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Plant Foundations
This section includes discussion on the following topics: Introduction Vertical Vessel Foundation Heat Exchanger Foundation
5.1
Introduction
This section provides an overview of two new modules added in STAAD.foundation 4.0. These modules are added keeping in mind the necessities of the fast growing plant industry. Theses two modules are Vertical Vessel Foundation and Heat Exchanger Foundation. These are completely wizard driven modules. Wizard will guide the user to easily create the foundation step by step. You will finish up a job just simply clicking on Next button from the wizard and putting some input values. However you can directly jump to any page using a tree control on the left side of the wizard pane. Following picture shows the tree control.
5.1.1
Creating a New Plant Setup Job
Go to the Start Page of STAAD.foundation 4.0. Choose Plant Foundation.
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This will crate the GUI for plant setup. In the left side of the window there will be a tree control in the Main Navigator pane as the following figure shows.
Here you will see two leafs for Vertical Vessel Foundation and Heat Exchanger Foundation. Click on one which you want to use. You can create many vessels as well as heat exchangers as you wish. The created jobs will be listed in the tree view as follows.
Later you can edit or delete any of them just clicking on Edit & Delete in the tree leaf. And on clicking on Design it will design the corresponding foundation.
5.2
Vertical Vessel Foundation
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Three types of foundation are allowed to design for vertical vessel. They are octagonal footing on soil, square pile cap and octagonal pile cap. The following articles describe all the pages of the wizard for vertical vessel.
5.2.1
Geometry Page
This is the first page of the wizard where you have to input all the relevant geometrical data. Following picture shows the corresponding page.
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As you can see that a picture placed right to the page shows the diagrammatic view of the corresponding dimensions. Unit Unit of length for all the input in this page only. Overburden and Buoyancy Depth of Water Table(Dw) Depth of the water tables measured from the ground level. Soil Depth(Ts) Depth of soil above the foundation measured from the top face of the footing base.
Footing Geometry Diameter (Df) Enter the minimum diameter which will be used in starting the design and will be checked up to the maximum value until the design reaches the safety limit. Height (Tf) Enter the minimum height which will be used in starting the design and will be checked up to the maximum value until the design reaches the safety limit. Pedestal Geometry Diameter (Dp) Diameter of the pedestal. Thickness (Tp) Thickness of the pedestal. Vessel Geometry Effective Diameter (Dve) The effective diameter is the diameter that will be used to calculate the wind pressure on the vessel. Effective Height (Hve) The effective height is the effective height of the vessel that will be used to calculate the wind pressure and the seismic effect on the vessel.
5.2.2
Primary Load Page
Here you have to input the primary loads other than wind load and seismic load.
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Unit Select the input unit for vertical force, base shear and base moment for this page only. Standard Loads For vertical vessel the standard loaded conditions are Empty condition, Operating condition & Test condition. You may input all the three kind of forces for three kinds of conditions. They are vertical force, base shear and base moment. User Defined Load You can also input those kinds of load as User Defined Load.
5.2.3
Time Period Page
Inputs in this page are basically required for wind load and seismic load calculation according to ASCE 7-05. You can manually enter the value of the Fundamental time period of the vessel or you can use the software to calculate it for you. The time period is calculated using Von Miss Theorem as described below,
Where, H = Overall height in feet, D = Diameter of each section in feet, w = Distributed weight per foot of each section, W = Weight of each concentrated mass, t = Shell thickness of each section in inches, E = Modulus of elasticity for each section in millions of psi, , and = Are coefficient for a given level depending on h i /H(the ratio of height of the level above grade to the overall height). and are the difference in the values of and ,from the top to the bottom of each section of uniform weight, diameter and thickness. is determined for each
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concentrated mass. Now let us describe the input required in the Time Period Page. The following picture shows the corresponding page.
Fundamental Period (T) If you want to input the value of the Fundamental Period manually then check the check box. The edit box right next to it will be active and you can enter the value. If you want a calculated value provided by the software then leave it unchecked and the edit box will be transformed into a read-only state. Now after giving all the necessary value if you click on Calculate Time Period button then the calculated value will be shown in the edit box. Long Transition Period (TL) Long-period transition period (s) determined in Section 11.4.5 Unit Units for length, uniformly distributed load and force. Distributed Mass In this table put the distributed mass properties of the vessel. Inputs for diameter and thickness is not required if the fundamental period is entered manually. The other inputs are required for calculation of seismic load. Concentrated Mass These are the lumped masses attached to the vessel such as ladder, platform etc.
