Contents

[hide]

1 History 2 The approach 3 The last two strides 4 Takeoff

o o o o

4.1 Kick 4.2 Double-arm 4.3 Sprint 4.4 Power sprint or bounding

5 Action in the air and landing 6 Training

o o o o o o

6.1 Jumping 6.2 Over-distance running 6.3 Weight training 6.4 Plyometrics 6.5 Bounding 6.6 Flexibility

7 World record progression

o o

7.1 Men 7.2 Women

8 Top ten performers

o o

8.1 Men 8.2 Women

9 Best Year Performance

o o

9.1 Men's Seasons Best (Outdoor) 9.2 Women's Seasons Best (Outdoor)

10 National records

10.1 Men

11 Long jump on coinage 12 References 13 External links

14 See also

[edit]History

Halteres used in athletic games in ancient Greece. The long jump was one of the events of the pentathlon of the original Olympics in Ancient Greece. Long Jump was the only known jumping event in these Ancient Olympic Games. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines.[2] The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called halteres(between 1 and 4.5 kg). After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern day event, athletes were only allowed a short running start. [2] These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum. It is commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in mid-air to increase his forward momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his distance. The jump itself was made from the bater ("that which is trod upon"). It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event (Miller, 66). The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ("dug-up" area) (Miller, 66). The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention (Miller, 66). The skamma was simply a temporary area dug up for that occassion and nto something that remained over time. The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required. Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete.[2] Philostratos is quoted as saying, "The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions, and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute, and in weight by the use of the

halter." (Miller, 67). Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis, who in the 656BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 meters (23 feet and 1.7 inches).[3] There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump. Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump. The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today's long jump. The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos (Miller, 68). The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a standardized track and field event for women.[4] However, it was not until 1928 that women were allowed to compete in the event at the Olympic level (See Athletics - track and field).

[edit]The

approach

The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The most important factor for the distance traveled by an object is its velocity at takeoff - both the speed and angle. Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less; therefore, it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump. The greater the speed at takeoff, the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be. The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event. The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete. Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides on the novice and intermediate levels, while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 strides. The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper's experience, sprinting technique, and conditioning level. Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot. Inconsistent approaches are a common problem in the event. As a result the approach is usually practiced by athletes about 6-8 times per jumping session (see Training below).

[edit]The

last two strides

The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible. The penultimate (second to last) stride is longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff. The last two strides are extremely important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump--the greater the velocity, the better the jump.

[edit]Takeoff
The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control. This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Taking off from the board heel-first has a braking effect, which decreases velocity and strains the joints. Jumping off the toes decreases stability, putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper. While concentrating on foot placement, the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position, keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release. There are four main styles of takeoff: the kick style, double-arm style, sprint takeoff, and the power sprint or bounding takeoff.

[edit]Kick
The kick style takeoff is a style of takeoff where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit.

[edit]Double-arm
The double-arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse.

[edit]Sprint
The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff.

[edit]Power

sprint or bounding

The power sprint takeoff, or bounding takeoff, is arguably one of the most effective styles. [who?] Very similar to the sprint style, the body resembles a sprinter in full stride. However, there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent position. This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff. The "correct" style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete.

[edit]Action

in the air and landing

There are three major flight techniques for the long jump: the hang, the sail and the hitch-kick. Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take-off but is basically down to preference from the athlete. It is important to note that once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are travelling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit. However, it can be argued that certain

techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can have an impact on distance measured. For example, if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured.

[edit]Training
The long jump generally requires training in a variety of areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, those listed below.

[edit]Jumping
Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 1-2 times a week. Approaches, or run-throughs, are repeated sometimes up to 6-8 times per session.

[edit]Over-distance

running

Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal. For example, having a 100m runner practice by running 200m repeats on a track. This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance. Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1-2 times a week. This is great for building sprint endurance, which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3-6 times.

[edit]Weight

training

During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role. It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week, focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk. Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training. Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame.

[edit]Plyometrics
Plyometrics, including running up and down stairs and hurdle bounding, can be incorporated into workouts, generally twice a week. This allows an athlete to work on agility and explosiveness.

[edit]Bounding
Bounding is any sort of continuous jumping or leaping. Bounding drills usually require single leg bounding, doubleleg bounding, or some variation of the two. The focus of bounding drills is usually to spend less time on the ground as possible and working on technical accuracy, fluidity, and jumping endurance and strength. Technically, bounding is part of plyometrics, as a form of a running exercise such as high knees and butt kicks.

