15
GRAMMAR
,.
-4-
.o*--
Present perfect:
r
affirmative
l've lost my watch'
very recent event in the Past without an We use present perfect when we describe a exact time.
The
film
has started'
what happened before We often explain a present situation by saying mention an exact time. late? I've lost m1 watch' WhY are
You
it
We do not
in the present (I'm late)' The past action (losing the watch) has a result
o r
our experiences in the past and do We use the present perfect when we talk about not mention an exact time' I've lived in fifteen different countries'
past participle We form the Present Perfect with haye/has + Anna has lost her watch. I've finished mv homework
Regular verbs
putt With regular verbs, the past participle is the tuTt ut th"
ti-pl"
have started
he has started
he's
we have started
I've started
started started
weie started
they have starterl
they t,e started
you have started
she has started
she's
fou've started
it has started
it's started
lrregular verbs
the participle is the same Eich irregular verb has its own past participle' Sometimes the past simple, sometimes it has a different form'
Verb eat
Ieave
as
Past simPle ate
Past particiPle
eaten
lefi drank
lefi drunk
drink
There is a list of irregulat verbs on page 248'
38
GRAMMAR 15 PRESENT PERFECT: AFFIRMATIVE
participle from the box' Complete each sentence with haslhove and a
broken lost bought taken
eaten
finished
happened
written
found left
1 My dog ...'.......trq9.9q!a*.. my sandwich! ......... her bag. 2 Helen 3 I'msorry.I..................'......'......."" yourpen' it! 4 Wheres my dictionary? Someone """""""""" 5 We're too late. The Programme 6 Tina isnt here. She . .... ........""" ' 7 The police are outside the school! Something awful ' 8 I ............................... ........ your bookl Here it is! five letters' 9 lack ................. l0 I '.................... some new shoes Do you like them? 2
of the verbs in brackets' Complete the sentences with the present perfect form I Harry (do) ..... . ..-hg.s.d.owx""" "" the housework' anewflat' 2 Kate and Bill (find) . ..... . "" ""
" "" an email' 3 Nick (send) to Iearn Japanese' 4 I (decide) all the sandwiches' " 5 Sam and Dave (eat) . 6 Carlos (buy) ...."..... .... .... """" a dog' " "' at a new school' 7 Maria and Helen (start) "" her cup' 8 Frances (break) .....""""" mY umbrella' 9 I (lose) "" " the dog for a walk' l0 Max (take)
Complete each sentence with the present
perfe,ctqlT:l1:]!-1:T*3?:
wash
**a
a*" have make ftiss phone read see spend
I Oh nol That's the last bus, and we " havr'n+i'ssrd""' lt' all the Harry Potter books' She likes them a lotl 2 Carol .......'....... " al1ofitl 3 I haven t got any more money' I 4 I ..................... ... ...... an ideal Let's go to Big Burger's! """""""" it! 5 Your homework is the same as )ackt' I think you 6 Maria ............................. her hair, and she's looking for the hairdryer' ' Itt waiting outside' 7 Hurry up, Carol. Your taxi ......... bus1" 8 I'm sorry I (not) .......... ...... .........." " the travel agent l've been very 9 I .................. .'. ...... allthe Lord o/ the Rirgs films five times' 10 Read this again. You ....... """""""" some mistakes'
..
39
16
GRAMMAR
*-3-
.Pa1
Present perfect:
negative
hoven'tvisited China.
and questions
Negatives
Have you storted?
I hawn't visited China before. This is the first time. I have not founil my car keys I'm still looking for them.
haven't has not = hasn't Regular I haven't started we haven't started
harc not =
lrregular I haven't eaten
you haven't
we halen't eaten
you hawn't
he hasn't
started
they haven't
started
eaten
they hal)en't eaten
started she hasn't started it hasn't started
Questions
Have you stnrted Your homework? Hate you ever visiteil Cairo?
he hasn't eaten
she hasn't eaten
it hasn't eaten
Yes, I've Yes,
finished it! I've been there twice.
Have we eaten? Have they eaten?
Regular Have I started?
Have you started? Has he started? Has she started? Has it started?
Have we started?
Irregular H&ve I eaten?
Have you eaten?
Haw thel started?
Has he eaten? Has she eaten? Has it eaten?
sEE ALSO
6rammar 18: Present perfect and past simple: time expressions
,{0
GRAMMAR T6 PRESENT PERFECT: NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
Read Nick's list of 'Things to Do'for his holiday. Write questions about it.
Use the words in brackets,
qqqqqquttsss
8<'-k hz't"/ / ch.ek th. t;,1.tal/" / I.nt;te 77m X Earraa a Szzil. loak / L-o( at th" ,nrp / Aay a t;e(.t X Pac( ny 5z1;lc.1se X Choose zty c/athes X
r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(hotel)
H.q$..he. h p ek ed. kh e.h py QL.?....
(Tim)
(map)
(suitcase)
(timetable)
(guide book)
(ticket)
(clothes)
Read Nick's list. Write statements and negative sentences'
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(hotel)
(Tim)
(map)
(suitcase)
(timetable)
(guide book)
(ticket)
(clothes)
Complete this letter. Use the correct verb form of the words in brackets.
