SANSKRIT REFERENCE MANUAL
WITH TRANSLITERATION
THE SANSKRIT BLACK BOOK
A Handy Sanskrit Grammar Guide plus a Vast Reference Book
Ratnakar Narale
This book is Published by www.books India.com www.ratnakar-books.com
SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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anukraman<ika@ AnaumaiNaka_
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
paRitaP#apanama` AnauP@uBa`-Cnd:
xii xvii 1 28 41 50 68 68 68 70 71 72 73 75 74 75 76
The anus>t>ubh metre CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 The Sanskrit Alphabet
varn>ama@la@ vaNa|maaLaa
Euphonic Combination sandhih< sainZa: The Sanskrit Numerals san[khya@h< sa>Syaa: The Tenses and Moods of the Verbs laka@ra@h< Lakara: The Six Tenses 1. The Present tense : lat> laka@rah< La@` Lakar: 2. The (past) Imperfect tense : lan[ laka@rah< LaG` Lakar: 3. The (past) Perfect tense : lit> laka@rah< iLa@` Lakar: 4. The Aorist (indefinite) tense : lun[ laka@rah< LauG` Lakar: 5. Indefinite Future tense : lr<t> laka@rah< La\@` Lakar: 6. The Definite Future tense : lut> laka@raah< Lau@` Lakar: Flowchart for - Which tense to use? 1. Parasmaipad& and tmanepad&
CHAPTER 6
Forms of the Verbs
2. The Desiderative sannantam santama`
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3. The Frequentative yan[anta-yan[lugantam yaGnta-yaG`Laugantama` 4. The Causative nijayantm iNajantama` CHAPTER 7 The Eleven Classes of Verbs gan<a@h< gaNaa: 1. The First Class bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa: 2. The Second Class ada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa: 3. The Third Class juhotya@dih< jauhaetyaaid: gaNa: 4. The Fourth Class diva@di gan<ah< idvaaid: gaNa: 5. The Fifth Class sva@dih< gan<ah< svaaid: gaNa: 6. The Sixth Class tuda@dih< gan<ah< taudaid: gaNa: 7. The Seventh Class rudha@dih< gan<ah< wZaaid: gaNa: 8. The Eightth Class tana@dih< gan<ah< tanaaid: gaNa: 9. The Nineth Class krya@dih< gan<ah yaaid: gaNa: 10. The Tenth Class c{ura@dih< gan<ah cauraid: gaNa: 11. The Eleventh Class kan<d<va@dih< gan<ah kNDaid: gaNa: CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 The Cases vibhaktayah< ivaBaFya: The Voices prayoga@h< : paRyaaegaa: 1. The Imperative Mood lot> laka@raah< Laae@` Lakar: 2. The Potential Mood vidhi-lin[ ivaiZaiLaG` 3. Precative or Benedictive Mood a@s{&rlin[ AaoaIiLa|G` 4. The Conditional Mood lr>n[-laka@raah< La\G` Lakar: CHAPTER 11 The Participles kr<danta@ni dntaaina 1. Past Passive Participle (ppp\) kta F 2. Past Active Participle (Past-AP) ktavatu Fvatau 3. Present Active Participles s{atr<-s{a@nac{ oata\-oaanaca` 3
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77 79 80 83 89 94 98 102 105 110 113 120 123 127 131 144 151 151 152 152 153 154 154 155 156
CHAPTER 10 The Four Moods artha@h< AYaa|:
4. tmanepad& Present Passive Participles (PPP) s{a@nac{ oaanaca` 5. Potential Participles (pp\) vidyarthi ivaZyaiYa| 6. Potential Participles tavyat tavyata`, an&yar AnaIyar` and tavya tavya 7. Indeclinable Past Participle ktva@ ktva@ Ktvaa suffix 8. Indeclinable Past Participle lyp Lyapa` 9. The Infinitive tumun taumauna` 10. Creating Existence of a Non-existent : c{vi icva 11. Sati -saptami saita-saptamaI CHAPTER 12 Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iyaaivaoaePaNaaina Dictionary of Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a-kos{ah< iyaaivaoaePaNakaeoa: CHAPTER 13 The Prepositions aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda: CHAPTER 14 Compound Words sa@ma@sa@h< samaasaa: CHAPTER 15 Conversations va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa: CHAPTER 16 Analysis vis{les<an<am ivaoLaePaNama` Patan~jalyogah< paatajaLayaaegadoa|nama` CHAPTER 17 General Knowledge sa@ma@nya-jn~a@nam saamaanyaXaanama` CHAPTER 18 Words with Affixes CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 21 CHAPTER 22 Charts of Cases The dictionary of the 2000 Sanskrit verbs Tenses and Moods of 80 Common verbs Zaataupaa#: itaGntapaRkrNama` The Charts of Conjugations, the root |bhu@ |BaU
