Nursing Theory and Theorists

Posted by: Admin June 19, 2008 Comments (51)

16

4 Essential concepts common among nursing theories:

Man Health Environment Nursing Florence Nightingaless Environmental Theory Defined Nursing: The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in Focuses on changing and manipulating the environment in order to put the patient in the Identified 5 environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, sunlight. Considered a clean, well-ventilated, quiet environment essential for recovery. Deficiencies in these 5 factors produce illness or lack of health, but with a nurturing environment, the body could repair itself. Dorothea Orems Self-Care Theory his recovery. best possible conditions for nature to act. cleanliness/sanitation and light/direct

Defined Nursing: The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness. Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being. Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus. Identified 3 related concepts:

Self-care activities an Individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being. Self-care deficit results when self-care agency (Individuals ability) is not adequate to meet the known self-care needs. Nursing System nursing interventions needed when Individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care activities: Wholly compensatory nurse provides entire self-care for the client.

Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from surgery in a post-anesthesia care unit Partial compensatory nurse and client perform care, client can perform selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse for needs the client cannot meet independently. Example: Nurse can assist post operative client to ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who can feed himself Supportive-educative nurses actions are to help the client develop/learn their own self-care abilities through knowledge, support and encouragement.

Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her baby, Counseling a psychiatric client on more adaptive coping strategies. Virginia Hendersons Definition of the Unique Function of Nursing Defined Nursing: Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Identified 14 basic needs :

Breathing normally Eating and drinking adequately Eliminating body wastes Moving and maintaining desirable position Sleeping and resting Selecting suitable clothes

Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities. Madeleine Leiningers Transcultural Care Theory and Ethnonursing

Maintaining body temperature within normal range Keeping the body clean and well-groomed Avoiding dangers in the environment Communicating with others Worshipping according to ones faith Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment Playing/participating in various forms of recreation

Nursing is a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is focused on human care phenomena and activities in order to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well being (or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death. Transcultural nursing as a learned subfield or branch of nursing which focuses upon the comparative study and analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context. Focuses on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors. Awareness of the differences allows the nurse to design culture-specific nursing interventions. Callista Roys Adaptation Theory Viewed humans as Biopsychosocial beings constantly interacting with a changing environment and who cope with their environment through Biopsychosocial adaptation mechanisms. Focuses on the ability of Individuals., families, groups, communities, or societies to adapt to change. The degree of internal or external environmental change and the persons ability to the persons health status. Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting physiologic, psychologic, and social functioning or adaptation. Martha Rogers Concept of Science of Unitary Human Beings, and Principles of Homeodynamics Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian. It is directed toward the unitary human and is concerned with the nature and direction of human development. The goal of nurses is to participate in the process of change.. cope with that change is likely to determine

1. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Nursing interventions seek to promote harmonious interaction between persons and their environment, strengthen the wholeness of the Individual and redirect human and environmental patterns or organization to achieve maximum health. 5 basic assumptions: The human being is a unified whole, possessing individual integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of parts. The individual and the environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with each other The life processes of human beings evolve irreversibly and unidirectionally along a space-time continuum Patterns identify human being and reflect their innovative wholeness and thought, sensation and emotion Individual who is sick or in need of help.

5. The individual is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language Hildegard Peplaus Interpersonal Relations Theory

Defined Nursing: An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize, respond to the need for Nursing is a maturing force and an educative instrument Identified 4 phases of the Nurse Patient relationship: Orientation individual/family has a felt need and seeks professional assistance from problem identification phase. Identification where the patient begins to have feelings of belongingness and a creating an optimistic attitude from which inner strength ensues. Here happens the assistance. Exploitation the nurse uses communication tools to offer services to the patient, who services. Resolution where patients needs have already been met by the collaborative efforts nurse. Therapeutic relationship is terminated and the links are dissolved, as patient nurse as the helping person. Lydia Halls Key Concepts of Three Interlocking Circles Theory

a nurse (who is a stranger). This is the capacity for dealing with the problem, selection of appropriate professional is expected to take advantage of all between the patient and the drifts away from identifying with the

Nursing is participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team. The major purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal relationship with the individual that will facilitate the development of the core. Dorothy Johnsons Key Concepts of Behavioral System Each individual has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of acting that comprises a behavioral system specific to that individual. Faye Glenn Abdellahs Concept of Twenty One Nursing Problems

Nursing is broadly grouped into 21 problem areas to guide care and promote the use of nursing judgement. Nursing is a comprehensive service that is based on the art and science and aims to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs. 21 Nursing Problems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. To maintain good hygiene. To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep. To promote safety. To maintain good body mechanics To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen To facilitate maintenance of nutrition To facilitate maintenance of elimination To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and reactions To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals To create and maintain a therapeutic environment To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs. To accept the optimum possible goals To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors

Imogene Kings Goal Attainment Theory

1.

Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and interaction whereby nurse and client share information about their situation Jean Watsons The Philosophy and Science of Caring Nursing is concerned with promotion health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human care transactions She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility. It is only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts the person as what he/she may become in a caring environment Carative Factors: 1. The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of values 2. Instillation of faith-hope 3. The cultivation of sensitivity to ones self and others 4. The development and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings. 5. The systemic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making 6. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning 7. The provision for supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment 8. Assistance with the gratification of human needs 9. The allowance for existential phenomenological forces Rosemarie Rizzo Parses Theory of Human Becoming

perception in the nursing

Nursing is a scientific discipline, the practice of which is a performing art Three assumption about Human Becoming 1. 2. 3. Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situation in the intersubjective process of relating value priorities Human becoming is co-creating rhythmic patterns or relating in mutual process in the universe Human becoming is co-transcending multidimensionally with emerging possibilities.

1. Self-care deficit theory was proposed by: A. Virginia Henderson B. Betty Neuman C. Imogene King D. Dorothea Orem Answer Key 2. Which theory defines nursing as the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation? A. Goal attainment theory B. Henderson's definition of nursing C. Roy's adaptation model D. Faye Glen Abdelah's theory Answer Key 3. Typology of twenty one Nursing problems were explained by: A. Imogene King B. Virginia Hendersons C. Faye G.Abedellah D. Lydia E. Hall Answer Key 4. "Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process". This definition was stated by: A. Hildegard Peplau B. Jean watson C. Faye Glen Abdelah

D. M. Rogers Answer Key 5. Which of the following statements is related to Florence Nightingale? A. Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process. B. The role of nursing is to facilitate "the bodys reparative processes" by manipulating clients environment. C. Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation D. Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. Answer Key 6. Which of the following is NOT a concept related to Roy's Adaptation Model? A. Focal Stimuli B. Cognator Subsystem C. Role function D. Flexible line of defense Answer Key 7. According to Roy's adapatation theory, which subsystem responds through four cognitive responds through four cognitive-emotive channels (perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion)? A. Regulator Subsystem B. Cognator Subsystem C. Physiologic Mode D. Self Concept-Group Identity Mode Answer Key

8. The "humanistic science of nursing" was explained by: A. Rogers (1970) B. Ida Orlando (1960) C. Nightingale (1860) D. Neuman (1972) Answer Key 9. Imogene King's "goal attainment theory" is a type of: A. Need theories B. Interaction theories C. Outcome theories D. Humanistic theories Answer Key 10. Which of the following theory has used "General Systems Theory" as a framework for its development? A. Florence Nightingale's Environment Theory B. Hildegard E. Peplau's Psychodynamic Nursing Theory C. Martha E.Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings D. Neuman's model Answer Key 11. Transcultural Model of Nursing was proposed by: A. Joyce Travelbee B. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse C. Madeleine Leininger D. Ida Jean Orlando Answer Key

12. According to Neuman Systems Model, the increase in energy that occurs in relation to the degree of reaction to the stressor is termed as: A. Reconstitution B. Lines of resistance C. Primary prevention D. Secondary Prevention Answer Key 13. Which is NOT a concept explained in Dorothy Johnson's Behavioral Systems Model? A. Affiliation B. Dependency C. Achievement D. Energy fields Answer Key 14. According to Rogers' theory "continuous and mutual interaction between man and environment' is termed as: A. Pattern B. Integrality C. Resonancy D. Helicy Answer Key 15. Watson's carative factors include all the following, EXCEPT: A. Forming humanistic-altruistic value system B. Instilling faith-hope

C. Cultivating sensitivity to self and others D. Strengthening flexible lines of defense Answer Key

ANSWER KEY

1. D

2. C

3. C

4. A

5.B

6.D

7.B

8. A

9. B

10. D

11. C

12.A

13. D

14. B

15. D

References

1. Which nursing theorist defines environment as "the totality of the internal and external forces which surround a person and with which they interact at any given time"? A. Dorothy Johnson B. Martha Rogers C. Dorothea Orem D. Imogene King E. Betty Neuman Answer Key

2. The Sunrise Model of nursing was developed by: A. Joyce Travelbee B. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse C. Madeleine Leininger D. Ida Jean Orlando
Answer Key

