is easier for aircraft equipped with INS or GPS).

2. Terrain avoidance tasks and formation control become primary tasks,

decreasing time to concentrate on mission tasks.

3. Observation of the target area, the marks, and hits from other aircraft
limited to the attack.

4. Higher fuel consumption and decreased time on station.

5. Terrain may reduce communications effectiveness between aircrews and

control agencies, such as the JTAC due to LOS limitations.

6. Attack timing and geometry more critical than in higher altitude tactics.

7. Exposes aircraft and aircrew to small arms, man-portable air defense

system (MANPADS) and AAA.

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Chapter V

(c) Ingress: Aircrews and mission planners may employ support aircraft and
other countermeasures to degrade threat system effectiveness. Aircrews, JTACs, and air
controllers select routes that avoid known threat weapon envelopes. Routes should include
course changes to confuse and deceive the enemy concerning the intended target area. Helicopter
aircrews using terrain flight techniques must remain close to the terrain. This becomes critical
when fixed-wing aircrews traverse vertically-developed terrain. Formations are used to
complicate enemy radar resolution and improve lookout capability against enemy fighters.
Aircrews plot, brief, and study the ingress routes to gain the maximum advantage from terrain
masking. Entry should be delayed into a heavily defended target area until the aircrew has a
clear understanding of the mission. The expected threat intensity and sophistication influence
the selection of ingress tactics. JTACs and aircrews tailor communications and control
requirements to counter the threat. Normally, control of CAS flights is handed over to the
JTAC at the CP. In a limited communications environment, scheduled missions may be the
primary method used to limit the required communications. Proper planning increases the
chances for mission success even if there is little or very difficult radio communications after
the flight becomes airborne.

(d) Attack. During low/very low altitude attacks, many of the same
considerations apply as in high/medium altitude attacks. However, aircrews will have less
time to acquire the target and position their aircraft for a successful attack. When planning
ordnance and attack profiles, consider the requirement for fragmentation pattern avoidance in
the low altitude environment. The final run-in from the IP to the target is the most crucial
phase of the CAS mission. Aircrew tasks intensify as the aircrew must follow a precise timing
and attack profile. The terrain dictates the type of formation flown by the attack element.
Figure V-15 illustrates the attack phase of a typical fixed-wing CAS mission. A level delivery
attack is a common method for fixed-wing CAS attack aircraft to engage targets in the low
altitude environment.

(e) Types of Delivery:

1. Level. Deliver ordnance with a wings level pass over the target.

2. Loft. To execute a loft delivery, the aircrew proceeds inbound to the

target from the IP. At a calculated point, the aircrew starts a loft maneuver pull up. Once
released, the weapon continues an upward trajectory while the aircrew egresses the target area.
After the weapon reaches the apex of its trajectory, it follows a ballistic path to impact.

3. Pop-up. To execute a pop-up delivery, the aircrew proceeds to the target

from the IP at low/very low altitude. As the aircrew nears the target, they pop-up to the desired
altitude and execute a dive delivery.

4. Dive Deliveries. Used for both free fall and forward firing ordnance.
These deliveries typically use dive angles of 5 to 45 degrees.

(f) Coordinated Attacks. The JTAC must approve use of coordinated

attacks. Coordinated attacks include multiple aircraft using timing splits over the target,
multiple sections using a combination of timing and heading splits, multiple flights using
dissimilar aircraft in coordinated laser designator/bomber attacks. Coordinating flights for attacking

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FIXED-WING CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

ATTACK PHASE EXAMPLE

TARGET

CONTACT INITIAL TURN

POINT POINT POINT
PULL-UP
POINT

Key Actions in a Fixed-Wing Close Air Support (CAS) Attack

To perform a CAS attack, the following actions must take place:

1. The attack aircrew receives the CAS brief.

2. The aircrew calculates the following, based on aircraft type, run-in airspeed, ordnance,
and delivery maneuver:
a. Time to leave the contact point (CP) to cross the initial point (IP) at the proper time.
b. Distance and time from IP to turn point (TP).
c. Degrees to turn at TP and direction of offset, if not directed by the joint terminal
attack controller.
d. Distance/time to pull-up point (from TP or IP, whichever preferred).
e. Pull-up angle (as applicable).
f. Apex/roll-in altitude (as applicable).
g. Release altitude (based on threat, friendly fires, and ordnance).

3. Joint terminal attack controller provides:

a. Mark on target 30-45 seconds before time on target/time to target.
b. Final corrections/directions, given concisely in cardinal direction and distance
from the mark, to help the aircrew to find the target.
c. Clearance to deliver ordnance.

Figure V-15. Fixed-Wing Close Air Support Attack Phase Example

the same target/target area can add firepower to the attack and help to split target defenses.
An on-scene commander (OSC) is appointed for coordinated attacks. The OSC is usually the
flight lead with the highest SA of the target area. He will coordinate all attacks with the JTAC.
While the OSC directs deconfliction between flights, the JTAC is still the “owner” of the
target area. While the JTAC and aircrews must conduct the attack using a common frequency,
the aircrews can use a separate frequency to conduct inter-flight coordination (e.g., ordnance
deconfliction, timing between flight members). Figure V-15 shows the relationship between
attacks and attack timing.

(g) Type of Attack (Figure V-16). The type of attack is principally based solely
on the avenue to the target, and does not apply to the target itself. Example: “Combined/
Sequential/Visual” means the avenue to the target is shared airspace; timing on target is sequential,
with the trailing flight taking visual spacing on the lead flight’s last attacker. “Sectored/Sequential/
1 Minute” means the avenue to the target is sectored (using an acknowledged sector), and

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Chapter V

COORDINATED ATTACK TYPES

Type of Attack Simultaneous Sequential Random

COMBINED Visual or Hack Visual or Hack
NOT
Same avenue of (Visual spacing or (Visual spacing or NORMALLY
attack time hack time hack USED
separation) separation)

SECTORED Visual or Hack Visual or Hack Free Flow *

Acknowledged (Visual spacing or (Visual spacing or

sector time hack time hack
separation) separation)

* Must ensure strafe fan / bomb and missile frag deconfliction

Figure V-16. Coordinated Attack Types

timing on target is sequential with the trailing flight taking one minute spacing from the lead
flight’s TOT.

(h) The following procedural guidelines are considered standard:

1. Aircraft egressing from the target have the right-of-way.

2. The JTAC must approve re-attacks after coordination with the ground
force commander.

3. If an aircraft enters another flight’s sector, the aircrew will immediately

notify the other flight, the JTAC, and deconflict or exit that sector.

4. JTAC and aircrew must coordinate munitions that may enter the other
flight’s sector before the attack.

(i) Attack Heading. An attack heading is the assigned magnetic compass heading
that an aircrew flies during the ordnance delivery phase of the attack. JTACs assign attack
headings for several reasons: to increase ground troop safety, aid in target acquisition, and
help fire support coordination. Attack headings, especially during visual attacks, may reduce
the flexibility and survivability of aircraft.

(j) Immediate Re-attacks. The aircrew’s goal is to complete a successful attack

on the first pass. Once acquired in the target area, an aircraft that remains for re-attacks may be
more vulnerable to enemy fire. A re-attack can help assure the desired result, aid visual
orientation for the aircrew, and increase responsiveness to the supported commander. JTACs
authorize re-attacks. If a re-attack is necessary and possible, the JTAC may give the aircrew a
pull off direction and may assign different attack headings. The JTAC may provide additional

V-34 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

target marks for the re-attack and can describe the target location using the last mark, last hit,
terrain features, or friendly positions. The re-attack may engage other targets within a specific
target area.

(k) Egress. While operating in a low/very low environment, the need for a
rapid egress may delay the ability to rendezvous and regain mutual support. Egress instructions
and rendezvous should avoid conflict with ingress routes and IPs of other flights. Egress
instructions may be as detailed as ingress instructions. Egress fire support coordination and
deconfliction requirements are the same as those used during ingress. Upon attack completion,
aircrews follow the egress instructions and either execute a re-attack, return to a CP for further
tasking, or return to base.

(l) Combination Low/Very Low, Medium, and High Altitude. Aircrews can
combine low/very low and medium altitude tactics to gain the advantages of both while
reducing the disadvantages of each. The en route portion of the flight is normally beyond the
range of enemy air defense weapons and flown at a medium or high altitude. The attack
force descends to low/very low altitude to avoid detection by certain enemy SAM threats and/
or gain surprise.

b. Rotary-Wing. It is understood that US Army attack helicopter units support maneuver

commanders as a subordinate maneuver unit. They are given mission type orders and execute
these orders as a unit. With this in mind, this section identifies some of the TTP attack helicopter
aircrews can use to perform CAS.

(1) Launch and departure procedures. The appropriate controlling agency issues
launch orders through the proper C2 or fire support agency. Attack helicopters can be launched
and moved to HAs, forward assembly areas, forward arming and refueling points, or directly
into an attack or support by fire position depending on mission or current situation.

(2) En Route Tactics

(a) Purpose. Ideally, en route tactics (route and altitude selection, terrain flight
profile, and formations) allow attack helicopter aircrews to avoid concentrated enemy air
defenses and prevent early enemy acquisition of the attack force. If en route tactics are
successful, they can delay or hamper enemy air defense coordination and increase aircrew
survival and mission success.

(b) Navigation. En route navigation tactics depend on the threat, need for and
availability of support aircraft, friendly air defense requirements, weather, and fuel. As aircrews
approach the target area or probable point of enemy contact, they fly lower and with increased
caution to move undetected by the enemy. Aircrews use terrain flight to deny/degrade the
enemy’s ability to detect or locate the flight visually, optically, or electronically. When flying
terrain flight profiles, aircrews may maneuver laterally within a corridor or maneuver area
compatible with the ground scheme of maneuver and assigned route structures. Within the
corridor, aircrews can use a weaving or unpredictable path to avoid detection by the enemy.
En route terrain flight profiles fall into three categories: low level, contour, and nap-of-the-
earth (NOE).

V-35
Chapter V

1. Low Level. Conduct low-level flight at a constant altitude and airspeed. Low-
level flight reduces or avoids enemy detection or observation. Aircrews use low-level flight to reach
a control point in a low threat environment.

2. Contour. Contour flight conforms to the contour of the earth or vegetation

to conceal aircraft from enemy observation or detection. Aircrews use contour flight until reaching
a higher threat area.

3. NOE. NOE flight is as close to the earth’s surface as vegetation and obstacles
permit while following the earth’s contours. Terrain and vegetation provide cover and concealment
from enemy observation and detection. NOE flight uses varying airspeed and altitude AGL based on the
terrain, weather, ambient light, and enemy situation. NOE flight should be used in high threat
environments.

(c) Ingress Tactics. Ingress tactics apply from arrival at the release point or HA until
the target attack phase begins at the BP.

1. Attack Helicopter Control Points. In addition to normal CAS control points,

attack helicopter aircrews can use special attack helicopter control points. Rotary-wing CAS can be
performed with or without HAs or BPs. JTACs and aircrews select HAs and BPs that are tactically
sound, support the scheme of maneuver, and are coordinated with other supporting arms.

a. Holding Areas. HAs may be established throughout the battlefield to be

used by helicopters awaiting targets or missions. These HAs serve as informal ACAs while they are in
use. HAs provide the attack helicopter aircrews an area in which to loiter. HAs may be established
during planning, referred to by name or number, and activated/established during operations.

Attack helicopters positioned in littoral areas can provide CAS to the supported
commander with reduced response time or increased time on station.

V-36 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

b. Battle Positions. BPs are maneuvering areas containing firing points

for attack helicopters. Like HAs, BPs serve as informal ACAs while in use. Planning
considerations and methods of establishment for BPs are the same as those involved in the use
of HAs.

2. Techniques of Movement. Due to proximity to the threat, aircrews use

terrain flight to move during ingress to the BP. If aircrews are close to friendly artillery and
mortars, they use terrain flight in conjunction with ACMs to deconflict with artillery and mortar
trajectories. Particularly when conducting terrain flight, helicopter movement must be
coordinated with the applicable FSCC/FSE. Aircrews use three techniques of movement:
traveling, traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch (see Figure V-17).

a. Traveling. Traveling is a technique that aircrews use when enemy

contact is remote. The flight moves at a constant speed using low-level or contour terrain
flight. Movement should be as constant as the terrain allows. Traveling allows rapid movement
in relatively secure areas.

b. Traveling Overwatch. Traveling overwatch is a technique that

aircrews use when enemy contact is possible. The flight moves using contour or NOE terrain
flight. While caution is justified, speed is desirable. The flight consists of two major elements:
the main element and the overwatch element. The overwatch element may contain multiple
sub-elements. The main element maintains continuous forward movement. The overwatch
elements move to provide visual and weapons coverage of the main element. The overwatch
elements provide weapons coverage of terrain from which the enemy might fire on the main
element.

c. Bounding Overwatch. Bounding overwatch is a technique that

aircrews use when enemy contact is imminent. The flight moves using NOE terrain flight.
Movement is deliberate and speed is not essential. The flight consists of two elements. One
element moves or “bounds” while the other element takes up an overwatch position. The overwatch

MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES

Techniques of Likelihood Terrain

Movement of Contact Flight Profile
Traveling Remote Low level or contour

Traveling Overwatch Possible Contour or Nap-of-the-Earth

Bounding Overwatch Imminent Nap-of-the-Earth

Figure V-17. Movement Techniques

V-37
Chapter V

element covers the bounding elements from covered, concealed positions that offer observation
and fields of fire.

3. Communications and Control. An attack helicopter’s inherent

flexibility allows a variety of communication and control procedures. Terrain flight and
techniques of movement may restrict the JTAC’s ability to communicate with low flying aircraft.
Typically, communications may not be desirable during the ingress phase. To preserve
operations security, aircrews can land to receive face-to-face mission briefs and mission-essential
information from the supported commander or JTAC before leaving the HA. An airborne relay
may be used to maintain communications.

(d) Attack Phase (Within the BP). The attack phase is the most important
phase of the attack helicopter mission. The attack must produce the necessary result. Figure
V-18 illustrates an example of rotary-wing tactics during CAS attacks.

1. Control. Once the aircrew reaches the BP, the JTAC or mission
commander issues final instructions to the flight. Aircrews select individual firing points (FPs)
and remain masked while awaiting the TOT/TTT or the order to attack.

2. Attack Tactics. Specific techniques used to attack a target are the

choice of the air mission commander. Choose attack tactics considering the threat, target
size and vulnerability, weather, terrain, accuracy requirements, weapons effectiveness, and
fragmentation patterns.

a. Hovering Fire. Hovering fire is performed when the aircraft is

stationary or has little forward motion. Aircrews perform hovering fire after unmasking from a
defilade position. To prevent being targeted by enemy weapons, aircrews maintain the hovering fire

EXAMPLE OF ROTARY-WING CLOSE AIR SUPPORT TACTICS

FP Firing Point TARGET

CE
AN
HOLDING D IST
AREA ING/
FP AD
HE
INGRESS ROUTE FP
FP
FP
FP
FP
RELEASE
BATTLE
POINT
POSITION

Figure V-18. Example of Rotary-Wing Close Air Support Tactics

V-38 JP 3-09.3
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position only for short periods, and deliver indirect hovering fire from FPs hidden
from the enemy by terrain features. After delivering hovering fire, aircrews remask
behind terrain. If terrain permits, aircrews should move to an alternate FP. Hovering fire
may reduce the accuracy of unguided ordnance (rockets, cannon, or 20/30 mm gun fire) because
the aircraft can be less stable in a hover. Precision-guided weapons are the most effective
ordnance fired from a hover.

b. Running Fire. Running fire is performed when the aircraft is in

level, forward flight. Forward flight may add stability to the aircraft and improve the accuracy
of unguided ordnance. Running fire may reduce an aircrew’s vulnerability to enemy air
defenses by providing a moving target and by producing a smaller signature than a hover
would because of less dust and debris. While performing running fire, aircrews can use direct
and indirect fire techniques. Aircrews deliver direct fire when they have an unobstructed
view of the target. Aircrews deliver indirect fire when they cannot see the target.

c. Diving Fire. Diving fire is delivered while the aircraft is at

altitude and in descending forward flight. If delivering unguided ordnance, diving fire may
produce the most accurate results. Use diving fire if the aircrew can remain above or outside
the threat envelope.

