Information systems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Information systems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[1][2][3] The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society[14][15][16] while IS emphasizes functionality over design.[17] Any specific Information System aims to support operations, management and decision making.[18] In a broad sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.[19] Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.[20] Alter argues for an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans and/or machines perform work using resources to produce specific products and/or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying) information.[21] As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action. Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.[22]
Contents
1 History 2 Overview 3 The Discipline of Information Systems 4 The Impact on Economic Models 5 Differentiating IS from Related Disciplines 6 Types of information systems 7 Information systems career pathways 8 Information systems development 9 Information systems research 10 Components 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links
History
The history of information systems coincides with the history of computer science that began long before the modern discipline of computer science emerged in the twentieth century.[26] Regarding the circulation of information and ideas, numerous legacy information systems still exist today that are continuously updated to promote ethnographic approaches, to ensure data integrity, and to improve the social effectiveness & efficiency of the whole process.[12] In general, information systems are focused upon processing information within organizations, especially within business enterprises, and sharing the benefits with modern society.
Overview
Silver et al. (1995) provided two views on IS that includes software, hardware, data, people, and procedures.[27] A second managerial view includes people, business processes and Information Systems. The Association for Computing Machinery defines "Information systems specialists [as]
CS, SE, IS, IT, & Customer Venn Diagram where functionality spans left and design spans right stemming from discovery.[23][24][25]
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focus[ing] on integrating information technology solutions and business processes to meet the information needs of businesses and other enterprises."[28] There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes. Information technologies are a very important and malleable resource available to executives.[29] Many companies have created a position of Chief Information Officer (CIO) that sits on the executive board with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Chief Technical Officer (CTO). The CTO may also serve as CIO [Chief Information Officer], and vice versa. The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) focuses on information security management.
The Discipline of Information Systems
Several IS scholars have debated the nature and foundations of Information Systems which has its roots in other reference disciplines such as Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Management Science, Cybernetics, and others.[30][31][32][33] Information systems also can be defined as a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that work together to produce quality information. Information may also be given from the person or application.
The Impact on Economic Models
Microeconomic theory model Transaction cost theory Agency Theory
Differentiating IS from Related Disciplines
Similar to computer science, other disciplines can be seen as both related and foundation disciplines of IS. The domain of study of IS involves the study of theories and practices related to the social and technological phenomena, which determine the development, use, and effects of information systems in organization and society.[34] But, while there may be considerable overlap of the disciplines at the boundaries, the disciplines are still differentiated by the focus, purpose, and orientation of their activities.[35] In a broad scope, the term Information Systems is a scientific field of study that addresses the range of Information Systems strategic, managerial, and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing, relationship to Information distributing, and use of information and its associated technologies in society and organizations.[35] Technology, Computer Science, The term information systems is also used to describe an organizational function that applies IS Information Science, and knowledge in industry, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations.[35] Information Systems Business. often refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is the technology an organization uses and also the way in which the organizations interact with the technology and the way in which the technology works with the organizations business processes. Information systems are distinct from information technology (IT) in that an information system has an information technology component that interacts with the processes' components. One problem with that approach is that it prevents the IS field from being interested in non-organizational use of ICT, such as in social networking, computer gaming, mobile personal usage, etc. A different way of differentiating the IS field from its neighbours is to ask, "Which aspects of reality are most meaningful in the IS field and other fields?" [36] This approach, based on philosophy, helps to define not just the focus, purpose and orientation, but also the dignity, destiny and responsibility of the field among other fields.
Types of information systems
The 'classic' view of Information systems found in the textbooks[37] in the 1980s was of a pyramid of systems that reflected the hierarchy of the organization, usually transaction processing systems at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by management information systems, decision support systems, and ending with executive information systems at the top. Although the pyramid model remains useful, since it was first formulated a number of new technologies have been developed and new categories of information systems have emerged, some of which no longer fit easily into the original pyramid model. Some examples of such systems are: data warehouses enterprise resource planning
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enterprise systems expert systems search engines geographic information system global information system office automation. A Computer(-Based) Information System is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. The basic components of computer based information system are:
A four level pyramid model of different Hardware- these are the devices like the monitor, processor, printer and keyboard, all types of Information Systems based on the of which work together to accept, process, show data and information. Software- are the programs that allow the hardware to process the data. different levels of hierarchy in an Databases- are the gathering of associated files or tables containing related data. organization Networks- are a connecting system that allows diverse computers to distribute resources. Procedures- are the commands for combining the components above to process information and produce the preferred output.
The first four components (hardware, software, database and network) make up what is known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and the management of data. These actions are known as information technology services.[38] Certain information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still others, support groups of organizations. Recall that each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs, or information systems. These functional area information systems (FAIS) are supporting pillars for more general IS namely, business intelligence systems and dashboards[citation needed]. As the name suggest, each FAIS support a particular function are within the organization, e.g.: accounting IS, finance IS, production/operation management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS. In finance and accounting, managers use IT systems to forecast revenues and business activity, to determine the best sources and uses of funds, and to perform audits to ensure that the organization is fundamentally sound and that all financial reports and documents are accurate. Other types of organizational information systems are FAIS, Transaction processing systems, enterprise resource planning, office automation system, management information system, decision support system, expert system, executive dashboard, supply chain management system, and electronic commerce system. Dashboards are a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. They provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports. Expert systems attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.
Information systems career pathways
Information Systems have a number of different areas of work: IS strategy IS management IS development IS iteration IS organization There is a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline. "Workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills will have the best prospects. Workers with management skills and an understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their revenue."[39]
Information systems development
Information technology departments in larger organizations tend to strongly influence information technology development, use, and application in the organizations, which may be a business or corporation. A series of methodologies and processes can be used to develop and use an information system. Many developers have turned and used a more engineering approach such as the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a systematic procedure of developing an information system through stages that occur in sequence. An Information system can be developed in house (within the organization) or outsourced. This can be accomplished by outsourcing certain components or the entire system.[40] A specific case is the geographical distribution of the development team (Offshoring, Global Information System). A computer based information system, following a definition of Langefors,[41] is: a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions,
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as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions. which can be formulated as a generalized information systems design mathematical program. Geographic Information Systems, Land Information systems and Disaster Information Systems are also some of the emerging information systems but they can be broadly considered as Spatial Information Systems. System development is done in stages which include: Problem recognition and specification Information gathering Requirements specification for the new system System design System construction System implementation Review and maintenance.[42]
Information systems research
Information systems research is generally interdisciplinary concerned with the study of the effects of information systems on the behavior of individuals, groups, and organizations.[43][44] Hevner et al. (2004) [45] categorized research in IS into two scientific paradigms including behavioral science which is to develop and verify theories that explain or predict human or organizational behavior and design science which extends the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts. Salvatore March and Gerald Smith [46] proposed a framework for researching different aspects of Information Technology including outputs of the research (research outputs) and activities to carry out this research (research activities). They identified research outputs as follows: 1. Constructs which are concepts that form the vocabulary of a domain. They constitute a conceptualization used to describe problems within the domain and to specify their solutions. 2. A model which is a set of propositions or statements expressing relationships among constructs. 3. A method which is a set of steps (an algorithm or guideline) used to perform a task. Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a representation (model) of the solution space. 4. An instantiation is the realization of an artifact in its environment. Also research activities including: 1. Build an artifact to perform a specific task. 2. Evaluate the artifact to determine if any progress has been achieved. 3. Given an artifact whose performance has been evaluated, it is important to determine why and how the artifact worked or did not work within its environment. Therefore theorize and justify theories about IT artifacts. Although Information Systems as a discipline has been evolving for over 30 years now,[47] the core focus or identity of IS research is still subject to debate among scholars.[48][49][50] There are two main views around this debate: a narrow view focusing on the IT artifact as the core subject matter of IS research, and a broad view that focuses on the interplay between social and technical aspects of IT that is embedded into a dynamic evolving context.[51] A third view[52] calls on IS scholars to pay balanced attention to both the IT artifact and its context. Since the study of information systems is an applied field, industry practitioners expect information systems research to generate findings that are immediately applicable in practice. This is not always the case however, as information systems researchers often explore behavioral issues in much more depth than practitioners would expect them to do. This may render information systems research results difficult to understand, and has led to criticism.[53] To study an information system itself, rather than its effects, information systems models are used, such as EATPUT. The international body of Information Systems researchers, the Association for Information Systems (AIS), and its Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals (23 April 2007), proposed a 'basket' of journals that the AIS deems as 'excellent', and nominated: Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ), Information Systems Research (ISR), Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), and Information Systems Journal (ISJ).[54] A number of annual information systems conferences are run in various parts of the world, the majority of which are peer reviewed. The AIS directly runs the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) and the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), while AIS affiliated conferences (http://home.aisnet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=34) include the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), the Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), the International Conference on Information Resources Management (Conf-IRM) and the Wuhan International Conference on E-Business (WHICEB). AIS chapter conferences (http://ais.affiniscape.com /displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=478) include Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS), Information Systems
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Research Conference in Scandinavia (IRIS), Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS (itAIS), Annual Mid-Western AIS Conference (MWAIS) and Annual Conference of the Southern AIS (SAIS).
Components
An Information System (IS) consists of five basic resources,[55] namely: 1. Personnel, which consists of IT specialists (such as a Database Administrator or Network Engineer) and end-users (such as Data Capture Clerks) 2. Hardware, which consists of all the physical aspects of an information system, ranging from peripherals to computer parts and servers 3. Software, which consists of System Software, Application Software and Utility Software 4. Networks, which consists of communication media and network support 5. Data, which consists of all the knowledge and databases in the IS
See also
Related studies Computer Science Humancomputer interaction Bioinformatics Health informatics Business informatics Cheminformatics Disaster informatics Geoinformatics Information science MIS Formative Context Data processing Components Data architect Data modeling Data Processing System Data Reference Model Database EATPUT Metadata Predictive Model Markup Language Semantic translation Three schema approach Implementation Enterprise Information System Environmental Modeling Center European Research Center for Information Systems Information Processing System INFORMS
References
1. ^ Archibald, J.A. (May 1975). "Computer Science education for majors of other disciplines". AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences: 903906. "Computer science spreads out over several related disciplines, and shares with these disciplines certain sub-disciplines that traditionally have been located exclusively in the more conventional disciplines" 2. ^ Denning, Peter (July 1999). "COMPUTER SCIENCE: THE DISCIPLINE". Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition). "The Domain of Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and machines" 3. ^ Jessup, Leonard M.; Joseph S. Valacich (2008). Information Systems Today (3rd ed.). Pearson Publishing. Pages ??? & Glossary p. 416 4. ^ Coy, Wolfgang (June 2004). "Between the disciplines". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 36 (2): 710. doi:10.1145/1024338.1024340 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F1024338.1024340). ISSN 0097-8418 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8418). "Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between disciplines" 5. ^ Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges 17 (2): 313325. ISSN 1937-4771 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-4771). "... Information Systems grew out of the need to bridge the gap between business management and computer science ..." 6. ^ Davis, Timothy; Geist, Robert; Matzko, Sarah; Westall, James (March 2004). ": A First Step". Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education: 125129. ISBN 1-58113-798-2. "In 1999, Clemson University established a (graduate) degree program that bridges the arts and the sciences... All students in the program are required to complete graduate level work in both the arts and computer science" 7. ^ Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges 17 (2): 313325. ISSN 1937-4771 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-4771). "The field of information systems as a separate discipline is relatively new and is undergoing continuous change as technology evolves and the field matures" 8. ^ Khazanchi, Deepak; Bjorn Erik Munkvold (Summer 2000). "Is information system a science? an inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline". ACM SIGMIS Database 31 (3): 2442. doi:10.1145/381823.381834 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F381823.381834). ISSN 0095-0033 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-0033). "From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields" 9. ^ Denning, Peter (June 2007). Ubiquity a new interview with Peter Denning on the great principles of computing 2007 (June). pp. 11. "People from other fields are saying they have discovered information processes in their deepest structures and that collaboration with computing is essential to them." 10. ^ "Computer science is the study of computation." Computer Science Department, College of Saint Benedict (http://www.csbsju.edu /computerscience/curriculum), Saint John's University 11. ^ "Computer Science is the study of all aspects of computer systems, from the theoretical foundations to the very practical aspects of
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managing large software projects." Massey University (http://study.massey.ac.nz/major.asp?major_code=2010&prog_code=93068) 12. ^ a b Kelly, Sue; Gibson, Nicola; Holland, Christopher; Light, Ben (July 1999). "Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems". Communications of the AIS 2 (7): 127. 13. ^ Pearson Custom Publishing & West Chester University, Custom Program for Computer Information Systems (CSC 110), (Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009) Glossary p. 694 14. ^ Polack, Jennifer (December 2009). "Planning a CIS Education Within a CS Framework". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges 25 (2): 100106. ISSN 1937-4771 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-4771). 15. ^ Hayes, Helen; Onkar Sharma (February 2003). "A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges 18 (3): 217227. ISSN 1937-4771 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-4771). "In 1988, a degree program in Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems using the systems approach" 16. ^ CSTA Committee, Allen Tucker, et alia, A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science (Final Report), (Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., 2006) Abstraction & p. 2 17. ^ Freeman, Peter; Hart, David (August 2004). "A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with". Communications of the ACM 47 (8): 1921. doi:10.1145/1012037.1012054 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F1012037.1012054). ISSN 0001-0782 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782). "Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"which won't be solved until software design is understood scientifically" 18. ^ SEI Report, "Glossary" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070903115947/http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/03.reports/03tr002 /03tr002glossary.html) 19. ^ Kroenke, D M. (2008). Experiencing MIS. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 20. ^ O'Brien, J A. (2003). Introduction to information systems: essentials for the e-business enterprise. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA 21. ^ Alter, S. The Work System Method: Connecting People, Processes, and IT for Business Results. Works System Press, CA 22. ^ Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Business Information Systems. Palgrave, Basingstoke 23. ^ Archibald, J.A. (May 1975). "Computer Science education for majors of other disciplines". AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences: 903906. "Computer science spreads out over several related disciplines, and shares with these disciplines certain sub-disciplines that traditionally have been located exclusively in the more conventional disciplines" 24. ^ Denning, Peter (July 1999). "COMPUTER SCIENCE: THE DISCIPLINE". Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition). "The Domain of Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and machines" 25. ^ Coy, Wolfgang (June 2004). "Between the disciplines". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 36 (2): 710. ISSN 0097-8418 (//www.worldcat.org /issn/0097-8418). "Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between disciplines" 26. ^ History of Computer Science (http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit/Courses/134/history.html) 27. ^ Marc S. Silver, M. Lynne Markus, Cynthia Mathis Beath (Sept. 1995). "The Information Technology Interactive Model: A Foundation for the MBA Core Course" (http://misq.org/the-information-technology-interaction-model-a-foundation-for-the-mba-corecourse.html?SID=k2fh85s9nd5a2ne85qh5a3art7). MIS Quarterly: 361390. 28. ^ The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005. Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf) (http://www.acm.org /education/curric_vols/CC2005-March06Final.pdf) 29. ^ Rockart et al. (1996) Eight imperatives for the new IT organization Sloan Management review. 30. ^ Culnan, M. J. Mapping the Intellectual Structure of MIS, 1980-1985: A Co-Citation Analysis, MIS Quarterly, 1987, pp. 341-353. 31. ^ Keen, P. G. W. MIS Research: Reference Disciplines and A Cumulative Tradition, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Systems, E. McLean (ed.), Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. 9-18. 32. ^ Lee, A. S. Architecture as A Reference Discipline for MIS, in Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, H.-E. Nisen, H. K. Klein, and R. A. Hirschheim (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 573-592. 33. ^ Mingers, J., and Stowell, F. (eds.). Information Systems: An Emerging Discipline?, McGraw- Hill, London, 1997. 34. ^ John, W., and Joe, P. (2002) "Strategic Planning for Information System." 3rd Ed. West Sussex. John wiley & Sons Ltd 35. ^ a b c "Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems" (http://www.dogpile.com/clickserver/_iceUrlFlag=1?rawURL=http%3A%2F %2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.84.7159%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&0=&1=0& 4=76.185.237.80&5=76.185.237.80&9=9501c7397f68429bb16bc24369dcca01&10=1&11=info.dogpl.prefer&13=search&14=239138& 15=main-title&17=10&18=3&19=0&20=6&21=4&22=uKGy3oevUc4%3D&23=0&40=Kar0DLd5ckAhR1%2F79hs8iA%3D%3D& _IceUrl=true) 36. ^ Basden, A. (2010) On Using Spheres of Meaning to Define and Dignify the IS Discipline. International Journal of Information Management, 30, 13-20. (http://aisel.aisnet.org/ukais2009/10) It employs the philosophy of the late Herman Dooyeweerd to differentiate distinct aspects or 'spheres of meaning'. The paper suggests that while computer science finds the formative (http://www.dooy.info /formative.html) aspect, of shaping, structuring, processing, of central interest, and business and organizational fields find the economic (http://www.dooy.info//economic.html) and social (http://www.dooy.info/social.html) aspects of central interest, the Information Systems field can find the lingual aspect (http://www.dooy.info/lingual.html) of central interest, while making links with the aspects of the neighbouring disciplines. 37. ^ Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P. Management Information Systems, (2nd edition), Macmillan, 1988. 38. ^ Rainer, R. Kelly Jr and Casey G. Cegielski. Introduction to Information System: Support and Transforming Business Fourth Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2012. Print. 39. ^ "Information Systems" (http://www.careercornerstone.org/infosys/infosys.htm). Sloan Career Cornerstone Center; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 40. ^ Using MIS. Kroenke. 2009. ISBN 0-13-713029-5. 41. ^ Brje Langefors (1973). Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems. Auerbach. ISBN 0-87769-151-7. 42. ^ Computer Studies. Frederick Nyawaya. 2008. ISBN 9966-781-24-2. 43. ^ Galliers, R.D., Markus, M.L., & Newell, S. (Eds) (2006). Exploring Information Systems Research Approaches. (http://books.google.com /books?id=brOkAAAACAAJ&dq=Exploring+information+systems+research+approaches:+readings+and+reflections) New York, NY: Routledge.
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44. ^ Ciborra, C. (2002). The Labyrinths of Information: Challenging the Wisdom of Systems. (http://books.google.com/books?id=jbvrAHmG0wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Labyrinths+of+Information) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press 45. ^ Hevner, March, Park & Ram (2004): Design Science in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75-105. 46. ^ March S., Smith G. (1995) Design and natural science in Information Technology (IT), Decision Support Systems, Vol. 15, pp. 251- 266. 47. ^ Avgerou, C. (2000): Information systems: what sort of science is it? Omega, 28, 567-579. 48. ^ Benbasat, I., Zmud, R. (2003): The identity crisis within the IS discipline: defining and communicating the disciplines core properties, MIS Quarterly, 27(2), 183-194. 49. ^ Agarwal, R., Lucas, H. (2005): The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high- visibility and high-impact research, MIS Quarterly, 29(3), 381-398. 50. ^ El Sawy, O. (2003): The IS core IX: The 3 faces of IS identity: connection, immersion, and fusion. Communications of AIS, 12, 588-598. 51. ^ Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Research in Information Systems: Implications of the constant changing nature of IT capabilities in the social computing era, in Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia, IRIS 32, Inclusive Design, Molde University College, Molde, Norway, August 912, 2009. ISBN 978-82-7962-120-1. 52. ^ Orlikowski, W., Iacono, C. (2001): Research commentary: desperately seeking the IT in IT researcha call to theorizing about the IT artifact. Information Systems Research, 12(2), 121-134. 53. ^ Kock, N., Gray, P., Hoving, R., Klein, H., Myers, M., & Rockart, J. (2002). Information Systems Research Relevance Revisited: Subtle Accomplishment, Unfulfilled Promise, or Serial Hypocrisy? (http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol8/iss1/23/) Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 8(23), 330-346. 54. ^ Senior Scholars (2007) AIS Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals: A baseket of six (or eight) A* journals in Information Systems Archived at http://home.aisnet.org/associations/7499/files/Senior%20Scholars%20Letter.pdf. 55. ^ O'Brien,James.;Marakas,George,Introduction to Information Systems 15th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2010, p.31
Further reading
Rainer, R. Kelly and Cegielski, Casey G. (2009). "Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business, 3rd Edition" (http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP000323.html) Kroenke, David (2008). Using MIS - 2nd Edition (http://www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke/). Lindsay, John (2000). Information Systems Fundamentals and Issues (http://www.oturn.net/isfi/index.html). Kingston University, School of Information Systems Dostal, J. School information systems (Skolni informacni systemy). (http://mict.upol.cz/skolni_informacni_systemy.pdf) In Infotech 2007 - modern information and communication technology in education. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2007. s. 540 546. ISBN 978-80-7220-301-7. O'Leary, Timothy and Linda. (2008). Computing Essentials Introductory 2008. McGraw-Hill on Computing2008.com (http://www.computing2008.com) Imperial College London - Information Systems Engineering degree - Information Systems Engineering (http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/electricalengineering/courses/undergraduate/informationengineering) Sage, S.M. "Information Systems: A brief look into history", Datamation, 63-69, Nov. 1968. - Overview of the early history of IS.
External links
Association for Information Systems (AIS) (http://aisnet.org/) Center for Information Systems Research - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (http://mitsloan.mit.edu/cisr/) European Research Center for Information Systems (http://www.ercis.org/) Index of Information Systems Journals (http://lamp.infosys.deakin.edu.au/journals/) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_systems&oldid=565291091" Categories: Information Information systems This page was last modified on 22 July 2013 at 08:32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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