BIOMASS & GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

INDEX. BIOMASS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. INTRODUCTION THEORETICAL BASES BIOMASS PLANT ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT COST MISCELLANEOUS

INTRODUCTION

Biomass is a type of renewable energy which is obtain from organic matters: - From animals, vegetal and human wastes - By the transformation of them into fuel like ethanol. The energy is obtain burning the organic matter Types of biomass. This classified depending on the organic matters that we use: 1. Natural biomass: in the nature without human action 2. Residual biomass: wastes by the human activity 3. Energetic crops: crops which are grow just to generate energy in a biomass plant THEORETICAL BASES We obtain the biomass from two processes: 1. Thermo chemical: it uses heat to convert energy. It is use mostly for dry biomass a) Combustion: here; the biomass is heated and heat is obtained also gas is obtain This is use mostly for domestic or industrial heating. b) Gasification: it is an incomplete combustion (it happens when there are less air when it is burned) of biomass at high temperatures(700-1200)it uses oxygen. And when the gas is obtained, its moves a turbine which produces electricity. c) Pyrolysis: it is also an incomplete combustion at high temperatures (500). Without any gases, produces gases: charcoal, bio-gas and fuel which we can use in engines. 2. Biochemical: is a fermentation that transforms biomass into ethanol biofuel. a) Alcoholic fermentation: this type is used with sugars where the carbohydrates are transform by the microorganism into bio-fuel b) Methane fermentation: the wet biomass is transformed into bio-gas by bacteria.

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BIOMASS PLANTS

Ilustracin 1

All starts from the organic matters which are transported to a biomass plant, here they are heated to heat water. Here a high pressure is produced which moves a turbine which at the same time moves the generator which will produce energy. Fuel storage: here all the organic matters are left at the fuel transport: is a pipe which transports the organic matters into the feeding. The feeding: here they are transport into a combustion container. The combustion container: here it is burned and all the heat produce goes into the boiler where water is heated. The economizer here is left the gases which are not useful which after they go into the flues gas cleaning and then into the smokestack where it is send out. While the turbine is moved by the pressure. This goes into the generator where the energy is produced 4. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES No harmful emissions: the CO2 produced is carbon to maintain Clean energy: it has a clean use. It is Completely natural Abundant and renewable: renewable beCause it becomes from living sources and Abundant because it is obviously everywhere layer. Reduce Landfills: they are turn into something it Useful which also gives space diseases places to grow Crops and they burn them. DISADVANTAGES - Expensive: Living things are expensive consume by the crops planted - Inefficient: compared to fossil fuels so it needs to be mix with fuel. - Harmful to environmental: it saves from Co2 but it increases methane gases which are harmful to the ozone - Smelly: it isnt physically harmful but is unpleasant and helps to spread -Big amount of land: it needs big

5. ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT The biggest impact it is in forest. Because to produced the energy a lot of biomass is needed. This one is get not only from wood. But from landfills, crops and loads of different sources. It has a positive impact in the atmosphere because it doesnt pollute It has also a positive impact on plants: it gives them CO2 to produce photosynthesis It eliminates wastes like landfills.

6. COST Biomass has big cost. But we must count with 3 points to valorate it: a) The volume and type of biomass: it isnt the same a domestic plant than a industrial plan And it isnt the same the cost of wood than the cost of landfills material b) Conversion process: the type of technology used can be more or less expensive c) Energy application: The cost of the installation depends on the benefits, if they are going to be big benefits or small benefits So here I give you a example: Example: A plant of 2MW costs between 4 and 6 millions Counting that the biomass plants needs 1,500 kg per hour of biomass, with 8,000 hours per year, we would need 12,000 tones of biomass The cost of 1 tone of biomass is between 44, 55.

So with this plant you will earn 2, 5 millions per year. But this money would have also to be use to the maintaining of the biomass, the salaries, all of the stuff which goes on the plants.