(e) Scout/Attack Team. Scout/attack teams provide the joint force with a highly
mobile, powerful, combined-arms capability. They consist of two or more helicopters
combining the scout and attack roles. This capability allows the scout/attack team to quickly
and effectively react to a rapidly changing battlefield. Commanders can use the scout/
attack team separately, as a reinforcing asset, or reinforced with other assets. Team Elements:

1. Scout Element. The scout element contains one or more helicopters.

Multiple helicopters are preferred, to provide mutual support within the scout element. The air
mission commander is normally a member of the scout element. He is responsible for mission
planning and execution. The air mission commander’s duties include:

a. Providing liaison and coordination between the team and the

supported unit to receive the current situation and mission brief.

b. Providing reconnaissance of the HA and BP if time and threat permit.

c. Briefing the attack element.

d. Planning and coordinating target marking/designation.

e. Providing security for the attack element from ground and air threats.

f. Controlling the mission’s supporting arms.

2. Attack Element. The attack element contains a minimum of two attack

helicopters. The attack element is subordinate to the mission commander. The attack element
leader’s duties include:

V-39
Chapter V

a. Assuming all the duties of the mission commander if required.

b. Attacking specified targets with the proper ordnance.

c. Providing a rapid reaction base of fire.

(3) Disengagement and Egress. Following the attack, the flight disengages and
egresses from the BP. Egress instructions may be as detailed as ingress instructions. Egress
fire support coordination and deconfliction requirements are the same as those used during
ingress. Upon mission completion, the flight can proceed to an alternate BP, return to the
HA for further operations, return to the FARP for refueling/rearming, or return to the FOB/
ship.

5. Limited Visibility/Adverse Weather Considerations

Fundamental CAS procedures do not go away at night. However, limited visibility and
adverse weather CAS demands a higher level of proficiency that can only come about through
dedicated, realistic, CAS training. JTACs, AOs/ALOs, ground units, and aircrews must
routinely train together during these conditions. In addition to training, limited visibility
CAS relies heavily on systems and sensors due to pilot’s limited ability to visually ascertain
friendly positions and targets. Aircraft and JTACs can perform night CAS using artificial
illumination or with NVDs. Specific attack and delivery techniques vary depending on the
amount of illumination, the specific capability of the CAS aircraft, and equipment available to
the JTAC. For these reasons, limited visibility operations require additional coordination and
equipment. There are three general categories of limited visibility employment: visual,
system-aided, and NVD.

a. Visual Employment. During night visual employment, JTACs and aircrews must
contend with lower ambient light conditions, and use battlefield fires, or artificial
illumination to successfully attack targets. Threat permitting, the JTAC’s requirement to
see the CAS aircraft may require use of aircraft lights or flares.

(1) Visual Employment Mission Planning

(a) Weather and Reduced Visibility. Target weather can affect illumination.
If the weather is clear and a bright moon is available, additional artificial illumination may not
be necessary. Smoke, haze, and precipitation in the target area may cause reduced visibility
and force the aircraft to maneuver closer to the threat in order to maintain visual contact with
the target. Flying closer to the threat presents an obvious problem. On the other hand, flares
employed under an overcast sky will highlight the aircraft for enemy defenses. Heavy haze
will cause a “milk bowl” effect that severely limits slant-range visibility and may cause spatial
disorientation. Avoid allowing such conditions to drive the aircraft into flying a more predictable
flight path close to a threat. Illumination flares can increase the effects of smoke and haze and
further reduce the visibility.

(b) Low Ceilings. Low ceilings may force the aircraft to maintain lower altitudes.
Flares dropped below low ceilings may not produce the desired results. Low ceilings will
further complicate deconfliction between aircraft holding at control points.

V-40 JP 3-09.3
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(c) Terrain. Knowledge of the terrain is a crucial aspect of any night

CAS mission. Be thoroughly familiar with the general terrain as well as the highest
terrain and obstructions in the immediate target area.

(d) Non-Illuminated. The capability to attack targets without artificial

illumination depends on several variables:

1. Distinguish the need to attack general versus desired mean point of impact.

2. Total ambient and cultural lighting in the target area.

3. Contrast between targets and their background.

4. Lighted versus unlighted targets.

5. Minimum acceptable slant range to the target due to threats.

6. Theater restrictions.

(e) Artificial Illumination. Flare employment is essential for low-illumination

night operations without NVDs. If at all possible, do not illuminate friendly positions. Any
illumination introduced into the battle area must be coordinated with the ground commander
prior to flare release.

1. Ground-Delivered Flares. Artillery or mortar flares are not as bright as

LUU-2 flares and will not burn as long. The Joint Application of Firepower pamphlet contains
the artillery/illumination call-for-fire format.

2. LUU-2 Flares. LUU-2 overt illumination flares are designed to illuminate

while airborne for approximately 5 minutes.

3. LUU-19 is a covert illumination flare designed to illuminate while

airborne for approximately 5 minutes.

4. LUU-1/-5/-6 Flares. LUU-1/-5/-6 overt flares (known as logs) are

designed to illuminate while on the ground and burn for 30 minutes. Normally, two logs are
used to provide a distance and directional reference. A line of logs can also establish a sector.
Logs should be dropped on cardinal headings unless run-in restrictions, friendly positions, or
strong winds dictate otherwise. Logs are used for a variety of purposes: marking a lucrative
target area, sectoring a search area, marking an area boundary to stay within, and/or marking
an IP.

5. Illumination Rockets. M-257s are overt 2.75-inch rockets that provide

an excellent point-and-shoot capability for target illumination. M-257 intensity is approximately
one-third the intensity of an LUU-2 and will burn for approximately 2 minutes.

(f) Marks. WP rockets/shells are widely used marking devices. The WP

detonation is an obvious flash with a 1- to 5-second afterglow. The WP bloom will cast a visible shadow

V-41
Chapter V

with good moon-like illumination. Flares, explosive ordnance, burning targets, enemy muzzle flashes,
tracers, and various marking rounds can be employed to provide target identification.

(2) Visual Employment Mission Execution. Friendly positions, winds, and the
threat will determine the position and direction of the weapons delivery pattern. Prior to
allowing aircraft to illuminate or mark a target at night, coordinate with the commander so that
precautions are made to preserve own troop night vision or prevent enemy observation of own
troop locations.

b. System-aided Employment. Aircraft systems (radar, LASER, FLIR, and television)

are relied upon more at night and in adverse weather because of degraded visual target acquisition
range and recognition cues. Aircrews and JTACs should incorporate redundant methods (e.g.,
radar, LASER, and FLIR) into an attack, along with a target mark to find and attack a target.
Night laser employment techniques are the same as in the daytime. Avoid the temptation to
rely solely on one information source.

c. NVD Employment. NVDs are an additional sensor for aircrews to use together with
other systems to find and attack targets. Maneuver forces and aircrews must ensure there is no
confusion between conventional and NVD terms. JTACs must be equipped with IR marking
devices to fully integrate with supported maneuver forces and exploit the potential of NVDs.

(1) NVD Mission Preparation

(a) Weather. Target area weather can affect illumination. An overcast sky can
decrease effective illumination but may also highlight an attacking aircraft to the threat,
especially night-vision-capable threats. Smoke, haze, and precipitation will degrade NVD
capabilities, however, NVDs still increase the pilot’s awareness of the battlefield.

(b) Artificial Illumination. LUU-1/-2/-5/-6/-19’s can be used effectively at

night with NVDs. They provide a very accurate reference for target area identification and can
establish run-in lines. Log illumination is funneled skyward and does not illuminate the
surrounding terrain. Due to the halo effect of the flare, it is best to place the log away from the
actual target to prevent it from reducing NVD effectiveness.

(c) Marks. IR-marking devices provide the perfect complement to NVDs and
allow the pilot to identify both friendly and enemy positions. As a result, the combination of
NVDs and IR marking devices allows safe, accurate employment in close proximity to friendly
ground forces. Particular care must be taken to ensure that friendly location is not confused
with target location.

(d) Artillery. Artillery marking round effects are enhanced with NVDs. The
high explosive/WP round is obvious upon detonation and will be visible for 1 to 2 minutes.
Burning embers may be seen up to 10 minutes after impact. Artillery flares that provide bright
visible light are not normally used for NVD operations because they are not covert. The
155mm smoke round provides smoke and burning embers that can be seen for several miles.

V-42 JP 3-09.3
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(e) WP Rockets. They produce a brilliant flash lasting 1 to 5 seconds. The

radiated heat from the rocket usually can be seen for 1 to 5 minutes after impact, depending on
the terrain.

(f) IR Marking Devices. There are numerous IR pointers in use by ground

units. These pointers vary in intensity and are all visible with NVDs but not with the naked
eye.

(2) NVD Mission Execution

(a) Aircraft Ordnance. In general, all free-fall munitions (e.g., MK 82, MK

84, and CBU) will cause an initial flash and may cause fires that are useful as marks. Depending
on terrain, these weapons will heat up the ground in the impact area that will be visible even in
the absence of fire. This is usable as a mark for a short period of time and can also be used for
adjustments.

(b) Ground Unit IR Marking Devices. Ground marking devices include the
LPL-30, ground commander’s pointer (GCP), air commander’s pointer (ACP), and IR zoom
laser illuminator/designator. Effective range of these devices will vary depending on their
power and the amount of illumination that is present. Depending on environmental conditions,
the entire IR beam or just a flashlight-type spot around the target may be seen. High illumination
levels will decrease the effectiveness of IR marks but will not negate them completely.
When working with IR pointers, try to minimize the target designation time. This will minimize
the chance of the friendly position being compromised, especially if the enemy is night vision
capable. The ACP is a smaller variant of the GCP that can be carried by an aircrew and used to
mark ground targets from the air.

(c) Airborne IR Marking Devices. Airborne marking devices include the

Litening II targeting pod and the hand held devices. Effective range will vary depending on
their power and the amount of illumination and environmental conditions present, but usually
these two devices function extremely well in good conditions from medium altitude. They
may be set to flash or maintain a steady beam. High-illumination levels will decrease the
effectiveness of IR marks but will not negate them completely. These devices may be used to
increase FAC and aircrew SA by marking the target prior to ingress and may be used as a
primary or secondary mark. Aircraft equipped with these devices must coordinate with the
FAC prior to their use.

(d) IR Pointer Terminology. When working with IR pointers, use brevity terms.
Pilots and JTACs must be familiar with these terms to avoid confusion (see Figure V-19).

(3) Friendly Marking. Ground forces can illuminate their position with IR
devices or other friendly tagging devices. IR lights should be placed where aircrew
overhead can visually acquire and maintain sight of friendly positions. During low illumination
conditions, the entire IR beam will be seen with NVDs. The shape of the IR beam can be used
to identify the JTAC’s and the target’s position. The IR beam will appear narrow or pencil-like
at the JTAC’s position, while the beam will be mushroomed at the target. IR pointers can also
be used to direct the NVD-equipped aircrew to the JTAC’s position, either by walking the
beam out to the aircraft (if the aircraft has an NVD external lights package) or by wiggling the
IR pointer to designate to the aircrew the JTAC’s position (the nonmoving end of the

V-43
Chapter V

p o i n t e r ) . Again, it is necessary for the JTAC to ensure that the aircraft uses system
aids to ensure that friendlies are not confused with enemy locations due to
disorientation. Planning an attack axis (preplanned or as directed by the JTAC) with
only a small offset from the controller’s pointer-to-target line can also help the aircrew
confirm the controller’s position.

(a) IR Marking Devices.

1. IR position markers. There are numerous IR position markers used by

ground forces. These devices can be flashing, programmable, or steady. These devices vary in
intensity and all are visible with NVDs but not with the naked eye. Flashing devices are easier
to visually acquire. When possible, identification of marking devices should be verbally
confirmed with the aircrew to avoid misidentification with other ground lighting. As with IR
pointers, the higher the ambient illumination, the more difficult it will be to acquire these
devices.

2. IR Pointers. Used alone or in conjunction with other IR marking devices,

IR pointers are very effective for identifying both friendly and enemy positions. Depending
on environmental conditions, pilots (and enemy personnel) may see the entire beam or just the
flickering of the IR pointer source on the ground. By having the ground party “rope” the
aircraft’s position or a general direction from them, their position is easily identified, assuming
the aircraft is close enough and there are not too many light sources in the area. For example,
if the aircraft is egressing from the south and calls “ROPE SOUTH,” the ground party should
then point their IR pointer south and move it in a circular motion. Enemy NVD capabilities
should be considered before using IR pointers.

3. Gated Laser Intensifier for Narrow Television (GLINT) Tape. Ground

forces with GLINT tape may be seen by the AC-130 low-light level television, depending on
the amount of environmental or artificial illumination in the area. Identification of friendly
forces by this manner should be verified by other means to avoid misidentification. Do not use
more than a 1/2-inch square for an individual or four 1-inch squares per vehicle.

(b) Clearance Parameters. Aircrews conducting night/limited visibility CAS

must be in positive communication with ground forces. When laser target designators (LTDs)
are employed, ground forces must hear “SPOT,” meaning the aircraft has acquired laser energy.
“SPOT” does not constitute clearance. When IR pointers are employed, ground forces must
further hear “VISUAL” (meaning JTAC’s position is positively identified) and “TALLY”
(meaning the aircraft has positive target identification). Always ensure aircraft are using target
coordinates and systems aids such as INS steering to prevent confusion of friendly and target
locations. This is in conjunction with standard LASER safety cones.

(c) CAS Briefing Form. When using IR target pointer/illuminators, indicate

the target mark type in line 7 of the CAS Briefing Form with “IR” or “IR pointer.”
Additionally, include the pointer-to-target line in the remarks section of the CAS briefing form
(see Figure V-19).

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NIGHT INFRARED CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

BREVITY TERMS

CALL MEANING
SPARKLE Joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) marks the target with an
infrared (IR) pointer. Can be initiated by JTAC or aircrew.
Proper aircrew response is “Contact” or “No Joy.”

SNAKE Call made by exception for the JTAC to jiggle the IR beam on
the target. This aids in distinguishing the friendly position from
the target, verifies that the aircrew are looking at the proper IR
pointer and can aid in the acquisition of the IR energy. Proper
aircrew response is “Contact,” “Steady,” or “No Joy.”

PULSE JTAC uses pulse mode available on some IR pointers. Can

be initiated by JTAC or aircrew. May be used by JTAC to
emphasize that an enemy position is being illuminated by
flashing IR energy, which is often used to identify friendly
positions. Proper aircrew response is “Contact”,
“Steady”, or “No Joy”.

STEADY JTAC steadies the beam after a “Snake” or “Pulse” call.

This can aid in verifying that the aircrew is looking at the
proper IR pointer.

STOP JTAC stops the beam. This can aid in verifying that the
aircrew is looking at the proper IR pointer, especially if
followed with another “Sparkle” call.

ROPE Call made by exception if the JTAC is to illuminate the

aircraft with an IR pointer. Can be initiated by either JTAC
or aircrew. If requested by JTAC, must be approved by
aircrew prior to illumination. Proper aircrew response is
“Visual” or “Blind”.

Figure V-19. Night Infrared Close Air Support Brevity Terms

(d) Friendly Tagging Devices. Units equipped with tagging devices can use
their capability to relay latest position to C2 nodes equipped to receive and display data. If
airborne CAS forces are equipped to receive and/or display this information, they can use this
information to help confirm or update friendly locations.

V-45
Chapter V

6. Terrain Considerations

Terrain must be taken into consideration for CAS execution. Specifically, terrain can
effect communications and visual LOS for identifying the target and/or aircraft. Specific
considerations exist for desert, jungle/forested and urban terrain.

a. Desert

(1) Ground Considerations

(a) Target Identification. In the absence of timely or accurate battlefield

tracking information, the ability to detect potential targets beyond the range where positive
identification is possible could lead to fratricide. The same is true considering the speed at
which forces are able to move. What was an enemy element at the time of target nomination
could easily be a friendly element soon thereafter.

(b) Communications. Non-LOS communications will be adversely affected

by non-conductive soil. Repeaters and relay stations may be necessary. Generally VHF/UHF
communications will be adequate.

(2) Aircraft Considerations

(a) Target Identification. In a desert environment, target identification by

aircrews may be hampered by enemy capability to cover and conceal potential targets.
Camouflage netting and revetments can be very effective if properly employed.