5.2.4
Wind Load Generation Page
Inputs for wind load can be given in two ways. You can directly input the shear force & moment values with choosing the proper unit or you can use the software to calculate those values using ASCE 7-2005. To input the load directly choose User defined Wind Load radio button in the wind load page as below and give the value of shear force with choosing units from the combo box right to it.
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Otherwise choose Calculated Wind Load radio button which will activate the required input fields as shown below. All the inputs are described with mentioning the section and table number of the code.
Wind Speed You need to input the wind speed provided in the code in miles per hour unit. (Wind Directional Factor (Kd) Click on the button Table 6.6. This will show a table as below,
Choose any value of them and click OK to use it. Else you can give your own value except those values. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient (Kz)
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This is described in section 6.5.6.4 & Table 6.5. Choose the required combination of combo boxes for them. Topographic Factor (Kzt) This is defined in section 6.5.7.2 & determined from figure 6.2. Importance Factor (I) Importance is defined in section 6.5.5 & determined from figure 6.1. You can choose the value from a table like Kd or input your own value.
Gust Effect Factor (G) This is the Gust Effect Factor and it is user defined. Net Force Coefficient (Cf) Value of Cf according to table T6-10.
5.2.5
Seismic Load Generation Page
Inputs for seismic load can be given in two ways, same as for wind load. You can directly input the shear force & moment values with choosing the proper unit or you can use the software to calculate those values using ASCE 7-2005. Check the Directly Input Seismic Load check box to use your own calculated value for shear force and moment.
Else uncheck the above said check box to use the software to calculate the values for you. Again that
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can be done in two ways. You can select US Zip code to get the parametric values or else you can provide their values from your own knowledge.
Select using Zip Code Choose Select using Zip Code. This will populate the Select Zip combo box and then choosing any one of them will fill up the other input boxes. Only you need to choose the Site Class from the Site Class combo box. It will also show the corresponding City, Latitude and Longitude for that Zip Code
Enter Value Manually Choose Enter Value Manually to enter the value of S1 and Ss with your own choice. Site Class Value of Fa & Fv depends on choice of Site Class. But you can use your own value for them on choosing Site Class as F.
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Response Modification Factor (R) The default value for this field is 2 or 3. But the input control for this value is not a read-only combo box, so use can enter your own desired value. Occupancy Importance Factor (I) The default value for this field is 1, 1.25 and 1.5. But the input control for this value is not a readonly combo box, so use can enter your own desired value.
5.2.6
Load Combination Page
Two types of load combinations are used here. They are Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination. You can create any number of load combination and can save it using an INI file. This file exits in the program installation directory as ACILOAD.INI. This saved load combination will be application specific i.e. they are independent of file saving. Following figure shows the load combination page.
The first column indicates the index of the load combination. The second row has a check. Check on the check boxes of the combination which you want to use. The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in sky color. Update Table Initially the page shows all the load combination saved in the INI file. You can add new load combination simply by adding factors in the last row. Check on the check box in the second row to use the load combination. If you save a file with those load combination then the load combination will be only saved to that file but not in INI file. To save the load combination in the INI file you need to click on Update Table. You can also manually change the INI file. Delete To delete a load combination, select a row and then click on Delete to delete any particular load combination from the list. But to delete any combination from the INI file you need to click on Update Table after clicking on Delete.
5.2.7
Design Parameter Page
Design parameter is grouped under three categories. They are Material Density, Bearing and Stability and Concrete Design Parameters
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Water Density Density of water with unit to use for Buoyancy Check. To check for buoyancy you need to check on the check box Consider Buoyancy. Concrete Density Density of concrete with proper unit. Soil Density Density of soil with proper unit. Allowable Bearing Pressure Value of allowable bearing pressure used for design. Minimum Stability ratio Value of minimum stability ratio used for design. Bar Type Types of bar used for the design e.g. Imperial or Metric. Cover Value of clear cover with proper unit. Fc Strength of concrete. Fy Strength of steel. Minimum Bar Dia
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Minimum diameter of bar to use for design. Maximum Bar Dia Maximum diameter of bar to use for design.