3. Ethnonursing research method was developed by: A. Madeleine Leininger B. Florence Nightingale C. Hildegard Peplau D. Ida Jean Orlando Answer Key 4. Attachment theory was originally proposed by: A. Hildegard Peplau B. John Bowlby C. Sigmond Frued D. Kurt Lewin Answer Key 5. Human Becoming Theory was developed by: A. Lydia E. Hall B. Neuman C. D. Orem D. Rosemary Parse Answer Key

6. Parses Three Principles include all the following, except A. Helicy B. Meaning C. Rhythmicity D. Cotranscendence Answer Key 7. Who described 5 levels of nursing experience in her theory on nursing? A. B. F. Skinner B. Patricia Benner C. Callista Roy D. Leon Festinger Answer Key 8. A paradigm refers to A. A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline B. Ideas and mental images that help to describe phenomena C. Statements that describe concepts D. Aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced Answer Key 9. According to Behavour System Model, predisposition to act with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than the other ways refers to A. Drive B. Goal C. Set D. Scope of action

Answer Key 10. The study of feedback and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organisations is termed as: A. Cybernetics B. Ontology C. Epistemology D. Philosophy Answer Key
A N S W E R K E Y 1. E 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. C

10. A

References

1. General Systems Theory was first proposed by: A. Ludwig von Bertalanffy B. Kurt Lewin C. Melanie Klein D. Margaret Mahler Answer Key 2. Who is a proponent of object relations theory? A. Abraham Maslaw B. Jean Piaget C. Erik Erikson D. Melanie Klein Answer Key 3. Which of the following concept is NOT related to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A. Phallic stage B. Pleasure principle C. Oedipus complex D. Symbiosis and Separation Answer Key 4. Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes following stages, except: A. Obedience and Punishment Orientation B. Individualism and Exchange C. Good Interpersonal Relationships D. Maintaining the Social Order E. Primary circular reactions Answer Key 5. The term used to describe the understanding of beliefs, desires, motivations, and emotions as mental states that are ascribed to ones self and others: (Tasman 3rd, P 139; 2008) A. Theory of mind B. Attribution theory C. Self-verification theory D. Self-evaluation maintenance theory Answer Key 6. Which theory explains depression as a process of turning aggression inward? A. Beck's cognitive model B. Freud's Psychoanalyric model C. Interpersonal model D. Engels biopsychosocial theory Answer Key

7. Which theory explains how exposure to trauma that is impossible to avoid may lead to apathy, passivity, and a conviction that escaping future traumatic events is also impossible? A. Attribution theory B. Bowlby's attachment theory C. Information processing theory D. Seligmans theory of learned helplessness Answer Key 8. Nursing is defined as action which assist individuals, families and groups to maintain a maximum level of wellness, and the primary aim is stability of the patient/client system, through nursing interventions to reduce stressors. This definition is given by: A. Orem B. Peplau C. Neuman D. Rogers Answer Key 9. According to Piaget, the term used to describe the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible: A. Oedipal complex B. Object permanence C. Theory of mind D. Inferior complex Answer Key 10. During cognitive development, object permanence is a characteristic feature of: A. Sensory-motor stage B. Preoperational stage

C. Concrete operational stage D. Formal operational stage Answer Key

6. B

7. D

8. C

9. B

10. A

References

1. Biopsychosocial model was first proposed by: A. Jay Forrester B. Norbert Wiener C. Callista Roy D. George Engel Answer Key 2. Which theory states that " phenotype results from an interaction between genotype and environment " in the context of development of a mental disorder? A. Biological theory B. Neurochemical theory
C. Stress-diathesis model

D. Stress-adaptation model Answer Key 3. The interdisciplinary science of the structure of regulatory systems: A. Cybernetics B. Quantum mechanics C. Atom theory

D. Negentropy Answer Key 4. All the following people are associated with cybernetics, EXCEPT: A. Norbert Wiener B. Warren McCulloch C. Heinz von Foerster D. Erwin Schrdinger Answer Key 5. Which nursing theory defines person as "a developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs"? A. Peplau's Interpersonal Theory B. Ernestine Wiedenbach C. Comfort Theory D. Tidal Model of Mental Health Answer Key 6. According to Peplau's interpersonal theory, following definition refers to: "A word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative,constructive, productive, personal and community living." A. Person B. Environment C. Health D. Nursing Answer Key 7. Trophicognosis is a concept explained by:

A. Levin B. Orem C. Rogers D. Watson Answer Key 8. Health/wellness is the condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with the whole of the client. This definition was given by: A. Maslow B. Neuman C. Peplau D. Newman Answer Key 9. Which Thorndikes laws (principles) on learning states that the S-R connection is strengthened by use and weakened with disuse? A. Law of effect B. Law of readiness C. Law of exercise D. Law of primacy Answer Key 10. A branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particlelike and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter: A. Chaos theory B. Quantum theory C. String theory D. General theory of relativity Answer Key

A N S W E R

K E Y 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A

6. C

7. A

8. B

9. C

10. B

1. Self-care deficit theory was proposed by: A. Virginia Henderson B. Betty Neuman C. Imogene King D. Dorothea Orem Answer Key 2. Which theory defines nursing as the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation? A. Goal attainment theory B. Henderson's definition of nursing C. Roy's adaptation model D. Faye Glen Abdelah's theory Answer Key 3. Typology of twenty one Nursing problems were explained by: A. Imogene King B. Virginia Hendersons C. Faye G.Abedellah D. Lydia E. Hall Answer Key 4. "Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process". This

definition was stated by: A. Hildegard Peplau B. Jean watson C. Faye Glen Abdelah D. M. Rogers Answer Key 5. Which of the following statements is related to Florence Nightingale? A. Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process. B. The role of nursing is to facilitate "the bodys reparative processes" by manipulating clients environment. C. Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation D. Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. Answer Key 6. Which of the following is NOT a concept related to Roy's Adaptation Model? A. Focal Stimuli B. Cognator Subsystem C. Role function D. Flexible line of defense Answer Key 7. According to Roy's adapatation theory, which subsystem responds through four cognitive responds through four cognitive-emotive channels (perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion)? A. Regulator Subsystem

B. Cognator Subsystem C. Physiologic Mode D. Self Concept-Group Identity Mode Answer Key 8. The "humanistic science of nursing" was explained by: A. Rogers (1970) B. Ida Orlando (1960) C. Nightingale (1860) D. Neuman (1972) Answer Key 9. Imogene King's "goal attainment theory" is a type of: A. Need theories B. Interaction theories C. Outcome theories D. Humanistic theories Answer Key 10. Which of the following theory has used "General Systems Theory" as a framework for its development? A. Florence Nightingale's Environment Theory B. Hildegard E. Peplau's Psychodynamic Nursing Theory C. Martha E.Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings D. Neuman's model Answer Key 11. Transcultural Model of Nursing was proposed by:

A. Joyce Travelbee B. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse C. Madeleine Leininger D. Ida Jean Orlando Answer Key 12. According to Neuman Systems Model, the increase in energy that occurs in relation to the degree of reaction to the stressor is termed as: A. Reconstitution B. Lines of resistance C. Primary prevention D. Secondary Prevention Answer Key 13. Which is NOT a concept explained in Dorothy Johnson's Behavioral Systems Model? A. Affiliation B. Dependency C. Achievement D. Energy fields Answer Key 14. According to Rogers' theory "continuous and mutual interaction between man and environment' is termed as: A. Pattern B. Integrality C. Resonancy D. Helicy

Answer Key 15. Watson's carative factors include all the following, EXCEPT: A. Forming humanistic-altruistic value system B. Instilling faith-hope C. Cultivating sensitivity to self and others D. Strengthening flexible lines of defense Answer Key

ANSWER KEY

1. D

2. C

3. C

4. A

5.B

6.D

7.B

8. A

9. B

10. D

11. C

12.A

13. D

14. B

15. D

References

1. Which of the following nursing theory is based on the general systems framework? A. Fay Abdellah- Topology of 21 Nursing Problems B. Virginia Henderson -The Nature of Nursing C. Hildegard Peplau -Interpersonal Relations Model D. Imogene King's Theory of Nursing Answer Key 2. Concept related to Betty Neumans System Model of Nursing is:

A. Pattern B. Rhythmicity C. Dependency D. Open system Answer Key 3. According to Roy's Adaptation Model, the adaptive modes includes all the following, EXCEPT: A. Physiologic Needs B. Self Concept C. Role Function D. Interdependence E. Achievement Answer Key 4. Which theory states " Nursing is a helping profession"? A. Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Theory B. Abdellahs 21 Nursing Problems C. Theory of Goal Attainment D. Roy's Adaptation Model Answer Key 5. Which of the following in NOT a concept related to personal system in Imogene King's Theory? A. Perception B. Self C. Body image D. Organization