(b) Threat avoidance. Enemy threats may be able to acquire aircraft at longer
ranges.

(c) Lack of geographic references. In flat desert terrain, lack of visual

references will make target talk-on techniques more difficult in the absence of target marking
aids. In flat desert terrain, IP and CP selection will be impacted by the difficulty selecting
points that will be visible from the air.

b. Jungle/Forested

(1) Ground Considerations

(a) Target detection/identification. May be difficult or impossible under dense

jungle canopies for both the JTAC and aircraft. In these cases every effort must be made to
mark the target by any effective means. Colored smoke or WP rounds may be effective. In
thick forest or double and triple canopy jungles smoke tends to disperse as it rises creating an
ambiguous mark. FAC(A) aircraft that can remain on station may aid the targeting process due
to their increased SA.

(b) Communications. Communications will suffer in dense jungles and forests

due to limited LOS. Airborne assets should be considered to relay communications.

V-46 JP 3-09.3
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(c) Weapons Effects. Weapons fragmentation and blast effects may be reduced
as wooded areas become more dense. Incendiary and sensor-fuzed weapons generally have
good effect.

(2) Aircraft Considerations

(a) Communications. Communications will suffer between the JTAC and

aircraft in dense jungles and forests due to limited LOS. Communications may improve at
reduced ranges.

(b) Target Identification. Target detection and acquisition will be difficult in

the forest or jungle. Vehicles will tend to remain near paths or roads that may be visible from
the air.

c. Urban CAS. Urban operations can be planned and conducted across the range of
military missions. They may be conducted on or against objectives in a topographical complex
and its adjacent natural terrain where manmade construction and the presence of noncombatants
are dominant features. The compressed battlespace in the urban environment creates unique
considerations for planning and conducting CAS operations. These include operations in urban
canyons, deconfliction in confined airspace, restrictive ROE, difficulty in threat analysis, the
presence of noncombatants, the potential for collateral damage, and the increased risk of
fratricide.

(1) Size of Urban Areas. Population is the most common method of classifying the
size of urban areas. The following categories apply:

(a) Strip Areas (linear development along roadways, railways, etc.).

(b) Villages (population less than 3,000).

(c) Towns and Small Cities (population 3,000 to 100,000).

(d) Large Cities (population greater than 100,000).

(2) Threats. Urban terrain provides excellent cover and concealment for a variety
of weapons systems. The urban environment also affects the employment of antiaircraft
weapons, including AAA, MANPADS, and SAM systems. Light to medium AAA may be
employed from ground sites, from the tops of buildings, or weapons mounted on civilian
vehicles. The terrain may limit suppression options. The cluttered environment with lights,
fires, and smoke will make threat and target acquisition difficult.

(a) Infrared Signatures. IR signatures are affected by the proximity of other

buildings and structures. When using FLIR, aircrews must pay particular attention in this
environment. Urban temperatures are generally higher than rural areas and can be 10 to 20
degrees higher than the surrounding environment. Thermal heating can adversely affect thermal
sights.

V-47
Chapter V

(b) Command and Control. Urban terrain presents severe problems in

maintaining communications due to manmade structures that inhibit LOS and absorb or reflect
transmitted signals. While these problems will force a higher degree of decentralization, the
combat force should make every attempt to minimize them. The use of aircraft such as JSTARS/
DASC(A), TAC(A), FAC(A), attack aircraft, UAVs and rooftop communicators can minimize
the ground based LOS communication limitations. A detailed, flexible, and redundant C2 plan
is essential.

(c) JTAC Considerations. Recommended items for a JTAC include NVDs, an

IR laser pointer, laser rangefinder/designator, IR strobe light, chemlights, spotting scope, multi-
band radio, pyrotechnics (smoke/illum), access to an M203 grenade launcher with illumination
and smoke rounds, compass, mirror, common objective graphics and GPS. The JTAC must
plan for redundant communication and marking tools. A single tool will not work in all urban
environments. A JTAC will only be able to utilize a laser designator when in a stationary
position and preferably from an elevated position. In brightly lit objective areas, a JTAC may
consider shooting out street lights to darken the area for use of IR pointers or if directed by the
commander in order to optimize friendly NVDs.

1. Proficiency. JTAC proficiency with CAS is critical in order to step into

an urban environment with no previous urban training. A JTAC should recommend positioning
aircraft over an unpopulated area, an area cleared by friendly forces, a neutral area, or feet wet
in order to build the aircrew’s SA of the target and friendly locations. Most urban terrain
offers a significant amount of nearby uninhabited natural areas, which may be used by aircrew
awaiting a CAS request. Fixed-wing aircrew require a minimum of 8 nm to hold effectively.
An area as small as 4 nm may be used, but this is extremely demanding and should be avoided
as much as possible. Every attempt should be made to hold the awaiting CAS aircrew over
non-hostile terrain to allow the aircrew to build SA without having to be overly concerned
with the threat. Training in an urban environment is required for JTAC and aircrew proficiency.
However, the critical link between the aircrew and the commander for urban CAS is the JTAC.
The JTAC must provide extraordinary details in the CAS remarks section of the brief working
from big to small features (funnel approach). If not, then the pilots must pull details from the
JTAC. The “big” portion of the talk-on brief can be eliminated if the JTAC can mark either his
position or the target location visually or electronically with a laser pointer or GPS grid, for
example. (Note: Friendly GPS positions should not be passed over the radio.) Even if a
ground JTAC cannot see the target, terminal attack control hand-off to a FAC(A) can be done.
The JTAC must always keep in mind that his ground perspective is drastically different from
the attacking aircraft’s. The JTAC may not be in a position to observe all buildings containing
friendly forces due to intervening buildings and battlefield confusion. It’s likely that a JTAC
using rotary-wing CAS will be marking and engaging targets within 100 meters of his own
position, within Danger Close parameters. Historical studies prove that 90 percent of all
urban engagements occur where friendly and enemy forces are within 50 meters of each
other, and that urban engagements using supporting arms occur with less than 250 meters between
the same. The JTAC must select the appropriate ordnance to limit the potential of fratricide,
particularly in an urban environment. The JTAC may not always see the target or whatever is
firing at his unit, but only hear where the rounds are coming from and see their impacts. The
friendly and enemy situation will be changing rapidly even if only from building to building or room to
room inside a building. The CAS aircraft or FAC(A) on station may be required to do aerial

V-48 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

reconnaissance to find and report targets or enemy movement. Aircrews may request to engage,
via Type 3-control, once targets are positively identified. Aircrews should volunteer to perform
reconnaissance when the threat permits and when not being used to directly deliver ordnance.
This may prevent an unexpected ambush or stop units advancing to reinforce. The rotary-
wing aircraft can be the “eyes” for the supported unit which means the pilots may need to get
very close to see what the maneuver force is experiencing. For aircrew survivability, every
effort should be made to exploit standoff capabilities with optics and weapons systems.
Likewise, fixed-wing aircraft can be used to overfly the unit’s position and reconnoiter adjacent
threat avenues leading into the JTAC’s location. The commander must decide when organic/
attached ground weapons are insufficient for the mission, and CAS is required. JTACs will
judiciously use fixed-wing ordnance when troops are in contact, due to fragment and
overpressure dangers. Historically, 80 percent of urban combat injuries result from glass shards
from blast and overpressure effects. CAS aircraft may reconnoiter and attack enemy forces
outside the area of immediate engagement in order to prevent further reinforcement. If the
distance between enemy and friendly forces is too close for the JTAC to use CAS, or the target
is not suitable for the CAS ordnance, CAS aircrew should provide reconnaissance and assist
the JTAC in assessing the overall situation. This is most useful for identifying enemy
reinforcements or directing friendly reinforcements. Ground forces are likely to be split-up,
even if only separated by buildings on the same block. In these cases, JTAC responsibility
may shift from a trained JTAC to an infantryman in contact desperately fighting to stay alive.

2. Navigation. Navigation over urban terrain can be more difficult than

over natural terrain. Navigation is more difficult because maps do not show the vertical
development of urban terrain. Rapid movement from position to position can often create
confusion between aerial and ground observers as to friendly and enemy locations. Familiarity
with the characteristics of urban terrain allows aircrews to discern key features in this
environment. Navigational aids, such as GPS, have reduced but not eliminated this challenge.
The use of GPS and handheld pointers or designators eases the problems associated with night
navigation, orientation, and target identification. Navigation systems may be degraded due to
interference induced by buildings. Aircrews and ground controllers should perform detailed
mission planning to maximize the effectiveness of all available assets. Regardless of the method
utilized, the critical element is directing CAS aircraft onto the target. A running dialog should
be emphasized after the brief is given. While this is accomplished, minimizing collateral
damage and avoiding noncombatant injury is important, but not at the expense of endangering
friendly lives. If appropriate, aircrew and JTACs should ensure that the maps and other
geospatial products used incorporate the Military Grid Reference System during pre-mission
planning for CAS, assault support, TRAP, etc.

3. Air-to-Ground Coordination. An urban grid system labels structures

and prominent features (see Figures V-20, V-21, and V-22). The JTAC and aircrew should
select grid sectors based on what the aircrew/aircraft sensors can most easily see such as
rivers, road junctions, buildings, bridges, etc. JTAC’s and aircrew should avoid over-targeting
(i.e., numbering every building in the city versus numbering the buildings in the expected and
adjacent objective area). Over-targeting can lead to time delays and confusion for
fixed-and rotary-wing aircrews when sorting through numerous pages of a map
attempting to find a specific building. For example, (Figure V-20) starting with the northwestern
section of the zone and continuing clockwise, immediate structures surrounding the zone will be labeled
Al, A2, A3, etc. City streets, alleys and other easily recognizable topographic features

V-49
Chapter V

URBAN GRID

1
1 2

Nash
X
N “Bravo-1,
4
A 2 3 B
south corner.
Sniper, top
3 floor
San Pedro window.”
1 2 2
1
D C 3
5 4 3

Figure V-20. Urban Grid

OBJECTIVE AREA REFERENCE GRID

N B C D
Main St

Elm St

1 2 3
5th Ave
1 2
2 1 “Echo-2, main
I LZ
A entry on Elm.”
1 4 3 X
2 E
4th Ave
2 1
F
H G
Figure V-21. Objective Area Reference Grid

can delineate the boundaries of Alpha, Bravo or Charlie. Numbering the buildings clockwise,
starting at the northwestern most sections, will assist in a quick cueing process.

4. Target reference points (Figure V-23) can also be used. Target reference
points require labeling buildings or distinctive urban structures in and around the objective
area. These can be labeled TRP#1, TRP#2, etc. Target reference points should be committed
to memory by aircrew to expedite passing or interpreting a call for fire. If fire is being received,

V-50 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

pass a target reference point number,

heading, approximate distance and BUILDING
description of where and what type of fire REFERENCE GRID
is being received.

5. Reactive Talk-On.
Due to the uncertainty of urban warfare, it is
possible to receive fire from a position that 1 “Target
cannot be covered by one of the sectoring Delta one
methods discussed. If time and North
side”
communication capabilities exist, use the 2
CAS 9-line brief for fixed-wing aircraft. An
abbreviated CAS brief may be more suitable A B C D E
for rotary-wing aircraft. Typical interflight
calls should be directive and descriptive, Figure V-22. Building Reference Grid
“Razor 11, request immediate engagements,
AAA, 320, 100 meters.” Whatever briefing format is used, it must ensure critical information
is passed between concerned participants. Whether using the traditional 9-line or an abbreviated
briefing format, describing the target location as it relates to surrounding structures is essential.
Plain language descriptions will greatly assist the CAS aircrew in locating the target. Describing
building color, type of roofing, window structure, etc., as it relates to surrounding structures,
can greatly assist aircrew in locating the correct target. However, do not proceed with a talk-on without
establishing a common reference point for both the JTAC and aircrew. Items that provide contrast
will allow for faster target acquisition. Any deconfliction or coordination issues required to
ensure friendly safety and aircraft flow should be handled by the requesting agency to facilitate
CAS responsiveness. Development and implementation of an urban grid system will only be

TARGET REFERENCE POINTS

Smith St
Jones St

N #2
X
Rose
“Target
reference point
#1 #3, 087 degrees
#5 magnetic,
OBJ #3 325 meters,
the water tower.”
Liberty

#4

Figure V-23. Target Reference Points

V-51
Chapter V

effective if all players utilize it. If the supported unit uses one system and CAS aircrew have
their own, it will make fire support impossible. Whatever type of grid system is chosen, it
should be standardized so all units have the correct information to include the following:
C2 HQ, FSC, R&S teams, intelligence section, and all assets, including artillery,
mortars, and rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft. The use of target reference points or an
urban grid requires some degree of communication. If aircrew are operating without any of
the above preplanned control measures, then disciplined voice communications (cadence, clarity,
brevity) will be critical. Even with preplanned or unplanned control measure graphics, JTACs
should select the biggest and brightest structure nearby for initial orientation between themselves
and the aircrew. The time to pass a brief and then pass talk-on type remarks will decrease as
the level of pre-mission planning increases. Whereas it may take 5-10 minutes for a detailed
talk-on using only a 1:12,500 city map, it may only take 2-3 minutes given a photograph or
line-art urban grid.

6. Ground Unit Control Measures. Establishing objectives and phase lines

assists in understanding the ground scheme of maneuver and is one method to integrate air and
ground operations. Consider all types of maps and charts ranging from joint operations graphic
charts and aerial photos to tourist maps for use in urban environment.

7. Weapons Selection. The requirements for urban CAS weapons must

focus on rapid employment, the target set, minimum collateral damage, minimum rubbling,
the ability to employ in proximity to ground forces and high precision. The target set in
urban tactical operations will include troops in the open, armored vehicles, and enemy forces
using the urban terrain (buildings) as firing positions or strong points. A minimum collateral
damage capability is essential to protect noncombatants, preserve whatever local and
international support that might exist, and to reduce the cost of rebuilding the urban area upon
conflict termination. CAS weapons should minimize rubbling and be deliverable in very close
proximity to friendly forces. To achieve the desired level of destruction, neutralization, or
suppression of enemy CAS targets, it is necessary to tailor the weapons load to the required
results. For example, cluster and general purpose munitions would be effective against troops
and vehicles in the open, whereas hardened, mobile, or pinpoint targets may require specialized
weapons such as laser guided, EO, IR munitions, or aircraft with special equipment or
capabilities. In all cases, the requesting commander needs to know the type of ordnance to be
expended (especially cluster munitions). To provide effective CAS, the weapons delivery
platform must have adequate sensors to deliver weapons with a high degree of accuracy.

7. Laser, Inertial Navigation System/Global Positioning System Guided,

and Digital Information Systems
Technology can assist in effective CAS. Laser and INS/GPS-based systems can aid in
target acquisition and weapons guidance. Additionally, digital information systems can expedite
the transfer of critical targeting and C2 information between ground units, JTACs, and CAS
aircraft.

a. Laser-Guided Systems. Laser-guided systems provide the joint force with the ability
to locate and engage high priority targets with an increased first-round hit probability. The
accuracy inherent in laser-guided systems requires fewer weapons to neutralize or destroy a

V-52 JP 3-09.3
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target. Laser-guided systems effectively engage a wider range of targets, including moving
targets. Laser-guided systems provide additional capabilities, but also have distinct limitations.
When enemy equipment includes countermeasures, target illumination may still provide
a superior mark on surface features (like rocks) near the target with good security.
Laser operations supplement other CAS procedures and are not substitutes for other
planning and execution procedures and techniques. In any laser-designating situation,
strive for simplicity and use all available resources to help ensure first-pass success. Including
a laser code and a laser-to-target line in the 9-line briefing to the pilot can enhance mission
accomplishment. This paragraph provides CAS-specific JTTP and background information
on laser-guided system employment.

See JP 3-09.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Laser Designation Operations,
for more information on lasers and laser employment.

(1) Basic Considerations. There are five basic considerations for using LSTs or
laser-guided weapons (LGWs):

(a) LOS must exist between the designator and the target and between the target
and the LST/LGW.

(b) Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) codes of the laser designator and the
LST/LGW must be compatible.

(c) The direction of attack must allow the LST/LGW to sense enough reflected
laser energy from the target for the seeker to acquire and lock-on the target.