5.2.8
Foundation Type Page
As discussed earlier you have three options for foundation type. They are octagonal footing on soil, square pile cap and octagonal pile cap. For the first one i.e. octagonal footing on soil you have to use soil foundation as shown below.
5.2.9
Finish and Design
Now click on Finish. You will see a Vessel job is added to the tree view in the left side Main Navigator pane. Now click on Design. The design progress can be seen in the Output Window situated below. And a detailed calculation sheet will come in the Calculation Sheet tab.
5.3
Heat Exchanger Foundation
Two types of Heat Exchanger are allowed to design. They are Stacked Exchanger and Single Exchanger.
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5.3.1
Exchanger Geometry Page
This is the first page of the wizard where you have to input all the relevant geometrical data for the Heat Exchanger. Following picture shows the corresponding page. Clicking on any input fields creates a description of the corresponding field below the diagram.
As you can see that a picture placed left to the page shows the diagrammatic view of the corresponding dimensions. Unit Unit of length for all the input in this page only. Stacked Exchanger Click the Stacked Exchanger radio button to use one. The picture above shows it.
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Single Exchanger Click the Stacked Exchanger radio button to use one. The picture above shows it.
Heat Exchanger Length (L) Length of the heat exchanger. Upper Exchanger Diameter (UD) Diameter of the upper exchanger in case of stacked exchanger. Upper Exchanger Diameter (UD) Diameter of the upper exchanger in case of stacked exchanger. This will be used if single exchanger is chosen. Height from Pier Top to Upper Exchanger (H) Height from the top of the pier to the center line of the upper exchanger. Soil Depth (SD) Depth of soil. Height of Pier Top from Base (B) Height from the top of the pier to the base of the foundation.
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Spacing of Exchanger (S) Spacing of the central line of the exchanger in case of stacked exchanger.
5.3.2
Footing Geometry Page
Here you have to input the geometrical data relate to the footing.
Unit Choose the length dimension unit. Pier to Pier Distance Distance of the central lines of the pier. Pier Width Width of the pier. Pier length Breadth of the pier. Right Overhang Length of the right overhang from the central line of the right pier. Choose Yes from the combo box right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Left Overhang Length of the left overhang from the central line of the left pier. Choose Yes from the combo box
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right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Width Minimum width of the footing. Choose Yes from the combo box right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Width (Max) The maximum width allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. Thickness Minimum thickness of the footing. Thickness (Max) The maximum thickness allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right Increment input field. Length (Max) The maximum total length allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right Increment input field.
5.3.3
Primary Load Page
Here you have to input the primary loads other than wind load and seismic load.
Here the loads are grouped into two types, Axial Load and Moment. Axial Load Select the unit for Axial load from the combo box. Five types of axial forces are used for input. They are Empty Load, Operating Load, Miscellaneous Axial Force, Thermal Load and Bundle Pull Force.
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Moment Select the unit for Moment from the combo box. Four types of moments are used for input. They are Empty Moment, Operating Moment, Longitudinal Miscellaneous Moment and Transverse Miscellaneous Moment. Load Distribution Give the load distribution percentage for Shell End and Channel End.
5.3.4
Wind Load Generation Page
Inputs for wind load can be given in two ways. You can directly input the shear force & moment values with choosing the proper unit or you can use the software to calculate those values using ASCE 7-2005. To input the load directly choose User defined Wind Load radio button in the wind load page as below and give the value of shear force with choosing units from the combo box right next to it.
Axial Force Give Axial Force value for both Shell End and Channel End with proper unit. Shear Give the value of base shear in X and Z direction with choosing the unit from the unit setup combo box. Moment Give the value of moment in X and Z direction with choosing the unit from the unit setup combo box. Otherwise choose Calculated Wind Load radio button which will activate the required input fields as shown below. All the inputs are described with mentioning the section and table number of the
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code.