Answer Key 6. Which nursing theory states that 'nursing is the interpersonal process of action, reaction, interaction and transaction"? A. Roy's adaptation model B. Self-care deficit theory C. Imogene King's theory D. Roger's unitary human beings Answer Key 7. All the following are concepts related to Levin's Conservation Principles, EXCEPT: A. Historicity B. Specificity C. Helicy D. Redundancy Answer Key 8. Which of the following is an organismic response as per Levin's Four Conservation Principles? A. Flight or fight B. Adaptation C. Communication D. Transaction Answer Key 9. When applying Roy's Adaptation Model in caring a patient, the type of stimuli which needs to be assessed as per are all the following, EXCEPT; A. Focal Stimulus B. Contextual Stimulus

C. Perceptual Stimulua D. Residual Stimulus Answer Key 10. Who described about 5 levels of nursing experience from novice to expert? A. Patricia E. Benner B. Ernestine Wiedenbach C. Myra Estrine Levine D. Faye Glenn Abdellah Answer Key
ANSWER KEY

1.D

2. D

3. E

4. B

5. D

6. C

7. C

8.A

9. C

10. A

1. Cognator subsystem is a concept related to: A. Jhonson's Behaviour System Model B. Imogene King's Goal Attainment Theory C. Roy's Adaptation Model D. Neuman's System's Model Answer Key 2. Cognator subsystem involves all the following cognitive-emotive channels, EXCEPT: A. perceptual and information processing B. self concept C. learning D. judgment

E. emotion Answer Key 3. Each subsystem in Johnson's Behavioural System model is composed of four structural characteristics, except: A. Drives B. Set C. Choices D. Observable behavior E. Demands Answer Key
4. "The practice of activities that individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well being" is:

A. Self care agency B. Self care C. Therapeutic self care demand D. Nursing systems Answer Key 5. Category of self care requisites according to Orem's theory of nursing includes all, except: A. Universal B. Developmental C. Health deviation D. Fundamental Answer Key 6. Nursing is an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and

integration of the patients behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behaviors constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found This definition of nursing was given by A. Orem B. Neuman C. Imogene King D. Johnson E. Rogers Answer Key 7. "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible" This definition of nursing was given by: A. Nightingale B. Neuman C. Imogene King D. Henderson E. Rogers Answer Key 8. Which level of needs in Maslows hierarchy includes love, friendship, intimacy, and family? A. Self-actualization B. Esteem

C. Belongingness D. Safety E. Physiological Answer Key 9. In a theory, a statement of relationship between concepts is called A. Conceptual model B. Hypothesis C. Proposition D. Construct Answer Key 10. Which nursing model was developed by Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)? A. Human-to-Human Relationship Model B. Human becoming theory C. The theory of health as expanding consciousness D. From Novice to Expert Answer Key
A N S W E R K E Y 1. C 2. B 3. E 4.B 5. D.

6. D

7. D

8. C

9. C

10. A

1. Each human being perceives the world as a total person in making transactions with individuals and things in environment. This assumption is stated by: A. Neuman's system model B. Nightingale's theory

C. Peplau's Interpersonal Relations model D. Imogene Kings conceptual framework Answer Key 2. Notes on Nursing: What it is, What it is not was written by: A. Virginia Henderson B. Betty Neuman C. Imogene King D. Dorothea Orem E. Florence Nightingale Answer Key 3. Ernestine Wiedenbach's conceptual model of nursing is called: A. The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing B. Modeling and Role Modeling Theory C. Health As Expanding Consciousness D. Human-To-Human Relationship Model Answer Key 4. A system of nursing care in which patients are placed in units on the basis of their needs for care as determined by the degree of illness rather than on the basis of a medical specialty is: A. Primary nursing B. Team nursing C. Progressive patient care D. Case method Answer Key
5. Which of the following terms refers to the branch of philosophy that deals withquestions

concerning the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge?

A. Epistemology B. Epidemiology C. Metaphysics D. Ontology E. Etymology Answer Key

A. Constructivism B. Empiricism C. Rationalism D. Infinitism Answer Key

A. The study of valid argument forms B. Theory of knowledge C. Moral philosophy D. The study of the nature of reality Answer Key 8. According to Peplau's interpersonal model, during which phase of nursing process, the patient participates in goal setting and has a feeling of belonging and selectively responds to those who can meet his or her needs? A. Orientation B. Identification