(d) The laser designator must designate the target at the correct time, and for
the correct length of time. If the length of time is insufficient, the seeker head could break lock
and the flight pattern of the LGW becomes unpredictable.

(e) The delivery system must release the LGW within the specific LGW delivery
envelope to ensure the weapon can physically reach the target. There is an increased hazard
to friendly forces when aircrews release weapons behind friendly lines.

(2) Environmental factors can affect laser designators and seeker head
performance. Tactics and techniques must consider low clouds and fog, smoke, haze, snow
and rain, solar saturation, and other visually limiting phenomena.

(3) Beam divergence and target size. If a designator has a beam spread or divergence
of 1 milliradian, its spot would have a diameter of approximately one meter at a distance of
one thousand meters in front of the designator. If this spot were aimed at a three meter by three
meter box three thousand meters away the laser spot would be as wide and tall as the box. The
laser spot size is a function of beam divergence and the distance from the laser designator to
the target.

(4) Target Reflection. Most surfaces have a mixture of mirror-like and scattered reflections.
Laser energy reflects in an arc, but is strongest at the angle where it would reflect if the surface
were a mirror. If the laser designator is perpendicular to a surface the reflection can be seen

V-53
Chapter V

from all angles on the designated side, but can be detected best near the laser designator to
target line. When the surface is at an angle to the laser designator, the angle of strongest
reflection is also predictable. Glass, water and highly polished surfaces are poor surfaces to designate
because they reflect laser energy in only one direction. This requires the seeker to be in this small region
and looking toward the reflected energy to achieve target acquisition. Battlefield dynamics
will rarely provide the opportunity to perfectly align laser designation/reflectivity in the direction
of approaching aircraft or munitions. Strict adherence to laser cones or baskets and center
mass target designation will best ensure success.

(5) Laser operations are divided into three primary categories: laser target ranging,
target acquisition, and weapons guidance.

(a) Target Ranging. Target ranging systems can provide accurate range,
azimuth, and elevation information to identified targets.

(b) Target Acquisition. Target acquisition involves the use of an LST carried
by the aircraft and a LTD aimed by a ground team. LSTs are laser sensors that provide head-
up display cueing for aircraft equipped with these systems. While scanning for laser energy,
these systems have a limited field of view that depends on range and switch settings. In general,
the chances of acquisition are improved when cueing aids such as target marks, landmarks,
and INS coordinates help the pilot point the aircraft in the direction of the target.

(c) Weapons Guidance. Weapons guidance allows a LGW to home in on

reflected laser energy placed on a target by an LTD. This allows precision delivery of weapons
as well as some standoff deliveries.

(6) Laser Hardware

(a) Laser-Guided Weapons. All LGWs home on PRF-coded reflected laser

energy. Some LGWs require target illumination before launch and during the entire time of
flight. Other LGWs require target illumination only during the terminal portion of flight. All
LGWs require illumination until weapon impact. Typical laser-guided weapons are:

1. Laser-guided bombs (LGBs): PAVEWAY II, III, and enhanced

PAVEWAY III (GPS aided).

2. Laser-guided missiles (LGMs): AGM-65E Laser Maverick and AGM-

114 HELLFIRE. LGMs generally provide greater standoff launch ranges than LGBs.
Greater range provides increased survivability for aircrews operating in a high threat
environment. Aircrews and JTACs must exercise caution when launching LGMs from behind
friendly troops.

3. Laser Maverick Employment considerations include:

a. In the event the laser signal is lost, the weapon will safe itself and
overfly the target. The Maverick system allows aircrew to engage targets designated by either
air or ground sources with in-flight selectable PRF codes.

V-54 JP 3-09.3
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b. Delivery aircraft must have unobstructed LOS to the target to achieve

Maverick lock-on.

c. The missile must lock on to the laser source prior to launch.

d. The Maverick and the laser designator must be set to the same PRF
code prior to launch.

e. For other than self-designation, the attack heading must be adjusted

to optimize the reflected laser energy.

(b) Laser Target Designators. Ground laser target designators (GLTD) are
employed by ground forces to illuminate targets with laser energy. LGWs use this energy to
guide to the target. LSTs use the reflected laser energy as a reference point for lock-on and
tracking. The laser energy PRF is adjustable and must match the PRF setting on the weapon or
tracker. GLTD ranges vary from 10 meters to 20 km. Airborne LTDs are carried on aircraft
and provide the same function as the GLTD. Airborne lasers are capable of very long range
lasing and are normally employed below 30,000 feet AGL. See FM 90-20, MCRP 3-16.8B,
NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP 2-3.6 Multi-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower
(J-FIRE) for laser capable aircraft. See Figure V-24 for advantages and disadvantages of
airborne and ground designators.

Note: The PRF of LGBs is normally only adjustable prior to flight and cannot be changed once
airborne. Most missiles such as Maverick and HELLFIRE can be adjusted in-flight. JTACs

AIRBORNE AND GROUND DESIGNATORS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

TYPE DESIGNATORS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

AIRBORNE Increased Standoff Larger laser spot size
Larger target area footprint Increased susceptibility to
podium effect

1. Trail Position Increased probability of Axis restrictive

success (spot detection) Increased platform predictability
Increased standoff

2. Overhead Wheel Decreased platform predictability Decreased effectiveness in target

Position Good standoff areas with varying vertical
developments (podium effect)

3. Offset or Opposing Decreased platform predictability Axis restrictive

Wheel Position Excellent standoff Increased susceptibility to
podium effect
Coordination intensive

GROUND Smaller laser spot size Axis restrictive

Decreased targeting ambiguity Increased designator exposure
Rapid battle damage assessment Coordination intensive

Figure V-24. Airborne and Ground Designators Advantages and Disadvantages

V-55
Chapter V

and aircrews must ensure the laser designator PRF matches the code programmed into the
weapon or the weapon will not guide.

(c) Laser Range Finders/Target Locating Devices. Laser range finders (LRFs)
use low power laser pulses to measure range to an object. These systems will not currently
provide the accuracy needed for a single GPS/INS weapon to hit a point target. Tactical
LRF ranges vary from 10 meters to 20 km. Accuracy is range/equipment dependent and generally
varies from 1 to 15 meters at maximum ranges. Target locating devices are devices that
incorporate a LRF, magnetic or gyroscopic compass, tilt measurement devices, and GPS. These
systems measure the range and angles from its position provided by the GPS to mathematically
derive a target location. If used correctly the quality of the target location is generally much
better than that of a hand-derived coordinate. The accuracy of the coordinate is dependent on
many variables. Errors are induced by inaccurate GPS data, poor azimuth, range and
elevation data, system calibration and user skill. These errors are magnified with range
and can result in significant target location errors (TLEs). Due to the variables listed
previously, TLE will generally vary from 10 meters at 1 km to more than 300 meters at
maximum ranges.

(d) Laser Spot Trackers. LSTs are systems that allow visual acquisition of a
coded laser designated target. LSTs must be set to the same code as the coded laser target
designator for the user to see the target being lased. In the case of airborne LSTs, the aircrew
acquires the laser designated “spot” (target) and either employs LGBs or executes visual
deliveries of non-laser ordnance. The aircrew can select PRF codes for the LST while in
flight. See FM 90-20, MCRP 3-16.8B, NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP 3-2.6 Multi-Service Procedures
for the Joint Application of Firepower (J-FIRE) for a listing of aircraft with LSTs.

(7) Laser Procedures

(a) Attack Headings. JTACs provide aircrews with an attack heading. The
attack heading must allow aircrews to acquire the reflected laser energy. Due to the possibility
of false target indications, attack headings should avoid the target-to-laser designator safety
zone, unless the tactical situation dictates otherwise. The safety zone is a 20-degree cone
whose apex is at the target and extends 10 degrees either side of the target-to-designator line.
The optimal attack zone is a 120 degree cone whose apex is at the target and extends 60 degrees
either side of the target-to-laser designator line. To give the laser trackers/weapons a better
chance of acquiring the reflected laser spot, a smaller 90 degree cone (+/-45 degrees) is preferred
(see Figure V-25).

(b) Attack Angles. Aircrews release or launch LGWs so the reflected laser
energy will be within the seeker field of view at the appropriate time. The maximum allowable
attack angle (laser-to-target/seeker-to-target) depends upon the characteristics of the weapon
system employed. If the angle is too large, the seeker will not receive enough reflected energy
to sense the laser spot.

(c) Coordination with JTAC. Laser-guided systems improve the delivery

accuracy of unguided ordnance. If the attack aircraft has an LST, the JTAC can designate the
target for aircrew identification. An aircrew can use the LST to visually locate the target.
Once the aircrew locates the target, they can conduct an accurate attack using unguided ordnance.

V-56 JP 3-09.3
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EXAMPLE OF SAFETY ZONE AND

OPTIMAL ATTACK ZONES

L = Low risk
L
M = Moderate risk
60o
Laser seeker/ H = High risk
weapon platform Acquisition
prohibited area Laser seeker/
M weapon platform
o
45
H

FOV
TARGET
Acquisition H
area
Laser seeker/ 20O Safety Zone
weapon platform Avoid weapon release unless
prohibited M the situation necessitates

L
Laser target designator

NOTE: Seeker field of view (FOV) must not

encompass area of laser designator.

Sample: Plan View of Safety Exclusion Zone for Ground Laser Designator

Figure V-25. Example of Safety Zone and Optimal Attack Zones

Aircraft equipped with laser designators can also be “talked onto” the target by the JTAC, then
designate the target and deliver the weapon using their own spot or, in some cases, confirm the
correct target with an airborne IR marker.

(d) Employment of LGBs in conjunction with coded laser target designators

is either autonomous or assisted. Autonomous LGB employment uses the CAS aircraft’s on-
board LTD for terminal weapons guidance. Most aircraft capable of delivering LGBs can
provide on-board autonomous self-designation. Assisted LGB employment uses an off-board
LTD for terminal weapons guidance. This is typically accomplished by a ground team operating
a designator (such as a ground/vehicle laser locator designator) or by another aircraft (known
as “buddy lasing”). Aircraft without on-board LTDs (such as A/OA-10s) that can carry and
deliver LGBs but have no on-board terminal weapons guidance capability require assisted
LGB employment. Coded LTDs are ground and airborne systems that have two specific
purposes. First, they provide terminal weapons guidance for laser-guided weapons. Second,
they designate targets for coded LSTs. Coded laser target designators emit laser energy with a
PRF and require input of specific laser codes for operation. Codes are assigned to LGWs and
directly relate to the PRF that harmonizes the designator and seeker interface. Coded LTDs
used for terminal weapons guidance must be set to the same code as the laser-guided
weapon. Certain LGWs, such as LGBs, are coded prior to takeoff and cannot be changed once

V-57
Chapter V

the aircraft is airborne. However, all coded laser target designators, with the exception of the
AC-130H, can change codes while airborne (Note: The AC-130H’s LTD is permanently preset with
only one code (1688) and cannot be changed). The JTAC will have to coordinate efforts to ensure both
the aircraft and designator are on the same code. Coordination for the LTD to match the LGB
code is conducted through the ATO, DASC/ASOC, or FAC 9-line briefing. Sometimes, a
designator will serve the dual purpose of target designation for a coded laser acquisition/spot
tracker and terminal weapons guidance for laser-guided weapons. In these cases, the designator,
spot tracker, and the weapon must have the same code. Ground units may pass laser codes in
a three number code. For aircraft operations, the first digit is assumed to be a one (e.g.,
maneuver unit passes a code of 688 which will be transmitted to the aircraft as 1688). When
briefing LST-equipped aircraft, include the four-digit laser code and laser-to-target line in
accordance with the CAS briefing format. If aircraft check in with a different code, then it is
the JTAC’s responsibility to make appropriate corrections. Even if the aircraft is capable of
self-designation, the JTAC should have a backup ground designator ready if it is available.

(e) Laser Designation Time. The aircrew may request a longer laser-on time
based on munitions characteristics. If communications are unreliable, the JTAC should begin
designating 20 seconds before TOT or with 20 seconds remaining on TTT (unless the aircrew
is using loft delivery). Laser designation time with LGBs delivered from a loft profile will
vary depending on the weapon being delivered. Refer to appropriate tactics manuals for loft
laser designation time rules of thumb. While reducing laser operating time is important in a
laser countermeasure environment or when using battery-operated designators, designation
time must be long enough to guarantee mission success.

(8) HELLFIRE Laser-Guided Systems Employment and Characteristics

(a) General. The HELLFIRE is an air-to-surface laser-guided missile system

designed to destroy armored and reinforced hard targets. It is guided by ground or airborne
laser designators to rapidly engage multiple targets.

(b) Laser characteristics. The HELLFIRE homes in on targets designated by

US and NATO laser designators. The HELLFIRE system should use PRF codes in the range of
1111 to 1488 to achieve the highest probability of hit. The HELLFIRE system allows the
aircrew to conduct multiple, rapid launches using one or two designation codes simultaneously.
The aircrew can assign missiles to search for two codes simultaneously. The aircrew can set or
change the missile PRF code from the cockpit. If launching subsequent missiles (all set on the
same PRF code) the JTAC/designator shifts the laser designator to the next target prior to
missile impact. If using two designators (each set to a different PRF code) the missile launch
interval can be as low as two seconds. The use and coordination of multiple designators present
a complex problem for the aircrew and the JTACs/designator.

(c) Employment considerations. The employment considerations for the

HELLFIRE missile follow the same mission analysis used for other platforms or forces. The
METT-T format will cover all the requirements.

1. Mission — What is required and is the HELLFIRE the best ordnance for
the target?

V-58 JP 3-09.3
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2. Enemy — What is the target, how many targets are there, are they
moving, and are they close together or spread out?

3. Terrain and weather — Are there hills, mountains, or buildings in the

battle area? What is the ceiling and visibility in the area?

4. Troops — Where are the friendly troops, are designators available, where
are the designators, and where are the helicopters?

5. Time — How much time is available for the engagement?

(d) Coordination considerations: Aircrews and designators consider the

following factors when coordinating HELLFIRE engagements.

1. Communications between aircrews, maneuver commander, designator,

and JTAC, if required.

2. Number of missiles required, and location of targets.

3. Designator codes for the missiles.

4. Separation angle between launch aircraft and designator must be less

than 60 degrees, using the target as the corner of the angle.

5. Range from launch aircraft and target(s) must be within minimum and
maximum missile range for the conditions.

6. Safety considerations including the designator outside a 30 degree angle

from the firing aircraft to the target using the aircraft as the corner of the angle, and troops or
civilians in the surface danger zone.

7. Obstacle clearance requirements including terrain and cloud height.

(e) Target designator options. Autonomous and remote are two basic options
for designating the missile’s target.

1. Autonomous. The launching aircraft designates its own target. This

may be the easiest form of designation to set up, but requires the aircrew to identify the correct
target.

2. Remote. The target is designated by an aircraft other than the launching

aircraft, or by a remote ground based designator. This requires the designator to properly
identify and lase the target because the aircrew may not see the target during this option.
Remote designation allows the launching aircraft to fire from a masked position, and with
longer standoff than is possible with autonomous designation.

(f) Launch modes. The two basic types of launch modes are lock on before
launch (LOBL) and lock on after launch (LOAL). Both launch modes can be used with either
autonomous or remote designation options.

V-59
Chapter V

1. LOBL is when the missile seeker locks onto properly coded laser energy
prior to the missile launch. The missile seeker must have direct LOS with the designated
target for this launch mode to work properly. LOBL gives a higher probability of hit when the
aircraft is close to the target. It is also used to confirm the aircraft is within missile launch
constraints, that the missile “sees” the correct laser code and target, and when the threat or
environment does not require delayed designation.

2. LOAL is when the missile seeker locks onto the coded laser energy after
the missile is launched and is in flight. This method allows the aircrew to launch the missile
without LOS to the target. This reduces the exposure of launch aircraft, helps defeat laser
countermeasures by delaying the designation, and extends the missile range when using a
remote designator. LOAL has three different trajectories that can be used based on required
obstacle clearance requirements and cloud ceiling limitations. They are LOAL-Direct (lowest
trajectory), LOAL-LO, and LOAL-HI (highest trajectory).

