Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Overview
Reza Golshan
Director of System ASIC Development Fujitsu Microelectronics America, Inc. http://us.fujitsu.com/wimax
Scope of Presentation
Broadband Wireless Access Overview of 802.16 Standards & Features OFDM Basics Overview of WiMAX WiMAX Forum Vision & Benefits Certification Applications Conclusion / Q&A
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Broadband Wireless Access
Business and residential customers demand:
Data Voice Video distribution Real-time videoconferencing
Service providers need new value-added services such as:
Video on Demand (VOD) Mobile video telephony Online gaming VoIP TV broadcasting Fast local connection to network
The last mile
Broadband technologies can be fixed, limited mobility or mobile
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Market Segments for Wireless Access
1 Gbps 150 Mbps 50 Mbps
FSO PtP Fiber PmP <11 GHz Point-to-Multipoint 10-40GHz
Data Rate
20 Mbps
10 Mbps 2 Mbps 500 Kbps
xDSL, Cable
56 Kbps
Residential SOHO
Small Business
Medium Business
Mobile Backhaul
MultiTenant Residential
Large Business
Addressable Markets
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Global Wireless Standards
WiMAX 802.16
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802.16 Standards Evolution
Amendment for mobile wireless broadband up to vehicular speeds in licensed bands from 2-6 GHz Enables roaming for portable clients (laptops) within & between service areas
802.16e (Dec 2005) 802.16d (Jun 2004) 802.16a (Jan 2003)
802.16c (2002)
802.16 amendment WiMAX System Profiles 10-66 GHz
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802.16 Revision PAR for 802.16 & 802.16a to add WiMAX System Profiles and Errata for 2-11 GHz in support of 802.16e requirements
802.16 (Dec 2001)
Extension for 2-11 GHz Targeted for non-line-of-sight, point-to-multi-point applications like last mile broadband access
Original fixed wireless broadband air interface for 10-66 GHz Line-of-sight only, point-to-multi-point applications
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802.16 Layer Characteristics
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802.16 General Characteristics (1)
Four physical layers (SC, SCa, OFDM, OFDMA) Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks operation in 2-11 GHz spectrum Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) operation designed to address multi-path Eliminates need for directional LOS propagation Greater range and higher data rates Multiple options for: Flexible channel bandwidths from 1.75 to 20MHz Flexible frame lengths: frame sizes ranging from 2.5 to 20ms Duplexing modes: Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Flexible channel coding & FEC Support for multiple antenna technology Adaptive and smart antennas (AAS) TX diversity (STC) Beamforming and spatial multiplexing (MIMO)
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802.16 General Characteristics (2)
Link adaptation (per subscriber, burst by burst, uplink and downlink) Adaptive Modulation and Coding BPSK to QAM64 across all channel bandwidths Trade off capacity and robustness in real time Adaptive burst profiles dynamically assigned modulation and FEC for each burst Point-to-multipoint topology, with mesh extensions Protocol independent supporting ATM and packet-based protocols True Quality of Service (QoS) supports multiple services simultaneously, with different QoS priorities Scalable system capacity allows more efficient use of available spectrum than other wireless technologies Supports both licensed and licensed-exempt frequencies Supports a variety of services such as IP, voice over IP and streaming video Bandwidth on demand (frame by frame) Comprehensive and extensible security (DES and AES CCM)
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Why Is the Focus on OFDM?
The OFDM signal is able to support NLOS performance while maintaining a high level of spectral efficiency, maximizing the available spectrum Superior NLOS performance enables significant equalizer design simplification Supports operation in multi-path propagation environments Scalable bandwidths provide flexibility and potentially reduce capital expense
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OFDM Basic Concepts
A conventional transmission uses only a single carrier, which is modulated with all the data to be sent OFDM is a multi-carrier amplitude modulation scheme that transmits data over a number of orthogonal sub-carriers OFDM breaks the data into small chunks, allocating each sub-data stream to a sub-carrier The data is sent in parallel orthogonal sub-carriers
Amplitude
Frequency
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OFDM Fundamentals
Data Sub-carriers DC Sub-carrier Pilot Sub-carriers
Guard Sub-carriers
OFDM Sub-carrier Organization
Data Sub-carriers Transport BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM symbols Pilot Sub-carriers Transport known pilot symbol sequence (frequently at an elevated power level) to permit channel estimation and coherent demodulation at receiver Guard Sub-carriers Suppressed permits spectrum shaping DC Sub-carrier Frequently suppressed to support direct-conversion receivers
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OFDM and OFDMA
Available data sub-carriers divided into N contiguous groups Each sub-channel assigned one data sub-carrier from each group
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OFDM Transceiver
OFDM Transmitter Carrier Phase Sub-carrier Modulation
I IFFT Cyclic Prefix Insertion Q
I Frame Sync Insertion Q
I RF Modulator Amplifier Q
01000111010101 Serial Tx Data
Serial To Parallel
Carrier Amplitude Frequency Correction Carrier Phase I 01000111010101 Serial Rx Data Parallel To Serial Sub-carrier Demodulation FFT Cyclic Prefix Removal Q Time Synchronization Frame Detection OFDM Receiver Q
I RF Amplifier Demodulator
Carrier Amplitude
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TDD & FDD Support
FREQUENCY
fUL fDL
UL Subframe
FDD
DL Subframe FRAME n
........