DeaY MwvlL awd >Ad,
we (t) ..........W.V.a.e*Js494.......... (ew1og) our hoLLdag so far' we (wot do) awy sLghtseeLw7. we (2) .................... (spewd) a Lot of tlvwe ow the beach (=) .................... (wot ralw). ivw ewcELLg, Lt (+) ................ (Learw) wLwd-swrf"wg (5) ............. ...... (wot tr!) Lt. t thLwk'Lt's d,awgerowsl (o) ....................
r
V) ....................
Love, NLok
(r4ou reoeLve) vwa otheY ?ostoards?
4t
17
GRAMMAR
*"4
He's left.
He left at 8.00.
Present perfect
and past simple
Contlast
Sorry, he isn't here. He's leftPresent perfect We know that this is recent. We do not know when exactly he left. Past
simple
Sorry, he isn't hete. He left at 8'00.
We know exactly when he left.
Ronaldo has scoreil a goal! We are interested that he has scored! We are not interested in when he did this. Ronaldo scored a goal in the second minute of the match. Past simple We are interested in the time when he scored.
Present perfect
I've broken my pen. Now I can't write. Present perfect This explains why we can't do somethjng now. I broke my pen at school in the maths test. Past simple This explains what happened, where it happened and when it happened. Have you been to China? Present perfect This is a question about our experiences in the Past. When iliil you go to China? Past simple This is a question about exactly when we went to China.
Yes.
I r)ent in
1998.
been and gone
Kate has been to Kate has gone to
school.
(She went there and came back. She's at home now.)
(She's
school
not at home now. She's at school.)
GRAMMAR 17 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE
Choose the best picture (a-f) for each sentence (1-6).
'.
ec
.c
I 2 3 4 5 6 I 2 3 4 5 6 7
I lived there for ten years.
. .
.......e........
I have lived here for ten years.
Pat l.ras gone sl.roppir.rg. Pat has been shopping.
Weve rnissed the bus.
We missed the bus.
Underline the correct verb form in each sentence.
Can I have another book? I've read I read this one. Iir.r not ready. I didn't finish I haven't finished my homework.
I cant find my wallet. I think I'r,e lost I lost it. Did you eat I HaNe you eaten spaghetti last night? Harry left I has left at 1.0.30. Hurry up, Jiml \ou didn't start I haven't startedl Did you see I Have you seen the match on TV last night?
Complete the sentences with the past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wl.rere (you go) .......4i4.U 9*.9.?...... for your holidays last year?
I cant play any rrore. I (just
hurt)
.. my 1bot.
lane is a famous u'riter, and (u'rite) ................................. over fifty books. Sorry, I (not finish) .. my letters yet. 'We lrad a great party last weekl 'Who (you, invite) .................................
?'
Where (you,
meet)
.. Sam? Was
it at the sports centre?
a
Peier (not play) ................................. basketball for
month.
18
GRAMMAR
Present perfect and past simple: time expressi
ever, just, yet, already, since, for, ago
Present perfect
We use the present perfect with:
ever,
never
Have you ever seen a
(any time / not any time) lion? I've never seen a lion.
. just a let
(a short time ago)
Is Peter here?
No
he's
just gone out. There he is!
(not finished - with negatives and questions) Have you finished your homework yet? No, I'm still doing it. (finished - with statements) Have a sandwich! No thanks, I've alreaily eaten. I had lunch at 12.00.
(a point in time)
o already a since
I've lived in this town since 2008. (I live here now.)
Present perfect or past simple
Jor
(a period of time)
I'te lfueil in this town for
three years.
(I live here now.)
2005
I liveil in that ftat for
Past simple
two years, but
I don't liye there
now.
ago
I started learning English a year ago.
GRAMMAR 18 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE:TIME EXPRESSIONS
Match each sentence (1-7) with an explanation (a-9).
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
a)
iim
has just
written a book.
........d........
Has jim written a book Yet? Jim has already written a book. Jim wrote a book a year ago.
fim has never written a book. Has Jim ever written a book?
Jim has written two books since 2006.
This is not his first book.
Does Jim write books? He finished his book last Year. He finished a few days ago.
b) c) d)
e)
f) g) 2 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 3
Iim started writing in 2006 and has written two books between then and now' Jim doesnl write books.
Has he finished a book?
Underline the correct word in each sentence.
yol ggl / 7ef visited Slovenia? Tomhas Jor / jrst come back from the USA. I'm not hungry. I've already / since eaten. lane lived in Greece since / for fifteen years. Brian and Claire got married ten years ago / since ten years' I can't come out. I haverit done my homework already / yet' Mark has worked in Turkey ago / s ince 2008.
Have
ComDlete each sentence with a time word from the box' Complete
already ever I 2 3 4 5 6 7
{r
just
never since
it'
yet
Sue has been on the beach ........f.?.(..... an hour,
but she hasnt had a swim yet'
I dont want to see this film I've
.................. seen
Have you .................. been to the Greek islands? Can you wait a moment? I haverit finished
.
Ouch! An insect has .................. bitten me!
George has .................. eaten Chinese food, so this is the first time for him!
Rick has lived in Japan .............'.... 2008.