7. MISCELLANEOUS

On the first table we can see how Germany is situated on the top consumer and Spain on the 6th consumer. On the other table we can see how the biomass consume in the UE has evolve in these 10 years. On the world in 2010- 2011 the top 8 countries producers were: Countries 1. US 2. Brazil 3. Germany 4. France 5. Argentina 6. China 7. Spain 8. Canada Tons of biomass used approximate 25,400,000 15,600,000 2, 900,000 2,300,000 1,700,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 990,000

GEOTHERMAL

INDEX. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. INTRODUCTION THEORETICAL BASES TYPES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT COST MISCELLANEOUS

1. INTRODUCT ION
1.1. Definition :
-Is the energy that can be obtained by the humans through the exploitation of heat of the land. -Its energy clean and renewable

1.2. TYPES
-Geothermal energy of high temperature: In the active zones of the crust. with temperature between

150 and 400 C, it produces vapor which goes a through a turbine generating electricity. The extraction is almost the same to petroleum extraction. Places between 1,500 and 3,000 meters dept -Geothermal energy of medium temperatures: In places with fluids with Temperatures between 70 and 150 C. Places with the dept between 2,000 and 4,000 meters -Geothermal energy of low temperature: places with fluids with temperatures between 50 and 70 C. This energy is used in homes and industrial places .Places with depts. Between 1,500 and 2,500 meters
-Geothermal energy of very low temperature: In places with fluids with temperatures between 20 and 50 C. Just a few meters deep.

2. THEORETICAL BASES
Geothermal plants must be installed on a water deposit near tectonic zones, where the magma that is under the earth crust has hot water. To get the energy we must have a deposit. When we drilled the floor the water goes up (but if there are really high temperatures we will have vapor) and moves a turbine which generated electricity which goes to a generator. The water used is again throwing it down to keep it hot. And to make the process again. The deposits are at the outside zone where we can work with the water.

3. GEOTHERMAL PLANTS

1. Geothermal Vents These are the places where the floor is drilled and where the water goes up 2. Steam Generator It is where the water is pressured and it is turned into vapor (if it is not already vapor) this keep the vapor still being hot 3. Turbine The steam goes through the tubing, turning it. The turbine is connected with the generator. So while these ones turn they change the mechanical energy into electric energy which can now be used.

4. Condenser After having the electricity the vapor goes through the condenser turns it into liquid by cooling it. The cooled liquid water into the underground again to restart the process and to be heated again.

4.ADVENTAGES&DISADVENTAGES
4.1.ADVANTAGES 1. RENEWABLE ENERGY- it prevents from being dependence of fossil fuels

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FEW WASTESS AND SMALL ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT: than petroleum and the coal NO NOISE: in the exterior PRICES: it keeps national and local prices and not international prices which are more expensive SMALL ESPACES: than in others energies, because they are underground the most part NO DESTRUCTION: it doesnt need to destroy forests

4.2.DISADVANTAGES 1. LETHAL EMISSION: sometimes gases from the underground are dangerous if they go out 2. CONTAMINATION: to near waters 3. IT DAMAGES THE LANDSCAPE: the drilling of the floor makes unnatural holes 4. IT ISNT PRIMARY ENERGY: it must be transform it 5. DETERMINATE PLACES: it cant be everywhere.

ENVIROMENT IMPACT
6. REDUCTION OF RESOURCES: this process consists in extract geothermal fluids, for example , gases, water and vapor. They are natural resources which are removed. 7. DAMAGES TO THE NATURE: like: mud pools, hotter temperatures etc. Their damage can be very strong. 8. POLLUTING WATER WAYS: The fluids of the geothermal energy normally contain a lot of mercury and others lethal metals because we obtain both fluids and rocks. Which are thrown into water ways in the near. 9. LAND DAMAGE : When we extract fluids of the geothermal energy , THE LAND MAY descend on this zone.

10. AIR EMISSIONS: the fluids contain gases which damage the atmosphere. So the geothermal plant will be far from cities.

COST

The cost depends mostly on the temperatures and technology that is going to have The cost of a normal geothermal power plan is between 1150$ and 3000$

A geothermal power plant can be used for about 30 or 50 years . The cost decrease with the time, but it is very variable, depending on the energy that we can obtain each time

MISCELLANEOUS

In the world: Europe: 17% America :41% Africa 2%

Oceania: 6% Asia: 34%

Top countries: Denmark, Sweden, France , Germany and Finland

Spain: it has really low productions and consummations of geothermal energy. But the most interested places in this energy are: All of the Catalua, Northwest of Orense, Pontevedra, Lugo and Madrid. The problem is that in Spain we have a really low temperatures plant which doesnt give too much information. But the only place which can have higher temperatures will be the Canaries Islan