[edit]Flexibility
Flexibility is an often forgotten tool for long jumpers. Effective flexibility prevents injury, which can be important for high impact events such as the long jump. It also helps the athlete sprint down the runway.

A common tool in many long jump workouts is the use of video taping. This lets the athlete to go back and watch their own progress as well as letting the athlete compare their own footage to that of some of the world class jumpers. Training styles, duration, and intensity varies immensely from athlete to athlete and is based on the experience and strength of the athlete as well as on their coaching style.

[edit]World [edit]Men

record progression

World record progression for the Long Jump.

MARK

ATHLETE

VENUE

DATE

7.61

Peter O'Connor (IRL)*

Dublin

1901-08-05

7.69

Edward Gourdin (USA)

Cambridge

1923-07-23

7.76

Robert LeGendre (USA)

Paris

1924-07-07

7.89

William DeHart Hubbard (USA)

Chicago

1925-06-13

7.90

Edward Hamm (USA)

Cambridge

1928-07-07

7.93

Sylvio Cator (HAI)

Paris

1928-09-09

7.98

Chuhei Nambu (JPN)

Tokyo

1931-10-27

8.13

Jesse Owens (USA)

Ann Arbor

1935-05-25

8.21

Ralph Boston (USA)

Walnut

1960-08-12

8.24

Ralph Boston (USA)

Modesto

1961-05-27

8.28

Ralph Boston (USA)

Moscow

1961-07-16

8.31

Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)

Yerevan

1962-06-10

8.31

Ralph Boston (USA)

Kingston

1964-08-15

8.34

Ralph Boston (USA)

Los Angeles

1964-09-12

8.35

Ralph Boston (USA)

Modesto

1965-05-29

8.35

Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)

Mexico City

1967-10-19

8.90

Bob Beamon (USA)

Mexico City

1968-10-18

8.95

Mike Powell (USA)

Tokyo

1991-08-30

Source:[5] *Ireland in 1901 was still part of the United Kingdom; however O'Connor considered himself Irish and was competing on this occasion as a member of the Irish Amateur Athletic Association. In the source above he is listed as "GBI/IRL".

[edit]Women
MARK ATHLETE VENUE DATE

5.98

Kinue Hitomi (JPN)

Osaka

1928-05-20

6.12

Christel Schultz (Germany)

Berlin

1939-07-30

6.25

Francina Blankers-Koen (NED)

Leiden

1943-09-19

6.28

Yvette Williams (NZL)

Gisborne

1954-02-20

6.28

Galina Vinogradova (URS)

Moscow

1955-09-11

6.31

Galina Vinogradova (URS)

Tbilisi

1955-11-18

6.35

Elbieta Krzesioska (POL)

Budapest

1956-08-20

6.35

Elbieta Krzesioska (POL)

Melbourne

1956-11-27

6.40

Hildrun Claus (GDR)

Erfurt

1960-08-07

6.42

Hildrun Claus (GDR)

Berlin

1961-06-23

6.48

Tatjana Shtshelkanova (URS)

Moscow

1961-07-16

6.53

Tatjana Shtshelkanova (URS)

Leipzig

1962-06-10

6.70

Tatjana Shtshelkanova (URS)

Moscow

1964-07-04

6.76

Mary Rand (GBR)

Tokyo

1964-10-14

6.82

Viorica Viscopoleanu (ROU)

Mexico City

1968-10-14

6.84

Heide Rosendahl (FRG)

Turin

1970-09-03

6.92

Angela Voigt (GDR)

Dresden

1976-05-09

6.99

Siegrun Siegl (GDR)

Dresden

1976-07-26

7.07

Vilma Bardauskien (URS)

Kishinyov

1978-08-18

7.09

Vilma Bardauskien (URS)

Prague

1978-08-29

7.20

Valy Ionescu (ROU)

Bucharest

1982-08-01

7.21

Anioara Cumir (ROU)

Bucharest

1983-05-15

7.43

Anioara Cumir (ROU)

Bucharest

1983-06-04

7.44

Heike Drechsler (GDR)

Berlin

1985-09-22

7.45

Heike Drechsler (GDR)

Tallinn

1986-06-21

7.45

Heike Drechsler (GDR)

Dresden

1986-07-03

7.45

Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)

Dresden

1987-08-13

7.52

Galina Chistyakova (URS)

Leningrad

1988-06-11

Source:[6]

[edit]Top

ten performers

Accurate as of September 2, 2009.