(g) Attacks on Multiple Targets. Multiple missiles attacking multiple high-

threat targets reduce the aircrew’s exposure. Rapid fire reduces laser operating time when
engaging multiple targets. During rapid fire, the aircrew uses a minimum of 8 seconds between
missiles. Use longer intervals based on experience, terrain, target array, and battlefield
obscuration. During multiple missile launches, the JTAC/designator must be sure that subsequent
missiles can receive reflected laser energy without interruption. Dust and smoke from initial
missile detonations can block or interrupt reception of laser energy by follow-on missiles. The
JTAC/designator should consider wind speed and direction when selecting multiple targets.
Multiple missile launches require close coordination and timing.

b. INS/GPS-Guided Weapons. These weapons rely on a self-contained GPS-aided INS,

which guides the weapon from the release point to target coordinates regardless of weather,
camouflage or obscurants. Some GPS/INS guided munitions may have seekers that if used,
will provide enhanced terminal guidance corrections, further increasing accuracy. These seekers
may include but are not limited to laser, television, and millimeter wave sensors. These weapons
require encrypted GPS signals and may require considerable pre-flight planning to achieve
optimum accuracy depending on weapon type, mission, etc.

(1) Advantages

(a) Accuracy. These weapons can be accurate if precise target location data is
known. Accuracy is also unaffected (assuming GPS-aided guidance) by launch range.

(b) Standoff. These weapons can provide standoff capability at very long
distances. Aircraft and aircrew can thereby effectively avoid any threat point defense weapons
systems by employing these weapons.

(c) All weather capability. INS/GPS guided munitions will normally offer an
all weather capability because they do not require designators for guidance. INS/GPS guided
weapons do not require the aircrew to see the target, as do unguided munitions, or to maintain
a clear LOS to the target as do laser-guided munitions.

V-60 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

(d) Multiple target capability. Depending on platform and weapon variety,

the weapons allow one aircraft to strike multiple stationary targets in one ‘pass’.

(2) Limitations

(a) Moving Targets. These weapons have no inherent capability against moving
targets. GPS/INS weapons fly to pre-programmed coordinates. If the target moves between
the time it is located, targeted, and the weapon released, the weapon will miss.

(b) Location Error. These weapons require extremely accurate target location
in both the horizontal and vertical plane. If that information is not available, the commander
must be advised as to the effects this will have on accuracy and subsequent reduction in
effectiveness. (All CAS participants must ensure they are using the same charts and same
reference system. World Geodetic System-84 is the DOD-assumed standard unless stated
otherwise in the SPINs.)

(c) Malfunctions. Precision-guided munitions (GPS/LGB’s) are very accurate;

however, they can be extremely hazardous when used for troops in contact. The footprint for
these weapons in the event of a malfunction, such as loss of guidance or control fin hard-over,
is very large and, in some cases, increases indefinably the probability of fratricide. When
able, precision-guided munitions should be employed parallel to the forward line of own troops
(FLOT).

(d) Depending on type, these weapons may be affected by strong winds

encountered after release.

(3) TTPs. Significant issues exist when using weapons that will be transiting over
or around friendly forces and use pre-programmed flight paths, and impact points. These
weapons once released, may not be recalled. Therefore, great care must be taken to ensure
that the best possible target location is obtained and that aircrew verify the correct target
coordinates have been input into the weapon. The following must be taken into account.
These weapons require detailed mission planning. If the commander allows the use of these
weapons the decision must be made early in the planning cycle. Attacking aircraft must increase
altitude to increase range. High release profiles must be deconflicted with other systems
operating below release altitudes.

8. AC-130

The AC-130 gunship is a uniquely capable CAS platform. Its extended loiter time and
precision fire and control systems offer the ground maneuver unit and JTAC specific capabilities
and limitations. This section identifies the basic JTTP used by JTACs and AC-130 aircrews to
conduct CAS.

a. AC-130 En Route Tactics. This section identifies the basic JTTP used by AC-130
aircrews to conduct CAS. Commanders should adjust these procedures as the combat situation
develops.

V-61
Chapter V

Because of extended loiter, AC-130 crews can work a series of targets with a single ground party

(1) Sensor Alignment/Wet Boresight. The AC-130 should complete airborne sensor
alignment and wet boresight (test fire) procedures prior to any CAS mission. Only under extreme
circumstances will a CAS mission be attempted without performing a sensor alignment/wet boresight.

(2) Ingress Tactics. The main consideration in selecting en route tactics is the avoidance of
enemy detection and fires. AC-130 crews conduct an extensive threat assessment using all available
intelligence data, and combine the threat assessment with a careful study of the terrain in order to establish
the ingress/egress routes, loiter areas, refueling tracks, and altitudes. Medium altitude ingress reduces
fuel consumption and simplifies navigation. When necessary, the AC-130’s low-level capability allows
ingress/egress through medium threat hostile territory to arrive in a low threat objective area.

(3) Orbiting. If no preplanned targets exist, the aircraft will normally proceed to a designated
orbit area and contact the ground party (TAC or JTAC, FSO, FIST, etc.) to report on station and await
tasking.

(4) Coordination. The AC-130 aircrew will make every effort to establish radio contact
while en route to speed acquisition of the tactical situation and authenticate the JTAC.

(5) CAS Briefing Form. AC-130 aircrews use the AC-130 Call for Fire (see Figures V-26
and V-27). In addition to the standard briefing items, the following items are mandatory for AC-130s: a
detailed threat description, marking of friendly locations, identifiable ground features, and the ground
commander’s willingness to accept “danger close.” Because the AC-130 is capable of extended loiter,
AC-130 crews can work a series of targets with a single ground party. In these cases, the CAS briefing
format can be abbreviated but must include: magnetic bearing and range to the target in meters from the
friendly position to the target; and a brief description of the target.

V-62 JP 3-09.3
 Execution

AC 130 CALL FOR FIRE

AC 130 CALL FOR FIRE

1. ______________THIS IS_____________________FIRE MISSION, OVER
(A/C CALL SIGN) (OBSERVER CALL SIGN)

2. MY POSITION______________, MARKED BY______________________

(GRID, BP, SBF, INT) (STROBE, BEACON, IR SPINNER)
__________________________, ___________________________________
(DIRECTION TO TARGET IN DEGREES) (DISTANCE TO TARGET IN METERS, AS ONE NUMBER)

_____________________________________________, OVER
(TARGET DESCRIPTION)

___________________________________THREATS (if applicable)

Figure V-26. AC-130 Call for Fire

b. Attack Phase

(1) Capabilities. The AC-130 can provide accurate fire support to ground units for
extended periods of time during the hours of darkness. Additionally, the sensor target acquisition
capabilities, coupled with ground beacon position marking, give the AC-130 a limited adverse
weather capability.

(2) Locating Friendly Positions. Normally, the first consideration in the attack
phase is to identify the friendly position. Various aids may be used by friendly ground forces
to expedite acquisition (e.g., strobe lights, flares, GLINT tape). In addition, there are several
electronic beacons that may be used to assist in locating friendly forces. The AC-130 crew
will maintain radio contact with the ground forces at all times during firing.

(3) Considerations for Close-in Fires. Due to the accuracy of the gunship fire
control system, ordnance can be delivered very close to friendly positions. However, several
factors must be considered:

(a) Terrain Features. Firing down an incline can cause considerable miss
distances.

(b) Burst Pattern. Consider the lethal areas of fragmentation for the various
type ordnance (105mm, 40mm, 25mm).

(4) Parameters for Attacking the Target. The type of target, its value, the
proximity of friendly forces, and the damage already inflicted will determine the gun
selection, type ammunition, and the number of rounds required to successfully attack the target.

V-63
Chapter V

ADJUSTING ROUNDS FOR THE AC-130 GUNSHIP

ADJUSTING ROUNDS FOR THE AC-130 GUNSHIP

USE CARDINAL/INTERCARDINAL DIRECTIONS AND DISTANCE
(E.G. “NORTHEAST 2OO, OVER”)

TO MOVE BURN, SAY: “MOVE BURN” OR “ROLL BURN”

ONCE BURN IS OVER TARGET, SAY: “FREEZE BURN”

If you say “STOP BURN,” they will turn it off

AC CAN NOT DISTINGUISH COLORS, THEY CAN DETERMINE IF

SOMETHING IS DARK OR LIGHT COLORED

DO NOT GIVE CLOCK DIRECTION “TARGET IS AT YOUR 2 O’CLOCK”

TRANSMISSION OF THE FIRE MISSION IS CLEARANCE FOR THE AC TO

FIRE, (UNLESS DANGER CLOSE)

**DANGER CLOSE 25 AND 40mm - 125 METERS

105mm - 200 METERS

Figure V-27. Adjusting Rounds for the AC-130 Gunship

(5) Procedures. One factor that distinguishes the AC-130 from other weapon systems,
other than precision night strike capability, is its ability to deliver firepower under conditions
of low ceilings and/or poor visibility. The AC-130H accomplishes this using the APQ-150
radar sensor. When employing the AC-130 with radar beacons, the JTAC must give all target
ranges and bearings from the location of the beacon. The beacon should be located as close as
is practical to the perimeter of friendly forces. Shorter offset distances allow for more
accurate weapons delivery. For longer offset distances first round accuracy may be reduced.
The AC-130U is equipped with a APQ-180 radar, giving it a true adverse-weather capability.

V-64 JP 3-09.3
 APPENDIX A
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT USING NIGHT
VISION DEVICES AND INFRARED POINTERS

PREPLANNED/SCHEDULED
(PLANNED LOCATION AND TIME)

1. Can a NVD acquire the target well enough to mark it with an IR marker?

2. What will the light conditions be at TOT?

a. Moon Phase/Rise/Set/Angle.

b. Overall Illumination Level.

c. What ambient light sources will interfere with the aircrew’s and my ability to acquire the target?

d. Are there any actions planned on my part that will change the light conditions prior to TOT?

e. Are there any actions anticipated by the enemy that will change the light conditions prior to
TOT?

3. Will anticipated periods of low visibility negate the use of IR pointers?

4. Are the pilots night vision goggle (NVG) qualified and have they worked with IR pointers? Do
they require a face-to-face pre-mission brief?

5. What profile must the aircraft fly to acquire the IR beam?

6. Is the background sufficient for the aircrew to acquire the beam?

7. Is there a run-in heading or final attack heading that optimizes the ability of the aircrew to acquire
the pointer’s location, the beam, and the target?

8. Is it best to self-mark location with an IR source, and/or acquire the aircraft with NVGs? Does the
aircraft have IR lights?

9. Will other assets (attack helicopters) using IR pointers confuse the CAS pilot?

10. Can the strike be conducted under EMCON?

11. After this TOT, can IR pointers still be used as a primary mark or will it be necessary to utilize an
alternate marking means?

A-1
Appendix A

Intentionally Blank

A-2 JP 3-09.3
 APPENDIX B
JOINT TACTICAL AIR STRIKE REQUEST (DD FORM 1972)

Section I – Mission Request

Line 1. UNIT CALLED. Identifies the unit designation/call sign/pre-assigned number. THIS
IS. Identifies the request originator by unit designation/call sign/pre-assigned number.
REQUEST NUMBER. For preplanned missions, indicates the originator’s request number in
series. For an immediate mission, this number is assigned by the ASOC/DASC. SENT, indicates
the time and the individual who transmitted the request.

Line 2. (Mission categories).

PREPLANNED: For preplanned requests, enter precedence (block A) or priority (block B).

A . PRECEDENCE is stated numerically in descending order of importance, as determined

by the requestor.

B. PRIORITY is expressed as shown below.

IMMEDIATE:

C. PRIORITY For immediate requests, enter priority (block C). A precedence entry is
not required for immediate requests because, by definition, all immediate requests are precedence
#1. Use the numerical designation below to determine priority (e.g., define the tactical situation)
for preplanned (block B) or immediate (block C):

1. Emergency. Targets that require immediate action and supersede all other categories
of mission priority.

2. Priority. Targets that require immediate action and supersede routine targets.

3. Routine. Targets of opportunity. Targets which do not demand urgency in

execution.

RECEIVED, indicates the time and the individual who received the request.

Line 3. TARGET IS/NUMBER OF. Describes the type, approximate size, and mobility of
the target to be attacked. It is necessary to specify, even if a rough estimate, the number of
targets (e.g., 10 tanks) or the size of the target area (e.g., personnel on a 500 meter front).
Otherwise planners cannot accurately determine what force is required — aircraft numbers/
type and ordnance amount/type.

Line 4. TARGET LOCATION IS. Locates the target by using the military grid reference
system prescribed for the area concerned.

A. COORDINATES. Locates a point target or starting point

B-1
Appendix B

B. COORDINATES. When used together with A, provides from A to B coordinates.

C. COORDINATES. When used together with A and B, provides a route.

D. COORDINATES. When used together with A through C, provides a route or describes

a target area.

E. TARGET ELEV. Target elevation in feet above sea level.

F. SHEET NO. Self-explanatory.

G. SERIES. Self-explanatory.

H. CHART NO. Self-explanatory.

CHECKED. Indicates with whom target information has been crosschecked.

Line 5. TARGET TIME/DATE. Indicates the time/date when the air strike is requested.

A. ASAP As soon as possible.

B. NLT The target is to be attacked before, but not later then the time indicated.

C. AT Indicates time at which target is to be attacked.

D. TO Denotes end of period of time in which support such as airborne alert or column
cover is required. When D is used, C and B are unnecessary.

Line 6. DESIRED ORD/RESULTS. Indicates the requestor’s desired air strike results. This
is essential information for the planner and must be carefully considered by the requestor.

A. ORDNANCE Desired ordnance.

B. DESTROY Self-explanatory.

C. NEUTRALIZE Self-explanatory.

D. HARASS/INTERDICT Self-explanatory.

Line 7. FINAL CONTROL. Identifies the final controller (e.g., JTAC, FAC[A]) who will
conduct the briefing and control the release of ordnance.

A. FAC Transmit the type of terminal control.

B. CALL SIGN Call sign of terminal controller.

C. FREQ Recommended TAD frequency.

B-2 JP 3-09.3
 Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (DD Form 1972)

D. FIX/CONT PT Military grid coordinates and/or navigational aid fix of a control

point which is the furthest limit of an attack aircraft’s route of flight prior to control by the
final controller.

Line 8. REMARKS Allows incorporation of briefing information not included elsewhere in

the request. Enter data of the standard 9-line CAS brief.

Section II – Coordination

Line 9. NSFS Naval surface fire support coordination.

Line 10. ARTY Artillery coordination.

Line 11. AIO/G-2/G-3 Air Intelligence Officer, G-2, G-3, or other Service equivalent
coordination.

Line 12. REQUEST Indicates the approval or disapproval of the request.

Line 13. BY Indicates the individual who approved or disapproved the request.

Line 14. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL Self-explanatory.

Line 15. RESTRICTIVE FIRE/AIR PLAN The ACA establishes airspace that is reasonably
safe from friendly surface-delivered non-nuclear fires. The ACA provides a warning to aircrew
of the parameters of surface-delivered fire in a specific area. A plan number or code name is
issued, as appropriate.

Line 16. IS IN EFFECT Establishes the time period that the applicable ACA plan will be in
effect.

Line 17. LOCATION Grid coordinates of the start/end points of the ACA’s centerline.

Line 18. WIDTH (METERS) Defines ACA from either side of the centerline.

Line 19. ALTITUDE/VERTEX ACA altitude given in feet above MSL.

Section III – Mission Data

NOTE: Mission data information transmitted to the requesting agency may be limited to
those items not included in the request.

Line 20. MISSION NUMBER Self-explanatory.

Line 21. CALL SIGN Self-explanatory.

Line 22. NO. AND TYPE AIRCRAFT Self-explanatory.

B-3
Appendix B

Line 23. ORDNANCE Type of ordnance either by code number or actual nomenclature.

Line 24. EST/ACT TAKEOFF Estimated or actual time the mission aircraft will take off.

Line 25. EST TOT Estimated time on target.

Line 26. CONT PT (COORDS) The farthest limit of the attack aircraft’s route of fight prior
to control by the final controller. Same as Line 7, item D, when designated in the request.

Line 27. INITIAL CONTACT Indicates the initial control agency the flight is to contact.

Line 28. FAC/FAC(A)/TAC(A) CALL SIGN/FREQ Call sign and frequency of the final
control agency.

Line 29. AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA Refer to lines 15 through 19 for this data.

Line 30. TGT DESCRIPTION Self-explanatory.

Line 31. TGT COORD/ELEV Self-explanatory.

