Research on Sports

(P.E. 201N)

By:

BOXING

Boxing, also called pugilism, is a combat sport in which two people fight each other using their fists for competition. Boxing is typically supervised by a referee engaged in during a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, and boxers are generally of similar weight. History Boxing is one of the oldest sports in Olympic history. The first fighting was in Olympics already in 668 bc. Of course it wasn`t exactly like boxing today, but it was similar. Fists was tied with leather straps (2 cm in width and 2 m in length) to avoid the injuries. The leather straps were called "cestus". Later, athletes used between the straps nails and tin balls. This made the fight very cruel and dangerous. Modern boxing comes from the 18th century England. The Queensberry marquis rules are valid since 1872. Today's boxing was first time in Olympics in ST. Louise 1904. Women's boxing was banned until 1994 when the International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA) accepted it. Since 90's the women's boxing has gained much popularity. The boxing principles are simple; athlete who hits more the opponent is the winner. Boxing Rules The boxing rules that govern boxing were also known as The Marquess of Queensberry rules.

Boxers must use boxing gloves and been weighted. Boxers divided into weight classes. The boxing ring is in allowed size. Match lasts 3 minutes and the pause between is 1 minute. When one boxer is down with the knock-out then he must be able to continue with 10 seconds. If not, then the match is over.

Boxing Match A boxing match consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 12 rounds (formerly 15). A minute is typically spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and attention from their coach. The fight is controlled by a referee who works in the ring to judge and control the fight rule on the ability of the fighters to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. There are three judges at ringside to score the fight and assign points to the boxers, based on punches that connect, defense knockdowns, and other, more subjective, measures. Because of the open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results. Each

fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where his or her coach, as well as one or more seconds may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds. Each boxer enters into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to their corner at the signaled end of each round. Deciding the winner The fighter with the higher score at the end of the fight is ruled the winner and the three judges rule it as, a. unanimous decision b. split decision and c. draws. A boxer may win the bout before a decision is reached through a knockout. Win by knockout (KO) If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with any part of their body other than the feet as a result of the opponents punch and not slip, as determined by the referee, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to his or her feet and can continue. Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down boxer is ruled knocked out (whether unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner by knockout (KO). Win by technical knockout (TKO) A technical knockout (TKO) is possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor, or a fighters corner if a fighter is unable to safely continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged unable to effectively defend themselves. There is also also have the three-knockdown rule, in which three knockdowns in a given round result in a TKO. A TKO is considered a knockout in a fighters record. Standing eight A standing eight count rule may also be in effect. This gives the referee the right to step in and administer a count of eight to a fighter that he feels may be in danger, even if no knockdown has taken place. After counting the referee will observe the fighter, and decide if he is fit to continue. For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a knockdown. Violations Violations of these boxing rules may be ruled fouls by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a no contest result,

or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed. Other boxing rules Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, spitting or wrestling. The boxers shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit to the groin area. They also are prohibited from kicking,head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist (including hitting with the elbow, shoulder or forearm, as well as with open gloves, the wrist, the inside, back or side of the hand). They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the neck or head (called a rabbit-punch) or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the belt of their opponent (dropping below the waist of your opponent, no matter the distance between). If a clinch a defensive move in which a boxer wraps his or her opponents arms and holds on to create a pause is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to punch out of the clinch). When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.

SUMO WRESTLING
Sumo is a competitive full-contact sport where a wrestler attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (dohy) or to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of the feet. The sport originated in Japan, the only country where it is practiced professionally. History Wrestling is a popular sport that dates back many thousands of years. Frescoes, statuary and other works of antiquity from Greek, Babylon, Egypt, Sumaria, and India depict various wrestling holds, stances and manoeuvres. Greeks immortalized wrestling on their coins and first introduced it as an event in their Olympic Games in 776 BC. Turkish mercenaries taught the Persians the finer points of wrestling during the early middle ages. Dubbed "koresh" its various techniques quickly spread throughout the Islamic nations. Europe and Brittany modified these early forms of wrestling to suit their own preferences of the day and Medieval knights even added wrestling to their fighting repertoire. Sumo wrestling is not only the oldest of Japan's various martial arts, it also evolved into the most distinct and ritualistic, to this day still heavily centred around the Shinto religion. When the sport was first introduced 1500 years ago it was performed mostly to ensure good harvests. Sumo's popularity quickly spread, becoming a more public and widespread event. Matches were usually brutal, the loser often expected to forfeit his life. By the 7th century Sumo had fallen under the protection of the warring Shogunite regime and was largely banned as a public spectacle. Only the samurai, or warrior class, were allowed to practice it as part of their military training. Once peace was finally restored Sumo once again fell under the patronage of the Japanese royal courts and was dubbed the Imperial sport. By the 15th century Sumo wrestling had adopted a set of strict rules and the most talented champions were offered patronage by powerful feudal lords. In the early 1700's "banzuke" or ranking lists, were established, a system which is still strictly adhered to today. Ring Competitions take place on a ring called a dohyo. Made from clay, the ring rises up about 55 cm off the ground. All of the action occurs within the circle in the ring, which has a diameter of 4.6 m. Organizers construct the markings of the ring from straw bales called tawara. These bales not only mark the ring's inner circle but also the outer edges of the ring. Before every event, organizers reconstruct most of the ring from clay found on the banks of the Arakawa River. Every event must feature a purifying ceremony before it.

Winning a Match To win a match, you must force your opponent out of the dohyo or knock him to the ground. You can do so by lifting, pushing or pulling your opponent. Every sumo has favorite techniques that he uses to win a match, as many techniques, called kimarite, exist. Some of the most popular moves include grabbing an opponent's belt, pinning him to your body and lifting him out of the ring; pulling an opponent down with his arms; and pushing an opponent out of the ring with both of your hands. Illegal Moves You cannot pull your opponent's hair, strike him with a closed fist, hit his ears, choke him or grab his groin. You can, however, push your opponent's throat with an open hand. An illegal move results in an immediate disqualification. Equipment Wrestlers wear nothing but a small belt, called a mawashi, that passes between the legs. Very few rules exist regarding the mawashi, as some wrestlers wear the belt as tightly as possible, so that opponents cannot get a grip on it, while others wear it loose, so that the slack prevents opponents from making a quick throw. You can put water on your mawashi, which makes it slippery, but you cannot add any other substances, and doing so leads to a disqualification. If your mawashi comes off during a match, you automatically lose.