C. Exploitation D. Resolution Answer Key 9. Deliberative Nursing Process Theory was explained by: A. Hildegard Peplau B. Dorothea Orem C. Ida Jean Orlando D. Patricia Benner Answer Key 10. Which of the following is NOT a concept related to Nightingale theory? A. "Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease". B. "Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur". C. The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him. D. "Human beings are open systems in constant interaction with the environment ". Answer Key
A N S W E R K E Y 1. D 2. E 3. A 4. C 5. A

6. B

7. D

8. B

9. C

10. D

1. A theory that has accrued such persuassive empirical support that is accepted as truth: A. Rule B. Model C. Law

D. Framework Answer Key 2. A broad theory aimed at describing large segments of the physical, social or behavioural world: A. Grand theory B. Middle-range theory C. Utility theory D. Philosophy Answer Key 3. Health is a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal and community living. This definition of health was given by: A. Peplau's theory B. Levin's conservation principles C. Tidal model of nursing D. McGill Model Answer Key 4. "A homeostatic body system is constantly in a dynamic process of input, output, feedback, and compensation, which leads to a state of balance." This concept is related to: A. Peplau B. Neuman C. Rogers D. Henderson Answer Key

5. The process of developing specific predictions from general principles is: A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Critical thinking D. Synectics Answer Key 6. "What is the nature of reality?" This question is pertaining to which branch of philosophy? A. Axiology B. Epistemology C. Methodology D. Ontology Answer Key
A N S W E R 1. C K E Y 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B

6. D

R e f e r e n c e s D e f i n e d c y c l e . h e a l t h a s a d y n a m i c s t a t e i n t h e l i f e c y c l e , a n d I l l n e s s a s i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e l i f e

A. Roy B. Henderson C. Rogers D. King She described the four conservation principle.

A. Levin B. Leininger C. Orlando

D. Parse Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.

A. St. Paul Hospital B. Iloilo Mission Hospital C. Philippine General Hospital

D.

St. Lukes Hospital

Fundamentals of Nursing : History , Concepts and Theories CorrectAnswers and Rationales Fundamentals of Nursing : History , Concepts and TheoriesBy : Budek FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING TEST IContent Outline 1. Professional Nursing A. Historical perspectives in nursing B. Nursing as a profession C. Theories in nursing D. Health care delivery system 1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health * This is an actual board exam question and is a common

board question. Theorist always describes The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingales. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards recovery. She definedthe person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated andenhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment assomething that would facilitate the persons reparative process and identifieddifferent factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a persons reparative state. 2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by; A. Nightingale B. Benner C. Swanson D. King * Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this washer biggest mistake. Yet, her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene,

light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the clients body the nurturance it needs for repair and recovery. 3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to care of the ill person A. King B. Henderson C. Roy D. Leininger * Remember the word THEOROYTICAL For Callista Roy, Nursing is atheoretical body of knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an illperson. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintainhomeostasis. 4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons whoare wholly or partly dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for themare no longer able to give care. A. Henderson B. Orem C. Swanson D. Neuman

* In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being. 5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature. A. Neuman B. Johnson C. Watson D. Parse * Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature.She said that NURSING is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain amaximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through PRIMARY,SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this withLEAVELL and CLARKS level of prevention. 6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the

necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. A. Henderson B. Abdellah C. Levin D. Peplau * This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate itwith Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSINGtheory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping theclient and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adequately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her. 7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. Care is an essential human need. A. Benner B. Watson C. Leininger D. Swanson

* There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON'S Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING. 8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLINGand MAINTAINING BELIEF. A. Benner B. Watson C. Leininger D. Swanson * Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing meansunderstanding the client. Being with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse

to inculcate meaning to these events. 9. Caring is healing; it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit. A. Benner B. Watson C. Leininger D. Swanson * The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the limits of openness and allows access to higher human spirit. 10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face of the illness. A. Benner B. Watson C. Leininger D. Swanson * I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and

re establish connection. 11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda? A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on th 16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function? A. Initiate modification on clients lifestyle B. Protect clients right C. Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit,formulate philosophy and vision of the institution * A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a casemanager while D basically summarized functions of a nurse manager. If youhaven't read Lydia Venzon's Book : NURSING MANAGEMENT TOWARDS QUALITYCARE, I suggest reading it in advance for your management subjects in thegraduate school. Formulating philosophy and vision is in PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education programs are included in DIRECTING. These are the processes of

Nursing Management, I just forgot to add ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and developing qualifications and job descriptions. 17. What best describes nurses as a care provider? A. Determine clients need B. Provide direct nursing care C. Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation D. Works in combined effort with all those involved in patients care * You can never provide nursing care if you don't know what are the needs of the client. How can you provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the client's secretion. Therefore, the best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the client's need to be able to render an appropriate nursing care. 18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best fit that statement? A. Change agent B. Client advocate C. Case manager D. Collaborator

