Definition

Risk factors and Rationale

Sign and symptoms

Hallmark sign

Prostate Cancer Defiitive test and TNM /Stages Procedures

Priority Treatment

Diet

Nursing Diagnosis

Nursing consideration and Rationale

Prevention

Most common invasive CA Leading cause of Cancerrelated deaths in American men. The cause is unknown

1. Age; >65 y/o Multiple step and process, with stimulating growth of altered cells. 2. African American Ethnic minority which is illinformed. 3. Family History Linked to HPC1 (Human Prostate Cancer) gene on chromosome 1 4. Exposure of fetus to DES(Diethylstilbest erol) Causes reproductive system anomaly 5. Male pattern baldness testosterone= risk 6. Environmental and occupational risk factors (exposure to textile and rubber industries and work with batteries containing Cadmium) Interferes body to absorb zinc

need to urinate often, especially at night intense need to urinate (urgency) difficulty in starting or stopping the urine flow inability to urinate weak, decreased or interrupted urine stream a sense of incompletely emptying the bladder burning or pain during urination blood in the urine or semen painful ejaculation Blood in semen and urine Frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs.

Urinary symptoms: Frequency - urinating much more often than normal. Urgency having a sensation that you need to urinate immediatel y. Nocturia getting up to urinate multiple times during the night. Hesitancy difficulty starting the urine stream.

1.

PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) A glycoprotein produced by prostate gland. in prostate CA, BPH and prostitis Normal : >2.6 ng/ml 2.6-10ng/ml = moderate >10ng/ml= high level of suspicion NOTE: DRE, catheterization, cytoscopy should not be done before. *Techniques to increase PSA ability PSAD = useful in men whose original value fall in moderate suspicion. PSA value divided by Prostate volume (TRUS) = >0.15 = more likely to have CA PSAV= rate of change in PSA level over time =>0.7ng/ml/yr= 20% increase 2. DRE ( Digital

1. Jewett systems
A: tumor is present, but not detectable clinically; found incidentally A1: tissue resembles normal cells; found in a few chips from one lobe A2: more extensive involvement B: the tumor can be felt on physical examination but has not spread outside the prostatic capsule BIN: the tumor can be felt, it does not occupy a whole lobe, and is surrounded by normal tissue B1: the tumor can be felt and it does not occupy a whole lobe B2: the tumor can be felt and it occupies a whole lobe or both lobes C: the tumor has extended through the capsule C1: the tumor has extended through the capsule but does not involve the seminal vesicles C2: the tumor involves the seminal vesicles D: the tumor has spread to other organs

2. Gleason system
used to help evaluate

7.

fat and fiber diet Slows fecal movement through bowel and prolonged exposure to bowel mucosa to digested materials may encourage mucosal cells to mutate 8. Vitamin D deficiency It has role in anticancer role activity since it is metabolized in prostate.

3.

Rectal Examination) Careful palpation of prostate and seminal vesicle. Supine, lithotomy or in stirrups. Causes mild discomfort in rectum Reveals 1/more hardened nodules, asymmetry between palpable lobes, induration, stony gland fixed in rectal wall = suspicious TRUS (Transrectal Ultrasound) Done when PSA and DRE is abnormal More definitive

the prognosis of men with prostate cancer. Patterns 1 to 5 Pattern 1 - The cancerous prostate closely resembles normal prostate tissue. The glands are small, well-formed, and closely packed. Pattern 2 - The tissue still has well-formed glands, but they are larger and have more tissue between them. Pattern 3 - The tissue still has recognizable glands, but the cells are darker. At highmagnification, some of these cells have left the glands and are beginning to invade the surrounding tissue. Pattern 4 - The tissue has few recognizable glands. Many cells are invading the surrounding tissue Pattern 5 - The tissue does not have recognizable glands. There are often just sheets of cells throughout the surrounding tissue.

http://www.prostate-cancer.com/occupation-prostate-cancer.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11384870 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/prostate-cancer/DS00043/DSECTION=symptoms http://prostatecancer.about.com/od/prostatecancer101/a/Prostate-Cancer-Warning-Signs.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason_score

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitmore-Jewett_stage