Working of Stock Exchange & Depositary Services

STOCK EXCHANGE : The stock exchange is the important segment of its capital market. If the stock exchange is well-regulated function smoothly, then it is an indicator of healthy capital market. If the state of the stock exchange is good, the overall capital market will grow and otherwise it can suffer a great set back which is not good for the country. The government at various stages controls the stock market and the capitals market. A capital market deals in financial assets, excluding coin and currency. Banking accounts compromises the majority of financial assets. Pension and provident funds insurance policies shares and securities. Financial assets are claim of holders over issuer (business firms and governments). They enter low different segment of financial market. Those having short maturities that are non transferable like bank savings and current accounts set the identification of the monetary financial assets. This market is known as money market, Equity, Preferential shares and bonds and debentures issued by companies and securities issued by the government constitute the financial assets, which are traded in the capital market.

Money Market and Capital Market

Both money market and capital market constitute the financial market. Capital market generally known as stock exchange. This is a institution around which every activity of national capital market revolves. Through the medium stock exchange the investor gets on impetus and motivations to invest in securities without which they would not be able to liquidate the securities. If there would have been no stock exchange many of the savers would have hold their saving either in cash i.e. idle or in bank with low interest rate or low returns. the stock exchange

provides the opportunity to investors for the continuous trading in securities. It is continuously engaged in the capital mobilization process. Another consequence of non-existence of stock exchange would have been low saving of the community, which means low investment and lower development of the country. S T O C K Ex C H A N G E Securities provide for investor. Tax Benefits planning and exemption. Optimum return on investment. Cautious Approach. Knowledge of Market. Exchange of Securities Transacted. Cyclopedia of Listed Companies. High Yield. Authentic Information New Entrepreneur encouraged. Guidance of Investor & Company. Equity

HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE The first stock exchange was established in London in the year 1773. just after establishment of London stock exchange various countries like France, Germany and USA also established their own stock exchange markets. In India, the first exchange established in Bombay in the year 1875. later, in year 1908, Calcutta stock exchange was established which was recognized in the company in 1923. mean which in 1920 the madras stock exchange limited in 1973. So far the government of India has recognized 22 stock exchange, which was located at major business centers in different parts of country. Till the mid fifties the stock exchange was governed by their own bye laws and regulations with very little interface by the government. In the year 1925, the government of Bombay promulgated an act securities contracts and control act, 1625 for regulation and the stock exchange. During the world was second trading outside the stock exchange flourished with adverse effect on investors confidence due to base less issues and higher rate of liquidation of companies. In 1956, the center government passed contracts (regulation) act 1956, which came into force through out the country on 20th Feb. 1957.

SEBI Act :
The government of India has enacted an act (SEBI Act 1952), which provides for the establishment of a board to protect the interest of investor in securities. The SEBI has emerged as a monitoring institution of the country fir the development and regulation of stock market, SEBI has issued from time to time guideline to insider trading listing of securities, registration of intermediaries mutual funds etc.

MANAGEMENT OF STOCK EXCHANGE

Management of stock exchange is done an elected body of members. These bodies are know by different names in different stock exchange for example, the BOMBAY, INDORE and AHEMDABAD stock exchange are managed by a governing board. Council of management governs the MADRAS stock exchange.

A committee manages the CALCUTTA stock exchange. While the board of director manages stock exchange. These governing bodies are powerful bodies enjoying extensive administrative power of management and control over their respective stock exchange the day-to-day function of the stock exchanges are executed by the sub-committee like the defaulters committee listing committee, settlement committee etc. STOCK BROKERS SEBI registered stock - brokers interested in providing Internet based trading services will be required to apply to the respective stock exchange for a formal permission. The stock exchange should grant approval or reject the application as the case may be, and communicate its decision to the member within thirty calendar days of the date of completed application submitted to the exchange. The Exchange closely monitors outstanding position of top buying memberbrokers and top selling member-brokers on a daily basis. For this purpose, it has developed various market monitoring reports based on certain pre-set parameters. These reports are scrutinized by officials of the Surveillance Dept. to ascertain whether a member-broker has built up excessive purchase or sale position compared to his normal level of business. Further, it is examined whether purchases or sales are concentrated in one or more scrips, whether the margin cover is adequate, whether transactions have been entered into on behalf of institutional clients and even the quality of scrips, i.e., liquid or illiquid is looked into in order to assess the quality of exposure. The Exchange also scrutinizes the pay-in position of the member-brokers and the member-brokers having larger funds pay-in positions are at times, at the discretion of the Exchange, required to make advance pay-in on T+1 day instead of on T+2 day.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR STOCK BROKERS

Trading will be on existing stock exchanges through order routing system for execution of trades. Therefore, stockbrokers are to comply with the following before the start of trade on Internet.