* As a client's advocate, Nurses are to protect the client's right and promotes what is best for the client. Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the client's pain, The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide the best possible care. 19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals. A. Dependent B. Independent C. Interdependent D. Intradependent * Interdependent functions are those that need expertise and skills of multiple health professionals. Example is when A child was diagnosed with nephritic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given to the child, Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low, moderate or high protein, In the U.S, Protein is

never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far asthe local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORICDIET. 20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses? A. Total patient care B. Team nursing C. Primary Nursing D. Case management * This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned to one patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in critical or isolation units. 21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but fewpatients. A. Functional nursing B. Team nursing C. Primary nursing D. Total patient care * Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients. 22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses A. Functional nursing B. Team nursing

C. Primary nursing D. Total patient care * Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task expertise and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to task mastery. This care is not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care. 23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits. A. Functional nursing B. Team nursing C. Primary nursing D. Total patient care * Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours . This does not necessarily means the nurse is awake for 24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not around. 24. Who developed the first theory of nursing? A. Hammurabi B. Alexander C. Fabiola D. Nightingale * Refer to question # 2. Hammurabi is the king of

babylon that introduces theLEX TALIONES law, If you kill me, you should be killed... If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Alexander the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldier's medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will die anyway, just to relieve their suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a hospital. 25. She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL. A. Henderson B. Nightingale C. Parse D. Orlando * Refer to question # 6. 26. She described the four conservation principle. A. Levin B. Leininger C. Orlando D. Parse * Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of

our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We must maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality. SOCIAL INTEGRITY: Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow individuals. 27. Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL. A. Henderson B. Orem C. Parse D. Neuman * Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables affecting the individual's response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the individual, INTER means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these stressors

C. Fowler and Westerhoff

D. Schulman and Mekler * According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes anaction MORAL : The intention should be good and the Act must be just. A goodexample is ROBIN HOOD, His intention is GOOD but the act is UNJUST, whichmakes his action IMMORAL. 37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his experience. A. Giligan B. Westerhoff C. Fowler D. Freud * There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person's life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time. 38. He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is arelational phenomenon. A. Giligan B. Westerhoff

C. Fowler D. Freud * Refer to # 37 39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Missrose nicolet, was its first superintendent. A. St. Paul Hospital School of nursing B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing C. Philippine General Hospital School of nursing D. St. Lukes Hospital School of nursing 40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital. A. St. Paul Hospital B. Iloilo Mission Hospital C. Philippine General Hospital D. St. Lukes Hospital 41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people every day in their gate, builds hospitals, and care of the poor and sick herself. A. Elizabeth B. Catherine C. Nightingale D. Sairey Gamp * Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses.

She build hospitals and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdom's money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the hungry and serving the sick. 42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes. A. Clara louise Maas B. Pearl Tucker C. Isabel Hampton Robb D. Caroline Hampton Robb * Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do not believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten by the vector and after days, She died. 43. He was called the father of sanitation. A. Abraham B. Hippocrates C. Moses D. Willam Halstead 44. The country where SHUSHURUTU originated A. China B. Egypt C. India D. Babylonia 45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away

A. Chinese B. Egyptian C. Indian D. Babylonian * Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool thosedemons, they put female clothes to their male newborn. 46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evilforces away? A. Dark period B. Intuitive period C. Contemporary period D. Educative period * Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their heads. To release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patient's skull and it is called TREPHINING. 47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesse A. Apprentice period B. Dark period C. Contemporary period D. Educative period * What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were established. During the

apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period. 48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick A. Apprentice period B. Dark period C. Contemporary period D. Educative period * Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life and the practice of nursing. 49. Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi A. St. Catherine B. St. Anne C. St. Clare D. St. Elizabeth * The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the

lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of Nursing. 50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith. A. Apprentice period B. Dark period C. Contemporary period D. Educative period * Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the Dark period of nursing when the Christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least desirable of women. 51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy,Man, As a SOCIAL being is A. Like all other men B. Like some other men C. Like no other men D. Like men * According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and Biologic being, Man are all alike. As a psychologic being,