Line 32. BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA) REPORT (USMTF INFLTREP) This
optional space is used to record BDA for each mission.

B-4 JP 3-09.3
 Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (DD Form 1972)

JOINT TACTICAL AIR STRIKE REQUEST See Joint Pub 3-09.3 for preparation instructions.
SECTION I - MISSION REQUEST DATE
1. UNIT CALLED REQUEST NUMBER SENT
TIME BY
PREPLANNED: A PRECEDENCE B PRIORITY RECEIVED
2. BY
IMMEDIATE: C PRIORITY TIME
TARGET IS/NUMBER OF
A PERS IN OPEN B PERS DUG IN C WPNS/MG/RR/AT D MORTARS, ARTY
E AAA ADA F RKTS MISSILE G ARMOR H VEHICLES
3. K PILLBOX, BUNKERS L SUPPLIES, EQUIP
I BLDGS J BRIDGES
M CENTER (CP, COM) N AREA O ROUTE P MOVING N E S W
Q REMARKS
TARGET LOCATION IS CHECKED
A B C D
4. (COORDINATES) (COORDINATES) (COORDINATES) (COORDINATES) BY
E TGT ELEV F SHEET NO. G SERIES H CHART NO.
TARGET TIME/DATE
5. A ASAP B NLT C AT D TO

DESIRED ORD/RESULTS A ORDNANCE

6.
B DESTROY C NEUTRALIZE D HARASS/INTERDICT
FINAL CONTROL
7. A FAC/RABFAC B CALL SIGN C FREQ
D CONT PT

8. REMARKS
1. P 9. EGRESS
2. HDNG MAG OFFSET: L/R
3. DISTANCE THE FOLLOWING MAY BE INCLUDED IN THE “REMARKS”,
4. TGT ELEVATION FEET MSL IF REQUIRED.
5. TGT DESCRIPTION BCN-TGT MAG BCN GRID /
6. TGT LOCATION BCT-TGT METERS TGT GRID /
7. MARK TYPE CODE BCN ELEVATION FEET MSL
8. FRIENDLIES
SECTION II - COORDINATION
9. NSFS 10. ARTY 11. AIO/G-2/G-3

12. REQUEST 13. BY 14. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL

APPROVED
DISAPPROVED
15. RESTRICTIVE FIRE/AIR PLAN 16. IS IN EFFECT
A IS NOT IN EFFECT B NUMBER A (FROM TIME) B (TO TIME)
17. LOCATION 18. WIDTH (METERS) 19. ALTITUDE/VERTEX
A B A B
(FROM COORDINATES) (TO COORDINATES) (MAX VERTEX) (MINIMUM)
SECTION III - MISSION DATA
20. MISSION NUMBER 21. CALL SIGN 22. NO. AND TYPE AIRCRAFT 23. ORDNANCE

24. EST/ALT TAKEOFF 25. EST TOT 26. CONT PT (COORDS) 27. INITIAL CONTACT

28. FAC/FAC(A)/TAC(A) CALL 29. AIRSPACE COORDINATION 30. TGT DESCRIPTION *31. TGT COORD/ELEV
SIGN/FREQ AREA

32. BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA) REPORT (USMTF INFLTREP) *TRANSMIT AS

LINE 1/CALL SIGN LINE 4/LOCATION APPROPRIATE
LINE 2/MSN NUMBER LINE 5/TOT
LINE 3/REQ NUMBER LINE 6/RESULTS
REMARKS
DD FORM 1972, JUL 2001 PREVIOUS EDITION MAY BE USED. Reset
Figure B-1. Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (DD Form 1972)

B-5
Appendix B

Intentionally Blank

B-6 JP 3-09.3
 APPENDIX C
SAMPLE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT AIRCREW
MISSION PLANNING GUIDE

Note: This is a notional mission planning guide. It provides a generalized list of planning
considerations and information to consider that have been found to be useful by various combat
units. UNITS SHOULD ALWAYS PREPARE THEIR OWN CHECKLISTS AND
GUIDELINES TAILORED TO THEIR MISSION, SITUATION, AND EQUIPMENT.

1. CAS Overview

a. Friendly Situation

(1) Forward edge of the battle area/FLOT.

(2) Control Points/IPs.

(3) Scheme of Maneuver.

(a) Target Area.

(b) Key Terrain.

(c) JTAC position and call sign.

(d) Supporting arms.

1. Artillery positions.

2. Mortars.

3. Gun target lines.

(e) Control Measures.

1. FSCL/CFL.

2. No fire areas.

3. Free fire areas.

4. Airspace Control Areas.

5. Missile Engagement Zone/Fighter Engagement Zone and status.

C-1
Appendix C

b. Intelligence

(1) Enemy Position and Number.

(a) Projected Intent.

(b) Likely Avenues of Approach.

(c) Observed Tactics.

(2) Supporting Elements.

(3) Threats.

(a) Locations.

(b) Threat Guidance.

1. RADAR.

2. Optical.

3. IR.

(c) Threat Capabilities.

(d) Indications and Warnings.

(e) Employment Doctrine.

c. Weather: Takeoff/Target/Land

(1) Ceiling.

(2) Visibility.

(3) Temperature/Dew Point.

(4) Winds.

d. Environment

(1) Sun Azimuth.

(2) Sun Elevation.

(3) Sunrise/Sunset Time.

C-2 JP 3-09.3
 Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide

(4) Moon Azimuth.

(5) Moon Elevation.

(6) Percent Illumination.

(7) Lux Level.

(8) Absolute Humidity.

(9) Historical Temperature.

(10) Predominant Albedos.

(11) Urban Lighting.

e. Mission/Objective

(1) Mission Statement.

(2) Commander’s Intent.

(3) Unit Supporting.

(4) Target Precedence.

(5) Priority of Fires.

(6) Preplanned Missions.

(a) USMTF.

(b) Groups/Series.

(c) Search Sectors.

(7) TOT/time on station.

(8) Divert Authority.

(9) ROE.

f. Control Procedures

(1) AOA Entry.

(a) Routing.

C-3
Appendix C

(b) Altitude/Airspeed.

(c) Available Control Agencies.

(d) Air Asset Deconfliction.

(2) CEOI.

(a) Authentication.

(b) HAVE QUICK.

(c) Secure Voice.

(d) Code/Pro Words.

(e) Changeover.

2. Execution

a. Ground Procedures

(1) Alert Posture and Upgrades.

(2) Mission Tape/Mission Load.

(3) NVG Eye Lane.

(4) AKAC Issue/checkout.

(5) Step Time.

(6) Weapons Preflight.

(7) Aircraft Preflight.

(8) Engine Start Time.

(a) INS Alignment Anomalies.

(b) Aircraft Lighting.

(c) FLIR Checks.

(d) Built-in Test Checks.

(9) Marshal.

C-4 JP 3-09.3
 Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide

(10) Check-in.

(a) HAVE QUICK Checks.

(b) KY-58/Secure Voice Checks.

(11) Taxi Plan.

(a) Foreign Object Damage Prevention.

(b) NVD Checks.

(12) Weapons Arming.

b. Airborne Transition

(1) Take-off.

(a) Position.

(b) Arresting Gear.

(c) Take-off Type.

(d) Calls.

(2) Climb out.

(a) Rendezvous.

(b) Profile.

1. Altitudes.

2. Airspeed.

3. Power settings.

(c) Formation: Look-out/Scan Tasking.

(d) NVD Donning.

(e) Light Package.

c. En Route

(1) C2.

C-5
Appendix C

(a) Primary Check-In.

(b) Alternate Check-In.

(c) Terminology.

(2) Combat Checks.

(a) Sensor Boresight.

(b) Weapon Boresight.

(c) Expendable Checks.

(d) Environmental Assessment.

(e) Radar altimeter Check.

(3) Routing.

(a) Stack/Hold/Push Points.

(b) Time/Fuel Management.

(c) Emitter/Lights Management.

d. Air Refueling

(1) Time.

(2) Track.

(3) Base Altitude/Altitude Blocks.

(4) Tanker Call Sign.

(5) Offloads.

(6) Time on Boom/Cycle Sequence.

(7) Formation Procedures.

(8) Post-aerial refueling.

e. Attack Phase

(1) Threat Zones.

C-6 JP 3-09.3
 Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide

(2) Combat Checks.

(3) CAS Brief.

(a) Holding .

1. Profile.

2. Formation.

3. Tasking/Responsibility.

4. Deconfliction.

(b) System Interface.

(c) Cadence.

(d) System Update.

(4) Terminal Attack Control.

(a) Communications.

1. Required Calls.

2. Reasonable Assurance.

(b) Restricted Run-Ins.

(c) Available Marks.

(d) Laser Code/Code Words.

(e) Minimum Capable Hack Time.

(5) Attack Plan.

(a) Preplanned Missions: Changes to the Plan.

(b) Immediate Missions.

1. Push profile.

a. Formation.

b. Tasking.

C-7
Appendix C

2. Separation.

a. Initiation.

b. Geometry/Timing.

3. Attack Parameters.

a. Lead.

b. Wingmen.

4. Acquisition Predictions.

a. Mark.

b. Mil Size of Corrections.

c. Target Scan Technique.

d. Primary Sensor.

e. System Aids.

5. Release.

a. Parameters.

b. Mode.

c. Weapons Allocation.

d. Abort Criteria.

6. Off-Target.

a. Maneuver.

b. Expendables.

c. Cadence.

d. Routing.

e. Mutual Support.

7. Rendezvous.

C-8 JP 3-09.3
 Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide

a. Profile.

b. Deconfliction.

c. Cadence.

(6) Attack Plan Variations.

(7) Reattack Plan.

(a) Criteria.

(b) Minimum Disengagement.

1. Time.

2. Distance.

3. Terrain.

(c) Communication Requirement.

1. Inter-flight.

2. JTAC.

(d) Deconfliction.

f. Return to Force

(1) Rendezvous.

(a) Position.

(b) Profile.

(c) Aircraft Damage Assessment.

(2) Dump Target Plan.

(3) Combat Checklist.

(4) C2.

(a) Route.

(b) Profile.

C-9
Appendix C

(c) Tasking.

(d) Lame Duck/Wounded Bird Procedures.

(e) C2 Agencies.

(f) BDA/S-2 Push.

(g) Intergrated Air Defense System Penetration.

1. Identification Friend or Foe/Lights/other emitters.

2. ADA monitors.

(h) Divert/Alternate/Emergency Airfields.

g. Recovery

(1) C2.

(2) Recovery Type.

(a) Primary.

(b) Secondary.

(3) NVD Stowage.

(4) Formation Break-up.

(5) Landing.

(a) Primary.

(b) Secondary.

(6) Dearm/Safing Procedures.

C-10 JP 3-09.3
 APPENDIX D
RISK-ESTIMATE DISTANCES
1. General
Risk-estimate distances allow commanders to estimate the risk in terms of percent of friendly
casualties that may result from an air strike against the enemy. Risk-estimate distances are
based on fragmentation patterns. Risk-estimate distances are for combat use and are not
minimum safe distances for peacetime training. See Joint Munitions Effectiveness
Manuals, appropriate Service or Command guidance, or FM 309.32/FMFRP 2-72/ACCP
50-28/USAFEP 50-9/PACAFP 50-28/CINCLANTFLTINST 3330.5 for peacetime
restrictions.

2. Computations
All attacks are parallel to the FLOT. Distances are computed from the intended impact
point of the center of a stick of bombs or a pod of rockets. Deflection distance (from the
aiming point toward friendly troops) is built into the risk-estimate distance. The deflection
distance equals the distance from the aircraft centerline to the farthest outboard station plus
the lateral distance that a weapon travels because of rack-ejection velocity.

3. Relationships Between Weapon Impact and Point of

Intersection
For all determinations in Figure D-1, the position of a prone man was assumed to be on a
line perpendicular to the line of flight (or line of weapon impacts) at the midpoint of the line
(stick) of weapons. For all sticks of weapons, a weapon was assumed to impact at the point
of intersection of these two lines. Thus, for the weapons evaluated, the following relationships
between weapon impact and the point of intersection were assumed:

a. General purpose bombs. Center bomb of stick impacts at point of intersection.

b. Rockets. Center rocket.

c. Cluster weapons. Pattern center of the center dispenser.

d. Guns. Center of pattern.

e. Maverick. Single-weapon delivery impacting at point of intersection.

4. Weapon Reliability and Delivery Parameters

A weapon reliability of 1.0 was used for all weapons evaluated. Delivery parameters and
considerations for specific weapons are in Joint Munition Effectiveness Manual/Air-to-Surface
(JMEM/AS): Risk Estimates for Friendly Troops (C), TH 61A1-3-9AVAIR OO-130ASR-9,
19 Dec 86.

D-1
Appendix D

RISK-ESTIMATE DISTANCES FOR

AIRCRAFT-DELIVERED ORDNANCE
Weapon Description 10% PI meters 0.1% PI meters
Mk-82 LD 1 contact 500-lb bomb 145 325
Mk-82 LD 1,2 airburst 500-lb bomb 175 390
Mk-82 HD 3 contact 500-lb bomb/retarded 110 290
Mk-82 HD 2,3 airburst 500-lb bomb 135 350
Mk-83 LD 1 contact 1,000-lb bomb 175 385
Mk-83 LD 1,2 airburst 1,000-lb bomb 195 405
Mk-83 HD 3 contact 1,000-lb bomb/retarded 130 330
Mk-83 HD 2,3 airburst 1,000-lb bomb/retarded 160 375
Mk-84 LD 1 contact 2,000-lb bomb 175 430
Mk-84 LD 1,2 airburst 2,000-lb bomb 190 510
Mk-84 HD 3 contact 2,000-lb bomb/retarded 115 350
Mk-84 HD 2,3 airburst 2,000-lb bomb/retarded 140 460
CBU-87 4, CBU-89 4 CEM or GATOR 165 220
CBU-99 4, 100 4 CBU-87/89 w/kit 100 145
Mk20 4 Rockeye 100 145
2.75" Rockets med alt 255 440
M151, M229, M261 5
2.75 “ Rockets low alt 145 240
Zuni - all warheads 5 5" Rockets 220 340
M61A1, M197 20 mm gatling 80 125
GAU-12 25 mm gatling 40 50
GPU-5A, M230A1 30 mm gatling/chain 25 40
GAU-8 (A-10) 30 mm gatling 40 65
25mm 35 65
AC-130 40mm 25 75
105mm 65 165
GBU-12 500-lb LGB 95 300
GBU-16 1,000-lb LGB 105 350
GBU-10/24 2,000 lb LGB 90 340
GBU-38 500-lb JDAM 95 300
GBU-32 1,000-lb JDAM 105 350
GBU-31 2,000-lb JDAM 90 340
AGM-130 2,000 lb TV guided 90 335
BLU-97 JSOW Not Available Not Available
AGM-158A JASSM 55 235
AGM-65 Maverick (All) 25 95
AGM-114 Hellfire 40 105
BGM 71 TOW Anti-tank Not Available Not Available
NOTES:
1,2 -- LD=low drag airburst fusing (DSU-33)
3 -- HD=high drag/air inflatable retarder (AIR)
4 -- Not recommended for use with troops in contact
5 -- Fixed-wing only. Helicopter numbers not available

Figure D-1. Risk-Estimate Distances for Aircraft-Delivered Ordnance

D-2 JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)

 Risk-Estimate Distances
NOTE: Users must fully understand the assumptions used to develop this risk estimate
distances. All values were calculated using the General Fullspray Personnel Program
from the Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness at Eglin AFB,
FL. The classified assumptions and conditions used to develop the aircraft ordnance risk
estimate table are available on the Air Land Sea Applications (ALSA) Center’s classified
website, https://www.acc.langley.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire.htm. Combining the online
assumptions and/or conditions with the risk estimate numbers makes both sets of numbers
classified. The risk estimate table in Figure D-1 depicts a “worst possible” scenario.

WARNING: The risk estimate distances listed in Figure D-1 are highly generalized and
are valid only for the conditions specified in the assumptions spreadsheet on the ALSA
website, https://www.acc.langley.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire.htm. Any changes to these
assumptions may significantly increase the risk estimate distances.

5. Casualty Criterion
The casualty criterion is the 5-minute assault criterion for a prone soldier in winter clothing
and helmet. The physical incapacitation means a soldier is physically unable to function in
an assault within a 5-minute period after an attack. A PI value of less than 0.1 percent PI can
be interpreted as being less than or equal to one chance in one thousand.