........
Guard time Guard time
DL Subframe
UL Subframe
TDD
TIME
Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) modes Frame duration from 2.5 to 20ms Channel bandwidths ranging from 1.75 to 20MHz Guard times (cyclic prefix) 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/3
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Adaptive Modulation
Modulation changes dynamically to match propagation path
2-3km*
2-3km*
QAM64
QAM16 QAM64 QAM-16 QAM-64 QPSK QAM-16 QAM-64 QAM-64
QPSK QAM16
QAM64
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Adaptive Modulation maximizes both air-link capacity and coverage Adaptive TDMA: True bandwidth on demand and variable packet sizes provide differentiated, bursty services to multiple users Adaptive TDD: Variable asymmetry in a single broadband channel best matches bandwidth to demand
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Modulation and Coding
BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM Concatenated Reed-Solomon/Convolution Code (RS-CC) FEC Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC) CTC encoder adopted from DVB-RCT specification similar performance to 3GPP Optional LDPC code under study
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Channel Quality Indicator
Base Station uses Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) to send data to the subscriber stations to optimize throughput A Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) channel is utilized to provide channelstate information from the user terminals to the base station scheduler
Channel
Ive got data to send you, measure my preamble and send me CQI in the next UL subframe
Heres what I see; doesnt look good CQI
Well go slow; the MAP will tell you where to find your data
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Frame Structure
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Smart Antenna Technology
Beamforming
Multiple-antennas transmit weighted signals to improve coverage and capacity Provides spatial diversity and reduce fade margin
Transmit Diversity: Space-Time Code (STC)
Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Multiple streams are transmitted over multiple antennas Receiver can have single or multiple antennas. Receiver separates different streams to achieve higher throughput compared to a single antenna Examples: 2x2 MIMO, 1x2 SIMO
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QoS Support
QoS is provided via service flows. This is a unidirectional flow of packets with a particular set of QoS parameters Base Station and user terminal first establish a unidirectional logical link between the peer MACs called a connection
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request (HARQ)
Self-optimizing and adjusts automatically to channel conditions
Adds redundancy only when needed Receiver saves failed transmission attempts to help future decoding (Chase Combining) Every transmission helps to increase the packet success probability
Enabled by N-Channel Stop-and-Wait ARQ
Receiver sends an ACK or NAK in response to each transmission
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WiMAX
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What is WiMAX ?
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
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WiMAX Forum Charters
Industry-led, non-profit corporation More than 350 members: Service providers, system vendors, semiconductor suppliers, and eco-system To promote a common broadband wireless standard To develop reduced scope profiles to ease development To act as a certification body
WiMAX Forum
Fixed
Portable
Mobile
802.16
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WiMAX Vision
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WiMAX Benefits
Pre-Standard: Discrete Components Post-Standard: Integrated Solution Equipment interoperability Economies of scale Superior price/performance
Proprietary, vertical solutions No volume silicon market
Service Providers System Integration Network Software System Design & Architecture Custom MAC Custom, 802.11 or DOCSIS PHY Custom Radio
Service Providers System Integrator
Large revenue opportunities
Network Mgmt Software Supplier Equipment Manufacturers Volume Integrated MAC/PHY Silicon Solutions Volume Radio Supplier
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WiMAX Frequency Bands
MMDS
~2500-2690 2700-2900
3.5GHz band
3400-3600 3300-3400
Low/Mid UNII-band (802.11a)
5150-5350
Upper UNII-band
~5725-5850
ISM (11b/g) US WCS/ Korea
2305-2320 2345-2360
Service WCS ISM MMDS International
WRC (new)
5470-5725
2400-2480
Phase1 WiMAX bands Phase2 WiMAX bands License-exempt WiMAX bands
Description Wireless Communication Service Industrial, Scientific and Medical Bands Multi-channel Multipoint Distribution Service Licensed Bands Europe, Latin America, Asia Licensed Bands Japan
Frequency (GHz) 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.4 3.7 4.8 5
UNII New Spectrum
5.15 5.35 & 5.75 5.85 5.470 5.725
Licensed-exempt National Information Infrastructure Band FCC NPRM 03-110 Part 15
Note: 4.3Ghz (emergency band), 4.9Ghz (public safety band)
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WiMAX Certification Process
Vendors responsibility WiMAX Forums responsibility
Vendor returns to self-testing upon failure
Certification labs responsibility Required path Optional path
Vendor Self-Testing
WiMAX Certification Testing
Vendor passed all tests
WiMAX Approved Test Plans WiMAX PICS PIXIT
Publish WiMAX Certified Equipment List
Service Provisioning Standard (802.16f) MIB, etc.
PICS Proforma: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement TSS & TP: Test Suite Structure and Test Purposes ATS: Abstract Test Suite Standardized (Protocol) Implementation eXtra Information for Testing
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WiMAX Forum Certification Program
WiMAX Certification Services
CETECOM, a WiMAX Forum designated certification laboratory (located in Spain), provides a one-stop service for the certification of WiMAX systems Evaluate testing options Recommend test lab(s) selection Manage test lab and vendor relationships Manage WiMAX Forum Certification program Maintain open process for WiMAX Forum Certification program Provides system profiles, PICS, TSS & TP
Mission
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What is Certified?
WiMAX certification is for the system, not for components
User System (CPU) User Application
WiMAX Certified
BB LSI not certified
RF LSI not certified
S/W stack not certified
SNMP, etc Drivers Upper MAC Functions
Baseband LSI
RF LSI
Lower MAC Functions
MAC+PHY
I/F Manager
TCS Encryption CRC FEC
PHY
Mod/Demod
RF
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WiMAX Timeline
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Fixed - Mobile WiMAX Profiles Selections
Wide Range of Options
Wireless MAN
802.16
Sub-set of 802.16 options PHY Options 256-OFDM Scalable OFDMA 128 256 512 1024 2048 Single Carrier HARQ CTC & LDPC FEC MAC Options PHS ARQ Handover QoS: UGS, rtPS, FrtPS, nrtPS, BE Licensed 2.3GHz 2.5GHz 3.5GHz 4.9GHz Unlicensed 5.3GHz 5.8GHz Architecture P-P PMP Mesh Advanced Features Sub-Channelization Advance Antenna STC/Diversity Beamforming Spatial Multiplexing/ MIMO Advanced Security
The WIMAX-based applications are related to two different PHY supports: OFDM256 and OFDMA.
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Key Features
Fixed/Nomadic (802.16-2004)
256 - OFDM Uplink sub-channelization (optional) Channel BW: up to 10MHz TDD and FDD support Space Timing Coding (optional) Per-connection QoS support Automatic Retransmission Request (ARQ) Security and encryption (DES)
Mobile (802.16e-2005)
Scalable OFDMA 128 2048 Full uplink & downlink sub-channelization Channel BW: up to 10MHz TDD Adaptive antenna systems, Beamforming, Space Timing Coding & Spatial Multiplexing (MIMO) QoS support: UGS, rtPS, ErtPS, nrtPS, BE HARQ AES CCM
-Key management protocol -Device / user authentication -Control message protocol -Fast handover support
Coding: Reed-Solomon/Convolution Code (RS-CC) FEC Licensed & license-exempt bands NA NA
Coding: CTC and LDPC FEC Licensed bands Mobility management (sleep and idle mode) Handover (HO)
-Hard handover (HHO) -Soft handover (SHO) -Macro diversity handover (MDHO)
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BWA Evolution (Fixed / Portable / Mobile)
Non Line-of-Sight Point-to-Multi-point
OUTDOOR CPE
802.11
802.16 802.16
INDOOR CPE
INTERNET BACKBONE
Telco Core Network or Private (Fiber) Network 802.16 PCMCIA Form Factor
Portable Device Connected Through 802.16
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Vision Wireless Multimedia Distribution
WIMAX 802.16/11 AP 802.16d
Video e m i T Real xHDTV 2 802.16d
Broadband Service 802.16, Cable, DSL, IP
Set Top Box
Re al-T im 2xH DT e Vid V eo
Real-Time Video 2xHDTV
CB RT
Tablet PC with Camera
Gua
r ffo tE es dB an ed nte ara ess Gu Acc Data eed rant
DM
Be
Voi c
802.16d
Ac ce 802.16/11 ss
st Ef fo rt
802.16d
Cordless Phones
802.16/11
802.16d
s es cc tA
HDTV
Gaming Pocket PC
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Other WiMAX Applications
WSP (Wireless Service Provider) Backhaul Banking Networks Education Networks Hot Zone Public Safety Rural Connectivity Enterprise Private Networks Alternative to DSL / Cable Cellular Backhaul
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Conclusion
WiMAX, a single technology can deliver fixed, portable & mobile services with scalable bandwidths & higher data rates WiMAX is a well-supported, cost-effective, standards-based, flexible, broadband technology that is ready to deliver significant benefits for:
Operators in a wide range of markets (enterprise, consumer, emerging, public service) Over a wide range of geographies and demographics (urban, suburban, rural)
Advantages of WiMAX
Large coverage Higher capacity Scalable Faster to implement Performs well in high delay spread environments Supports multiple antenna technologies
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