Wetting and Dispersing Additives + Defoaming Additives
2012 Cal Poly
4/30/2012, Page 2, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Dispersion
Agglomerate Flocculate Primary Particle (Ideal Dispersion)
Dispersion
Flocculation
Flocculated
Deflocculated
4/30/2012, Page 3, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Flocculation
4/30/2012, Page 4, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Properties
Chemistry determines: Shade
Fastness Cost Primary Particle
Particle shape & size determines: Opacity / transparency
Strength Rheology Dispersibility
Surface treatment determines: Durability
Dispersibility
4/30/2012, Page 5, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Process
Wetting and Dispersion Stabilizing additives
4/30/2012, Page 6, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting Additives
4/30/2012, Page 7, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting Additives
4/30/2012, Page 8, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Dispersing Additives
4/30/2012, Page 9, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Stabilization
Coating System
Solvent-Borne Water-Reducible Emulsion
Stabilization Mechanism
Steric Hindrance Charge / Steric Hindrance Charge
4/30/2012, Page 10, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Stabilization - Solvent
Steric Hindrance
4/30/2012, Page 11, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting Additives
lipophilic Disperbyk-181/187
hydrophilic
4/30/2012, Page 12, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Dispersing Additives
4/30/2012, Page 13, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
BYK-156
Pigment Stabilization - Water
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
4/30/2012, Page 14, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
Electrostatic Repulsion
W 0032 07/98
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Controlled flocculating
Deflocculating
4/30/2012, Page 15, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Advantages of deflocculation: Higher gloss Lower haze Higher color strength Improved hiding power Better transparency Low viscosity / Newtonian Flow No flooding & floating
Fo Possible side-effects: rA pp ear Sagging an Settling c e Deflocculating
4/30/2012, Page 16, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Advantages: Better sag resistance Better anti-settling No color separation Possible side-effects: Lower gloss Reduced hiding power
Controlled flocculating
n o i t c n u F r o F
4/30/2012, Page 17, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Low molecular weight
Higher molecular weight
4/30/2012, Page 18, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Higher MW Additives: Properties
Higher molecular weight Excellent steric stabilization No negative influence on weathering / durability Larger number of pigment anchoring groups Strong & permanent adsorption on pigment surface
4/30/2012, Page 19, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
High Molecular Weight W&D Additives
4/30/2012, Page 20, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Charges Different pigments in the same resin system can carry different charges 2-pack acrylic resin Control Bayferrox 130 M + Special black 4 --Cinquasia red Y FT 859 D ++ Chromophtal red A 2 B -+,++,+++ -,--,--o = weak, strong, very strong positive charge = weak, strong, very strong negative charge = no detectable charge
4/30/2012, Page 21, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Charges +
4/30/2012, Page 22, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Charges Different pigments in the same resin system can carry different charges 2-pack acrylic resin Control Bayferrox 130 M + Special black 4 --Cinquasia red Y FT 859 D ++ Chromophtal red A 2 B -+,++,+++ -,--,--o
With Additive ++ ++ ++ ++
= weak, strong, very strong positive charge = weak, strong, very strong negative charge = no detectable charge
4/30/2012, Page 23, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Charges +
+
+
Proper stabilization
4/30/2012, Page 24, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Set-up for Charge Measurement
2 4 3
1
Power Supply
1 2 3 4
Power Supply 0-60V DC Glass plate Copper tape Gap 0.7-0.9 mm (not drawn to scale)
4/30/2012, Page 25, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
4/30/2012, Page 26, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Higher MW Additives: Properties
Higher molecular weight Excellent steric stabilization No negative influence on weathering / durability Larger number of pigment anchoring groups Strong & permanent adsorption on pigment surface Uniform positive charge on stabilized pigment particles
4/30/2012, Page 27, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Stabilization
Coating System
Solvent-Borne Water-Reducible Emulsion
Stabilization Mechanism
Steric Hindrance + Charge Charge / Steric Hindrance Charge
4/30/2012, Page 28, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Disperbyk-160 - Family
Disperbyk-182 / Disperbyk-184
4/30/2012, Page 29, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Disperbyk-190 Disperbyk-191
4/30/2012, Page 30, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Stabilization
Coating System
Solvent-Borne Water-Reducible Emulsion
Stabilization Mechanism
Steric Hindrance + Charge Charge / Steric Hindrance Charge + Steric
4/30/2012, Page 31, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Properties
Chemistry determines: Shade
Fastness Cost Primary Particle
Particle shape & size determines: Opacity / transparency
Strength Rheology Dispersibility
Surface treatment determines: Durability
Dispersibility
4/30/2012, Page 32, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Pigment Properties
Color / Shade
Hiding Power
Transparency
... Optimal properties obtained by complete pigment deflocculation
4/30/2012, Page 33, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Stabilization of TiO2 with Basic Surface Treatment
Gloss 20 [%]
95 90
Treatment: Al2O3/SiO2
Disperbyk 110 (anionic) Disperbyk 180 (electroneutral) Disperbyk 162 (cationic)
85 80 75 70
0
CR-50 (Ishihara)
Dispersant level s.o.p.[%]
4/30/2012, Page 34, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Stabilization of TiO2 with Neutral Surface Treatment
Gloss 20 [%]
92
Treatment: Al2O3 /SiO2
90
Disperbyk 180 (electroneutral)
88 86 84
Disperbyk 110 (anionic)
0
CR-90 (Ishihara)
Disperbyk 162 (cationic)
