33 APA Referencing

Note: this page is only an introduction to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system. For a comprehensive guide please refer to: American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington DC: APA. It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, eg punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements What is Referencing? Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced. There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the APA referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the authors name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations. Why Reference? Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited authors arguments. Steps Involved in Referencing 1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken. In the case of a book, bibliographical details refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable). In the case of a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers. For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL). 2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below). 3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below). In-Text Citations When citing references within the text of an assignment, use only the name of the author, followed by the year of publication. When directly quoting from another source the relevant page number(s) must be given.

How to Create a Reference List A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A list which consists of relevant sources that are not cited in the text is called a bibliography. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. The APA style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown in the examples below, to highlight the alphabetical order.

Semester One 2005

Examples of referencing: Books Single author In-Text Example The theory was first propounded in 1993 (Comfort 1997, p. 58) OR Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimed that (Madden & Hogan 1997 p. 45) OR Madden and Hogan (1997, p.17). Reference List Example Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley. Endnote (which reference type?) Book

2 5 authors

Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The definition of disability in Australia: moving towards national consistency. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

Book

6 or more authors

(Rodgers et al., 1996)

Rodgers, P., Smith, K., Williams, D., Conway, L., Robinson, W., Franks, F., et al. (2002). The way forward for Australian libraries. Perth: Wombat Press. Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors. (1991). Oxford: Clarendon. Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group. Rockhampton: Central Queensland University. Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchor on corals. Rockhampton: Central Queensland University. Order chronologically in the reference list. Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

Book

No author

(Oxford dictionary, 1991)

Book

Multiple works by same author

University research (Brown 1982, 1988) has indicated that

Book

Multiple works published in the same year by the same author

In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b)

Book

Use a/b etc. to differentiate between works in same year. Editor (Kastenbaum, 1993)

Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of adult development. Phoenix: Oryx Press.
3

Edited Book

Semester One 2005

Different Editions

(Renton, 2004)

Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good writing. (3rd ed.). Milton: John Wiley & Sons. An edition number is placed after the title of the work this is not necessary for a first edition.

Book

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Article or chapter in a book

(Oxford dictionary, 1991)

Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors. (1991). Oxford: Clarendon. Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health inequalities. In C. Carter & J. Peel (Eds.), Equalities and inequalities in health (pp.120-135). London: Academic Press. Solving the Y2K problem. (1997). In D. Bowd (Ed.), Technology today and tomorrow (p. 27). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. . Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capstone Publishing. Retrieved September 28, 2004, from Curtin University Library and Information Service.

Book

As discussed by Blaxter (1976, p.101)

Book Section

Article or chapter in a book no author

(Solving the Y2K problem, 1997)

Book Section

E-book

(Pettinger 2002)

Electronic Source (put September 28, 2004 in the Access Date field, Curtin University Library and Information Service in URL)

Print Journals Article

In-Text Example As mentioned by Wharton (1996, p. 8)

Reference List Example Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity centres. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, 12(4), 8-9. Anorexia nervosa. (1969). British Medical Journal, 1, 529530. Towers, K. (2000, January 18). Doctor not at fault: coroner. Australian, 3. Provide all the details in the in-text citation no need for an entry in the reference list. Watersmith, C. (2000, March 1). BHP enters new era, [Press release]. Melbourne: BHP Limited. Report (put 2000, March 1 in the Year field, Press release in Report Number)
Semester One 2005
Curtin University of Technology

Journal Article

Article no author Newspaper article Newspaper article no author Press release

Its growing problem in the U.K. (Anorexia nervosa, 1969) (Towers, 2000)

Journal Article

Newspaper Article

.....in the Sydney Morning Herald (24 January 2000, p. 12) (Watersmith, 2000)

Electronic Journals Full text from an electronic database Full text from an electronic database no author Full text newspaper, newswire or magazine from an electronic database no author Full text from the internet

In-Text Example (Madden, 2002)

Reference List Example Madden, G. (2002). Internet economics and policy: an Australian perspective. Economic Record, 78, 343358. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from ABI/Inform. Internet economics and policy: an Australian perspective. (2002). Economic Record, 78, 343-358. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from ABI/Inform. Journal Article

The internet has had a huge impact on the Australian economy (Internet economics and policy, 2002)

Journal Article

(WA packed with overseas appeal, 2004)

WA packed with overseas appeal. (2004, November 12). The West Australian, 47. Retrieved November 13, 2004, from Factiva

Newspaper (put November 13, 2004 in the Notes field, Factiva in Type of Article)

(Sopensky, 2002)

Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice Rink becomes hot business. Austin Business Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/s mallb1.html.