WARNING: RISK ESTIMATE DISTANCES DO NOTREPRESENT MAXIMUM

FRAGMENTATION ENVELOPES OFTHE WEAPONS LISTED.

6. Troops in Contact
Unless the ground commander determines otherwise, the JTAC should regard friendlies
within 1 km of targets as a “troops in contact” situation and advise the ground commander
accordingly. However, friendlies outside of 1 km may still be subject to weapon effects.
JTACs and aircrews must carefully weigh the choice of ordnance and delivery profile in
relation to the risk of fratricide. The ground commander must accept responsibility for the
risk to friendly forces when targets are inside the 0.1 percent PI distance. When ground
commanders pass their initials to JTACs they accept the risk inherent in ordnance delivery
inside the 0.1 percent PI distance. Ordnance delivery inside 0.1 percent PI distances will be
considered as “Danger Close.”

(CH 1) D-3
Appendix D

Intentionally Blank

D-4 JP 3-09.3 (CH 1)

 APPENDIX E
REFERENCES

The development of JP 3-09.3 is based on the following sources:

1. JP 1, Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States.

2. JP 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.

3. JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations.

4. JP 3-01.4, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Suppression of Enemy Air
Defenses (J-SEAD).

5. JP 3-05, Doctrine for Joint Special Operations.

6. JP 3-09, Doctrine for Joint Fire Support.

7. JP 3-09.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Laser Designation Operations.

8. JP 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations.

9. JP 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone.

10. Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine.

11. AFDD 2, Organization and Employment of Air and Space Forces.

12. AFDD 2-1, Air Warfare.

13. AFDD 2-1.3, Counterland.

14. AFTTP 3-1, Volumes 3, 4, 5, 13, 16, 17, 20, 31, (Tactical Employment of Aircraft).

15. FM 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics.

16. FM 3-0, Operations.

17. FM 3-04.100, Army Aviation Operations.

18. FM 3-04.111, Aviation Brigades.

19. FM 3-04.112, Attack Helicopter Operations.

20. FM 3-04.114, Air Cavalry Squadron and Troop Operations.

E-1
Appendix E

21. FM 3-09, Fire Support in the Airland Battle.

22. FM 3-09.3, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Observed Fire and Fire Support at
Battalion Task Force and Below.

23. FM 3-09.30, Fire Support for Division Operations.

24. FM 3-09.40, Fire Support for Brigade Operations.

25. FM 3-20.95, Cavalry Operations.

26. FM 3-52, Army Airspace Command and Control in a Combat Zone.

27. FM 3-97.18; MCRP 3-25B; NWP 6-02.1, and AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multi-Service Operations
Brevity Codes.

28. FM 90-20, MCRP 3-16.8B, NWP 3-09.2, AFTTP(I) 3-2.6, Multi-Service Procedures for
the Joint Application of Fire Power (J-FIRE).

29. FM 100-103-2, Marine Corps Warfare Publication (MCWP) 3-25.2, NWP 3-56.2, AFTTP(I)
3-2.17, Multi-Service Procedures for Theater Air Ground Systems.

30. MCWP 3-23, Offensive Air Support.

31. MCWP 3-23.1, Close Air Support.

32. MCWP 3-18.1, Marine Corps Fire Support System Techniques and Procedures.

33. MCWP 3-25, Control of Aircraft and Missiles.

34. Military Standard 6040, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual 6120.05, Joint
Interoperability Engineering Organization Circ 9152, United States Message Text Formatting.

E-2 JP 3-09.3
 APPENDIX F
ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to:
Commander, United States Joint Forces Command, Joint Warfighting Center Code JW100,
116 Lake View Parkway, Suffolk, VA 23435-2697. These comments should address content
(accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Marine Corps. The Joint Staff doctrine
sponsor for this publication is the Director, J-7, Joint Staff.

3. Supersession

This publication supersedes JP 3-09.3, 1 December 1995, Joint Tactics, Techniques, ad

Procedures for Close Air Support.

4. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: CC MCCDC QUANTICO VA//C427//

INFO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDETD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and Joint Force
Development (J-7), JDETD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000, with
info copies to the USJFCOM JWFC.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff that would change source document information reflected in this publication, that
directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal.
The Military Services and other organizations are requested to notify the Director, J-7, Joint
Staff, when changes to source documents reflected in this publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTED

NUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS
1 1 2September2005 9September2005 JEDD None
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

F-1
Appendix F

5. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication centers listed
below (initial contact) or the USJFCOM JWFC in the event that the joint publication is not available
from the Service.

b. Only approved joint publications and joint test publications are releasable outside the combatant
commands, Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreign governments
or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attaché Office) to DIA
Foreign Liaison Office, PO-FL, Room 1E811, 7400 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned administrative support
responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 15 November 1999, Support of the Headquarters of Unified,
Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.

Army: US Army AG Publication Center SL

1655 Woodson Road
Attn: Joint Publications
St. Louis, MO 63114-6181

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard
Baltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point

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Bldg 1, Customer Service
Philadelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Commander (Attn: Publications)

814 Radford Blvd, Suite 20321
Albany, GA 31704-0321

Coast Guard: Commandant Coast Guard (G-OPD), US Coast Guard

2100 2nd Street, SW
Washington, DC 20593-0001

Commander
USJFCOM JWFC Code JW2102
Doctrine Division (Publication Distribution)
116 Lake View Parkway
Suffolk, VA 23435-2697

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is unrestricted. However,

access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint publications must be in accordance with
DOD Regulation 5200.1-R, Information Security Program.

F-2 JP 3-09.3
 GLOSSARY
PART I — ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A2C2 Army airspace command and control

AAA antiaircraft artillery
AAGS Army air-ground system
ACA airspace coordination area
ACCE air component coordination element
ACE aviation combat element
ACEOI Automated Communications-Electronics Operating Instructions
ACM airspace control measure
ACO airspace control order
ACP air commander’s pointer
ADA air defense artillery
AFAOC Air Force air and space operations center
AFARN Air Force air request net
AFDD Air Force doctrine document
AFFOR Air Force forces
AFTTP Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures
AGL above ground level
ALO air liaison officer
AM amplitude modulation
AO air officer
AOA amphibious objective area
AOF azimuth of fire
ARFOR Army forces
ASCS air support control section
ASOC air support operations center
ATCS air traffic control section
ATO air tasking order
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System

BCD battlefield coordination detachment

BDA battle damage assessment
BN battalion
BOS battlefield operating system
BP battle position

C2 command and control

C3 command, control, and communications
CAP crisis action planning
CAS close air support
CBU cluster bomb unit
CCIP continuously computed impact point
CCIR commander’s critical information requirement
CEOI communications-electronics operating instructions
CFL coordinated fire line

GL-1
Glossary

CID combat identification

CLT combat lasing team
COA course of action
COC combat operations center
COE concept of employment
COF conduct of fire
COLT combat observation and lasing team
COMAFFOR commander, Air Force forces
COMMARFOR commander, Marine Corps forces
COMNAVFOR commander, Navy forces
CONOPS concept of operations
CP contact point
CRC control and reporting center

DASC direct air support center

DASC(A) direct air support center (airborne)

EFST essential fire support task

ELINT electronic intelligence
EMCON emission control
EO electro-optical
EW electronic warfare

FAC forward air controller

FAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)
FARP forward arming and refueling point
FDC fire direction center
FFA free-fire area
FFCC force fires coordination center
FIST fire support team
FLIR forward-looking infrared
FLOT forward line of own troops
FM field manual
FOB forward operating base
FP firing point
FPF final protective fire
FSC fire support coordinator
FSCC fire support coordination center
FSCL fire support coordination line
FSCM fire support coordinating measure
FSE fire support element
FSEM fire support execution matrix
FSO fire support officer

G-3 operations staff officer

GCE ground combat element
GCP ground commander’s pointer
GLINT gated laser intensifier

GL-2 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

GLTD ground laser target designator

GPS global positioning system
GTL gun target line

HA holding area
HDC helicopter direction center
HF high frequency
HHQ higher headquarters
HIDACZ high-density airspace control zone
HPTL high-payoff target list
HQ headquarters
HR helicopter request
HUMINT human intelligence

INFLTREP inflight report

INS inertial navigation system
IP initial point
IR infrared
ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

J-6 command, control, communications, and computer systems

directorate of a joint staff
JAAT joint air attack team
JAOC joint air operations center
JCEOI joint communications-electronics operating instructions
JFACC joint force air component commander
JFC joint force commander
JFLCC joint force land component commander
JFSOCC joint force special operations component commander
JIPB joint intelligence preparation of the battlespace
JOA joint operations area
JP joint publication
JSOAC joint special operations air component
JSOACC joint special operations air component commander
JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System
JTAC joint terminal attack controller
JTAR joint tactical air strike request
JTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

km kilometer

LF landing force
LGB laser-guided bomb
LGM laser-guided missile
LGW laser-guided weapon
LOAC law of armed conflict
LOAL lock-on after launch
LOBL lock-on before launch

GL-3
Glossary

LOS line of sight

LRF laser range finder
LST laser spot tracker
LTD laser target designator

MACCS Marine air command and control system

MACG Marine air control group
MAGTF Marine air-ground task force
MANPADS man-portable air defense system
MAXORD maximum ordinate
MCRP Marine Corps reference publication
MCWP Marine Corps warfare publication
MEDEVAC medical evacuation
METT-T mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-
time available
MISREP mission report
MRR minimum-risk route
MSL mean sea level

NAI named area of interest

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCS net control station
NFA no-fire area
NGLO naval gunfire liaison officer
nm nautical mile
NOE nap-of-the-earth
NSFS naval surface fire support
NTACS Navy tactical air control system
NVD night vision device
NVG night vision goggle
NWP naval warfare publication

O&I operations and intelligence

OPCON operational control
OPLAN operation plan
OPORD operation order
OSC on-scene commander

PI probability of incapacitation
POF priority of fires
PRF pulse repetition frequency

R&S reconnaissance and surveillance

RFL restrictive fire line
ROE rules of engagement
ROZ restricted operations zone

S-3 battalion/brigade operations staff officer

GL-4 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

SA situational awareness
SACC supporting arms coordination center
SAM surface-to-air missile
SAR synthetic aperture radar
SATCOM satellite communications
SCL standard conventional load
SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses
SINCGARS Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System
SOCCE special operations command and control element
SOF special operations forces
SOI signal operating instructions
SOLE special operations liaison element
SOP standing operating procedure
SPINS special instructions
SSB single side band

TAC terminal attack controller

TAC(A) tactical air coordinator (airborne)
TACC tactical air control center
TACP tactical air control party
TACS theater air control system
TAD tactical air direction
TADC tactical air direction center
TAGS theater air ground system
TAI target areas of interest
TAOC tactical air operations center
TAR tactical air request
TATC tactical air traffic control
TGO terminal guidance operations
TLE target location error
TOC tactical operations center
TOT time on target
TPME task, purpose, method, and effects
TRAP tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (USMC)
TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures
TTT time to target

UAV unmanned aerial vehicle

UHF ultra-high frequency
USAF United States Air Force
USMC United States Marine Corps
USMTF US message text formatting
USN United States Navy

VHF very high frequency

WOC wing operations center

WP white phosphorous

GL-5
 PART II — TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

airborne battlefield command and control center. None. (Approved for removal from the
next edition of JP 1-02.)

air fire plan. None. (Approved for removal from the next edition of JP 1-02.)

Air Force air and space operations center. The senior agency of the Air Force component
commander that provides command and control of Air Force air and space operations and
coordinates with other components and Services. Also called AFAOC. (This term and its
definition modify the term “air operations center” and its definition and are approved for
inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

air ground operations system. None. (Approved for removal from the next edition of JP
1-02.)

air interdiction. Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy’s military
potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such distance
from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement
of friendly forces is not required. (JP 1-02)

air liaison officer. The senior tactical air control party member attached to a ground unit who
functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air power. An air liaison
officer is usually an aeronautically rated officer. Also called ALO. (This term and its
definition modify the existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the
next edition of JP 1-02.)

airspace control authority. The commander designated to assume overall responsibility for
the operation of the airspace control system in the airspace control area. Also called
ACA. (JP 1-02)

airspace control order. An order implementing the airspace control plan that provides the
details of the approved requests for airspace control measures. It is published either as
part of the air tasking order or as a separate document. Also called ACO. (JP 1-02)

airspace control plan. The document approved by the joint force commander that provides
specific planning guidance and procedures for the airspace control system for the joint
force area of responsibility and/or joint operations area. Also called ACP. (JP 1-02)

airspace coordination area. A three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area, established

by the appropriate ground commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from
friendly surface fires. The airspace coordination area may be formal or informal. Also
called ACA. (JP 1-02)

air superiority. That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another that
permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, and air forces at
a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force. (JP 1-02)

GL-6 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

air support operations center. The principal air control agency of the theater air control
system responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly supporting the
ground combat element. It processes and coordinates requests for immediate air support
and coordinates air missions requiring integration with other supporting arms and ground
forces. It normally collocates with the Army tactical headquarters senior fire support
coordination center within the ground combat element. Also called ASOC. (This term
and its definition modify the existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion
in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

area air defense commander. Within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or
joint task force, the commander will assign overall responsibility for air defense to a
single commander. Normally this will be the component commander with the
preponderance of air defense capability and the command, control, and communication
capability to plan and execute integrated air defense operations. Representation from the
other components involved will be provided, as appropriate, to the area air defense
commander’s headquarters. Also called AADC. (JP 1-02)

Army air-ground system. The Army system which provides for interface between Army and
tactical air support agencies of other Services in the planning, evaluating, processing, and
coordinating of air support requirements and operations. It is composed of appropriate
staff members, including G-2 air and G-3 air personnel, and necessary communication
equipment. Also called AAGS. (JP 1-02)

attack heading. 1. The interceptor heading during the attack phase that will achieve the desired
track-crossing angle. 2. The assigned magnetic compass heading to be flown by aircraft
during the delivery phase of an air strike. (JP 1-02)

battle damage assessment. The timely and accurate estimate of damage resulting from the
application of military force, either lethal or non-lethal, against a predetermined objective.
Battle damage assessment can be applied to the employment of all types of weapon systems
(air, ground, naval, and special forces weapon systems) throughout the range of military
operations. Battle damage assessment is primarily an intelligence responsibility with
required inputs and coordination from the operators. Battle damage assessment is composed
of physical damage assessment, functional damage assessment, and target system
assessment. Also called BDA. (JP 1-02)

boundary. A line that delineates surface areas for the purpose of facilitating coordination and
deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas. (JP 1-02)

close air support. Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are
in close proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission
with the fire and movement of those forces. Also called CAS. (JP 1-02)

command and control. The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated
commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission.
Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel,
equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in

GL-7
Glossary

planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the

accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. (JP 1-02)

concept of operations. A verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a commander’s

assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations. The concept of
operations frequently is embodied in campaign plans and operation plans; in the latter
case, particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out
simultaneously or in succession. The concept is designed to give an overall picture of the
operation. It is included primarily for additional clarity of purpose. Also called
commander’s concept or CONOPS. (JP 1-02)

continue. Term used by a qualified terminal attack controller, who has assumed control of an
attacking aircraft. Grants clearance to continue present maneuver; does not imply a change
in clearance to engage or expend ordnance. (This term and its definition are applicable
only in the context of this publication and cannot be referenced outside this publication.)

coordinating altitude. A procedural airspace control method to separate fixed- and rotary-
wing aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft will normally
not fly and above which rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly. The coordinating
altitude is normally specified in the airspace control plan and may include a buffer zone
for small altitude deviations. (JP 1-02)

direct air support center. The principal air control agency of the US Marine air command
and control system responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly
supporting the ground combat element. It processes and coordinates requests for immediate
air support and coordinates air missions requiring integration with ground forces and other
supporting arms. It normally collocates with the senior fire support coordination center
within the ground combat element and is subordinate to the tactical air command center.
Also called DASC. (JP 1-02)

direct air support center (airborne). An airborne aircraft equipped with the necessary staff
personnel, communications, and operations facilities to function as a direct air support
center. Also called DASC-A. (JP 1-02)

direct fire. Fire delivered on a target using the target itself as a point of aim for either the
weapon or the director. (This term and its definition modify the existing term and its
definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

direct support. A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing
it to answer directly to the supported force’s request for assistance. Also called DS. (JP
1-02)

electronic warfare. Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed
energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Also called EW.
The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic
protection, and electronic warfare support. a. electronic attack. That division of electronic
warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation
weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,

GL-8 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires.