159 160 161 162 163 163 167 168 169 171 178 181 188 196 215 223 233 252 291 380
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Pronounciation of Sanskrit Characters
(1) Guttural (2) Palatal (3) Cerebral (4) Dental (5) Labial (6) Nasal
kN# taaLavya maUZa|nya dntya AaeP# Anaunaaisak
(kan<t<hya) (ta@lavya) (dantya) (os<t>hya) (anuna@sik)
= with throat = with palate = with teeth = with lips = with nose
(mu@rdhanya) = with cerebrum
(1) THE VOWELS :
Vowel
Stands for
(A) (Aa) (}) (}|) (q) (Q) (/) ()
A a I
Sounds like
American car India peel pull pool ring, crucial
As in
Pronunciation
Guttural
a@ i & u u@ r< r<{
Guttural Palatal Palatal Labial Labial Cerebral Cerebral 5
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ee u oo ri, ru r&, ru@
ma@hes{vara@n<i su@tra@n<i maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa_
Following 14 character strings, in the form of sounds chords, were first produced by Lord S}iva from his damru drum :
THE SOUND-FORMULAS FROM SHIVA
1. A}qNa` 2. /La\k 3. ]AaeG` 4. ]eAaEca` 5. hyavar@` 6. LaNa` 7. amaGNanama` 8. JaBaja` 9. za$ZaPa` 10. jabagaDdoa` 11. SafC#Yaca@tava` 12. kpaya` 13, oaPasar` 14. hLa`_ The last
These characters are grouped into several strings (paRtyaahara:) according to their assigned attributes (saaGitaknaamaaina). eg\ ANa` paRtyaahar: means the characters A, }, q of the first saU%ama` A}qNa`, i.e. all characters except the last character of that su@tra. character of each equation string is always a consonant.
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paRtyaahara:_
1. Ak - A } q / La\ (the vowels a, i, u, r<, lr<) 2. Aca` - svara: all the vowels (A - AaE) 3. A@` - svara: (A - AaE) + ya, r, va h_ all vowels + consonants y, r, v, h 4. ANa` - svara: + ya, r La va h_ all vowels + semi-vowels y, r, l, v + the aspirate h 5. ALa` - vaNaa|: all characters (A - h`) 6. Aoa` - all vowels and soft consonants (A-AaE, ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`) 7. ]G` - vewels e and o (], Aae) 8. ]ca` - vewels e, ai, o, au (], ]e, Aae, AaE) 9. ]eca` - vewels ai and au (]e, AaE) 10. Sar` - hard consonants (k` Sa` ca` C` @` #` ta` Ya` pa` f` oa` Pa` sa`) 11 jaoa` - the third consonant from each class : g, j, d<, d, b (ga`, ja`, D`, d`, ba`) 12. Jaja` - the consonants jh, and bh (Ja`, Ba`) 13. Jar` - sibilants + class consonants - nasals (k-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za` pa`-Ba` + oa`, Pa`, sa`) 14. JaLa` - consonants other than semi-vowels and nasals k`-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za`- pa`-Ba`, ya`-h` 15. Jaoa` - the third and fourth class consonants (ga`, za`, ja`, Ja`, D`, $`, d`, Za`, ba`, Ba`) 16. JaPa` - the fourth consonant from each calss gh, jh, d<h, dh, bh` (za, Ja, $, Za, Ba) 17. yaNa` 18. yaya` 19. yar` 21. hLa` 22. hoa` - AntasYavaNaa|: (ya` r` La` va` consonants y r l and v) - all consonants other than s{ s< s h (oa` Pa` sa` h` = qPmaaxaraiNa) - all consonants other than h h` (k` - sa`) - vyajanaaina (all consonants k` - h`) - ma\duvyajanaaina (soft consonants ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`)
20. oaLa` - the u@sm < a consonants s{, s<, s, and h (oa, Pa, sa, h = QPmana` QPma, QPmaaiNa)
}tyaadya: paRtyaahara:_ 7
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