[edit]Men Mark Wind

Athlete

Nationality

Venue

Date

8.95

0.3

Mike Powell

United States Tokyo

August 30, 1991

8.90A 2.0

Bob Beamon

United States Mexico City October 18, 1968

8.87

-0.2

Carl Lewis

United States Tokyo

August 30, 1991

8.86A 1.9

Robert Emmiyan

Soviet Union Tsakhkadzor May 22, 1987

8.74

1.4

Larry Myricks

United States Indianapolis July 18, 1988

8.74A 2.0

Erick Walder

United States El Paso

April 2, 1994

8.74

-1.2

Dwight Phillips

United States Eugene

June 7, 2009

8.73

1.2

Irving Saladino

Panama

Hengelo

May 24, 2008

8.71

1.9

Ivn Pedroso

Cuba

Salamanca

July 18, 1995

8.66

1.6

Lois Tstoumas

Greece

Kalamta

June 2, 2007

(meters), (metres/second)

**

A = Altitude (above 1000 metres)

[edit]Women Mark Wind

Athlete

Nationality

Venue

Date

7.52

1.4

Galina Chistyakova

Soviet Union Leningrad

June 11, 1988

7.49

1.3

Jackie Joyner-Kersee

United States New York

May 22, 1994

7.48

1.2

Heike Drechsler

East Germany Neubrandenburg July 9, 1988

7.43

1.4

Anioara Cumir

Romania

Bucharest

June 4, 1983

7.42

2.0

Tatyana Kotova

Russia

Annecy

June 23, 2002

7.39

0.5

Yelena Belevskaya

Soviet Union Bryansk

July 18, 1987

7.37

N/A

Inessa Kravets

Ukraine

Kiev

June 13, 1992

7.33

0.4

Tatyana Lebedeva

Russia

Tula

July 31, 2004

7.31

1.5

Yelena Khlopotnova

Soviet Union Alma Ata

September 12, 1985

7.31

-0.1

Marion Jones

United States Zrich

August 12, 1998

(meters), (meters/second)

**

Source:[8]

[edit]Best

Year Performance
Seasons Best (Outdoor)
ATHLETE PLACE

[edit]Men's
YEAR

DISTANCE

1960

8.21

Ralph Boston (USA)

Walnut

1961

8.28

Ralph Boston (USA)

Moscow

1962

8.31

Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)

Yerevan

1963

8.20

Ralph Boston (USA)

Modesto

1964

8.34

Ralph Boston (USA)

Los Angeles

1965

8.35

Ralph Boston (USA)

Modesto

1966

8.23

Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)

Leselidze

1967

8.35

Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)

Mexico City

1968

8.90

Bob Beamon (USA)

Mexico City

1969

8.21

Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Waldemar Stepian (POL)

Odessa Chorzw

1970

8.35

Josef Schwarz (FRG)

Stuttgart

1971

8.23

Norman Tate (USA)

El Paso

1972

8.34

Randy Williams (USA)

Munich

1973

8.24

James McAlister (USA)

Westwood

1974

8.30

Arnie Robinson (USA)

Modesto

1975

8.45

Nenad Steki (YUG)

Montreal

1976

8.35

Arnie Robinson (USA)

Montreal

1977

8.27

Nenad Steki (YUG)

Nova Gorica

1978

8.32

Nenad Steki (YUG)

Rovereto

1979

8.52

Larry Myricks (USA)

Montreal

1980

8.54

Lutz Dombrowski (GDR)

Moscow

1981

8.62

Carl Lewis (USA)

Sacramento

1982

8.76

Carl Lewis (USA)

Indianapolis

1983

8.79

Carl Lewis (USA)

Indianapolis

1984

8.71

Carl Lewis (USA)

Westwood

1985

8.62

Carl Lewis (USA)

Brussels

1986

8.61

Robert Emmiyan (URS)

Moscow

1987

8.86

Robert Emmiyan (URS)

Tsakhkadzor

1988

8.76

Carl Lewis (USA)

Indianapolis

1989

8.70

Larry Myricks (USA)

Houston

1990

8.66

Mike Powell (USA)

Villeneuve d'Ascq

1991

8.95

Mike Powell (USA)

Tokyo

1992

8.68

Carl Lewis (USA)

Barcelona

1993

8.70

Mike Powell (USA)

Salamanca

1994

8.74

Erick Walder (USA)

El Paso

1995

8.71

Ivn Pedroso (CUB)

Salamanca

1996

8.58

Erick Walder (USA)