Journal Article (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date field, http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stori es/2002/10/14/smallb1.html. in Database) Journal Article (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date field, Curtin University Library and Information Service E-Reserve in Database) Journal Article (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date field, UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc in Database)

Article from Curtin E-Reserve

(Davidhizar & Dowd, 1997)

Davidhizar, R., & Dowd, S.B. (1997). The art of giving an effective presentation. Health Care Supervisor, 15(3), 25-31. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from Curtin University Library and Information Service E-Reserve.

Article from a CD-ROM (BPO)

(La Rosa, 1992)

La Rosa, S.M. (1992). Marketing slays the downsizing dragon. Information Today, 9(3), 58-59. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc.

Semester One 2005

World Wide Web Document on WWW

In-Text Example Its essential you learn how to reference (Dawson, Smith, Deubert & Grey-Smith, 2002).

Reference List Example Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S. (2002). S Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/ Journal Article (put October 31, 2002 in the Date field, http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/ in Type of Article) Electronic Source (put Curtin University of Technology, in the Author field, October 16, 2004 in Access Date, http://www.curtin.edu.au in URL) Electronic source (use Access Date & URL fields for retrieved statement) Electronic source (put Curtin University of Technology in the Author field, n.d. inYear, use Access Date & URL fields for retrieved statement

Document on WWW no article title

Curtin University of Technology (2004). Retrieved October 16, 2004, from http://www.curtin.edu.au. Use the name of the company

Document on WWW No author Document on WWW No date

(Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons, 2001)

Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons (2001). Retrieved November 13, 2002, from http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/. Curtin University of Technology (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2002, from http://www.curtin.edu.au.

(Curtin University of Technology, n.d.)

Government Publications Acts of Parliament

In-Text Example The Environmental Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974...[later referred to as] the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act...

Reference List Example Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is important to an understanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading 'Legislation'. If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add a retrieved statement as for electronic journal articles. You will need to edit the in-text citation to make it appear in italics

Semester One 2005

Cases

(The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth, 1915)

The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 5

Case (put 20 CLR 5 in the Abbreviated Case Name field) You will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear correctly

Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin Australian Bureau of Statistics from AusStats Census Information

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and carers: summary of findings, (Catalogue No. 4430.0). Canberra: ABS. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and carers: summary of findings, (Catalogue No.4430.0). Canberra: ABS. Retrieved October 14, 2002, from AusStats. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of population and housing: B01 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area 6050. Retrieved November 20, 2002, from AusStats. Resource Assessment Commission. (1991). Forest and timber enquiry: draft report (No. 1). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Report (put Catalogue No. 4430.0 in the Accession Number field) Report (put Catalogue No. 4430.0 in the Accession Number field, October 14, 2002 in Date, AusStats in Type) Report (use Date & Type fields for retrieved statement)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001)

Government Reports

(Resource Assessment Commission, 1991)

Report (put No. 1 in the Accession Number field, Australian Government Publishing Service in Institution)

Other Sources Personal communication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive

In-Text Example It was confirmed that an outbreak occurred in London (S. Savieri, personal communication, 24 April, 1999).

Reference List Example Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader. You will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear correctly

Semester One 2005

Films and videorecordings

(Scorsese & Lonergan, 2000)

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Film or Broadcast (put Scorsese, M and Lonergan, K in the Director field, Writer/Director in Alternate Title, Motion picture in Medium, Paramount Pictures in Distributor) You will need to edit the citation in your Word document to add (Producer) Film or Broadcast (put Crystal, L. in the Director field, Executive Producer in Alternate Title, Television broadcast in Medium, New York and Washington DC in Country, Public Broadcasting Service in Distributor) Generic (put Microfiche in the Type of Work field, ERIC Document No. ED394765 in Publisher) Newspaper Article (put ECPOLICY in the Newspaper field, Discussion list in Section, November 13, 2002 in Notes, http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Ap r_2002/Msg00003.html in Type of Article)

Television and radio programmes

(Crystal, 1993)

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

ERIC document (microfiche)

Davis and Lombardi (1996) put forward the proposal that

Davis, R.K., & Lombardi, T.P. (1996). The quality of life of rural high school special education graduates. In Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work [Microfiche]. (ERIC Document No. ED394765).

E-mail discussion list web archive

(Little, 2002)

Little, L. (2002, April 16). Two new policy briefs. ECPOLICY [Discussion list]. Retrieved November 13, 2002, from http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg000 03.html.

It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, eg punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements

Semester One 2005