Halloween From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the observance.

For other uses, see Halloween (disambiguat ion). Halloween Halloween A jack-o'-lantern, one of the symbols of Halloween Also called Hallowe'en All Hallows' Eve All Saints' Eve Observed by Western Christians & many non-Christians around the world[1] Date October 31 Celebrations Trick-or-treating/guising, costume parties, making jack-o'-lante rns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, fireworks displays Observances Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigils[4] Related to Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Kalan Gwav, Day of the Dead, A ll Saints' Day (cf. vigils) Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of "All Hallows' Evening"),[5] also known as All Hallows' Eve,[6] is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countri es on October 31, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows (or All Saints) and the day initiating the triduum of Hallowmas. According to many scholars, All Hallows' Eve is a Christianised feast originally influenced by western European harvest festivals,[7] and festivals of the dead with possible pagan roots, particularly the Celtic Samhain.[6][8][9] Other schol ars maintain that it originated independently of Samhain and has solely Christia n roots.[10] Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (also known as "g uising"), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lig hting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, tel ling scary stories, and watching horror films. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Celtic influences 2.2 Christian influences 2.3 Spread to North America 3 Symbols 4 Trick-or-treating and guising 4.1 Costumes 4.2 UNICEF 5 Games and other activities 6 Haunted attractions 7 Food 8 Religious observances 8.1 Perspectives 8.1.1 Christianity 8.1.2 Judaism 9 Around the world 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology[edit source | editbeta] The word Halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All Hallows' Eve ('evening'), that is, the night before Al l Hallows' Day.[11] Although the phrase All Hallows' is found in Old English (ea lra halgena mssedg, mass-day of all saints), All Hallows' Eve is itself not seen u

ntil 1556.[11] History[edit source | editbeta]

Inflatable jack-o'-lanterns Celtic influences[edit source | editbeta] Though the origin of the word Halloween is Christian, the holiday is commonly th ought to have pagan roots.[12] Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in th e Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival o f Samhain", which comes from the Old Irish for "summer's end".[12] Samhain (pron ounced sah-win or sow-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter d ays in the medieval Gaelic (Irish, Scottish and Manx)[13] calendar.[14][15] It w as held on or about October 31 November 1 and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year in other Celtic lands; for example the Brythonic Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gwav (in Cornwall) and Kalan Goav (in Brittany). Samhain is men tioned in some of the earliest Irish literature and many important events in Iri sh mythology happen or begin on Samhain. It marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year.[16] This was a ti me for stock-taking and preparing for the cold winter ahead;[12] cattle were bro ught back down from the summer pastures and livestock were slaughtered.[16] In m uch of the Gaelic world, bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them .[16] Some of these rituals hint that they may once have involved human sacrific e.[12][17] Divination games or rituals were also done at Samhain.[16] Samhain (like Beltane) was seen as a time when the 'door' to the Otherworld open ed enough for the souls of the dead, and other beings such as fairies, to come i nto our world.[18][19] The souls of the dead were said to revisit their homes on Samhain.[20] Feasts were had, at which the souls of dead kin were beckoned to a ttend and a place set at the table for them.[21] Lewis Spence described it as a "feast of the dead" and "festival of the fairies".[22] However, harmful spirits and fairies were also thought to be active at Samhain. People took steps to alla y or ward-off these harmful spirits/fairies, which is thought to have influenced today's Halloween customs. Before the 20th century, wearing costumes at Samhain was done in parts of Ireland, Mann, the Scottish Highlands and islands, and Wal es.[23] Wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself fr om these harmful spirits/fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes fr om a Christian or Christianized belief (see below). In Ireland, people went abou t before nightfall collecting for Samhain feasts and sometimes wore costumes whi le doing so.[23] In the 19th century on Ireland's southern coast, a man dressed as a white mare would lead youths door-to-door collecting food; by giving them f ood, the household could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'.[24] In Moray during the 18th century, boys called at each house in their village asking for f uel for the Samhain bonfire.[25] The modern custom of trick-or-treating may have come from these practices. Alternatively, it may come from the Christian custom of souling (see below). Making jack-o'-lanterns at Halloween may also have sprung from Samhain and Celti c beliefs. Turnip lanterns, sometimes with faces carved into them, were made on Samhain in the 19th century in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[26] As well as being used to light one's way while outside on Samhain night, they ma y also have been used to represent the spirits/fairies and/or to protect oneself and one's home from them. Another legend is that a trickster named Jack decided one day to trick the Devil. He trapped the Devil in a pumpkin and paraded him a round town. Eventually, Jack let the Devil out and the Devil put a curse on Jack and forever made him a spirit in hell. On Halloween, Jack is released to terror ize the country all night. To protect themselves, the Irish would place a pumpki n with a face outside to scare Jack into believing it was the Devil.[27] However , a Christian origin has also been proposed.[28] Christian influences[edit source | editbeta]

Snap-Apple Night (1832) by Daniel Maclise depicts apple bobbing and divination g ames at a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland. Halloween is also thought to have been influenced by the Christian holy days of All Saints' Day (also known as All Hallows, Hallowmas or Hallowtide) on November 1 and All Souls' Day on November 2.[29] They are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach Heaven. All Saints w as introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on May 13.[30] In 8 35, it was switched to November 1 (the same date as Samhain) at the behest of Po pe Gregory IV.[30] Some have suggested this was due to Celtic influence, while o thers suggest it was a Germanic idea.[30] By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Eu rope and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory. " Souling", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for "all crysten christene d souls",[31] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[32] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door on All Saints/All Souls co llecting soul cakes, originally as a means of praying for souls in purgatory.[33 ] Similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy.[ 34] Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas."[35] The custom of wearing costumes has been linked to All Saints/All Souls by Prince Sorie Conteh, who wrote: "It was traditionally believ ed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on thei r enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costum es to disguise their identities".[36] In Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party N ight, Nicholas Rogers explained Halloween jack-o'-lanterns as originally being r epresentations of souls in purgatory.[28] In Brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards.[37] Families picking pumpkins for Halloween in Maryland, United States, 2012 In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation as Protestant s berated purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the notion of prede stination.[29] The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotla nd.[38] There and in Ireland, the rebellious Guy Fawkes was not viewed with the same criminality as in England, and they had been celebrating Samhain and Hallow een since at least the early Middle Ages,[13] and the Scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to Halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and ri tes of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country.[38] Spread to North America[edit source | editbeta] North American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indicati on that Halloween was celebrated there.[39] The Puritans of New England, for exa mple, maintained strong opposition to Halloween,[39] and it was not until the ma ss Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to North America in earnest.[39] Confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by th e first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by peo ple of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.[40] Symbols[edit source | editbeta]

Jack-o'-lanterns in Kobe, Japan Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween,[41

][42] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both muc h softer and much larger making it easier to carve than a turnip.[41] Subsequent ly, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. Th e American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[43] and was origina lly associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associate d with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[44] The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including national cust oms, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy).[45] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John May ne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!" , as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), infl uencing Robert Burns' Halloween 1785.[46] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decora ted with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, the occult, and mythical monst ers.[47] Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween's traditional colors. Trick-or-treating and guising[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Trick-or-treating Trick-or-treaters in Sweden Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[3 2] children disguised in costume going from door t In Scotland and Ireland, guising o door for food or coins is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns m ade out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money.[42] The practice of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recor ded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "gui sing" around the neighborhood.[48] American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and r eferences souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America": The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a S cotch party, using Burn's poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.[49] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "A mericans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the Unite d States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".[50] Wh ile the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another re ference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a t hird reference in Chicago in 1920.[51] The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, fr om Blackie, Alberta, Canada: Hallowe'en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was do ne except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentor s were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word trick or treat to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.[52] The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th centu ry and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[53] The edito r of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are c

ards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costume s at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on t he early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them".[54] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the fir st U.S. appearances of the term in 1934,[55] and the first use in a national pub lication occurring in 1939.[56] People dressed in Halloween Costumes in Dublin, Ireland. Costumes[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Halloween costume Halloween in Yonkers, New York, US Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, in the United State s the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, cel ebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.[32] Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Ireland and Scotlan d at Halloween by the late 19th century.[42] Costuming became popular for Hallow een parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for chil dren. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States. Halloween costume parties generally fall on or around October 31, often on the F riday or Saturday before Halloween. UNICEF[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[32] a Un ited Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of s mall boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-cha nge donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have col lected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006 , UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redes igned the program.[57][58] Games and other activities[edit source | editbeta]

In this Halloween greeting card from 1904, divination is depicted: the young wom an looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband. There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One com mon game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called "dooking" in Scotland[ 59] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participant s must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. The practice is though t by some to have derived from the Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[32] A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the t eeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves han ging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without u sing hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. A traditio nal Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one lo ng strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land i n the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name.[60] Unmarried women

were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Hallow een night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[61] from the late 19t h century and early 20th century. Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut sh ells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the pape r was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. F olks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cu t out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune " would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-ba chelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- j ourney, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early mar riage, and key-fame.[62] The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials ( with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Hal loween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before Halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere. Haunted attractions[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Haunted attraction Humorous tombstones in front of a house in northern California Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patron s. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid sca re venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees) for fundraisi ng.[63] They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[64] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted a ttractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300 500 million each year, a nd draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculate d that the industry had reached its peak at that time.[63] This maturing and gro wth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.[65] Food[edit source | editbeta]

A candy apple Because Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (k nown as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometime s followed by rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapi dly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[66] While t here is evidence of such incidents,[67] they are quite rare and have never resul ted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous pract ices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some h ospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evid ence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents invo lved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.[68] One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowa days, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: birn breac), which is a light fruitcake , into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year.

This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany. List of foods associated with Halloween: Barmbrack (Ireland) Bonfire toffee (Great Britain) Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain & Ireland) Candy apples, Candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America) Caramel apples Caramel corn Colcannon (Ireland) Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. Pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread Roasted pumpkin seeds Roasted sweet corn Soul cakes Scary Faced Pizza[69] Religious observances[edit source | editbeta]

During Hallowmas, many Christian believers visit graveyards in order to place fl owers and candles on the graves of their loved ones. On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers are taught to pray out lo ud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might fi nd comfort; in Spain, Christian priests toll their church bells in order to allo w their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve.[70] The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil "when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself."[71] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Sa ints;[72][73] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[74][75] After the service, "suitabl e festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the gravey ard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for A ll Hallows' Day.[76][77] Perspectives[edit source | editbeta] Christianity[edit source | editbeta] Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All H allow's Eve.[78][79] Some of these practises include praying, fasting and attend ing worship services.[1][2][3] Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and w omen of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and lo ve. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen. All Hallow's Eve Prayer from the L iturgy of the Hours[80] Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or inde pendently from it.[81][82] Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held as well, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[ 83] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."[84] In more rec ent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a "Saint Fest" on Halloween.[85] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Hallowe en as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. Many Christi ans ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a fun event de voted to "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians, Hallowee n holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death a nd mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable lif

e lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.[86] In the Roman Ca tholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is sometimes cited,[87] and Hall oween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North Ame rica and in Ireland. Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween, and re ject it because they feel it trivializes or celebrates paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[8 8] A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of "Hell houses", themed pamphlets, or comic-styl e tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Hallowee n's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[85] Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith,[89] believing it to have or iginated as a pagan "Festival of the Dead". Judaism[edit source | editbeta] According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why Halloween is not technically permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violate Leviticus 18:3 forbi dding Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Nevertheless many American Jews ce lebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and Christian origi ns.[90] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser, of the Central Conference of American R abbis has said that There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween as it is commonly observed" while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Br oyde has argued against Jews sending their children trick or treating or otherwi se observing the holiday.[91] Around the world[edit source | editbeta]

Student as zombie at a Halloween "fashion show" at the Monterrey Institute of Te chnology and Higher Education, Mexico City. Main article: Halloween around the world The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that obs erve it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[92][93] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North Am erica, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant imp act on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American in fluence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia,[94] New Zealand,[95] (most) continental Europe , Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[96] See also[edit source | editbeta] Portal icon Christianity portal Portal icon Holidays portal Calan Gaeaf Day of the Dead Devil's Night Ghost Festival List of fiction works about Halloween List of films set around Halloween List of Halloween television specials Martinisingen Mischief night Walpurgis Night References[edit source | editbeta] ^ a b c "BBC Religions Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Cor poration (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Sa ints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on Al

l Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fastin g prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed ' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en." ^ a b The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. Retrie ved 31 October 2011. "Service for All Hallows' Eve: This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and e ntertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be ma de to a cemetery or burial place." ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as H alloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use thi s simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Ch ristian roots of this festival." ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of i ncluding children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, childre n might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day." ^ Thomas Thomson, Charles Annandale (1896). A History of the Scottish People fro m the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe'en, a contraction for All-hallow Evenin g, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity." ^ a b Merriam-Webster's Encyclopdia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. Re trieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallo wed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The pre-Christia n observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date." Religions Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporati ^ "BBC on (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "It is widely believed that many Hall owe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain wh ich was Christianised by the early Church." ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford Un iversity Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween and the Day of the Dead sh are a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' an d All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. I n the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pa gan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age e nthusiasts and the evangelical Right." ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "The feasts of Hallowe' en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Soul s' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other heathen customs intertwi ned with Christian practice." ^ "BBC Religions Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporati on (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The Oxford Dictionary of World Relig ions also claims that Hallowe'en "absorbed and adopted the Celtic new year festi val, the eve and day of Samhain". However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious fest ival which took place on 31st October/1st November." ^ a b The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 1989. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween" . Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 11 21. New York: Oxford Univ. P ress. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. ^ a b Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in B ritain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)

^ A Pocket Guide To Superstitions Of The British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6 ^ All Hallows' Eve BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ a b c d Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.407 ^ Frazer, Sir James George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. For gotten Books, 2008. pp.663 664 ^ Monaghan, p.41 ^ O'Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Pre ss, 2006. p.236 ^ "Halloween". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannic a, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012. ^ McNeill, F. Marian. The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan. pp.11 46 ^ Spence, Lewis (1945). The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain. p.88. ISBN 0-09-474300 -2 ^ a b Hutton, pp.380 382 ^ MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp.61, 175 ^ Hutton, pp.365 368 ^ Hutton, p.382 ^ Hill, Christopher. Holidays and Holy Nights. Quest Books, 2003. p.56 ^ a b Rogers, p.57 ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 22, 27. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. ^ a b c Hutton, p.364 ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford U niversity Press. pp. 28 30. ISBN 0-19-514691-3. ^ a b c d e "Halloween". Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ Hutton, pp.374 375 ^ "Ask Anne", Washington Post, 21 November 1948, p. S11. ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1. ^ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa : Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. Retrieved 31 October 20 11. ^ "Kalan -Goav ha Marv". Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2012 . ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 37 38. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp . 49 50. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 74. N ew York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. ^ a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink p.269. Oxford University P ress, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011 ^ a b c Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, p. 540-543. Bo oks.google.com. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011. ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle," in "Twice-Told Tales", 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam throug h the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern! ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jac k-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Tre ated Gastronomically and Socially," The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table," The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103 124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-5 16896-8. ^ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Stanford University Pres s, 1960 ^ Simpson, Jacqueline All Saints' Day in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howart h, G. and Leeman, O. (2001)London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p.14 Halloween i

s closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19 -514691-3 ^ Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co. , 1919, chapter 15, p.127. "Hallowe'en in America." ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. "Hallowe'en in America". ^ Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story," St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" Ladies Home Journal, October 192 0, p. 135. ^ "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, Nov. 3. ^ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gall ery, Antique Hallowe'en Postcards, Vintage Halloween Postcards, and Morticia's M orgue Antique Halloween Postcards. ^ E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier, 29 May 2007, editors of Halloween Post cards Catalog (CD-ROM), G & L Postcards. ^ "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop," Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 No vember 1934: Other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the "trick or treat" system in all parts of the city. "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 Novembe r 1934, p. 4: Pretty Boy John Doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. It was h is plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to c omply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. "Madam, we are here for t he usual purpose, 'trick or treat.'" This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. Many women have some apples, cookies or d oughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the "treat" is given out gladl y. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on H alloween in 1934, although not by the term "trick-or-treating." "Front Views and Profiles" (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17. ^ Doris Hudson Moss, "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home , November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a California-based writer. ^ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). "UNICEF to end Hallowe en 'orange box' program". CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Re trieved 29 October 2006. ^ "History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign". UNICEF Canada. 2008. Arch ived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009. ^ Apple dookers make record attempt, BBC News, 2 October 2008 ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan, G lasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp.11 46 ^ "Vintage Halloween Cards". Vintage Holiday Crafts. Retrieved 28 October 2009. ^ Green Bay Press Gazette, 27 October 1916 ^ a b Associated Press (30 October 2005). "Haunted house business getting fright fully hard". MSNBC.com. MSNBC. Retrieved 18 November 2008. ^ Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). "A Model of Mayhem". Hudson Valley Magazine. Re trieved 6 October 2008. ^ Wilson, Craig (12 October 2006). "Haunted houses get really scary". USAToday.c om. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Hallo ween, c. 1920 1990," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78 102. New Yo rk: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy". Snopes.c om. Retrieved 31 October 2008. ^ Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). "Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myt h? LiveScience". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011. ^ "Halloween Food:Scary Faced Pizza". ^ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an Am

erican History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 1565543467. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked t hrough the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parish ioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve." ^ "BBC - Religions - Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corpo ration (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st O ctober each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Sain ts' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself." ^ Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). "'All Hallows' Eve'". The Patriot P ost. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ""The vigil of the hallows" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or "Ha lloween" for short -- a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century." ^ "Vigil of All Saints". Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 1 Nove mber 2011. "The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), whe n the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and fro m lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be don e in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil o f All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical offi ce of Compline at the end." ^ "Night of Light Beginnings". Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Retrieved 2 Novem ber 2012. "In its first year - 2000 AD - over 1000 people participated from seve ral countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods o f Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second yea r 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has bee n adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each yea r from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US A and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages ha ve got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up b e other Christians who while keeping it's essentials have adapted it to suit the ir own traditions." ^ "Here's to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery". The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 November 2012. "One that has grown over the past decade is the socalled Night of Light, on All Hallows Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, i n leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a world wide movement, popular in Africa and the United States. The heart of the Night o f Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too excitin g for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light i s Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et L umen Christi heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit." ^ Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 0898692113. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "The BOS notes that "suitable festivities and entertainments" may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place." ^ Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. IS BN 0976051249. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "My folks are Polish and they celebrat e Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the c emetery and graves of your loved ones." ^ "Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween". The Church of Englan d. Retrieved 28 October 2009. "Christianity needs to make clear its positive mes sage for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Hall oween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter."

^ "Halloween and All Saints Day". newadvent.org. n.d. Retrieved 22 October 2006. ^ "Halloween Prayers: Prayers and Collects for All Hallows Eve". Ancient and Fut ure Catholics. 2001. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Father, All-Powerful and Ever-L iving God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. M ay their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen." ^ "Reformation Day". Retrieved 22 October 2009 ^ "Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship". The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006. ^ Travis Allen (2011). "Christians and Halloween". John F. MacArthur. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called "H arvest Festivals", "Hallelujah Night" or "Reformation Festivals"--the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes." ^ Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 M arch 2000. ^ a b "Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween". www.rcab.org . n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 200 6. ^ "Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November" . All Saints Parish. n.d. Retrieved 22 November 2006. ^ Halloween's Christian Roots AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved on 24 October 2007 . ^ Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo. Unmasking Halloween". The Restored Church of God. n.d. R ^ "'Trick?' or 'Treat?' etrieved 21 September 2007. ^ "Jews and Halloween". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-03-05. ^ Name (required) (2011-10-30). "Halloween and Judaism: a contradiction or a coa lition?". Haamnews.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05. ^ Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds' UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010 ^ McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). "Halloween firework injuries are on the incre ase". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010. ^ Paul Kent (27 October 2010). "Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia". The H erald Sun. ^ Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). "Safe treats for kids on year's scariest nig ht". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p.164. N ew York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8 Further reading[edit source | editbeta] Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publ ishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8 Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7 Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens P ast, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8 Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masque rade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1 Editha Hrandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Mnste r in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Mnster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4 Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, USA (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3 Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4 James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween,Waxlight Press,(2013). 2

94 pages. ISBN 978-0988243316 External links[edit source | editbeta] Find more about Halloween at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Media from Commons Source texts from Wikisource Halloween at the Open Directory Project "The History of Halloween" by the History Channel [show] v t e Halloween [show] v t e Hallowmas [show] v t e Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States Categories: HalloweenHalloween eventsChristian festivals and holy daysIrish cult ureNeopagan holidaysOctober observancesScottish cultureScottish folkloreChristia n holidays Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEdit sourceEditbetaView history Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Toolbox Print/export Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch nglisc ??????? Avae'? Az?rbaycanca ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????????)? ????????? Boarisch Catal Cesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti ???????? Espaol Esperanto Estremeu ????? Franais

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?????? ??? ?????? Trke ?????????? ???? Ti?ng Vi?t West-Vlams ?? Zazaki ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 14 August 2013 at 06:31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; add itional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and P rivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-prof it organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewWikimedia Fo undation Powered by MediaWiki