Wind Speed You need to input the wind speed provided in the code in miles per hour units. (Wind Directional Factor (Kd) Click on the button Table 6.6. This will show a table as below,
Choose any value of them and click OK to use it. Else you can give your own value except those values. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient (Kz) This is described in section 6.5.6.4 & Table 6.5. Choose the required combination of combo boxes for them. Topographic Factor (Kzt) This is defined in section 6.5.7.2 & determined from figure 6.2. Importance Factor (I) Importance is defined in section 6.5.5 & determined from figure 6.1. You can choose the value from a table like Kd or input your own value.
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Gust Effect Factor (G) This is the Gust Effect Factor and it is user defined. Net Force Coefficient (Cf) Value of Cf according to the table T6-10.
5.3.5
Seismic Load Generation Page
Inputs for seismic load can be given in two ways, same as for wind load. You can directly input the shear force & moment values with choosing the proper unit or you can use the software to calculate those values using ASCE 7-2005. Check the Directly Input Seismic Load check box to use your own calculated value for shear force and moment.
For direct input give the calculated value of shear and moment in both directions with proper choice of unit. Else uncheck the above said check box to use the software to calculate the values for you. Again that can be done in two ways. You can select US Zip code to get the parametric values or else you can provide their values from your own knowledge.
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Select using Zip Code Choose Select using Zip Code. This will populate the Select Zip combo box and then choosing any one of them will fill up the other input boxes. Only you need to choose the Site Class from the Site Class combo box. It will also show the corresponding City, Latitude and Longitude for that Zip Code
Enter Value Manually Choose Enter Value Manually to enter the value of S1 and Ss with your own choice. Site Class Value of Fa & Fv depends on choice of Site Class. But you can use your own value for them on choosing Site Class as F. Response Modification Factor (R) The default value for this field is 2 or 3. But the input control for this value is not a read-only combo
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box, so you can enter your own desired value. Occupancy Importance Factor (I) The default value for this field is 1, 1.25 and 1.5. But the input control for this value is not a readonly combo box, so you can enter your own desired value. Fundamental Period (T) Fundamental period in both the direction (longitudinal and transverse) have to be provided with the Period for Long Transition defined in section 11.4.5.
5.3.6
Load Combination Page
Two types of load combinations are used here. They are Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination. You can create any number of load combination and can save it using an INI file. This file exits in the program installation directory as ACILOAD.INI. This saved load combination will be application specific i.e. they are independent of file saving. Following figure shows the load combination page.
The first column indicates the index of the load combination. The second row has a check. Check on the check boxes of the combination which you want to use. The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in sky color. Update Table Initially the page shows all the load combination saved in the INI file. You can add new load combination simply by adding factors in the last row. Check on the check box in the second row to use the load combination. If you save a file with those load combination then the load combination will be only saved to that file but not in INI file. To save the load combination in the INI file you need to click on Update Table. You can also manually change the INI file. Delete To delete a load combination, select a row and then click on Delete to delete any particular load combination from the list. But to delete any combination from the INI file you need to click on Update Table after clicking on Delete.
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5.3.7
Design Parameter Page
Design parameter is grouped under three categories. They are Concrete and Rebar, Cover and Soil and Sliding and Overturning.
Unit First give the units for three types of dimensions, density, length and stress. Concrete and Rebar Concrete Unit Weight Unit weight of concrete. Fc Strength of concrete. Fy Strength of steel. Minimum Bar Spacing Minimum spacing of bar to use for design. Maximum Bar Spacing Maximum spacing of bar to use for design. Minimum Bar Size Minimum diameter of bar to use for design. Maximum Bar Size Maximum diameter of bar to use for design. Cover and Soil
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Pedestal Clear Cover Clear cover for pedestal. Footing Bottom Cover Bottom clear cover for the footing. Soil Unit Weight Unit weight of soil. Soil Bearing Capacity Allowable Bearing Capacity of soil. Soil Depth Depth of soil. Load Surcharge The surcharge load. Area in Contact Percent Percentage of area of contact between footing and soil. Sliding and Overturning Coefficient of Friction Frictional coefficient used for design against sliding. Factor of Safety Factor Safety against sliding and overturning.
5.3.8
Finish and Design
Now click on Finish. You will see a Vessel job is added to the tree view in the left side Main Navigator pane. Now click on Design. The design progress can be seen in the Output Window situated below. And a detailed calculation sheet will come in the Calculation Sheet tab.
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