Springfield

1997

8.63

Ivn Pedroso (CUB)

Padua

1998

8.60

James Beckford (JAM)

Bad Langensalza

1999

8.60

Ivn Pedroso (CUB)

Padua

2000

8.65

Ivn Pedroso (CUB)

Jena

2001

8.41

James Beckford (JAM)

Turin

2002

8.52

Savant Stringfellow (USA)

Palo Alto

2003

8.53

Yago Lamela (ESP)

Castelln de la Plana

2004

8.60

Dwight Phillips (USA)

Linz

2005

8.60

Dwight Phillips (USA)

Helsinki

2006

8.56

Irving Saladino (PAN)

Rio de Janeiro

2007

8.66

Louis Tsatoumas (GRE)

Kalamta

2008

8.73

Irving Saladino (PAN)

Hengelo

[edit]Women's
YEAR DISTANCE

Seasons Best (Outdoor)

1976

6.99

Siegrun Siegl (GDR)

Dresden

1978

7.09

Vilma Bardauskien (URS)

Prague

1979

6.90

Brigitte Wujak (GDR)

Potsdam

1980

7.06

Tatyana Kolpakova (URS)

Moscow

1981

6.96

Jodi Anderson (USA)

Colorado Springs

1982

7.20

Valy Ionescu (ROU)

Bucharest

1983

7.43

Anisoara Cusmir (ROU)

Bucharest

1984

7.40

Heike Drechsler (GDR)

Dresden

1985

7.44

Heike Drechsler (GDR)

Berlin

1986

7.45

Heike Drechsler (GDR)

Tallinn

1987

7.45

Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)

Indianapolis

1988

7.52

Galina Chistyakova (URS)

Leningrad

1989

7.24

Galina Chistyakova (URS)

Volgograd

1990

7.35

Galina Chistyakova (URS)

Bratislava

1991

7.37

Heike Drechsler (GER)

Sestriere

1992

7.48

Heike Drechsler (GER)

Lausanne

1993

7.21

Heike Drechsler (GER)

Zrich

1994

7.49

Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)

New York City

1995

7.07

Heike Drechsler (GER)

Linz

1996

7.20

Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)

Atlanta

1997

7.05

Lyudmila Galkina (RUS)

Athens

1998

7.31

Marion Jones (USA)

Eugene

1999

7.26

Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA)

Bogot

2000

7.09

Fiona May (ITA)

Rio de Janeiro

2001

7.12

Tatyana Kotova (RUS)

Turin

2002

7.42

Tatyana Kotova (RUS)

Annecy

2003

7.06

Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA)

Milan

2004

7.33

Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS)

Tula

2005

7.04

Irina Simagina (RUS)

Sochi

2006

7.12

Tatyana Kotova (RUS)

Novosibirsk

2007

7.21

Lyudmila Kolchanova (RUS)

Sochi

2008

7.12

Naide Gomes (POR)

Monaco

[edit]National

records

As of October 3, 2009.