No man thinks alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage. 52. She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing environment. A. Roy B. Levin C. Neuman D. Newman *OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the environment. Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and continuously interact and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and output in its environment. 53. In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true? A. Affected by matter B. A sole island in vast ocean C. Allows input D. Constantly affected by matter,

energy, information 54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts? A. Roy B. Rogers C. Henderson D. Johnson * The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabethand the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, Heinsisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself bymaking everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead

england to theirGOLDEN AGE. 55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, societyand community. A. Roy B. Rogers C. Henderson D. Johnson * According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that when any of these systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual. 56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs? A. Certain needs are common to all people B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy C. Needs are stimulated by internal factors D. Needs are stimulated by external factors * Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to

miss the part of the movie's climax. I can save my money that is supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy. 57. Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs? A. May not be deferred B. Are not interrelated C. Met in exact and rigid way D. Priorities are alterable * Refer to question # 56. 58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person? A. Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc B. Desires privacy, autonomous C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth D. Problem centered * A,B and D are all qualities of a self actualized person. A self actualized person do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion. 59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized

person? A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion B. Do not predict events C. Self centered D. Maximum degree of self conflict * Refer to question # 58. 60. This is the essence of mental health A. Self awareness B. Self actualization C. Self esteem D. Self worth * The peak of maslow's hierarchy is the essence of mental health. 61. Florence nightingale is born in A. Germany B. Britain C. France D. Italy * Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied inGermany and Practiced in England. 62. Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale? A. Born May 12, 1840 B. Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old C. Notes in nursing D. Notes in hospital 63. What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?

A. Belgium B. US C. Germany D. England 64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGHLEVEL WELLNESS? A. Erikson B. Madaw C. Peplau D. Dunn * According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and unfavorable environment. 65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members B. Works for raising funds for nurses benefit C. Facilitate and establishes acquaintances D. Assist them and securing jobs abroad 66. Founder of the PNA A. Julita Sotejo B. Anastacia Giron Tupas C. Eufemia Octaviano

D. Anesia Dionisio 67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national A. B. C. Accessibility of health care facilities D. Increase adherence to medical therapies * Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual's health preventive actions. Both A and B can affect the individual's ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. C and D are called Preventive Health Behaviors which enhances the individual's preventive capabilities. urse organization?A. R.A 877B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON D. RA 7164 * This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 also known as the Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17,A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited professional organization which is the PNA.

68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing diagnosis? A. She documents it and charts it whenever necessary B. She can be accused of malpractice C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility D. She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill 69. Which of the following does not govern nursing practice? A. RA 7164 B. RA 9173 C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice * 7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173. 70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among the neighborhood for a fee is: A. Primary care nurse B. Independent nurse practitioner C. Nurse-Midwife D. Nurse specialist 71. When was the PNA founded? A. September 22, 1922

B. September 02, 1920 C. October 21, 1922 D. September 02, 1922 * According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922. 72. Who was the first president of the PNA ? A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas B. Loreto Tupas C. Rosario Montenegro D. Ricarda Mendoza * Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but thefirst President was Rosario Montenegr 89. Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of persons potential. Avers that the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization. A. Clinical Model B. Role performance Model C. Adaptive Model D. Eudaemonistic Model * Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model

states that when a person does his role and activities with out deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy. 90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health. A. Clinical Model B. Role performance Model C. Adaptive Model D. Eudaemonistic Model * Refer to question # 89. 91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief model? A. Demographic B. Sociopsychologic C. Structural D. Cues to action * Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC :Age, sex, race etc.

SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC: Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL: Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUESTO ACTION: Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help? 92. It includes internal and external factors that lead the individual to seek help A. Demographic B. Sociopsychologic C. Structural D. Cues to action * Refer to question # 92. 93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM? A. Demographic B. Sociopsychologic C. Structural D. Cues to action * Refer to question # 92. 94. Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM? A. Demographic B. Sociopsychologic C. Structural D. Cues to action * Refer to question # 92.

95. According to Leavell and Clarks ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except A. Reservoir B. Agent C. Environment D. Host * According to L&C's Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are the AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST is persons that may or may not be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not predispose him to the AGENT. 96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health A. Ecologic Model B. Health Belief Model C. Health Promotion Model D. Health Prevention Model * Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise,

immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health. 97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of wellbeing and self actualization A. Health prevention B. Health promotion C. Health teaching D. Self actualization * Refer to question # 96. 98. Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities and shortening of life span. A. Illness B. Disease C. Health D. Wellness * Disease are alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capabilities or shortening of life span. 99. Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy A. Illness B. Disease C. Health D. Wellness * Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness is personal state in

which person feels unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms. 100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturing way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a sense of commitment andresponsibility. A. Benner B. Watson C. Leininger D. Swanson * This is Jean Watson's definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06' NLE. Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defined the 4conservation principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring