A PRACTICAL TRAINING PRESENTATION ON CDMA TECHNOLOGY
BYVIJAY YADAV IV YR, ECE DEPT.,SECTION -B
www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
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CONTENTS
STAGE # 1
COMPANY PROFILE TTSL AT JAIPUR
AWARDS & RECOGNIZATION
OTHER SERVICES
STAGE # 2
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
Multiple Access Method CDMA Introduction
CDMA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE CALL PROCESSING IN CDMA NETWORK
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STAGE#1
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Companys Profile
Established in : 1996 Chairman & M.D. : Mr. Ratan .N. Tata CEO & Joint Managing Director : Mr. Anil Kumar Sardana Employees : 3,50,000 Proportionate Revenue : $ 62.5 Billion Shares in Issue : 3.2 Million in June 2008
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Training undertaken at :
TATA TELE SERVICES LIMITED, THE GUMAN-I, AMPRAPALI CIRCLE, VAISHALI NAGAR, JAIPUR
1. H.R. Manager : Mr . Amit Agarwal 2. Reporting officer : Mr. Rahul Sharma 3. Co-persons : Mr.ShishirDhandholiya Mr. Abhay Agarwal
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1. TTSL Has Won the GLOBAL HR EXCELLENCE AWARD 2009 under the INSTITUTION BUILDING CATEGORY BY WORLD HRD CONGRESS 2. 100 TRUE VALUE SHOPEES(TVS) ON THE SAME DAY ACROSS THE NATION 3. INNOVATIVE RETAIL CONCEPT OF THE YEAR 2008
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Other Services
TATA TELEMEDIA SERVICES
1. High Speed Broadband Internet Services 2. Landline service in around 102 cities 3. Direct to Home (DTH) Service in over 87 Cities
ENTERPRISE SERVICES
4. Provides a broad portfolio of services to large Enterprise and Carrier customers. 2 This division comprises of the Carrier and Corporate business unit.
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Technologie s TDMA/FDM A GSM (European Standard) IS 136 (U.S Standard) PDC (Japnese Standard) CDMA
IS 95 (U.S Standard)
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Evolution of Cellular Systems
2nd. Generation Digital (1990s) 1st. Generation Analo (1980s) g
NMT CT0 TACS CT1 AMPS GSM DECT DCS1800 CT2 PDC PHS IS-54 IS-95 IS-136 UP-PCS
3rd. Generation IMT-2000 (2000s)
CDMA2000 W-CDMA
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PN Code Freq Freq Freq
Time
Time
Time CDMA
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FDMA
TDMA
In FDMA, the entire allocated cellular frequency spectrum is divided into a number of 30-kHz channels . The power transmitted by a cell is only large enough to communicate with mobile stations located near the edge of the cells coverage area. The radius of a cell might be one mile or lessreferred to as a small cell.
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FDMA Overview
Frequency C C f2 f1
f0
Time
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TDMA is a digital wireless air interface . It divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots, each of which constitutes an independent telephone circuit.
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TDMA Overview
A B
C B A C B A C B A C B A
Frequency f0
C Time
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A digital multiple access technique specified by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as "IS-95." One of the unique aspect of CDMA is that while there are certainly limits to the number of phone calls that can be handled by a carrier, this is not a fixed number . Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a digital air interface standard, claiming eight to fifteen times the capacity of analog.
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What is CDMA ?
spread spectrum Base-band Spectrum Radio Spectrum Code B
B
B
Code A
Code A
A B C A C
Freque
B A
B A
C B
Sender
Time
Receiver
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Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS
CDMA one
CDMA 2000 Wide Band
IS9 5
IS95 B Narrow Band
JSTD 008
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Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code. Each user transmits its information by spreading with unique code. Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used. Users are seperated by code not by time slot and freq slot.
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Concept of CDMA
Users share same bandwidth User axis shows cumulative signal strength of all users
User
Code 4 Code 3 Code2 Code 1 Freq
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General Architecture Of CDMA
BS C HLR VLR PST N, ISDN
SI M
ME
BT S BT S
MSC BS C A
MS U Mobile m station
Abi s BS
EIR
AuC
N Network S Subsyste 18/11/2009
Base S Station Subsystem
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)
Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility 2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) 3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)
BSC
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BTS : Base Tranceiver station 1. It defines the cell . BS C link protocol with the mobile 2. It handles the radio station BSC: Base station Controller 1. It manages radio resources for one or more BTS. 2. Allocation and Deallocation of channels. 3. Transmitter power control. 4. Handoff control
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HLR BS C
VL MS R C EIR AuC
PST N, ISDN
Network Subsystem MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location register AuC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register
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Mobile Switching center:(MSC)
1 Call set up/supervision/release 2 Call routing 3 Billing information collection 4 Mobility management 5 Paging, Echo cancellation connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange networks 6 Access to HLR and VLR
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Home Location Register (HLR)
1 One HLR per CDMA operator 2 Contains permanent M database of all the subscribers in the network 3 Contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.) 4 It is reffered for every incomming call
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Visitor Location Register(VLR)
1. Temporary visitors database 2. One VLR per MSC
Authentication Center(AuC)
1. Provides security 2. Authentication and encryption
Equipment Identity Register:
1. Contains IMEI
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Handoff
GMS C MSC MSC Handoff is of 3 types 1. Intra BSC BSC BSC BSC 2 Inter BSC 3. Inter MSC
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Location Update
BSC
VLR MS C HLR BSC MS C GMS C
PST N. VLR ISD N 18/11/2009
Comparison between CDMA and TDMA/FDMA:
In TDMA Band width available for transmission is small which leads to compromise in quality of transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire spectrum is used which enhances voice quality. In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas in CDMA frequency planning is minimal. TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power limited system
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Some Pics Of BSC
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Some Pics Of BTS
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CDMA
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
Increased Cellular Communication Security. Soft Handoff Because Of Same Carrier Frequency Increased Efficiency, Meaning That The Carrier Can Serve More Subscriber. Smaller Phones. Low Power Requirements And Little Cell-to-Cell Coordination Needed By Operators. Extended Reach - Beneficial To Rural Users Situated Far From
Cells.
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CDMA
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
NEAR FAR PROBLEM. CDMA IS RELATIVELY NEW, AND THE NETWORK IS NOT AS MATURE AS GSM. CDMA CAN NOT OFFER INTERNATIONAL ROAMING, A LARGE GSM ADVANTAGE.
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Conclusion
1. CDMA cellular system is deemed superior to the FDMA and TDMA cellular systems for the time being. 2. Therefore, CDMA technique becomes more important in radio communication systems. 3.CDMA is based on the spread spectrum technique which has been used
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