Also called EA. EA includes: 1) actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective
use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception,
and 2) employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their
primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams). b.
electronic protection. That division of electronic warfare involving passive and active
means taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or
enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly
combat capability. Also called EP. c. electronic warfare support. That division of
electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational
commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional
and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat
recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future operations. Thus, electronic warfare
support provides information required for decisions involving electronic warfare operations
and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing. Also called
ES. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce signals intelligence, provide
targeting for electronic or destructive attack, and produce measurement and signature
intelligence. (JP 1-02)

emission control. The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other
emitters to optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing, for operations
security: a. detection by enemy sensors; b. mutual interference among friendly systems;
and/or c. enemy interference with the ability to execute a military deception plan. Also
called EMCON. (JP 1-02)

fires. The effects of lethal or nonlethal weapons. (JP 1-02)

fire support. Fires that directly support land, maritime, amphibious, and special operations
forces to engage enemy forces, combat formations, and facilities in pursuit of tactical and
operational objectives. (This term and its definition modify the existing term and its
definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

fire support coordinating measure. A measure employed by land or amphibious commanders

to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneously provide safeguards for
friendly forces. Also called FSCM. (This term and its definition modify the existing term
and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

fire support coordination. The planning and executing of fire so that targets are adequately
covered by a suitable weapon or group of weapons. (JP 1-02)

fire support coordination center. A single location in which are centralized communications
facilities and personnel incident to the coordination of all forms of fire support. Also
called FSCC. (JP 1-02)

fire support coordination line. A fire support coordinating measure that is established and
adjusted by appropriate land or amphibious force commanders within their boundaries in
consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected commanders. Fire support
coordination lines (FSCLs) facilitate the expeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity
beyond the coordinating measure. An FSCL does not divide an area of operations by

GL-9
Glossary

defining a boundary between close and deep operations or a zone for close air support.
The FSCL applies to all fires of air, land, and sea-based weapons systems using any type
of ammunition. Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL must inform all affected
commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide. Supporting elements
attacking targets beyond the FSCL must ensure that the attack will not produce adverse
attacks on, or to the rear of, the line. Short of an FSCL, all air-to-ground and surface-to-
surface attack operations are controlled by the appropriate land or amphibious force
commander. The FSCL should follow well-defined terrain features. Coordination of attacks
beyond the FSCL is especially critical to commanders of air, land, and special operations
forces. In exceptional circumstances, the inability to conduct this coordination will not
preclude the attack of targets beyond the FSCL. However, failure to do so may increase
the risk of fratricide and could waste limited resources. Also called FSCL. (JP 1-02)

fire support team. A team provided by the field artillery component to each maneuver company
and troop to plan and coordinate all supporting fires available to the unit, including mortars,
field artillery, naval surface fire support, and close air support integration. Also called
FIST. (This term and its definition modify the existing term and its definition and are
approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

forward air controller. An officer (aviator/pilot) member of the tactical air control party
who, from a forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in close air support of
ground troops. Also called FAC. (JP 1-02)

forward air controller (airborne). A specifically trained and qualified aviation officer who
exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in close air support of ground troops.
The forward air controller (airborne) is normally an airborne extension of the tactical air
control party. Also called FAC(A). (JP 1-02)

forward arming and refueling point. A temporary facility — organized, equipped, and
deployed by an aviation commander, and normally located in the main battle area closer
to the area where operations are being conducted than the aviation unit’s combat service
area — to provide fuel and ammunition necessary for the employment of aviation maneuver
units in combat. The forward arming and refueling point permits combat aircraft to rapidly
refuel and rearm simultaneously. Also called FARP. (JP 1-02)

forward edge of the battle area. The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground
combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or screening forces
are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the
maneuver of units. Also called FEBA. (JP 1-02)

forward line of own troops. A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly
forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. The forward line of own troops
(FLOT) normally identifies the forward location of covering and screening forces. The
FLOT may be at, beyond, or short of the forward edge of the battle area. An enemy FLOT
indicates the forward-most position of hostile forces. Also called FLOT. (JP 1-02)

forward-looking infrared. An airborne, electro-optical thermal imaging device that detects

far-infrared energy, converts the energy into an electronic signal, and provides a visible

GL-10 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

image for day or night viewing. Also called FLIR. (JP 1-02)

forward operating base. An airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing
full support facilities. The base may be used for an extended time period. Support by a
main operating base will be required to provide backup support for a forward operating
base. Also called FOB. (JP 1-02)

free-fire area. A specific area into which any weapon system may fire without additional
coordination with the establishing headquarters. (JP 1-02)

general support. 1. That support which is given to the supported force as a whole and not to
any particular subdivision thereof. 2. A tactical artillery mission. Also called GS. (JP 1-02)

high-density airspace control zone. Airspace designated in an airspace control plan or airspace
control order, in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and varied weapons
and airspace users. A high-density airspace control zone has defined dimensions which
usually coincide with geographical features or navigational aids. Access to a high-density
airspace control zone is normally controlled by the maneuver commander. The maneuver
commander can also direct a more restrictive weapons status within the high-density
airspace control zone. Also called HIDACZ. (JP 1-02)

high-payoff target. A target whose loss to the enemy will significantly contribute to the
success of the friendly course of action. High-payoff targets are those high-value targets
that must be acquired and successfully attacked for the success of the friendly commander’s
mission. Also called HPT. (JP 1-02)

high-value target. A target the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of
the mission. The loss of high-value targets would be expected to seriously degrade
important enemy functions throughout the friendly commander’s area of interest. Also
called HVT. (JP 1-02)

immediate air support. Air support to meet specific requests which arise during the course of
a battle and which by their nature cannot be planned in advance. (JP 1-02)

immediate mission request. A request for an air strike on a target that, by its nature, could
not be identified sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and
planning. (JP 1-02)

infrared pointer. A low power laser device operating in the near infrared light spectrum that
is visible with light amplifying night vision devices. Also called IR pointer. (JP 1-02)

interdiction. An action to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy’s surface military potential
before it can be used effectively against friendly forces. (JP 1-02)

joint air attack team. A combination of attack and/or scout rotary-wing aircraft and fixed-
wing close air support aircraft operating together to locate and attack high-priority targets
and other targets of opportunity. The joint air attack team normally operates as a coordinated
effort supported by fire support, air defense artillery, naval surface fire support, intelligence,

GL-11
Glossary

surveillance, and reconnaissance systems, electronic warfare systems, and ground maneuver
forces against enemy forces. Joint terminal attack controllers may perform duties as
directed by the air mission commander in support of the ground commander’s scheme of
maneuver. Also called JAAT. (Approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

joint air operations. Air operations performed with air capabilities/forces made available by
components in support of the joint force commander’s operation or campaign objectives,
or in support of other components of the joint force. (JP 1-02)

joint air operations center. A jointly staffed facility established for planning, directing, and
executing joint air operations in support of the joint force commander’s operation or
campaign objectives. Also called JAOC. (JP 1-02)

joint fires. Fires produced during the employment of forces from two or more components in
coordinated action toward a common objective. (JP 1-02)

joint fires element. An optional staff element that provides recommendations to the operations
directorate to accomplish fires planning and synchronization. Also called JFE. (JP 1-02)

joint fire support. Joint fires that assist land, maritime, amphibious, and special operations
forces to move, maneuver, and control territory, populations, and key waters. (JP 1-02)

joint force air component commander. The commander within a unified command,
subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander
for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or
made available for tasking air forces; planning and coordinating air operations; or
accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force air component
commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by
the establishing commander. Also called JFACC. (JP 1-02)

joint force commander. A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified

commander, or joint task force commander authorized to exercise combatant command
(command authority) or operational control over a joint force. Also called JFC. (JP 1-02)

joint terminal attack controller. A qualified (certified) Service member who, from a forward
position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support and other
offensive air operations. A qualified and current joint terminal attack controller will be
recognized across the Department of Defense as capable and authorized to perform terminal
attack control. Also called JTAC. (Approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

Marine air command and control system. A system that provides the aviation combat element
commander with the means to command, coordinate, and control all air operations within
an assigned sector and to coordinate air operations with other Services. It is composed of
command and control agencies with communications-electronics equipment that
incorporates a capability from manual through semiautomatic control. Also called MACCS.
(JP 1-02)

GL-12 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

naval surface fire support. Fire provided by Navy surface gun and missile systems in support
of a unit or units. Also called NSFS. (This term and its definition modify the existing
term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

night vision device. Any electro-optical device that is used to detect visible and infrared
energy and provide a visible image. Night vision goggles, forward-looking infrared, thermal
sights, and low light level television are night vision devices. Also called NVD. (JP 1-02)

night vision goggle(s). An electro-optical image intensifying device that detects visible and
near-infrared energy, intensifies the energy, and provides a visible image for night viewing.
Night vision goggles can be either hand-held or helmet-mounted. Also called NVG. (JP
1-02)

no-fire area. An area designated by the appropriate commander into which fires or their
effects are prohibited. Also called NFA. (This term and its definition modify the existing
term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

preplanned air support. Air support in accordance with a program, planned in advance of
operations. (JP 1-02)

preplanned mission request. A request for an air strike on a target that can be anticipated
sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and planning. (JP 1-02)

procedure word. A word or phrase limited to radio telephone procedure used to facilitate
communication by conveying information in a condensed standard form. Also called
proword. (JP 1-02)

restrictive fire area. An area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires
that exceed those restrictions will not be delivered without coordination with the
establishing headquarters. Also called RFA. (JP 1-02)

restrictive fire line. A line established between converging friendly surface forces that prohibits
fires or their effects across that line. Also called RFL. (JP 1-02)

rules of engagement. Directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the
circumstances and limitations under which United States forces will initiate and/or continue
combat engagement with other forces encountered. Also called ROE. (JP 1-02)

supporting arms coordination center. A single location on board an amphibious command

ship in which all communication facilities incident to the coordination of fire support of
the artillery, air, and naval gunfire are centralized. This is the naval counterpart to the fire
support coordination center utilized by the landing force. Also called SACC. (JP 1-02)

suppression of enemy air defenses. That activity which neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily
degrades surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive and/or disruptive means. Also
called SEAD. (JP 1-02)

GL-13
Glossary

surface-to-air weapon. A surface-launched weapon for use against airborne targets. Examples
include missiles, rockets, and air defense guns. (This term and its definition modify the
existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP
1-02.)

synchronized clock. A technique of timing the delivery of fires by placing all units on a
common time. The synchronized clock uses a specific hour and minute based on either
local or universal time. Local time is established using the local time zone. (JP 1-02)

tactical air command center. The principal US Marine Corps air command and control agency
from which air operations and air defense warning functions are directed. It is the senior
agency of the US Marine air command and control system that serves as the operational
command post of the aviation combat element commander. It provides the facility from
which the aviation combat element commander and his battle staff plan, supervise,
coordinate, and execute all current and future air operations in support of the Marine air-
ground task force. The tactical air command center can provide integration, coordination,
and direction of joint and combined air operations. Also called Marine TACC. (Approved
for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

tactical air control center. The principal air operations installation (ship-based) from which
all aircraft and air warning functions of tactical air operations are controlled. Also called
Navy TACC. (JP 1-02)

tactical air control party. A subordinate operational component of a tactical air control system
designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft. (Approved
for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

tactical air coordinator (airborne). An officer who coordinates, from an aircraft, the actions
of other aircraft engaged in air support of ground or sea forces. Also called TAC(A). (JP
1-02)

tactical air direction center. An air operations installation under the overall control of the
Navy tactical air control center (afloat)/Marine Corps tactical air command center, from
which aircraft and air warning service functions of tactical air operations in support of
amphibious operations are directed. Also called TADC. (This term and its definition
modify the existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next
edition of JP 1-02.)

tactical air operations center. The principal air control agency of the US Marine air command
and control system responsible for airspace control and management. It provides real
time surveillance, direction, positive control, and navigational assistance for friendly
aircraft. It performs real time direction and control of all antiair warfare operations, to
include manned interceptors and surface-to-air weapons. It is subordinate to the tactical
air command center. Also called TAOC. (JP 1-02)

targeting. The process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate
response to them, taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. (JP 1-02)

GL-14 JP 3-09.3
 Glossary

target reference point. A predetermined point of reference, normally a permanent structure

or terrain feature, that can be used when describing a target location. (This term and its
definition are applicable only in the context of this publication and cannot be referenced
outside this publication).

terminal attack control. The authority to control the maneuver of and grant weapons release
clearance to attacking aircraft. (Approved for inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

terminal control. 1. The authority to direct aircraft to maneuver into a position to deliver
ordnance, passengers, or cargo to a specific location or target. Terminal control is a type
of air control. 2. Any electronic, mechanical, or visual control given to aircraft to facilitate
target acquisition and resolution. See also terminal guidance. (This term and its definition
modify the existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next
edition of JP 1-02.)

terminal guidance. 1. The guidance applied to a guided missile between midcourse guidance
and arrival in the vicinity of the target. 2. Electronic, mechanical, visual, or other assistance
given an aircraft pilot to facilitate arrival at, operation within or over, landing upon, or
departure from an air landing or airdrop facility. 3. Any electronic, mechanical, voice or
visual communication that provides approaching aircraft or weapons additional information
regarding a specific location or target. Terminal guidance is not a type of air control.
Those providing terminal guidance do not have weapons release authority, or authority to
direct the maneuver of aircraft. See also terminal control. (This term and its definition
modify the existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion in the next
edition of JP 1-02.)

thermal crossover. The natural phenomenon that normally occurs twice daily when temperature
conditions are such that there is a loss of contrast between two adjacent objects on infrared
imagery. (JP 1-02)

time on target. 1. Time at which aircraft are scheduled to attack/photograph the target. 2. The
actual time at which aircraft attack/photograph the target. 3. The time at which a nuclear
detonation as planned at a specified desired ground zero. Also called TOT. (This term
and its definition modify the existing term and its definition and are approved for inclusion
in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

time to target. The number of minutes and seconds to elapse before aircraft ordnance impacts
on target. Also called TTT. (JP 1-02)

GL-15
Glossary

Intentionally Blank

GL-16 JP 3-09.3
JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY
JP 1
JOINT
WARFARE

JP 0-2

UNAAF

JP 1-0 JP 2-0 JP 3-0 JP 4-0 JP 5-0 JP 6-0

PERSONNEL INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS LOGISTICS PLANS C4 SYSTEMS

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy as
shown in the chart above. Joint Publication (JP) 3-09.3 is in the Operations series of joint doctrine
publications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

STEP #1
Project Proposal
STEP #5 l Submitted by Services, combatant commands, STEP #2
Assessments/Revision or Joint Staff to fill extant operational void Program Directive
l The combatant commands receive l J-7 validates requirement with Services and
l J-7 formally staffs with
the JP and begin to assess it during combatant commands
use Services and combatant
l J-7 initiates Program Directive commands
l 18 to 24 months following
publication, the Director J-7, will l Includes scope of project,
solicit a written report from the references, milestones,
combatant commands and and who will develop drafts
Services on the utility and quality of l J-7 releases Program
each JP and the need for any
urgent changes or earlier-than- Directive to Lead Agent.
scheduled revisions Lead Agent can be Service,
combatant command, or
l No later than 5 years after Joint Staff (JS) Directorate
development, each JP is revised Project
Proposal

Assess- Program
ments/ Directive
Revision
ENHANCED
JOINT
JOINT
DOCTRINE
WARFIGHTING
CAPABILITY PUBLICATION
CJCS Two
Approval Drafts

STEP #4 STEP #3
CJCS Approval Two Drafts
l Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff
l Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority
l Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makes (PRA) to develop the pub
required changes and prepares pub for l PRA develops two draft pubs
coordination with Services and combatant
commands l PRA staffs each draft with combatant
l Joint Staff conducts formal staffing for approval commands, Services, and Joint Staff
as a JP