82 80 78
Dispersant level s.o.p.[%]
4/30/2012, Page 35, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Stabilization of TiO2 with Acidic Surface Treatment
Gloss 20 [%]
Treatment: SiO2
Disperbyk 162 (cationic) Disperbyk 180 (electroneutral) Disperbyk 110 (anionic)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Dispersant Level s.o.p.[%]
4/30/2012, Page 36, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Steric hindrance
4/30/2012, Page 37, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Steric hindrance
4/30/2012, Page 38, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Steric hindrance
4/30/2012, Page 39, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Steric hindrance
4/30/2012, Page 40, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Steric hindrance
4/30/2012, Page 41, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 42, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 43, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 44, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 45, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 46, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 47, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 48, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Incompatibility
4/30/2012, Page 49, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
4/30/2012, Page 50, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Flooding
Vertical pigment separation = flooding
Uniform color in surface
Color is different underneath the surface
4/30/2012, Page 51, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
4/30/2012, Page 52, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Floating
Bnard cells
Horizontal pigment separation= floating
due to
different degrees of flocculation
Eddy currents during drying
4/30/2012, Page 53, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Why is there Flooding and Floating?
Flocculation increases (secondary) particle size (1-3 magnitudes) Particles are segregated by currents during film formation (big particles move with the currents) A basic understanding of pigment dispersion, stabilization and flocculation phenomena is needed to solve the problem
4/30/2012, Page 54, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Use Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Wetting and dispersing additives for all applications Controlled flocculating or deflocculating types Solvent-based systems Water-based systems With or without grinding resin
4/30/2012, Page 55, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
The Measure of Success!
4/30/2012, Page 56, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Questions?
4/30/2012, Page 57, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Whats foam How defoamers work Test methods
4/30/2012, Page 58, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
4/30/2012, Page 59, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Definition of Foam Dispersion of gas (air) bubbles in a liquid
Foam is characterized as an extremely large interface of gas and liquid with the gas (normally air) encapsulated within the interface
4/30/2012, Page 60, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Bubbles Rise to Surface
V
Stokes Law
V = Velocity of rise r = Bubble radius = Viscosity of the liquid
4/30/2012, Page 61, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Foam Stabilization
hydrophobic / non polar
hydrophilic / polar
Surfactant
4/30/2012, Page 62, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Foam
wet foam
4/30/2012, Page 63, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
dry foam
Defoamers Characteristics
Insoluble Incompatible Positive Entering coefficient
Positive spreading coefficient
4/30/2012, Page 64, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
4/30/2012, Page 65, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamers How they work
Chemistry and particle size dependent
4/30/2012, Page 66, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoaming through Hydrophobic Particles
Hydrophobic particle
Foam lamella
Saturation will reduce efficiency
4/30/2012, Page 67, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamers - Air Release Agents
Defoamers Act at the surface
Air Release Agents Act in the film
4/30/2012, Page 68, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamers and Air Release Selection
High Molecular Weight
Defoaming properties
Deaeration properties
Low Low Polarity High
4/30/2012, Page 69, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Air Release Additive Replaces Interfacially Active Substances
Liquid
Air release additive Interfacially active substances
4/30/2012, Page 70, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
BYK 054
4/30/2012, Page 71, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Air Release Additive Selection
Defoaming Optimum
Defects compatible/ soluble incompatible/ insoluble
Foam
4/30/2012, Page 72, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamer Selection
Defoaming Optimum
Defects compatible/ soluble Foam incompatible/ insoluble
Foam
4/30/2012, Page 73, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamer test methods - Low Shear
4/30/2012, Page 74, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamer test methods - High Shear
4/30/2012, Page 75, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
What is controlled incompatibility?
4/30/2012, Page 76, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
Defoamer: Selection Criteria
Point of addition
Defoamer selection
Use level Shear forces available for incorporation Duration of shear
4/30/2012, Page 77, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
ANTI-TERRA, BYK, BYK-DYNWET, BYK-SILCLEAN, BYKANOL, BYKETOL, BYKOPLAST, BYKUMEN, DISPERBYK, DISPERPLAST, LACTIMON, NANOBYK, SILBYK and VISCOBYK are registered trademarks of BYK-Chemie. AQUACER, AQUAFLOUR, AQUAMAT, CERACOL, CERAFAK, CERAFLOUR, CERAMAT, CERATIX and MINERPOL are registered trademarks of BYK-Cera. This information is given to the best of our knowledge. Because of the multitude of formulations, production, and application conditions, all the above mentioned statements have to be adjusted to the circumstances of the processor. No liabilities, including those for patent rights, can be derived from this fact for individual cases.
4/30/2012, Page 78, Forename Surname, Company or Department, Title of the Presentation