[edit]Men
NATION DISTANCE ATHLETE VENUE DATE

USA

8.95 m

Mike Powell

Tokyo

1991-08-30

URS

8.86 m

Robert Emmiyan

Tsakhkadzor

1987-05-22

PAN

8.73 m

Irving Saladino

Hengelo

2008-05-24

CUB

8.71 m

Ivn Pedroso

Salamanca

1995-07-18

GRE

8.66 m

Louis Tsatoumas

Kalamata

2007-06-02

JAM

8.62 m

James Beckford

Orlando

1997-04-05

ESP

8.56 m

Yago Lamela

Turin

1999-06-24

GER

8.54 m

Lutz Dombrowski

Moscow

1980-07-28

RSA

8.50 m

Godfrey Mokoena

Madrid

2009-07-04

AUS

8.49 m

Jai Taurima

Sydney

2000-09-28

KSA

8.48 m

Mohamed Salman Al-

Sotteville

2006-07-02

Khuwalidi

ITA

8.47 m

Andrew Howe

Osaka

2007-08-30

RUS

8.46 m

Leonid Voloshin

Tallinn

1988-07-05

SEN

8.46 m

Cheikh Tidiane Tour

Bad Langensalza

1997-06-15

YUG

8.45 m

Nenad Steki

Montreal

1975-07-25

GHA

8.43 m

Ignisious Gaisah

Rome

2006-07-14

FRA

8.42 m

Salim Sdiri

Pierre-Bnite

2009-06-12

BAH

8.41 m

Craig Hepburn

Nassau

1993-06-17

MAR

8.38 m

Yahya Berrabah

Rabat

2009-05-23

SLO

8.40 m

Gregor Cankar

Celje

1997-05-18

CHN

8.40 m

Lao Jianfeng

Zhaoqing

1997-05-28

BRA

8.40 m

Douglas de Souza

Sao Paulo

1995-02-15

ROU

8.37 m

Bogdan Tudor

Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt

1995-07-09

POR

8.36 m

Carlos Calado

Lisboa

1997-06-20

UKR

8.35 m

Sergey Layevskiy Roman Shchurenko

Dnepropetrovsk Kiev

1988-07-16 2000-07-25

TWN

8.34 m

Nai Huei-Fang

Shanghai

1993-05-14

VEN

8.34 m

Victor Castillo

Cochabamba

2004-05-30

BUL

8.33 m

Ivaylo Mladenov

Seville

1995-06-03

BLR

8.33 m

Aleksandr Glovatskiy

Sestriere

1996-08-07

EGY

8.31 m

Hassine Hatem Moursal

Oslo

1999-06-30

HUN

8.30 m

Lszl Szalma

Budapest

1985-07-07

AUT

8.30 m

Andreas Steiner

Innsbruck

1988-06-04

ZIM

8.30 m

Ngonidzashe Makusha

Des Moines

2008-06-12

GBR

8.30 m

Gregory Rutherford

Berlin

2009-08-20

MRI

8.28 m

Jonathan Chimier

Athens

August 2004

POL

8.28 m

Grzegorz Marciniszyn

Malles

2001-07-14

NGR

8.27 m

Yussuf Alli

Lagos

1989-08-08

BOT

8.27 m

Gable Garenamotse

Rhede

2006-08-20

CZE

8.25 m

Milan Mikul

Prague

1988-07-16

MDA

8.25 m

Sergey Podgainiy

Kishinyov

1990-08-18

JPN

8.25 m

Masaki Morinaga

[9]

Shizuoka

1992-05-05

BEL

8.25 m

Erik Nijs

Hechtel

1996-07-06

DEN

8.25 m

Morten Jensen

Gteborg

2005-07-03

NAM

8.24 m

Stephan Louw

Germiston

2008-01-12

CRO

8.23 m

Sinia Ergoti

Zagreb

2002-06-05

FIN

8.22 m

Tommi Evil

Gteborg

2008-06-28

SWE

8.21 m

Mattias Sunneborn

Malm

1996-06-27

KOR

8.20 m

Kim Deok Hyeon

Beograd

2009-07-12

EST

8.10 m

Erki Nool

Gtzis

1995-05-27

PER

8.09 m

Louis Tristan

[10]

Tunja

2006-10-1

[edit]Long

jump on coinage

Long Jump commemorative coin Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the 10 Greek Long Jump commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. The obverse of the coin portrays a modern athlete at the moment he is touching the ground, while the ancient athlete in the background is shown while starting off his jump, as he is seen on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.

[edit]References

Stephen G. Miller, Ancient Greek Athletics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 1. ^ "USATF 2006 Competition Rules". USA Track & Field. Retrieved 2006-10-29.

2. 3. 4.

See Rule 185 in Article III

^ a b c Swaddling, Judith. The Ancient Olympic Games. University of Texas Pres. ISBN 0292777515. ^ "Ancient Origins". The Times/The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2006-10-29. ^ Tricard, Louise Mead (1996-07-01). American Women's Track & Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980 . McFarland & Company. pp. 6061. ISBN 0-7864-0219-9.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

^ The Athletics Site: world record progression ^ The Athletics Site: world record progression ^ Long Jump All Time Men iaaf.org ^ Long Jump All Time Women iaaf.org ^ National Records JAAF

10. ^ IAAF - Brazil confirms its South American domination in Tunja

[edit]External

links

Athletix (video) Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91

[edit]See

also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Long jump

Guthrie, Mark (2003). Coach Track & Field Successfully. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 149 155. ISBN 0-7360-4274-1.

Rogers, Joseph L. (2000). USA Track & Field Coaching Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 141157. ISBN 0-88011-604-8.

Ernie Gregoire, Larry Myricks. (1991). World Class Track & Field Series: Long Jump. [VHS]. Ames, IA: Championship Books & Video Productions. [hide]
vde

Athletics events
Sprints Hurdles Middle distance Long distance Relays Throws Jumps Combination Uncommon field events 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 m 150 m 200 m 300 m 400 m 500 m 60 m 100 m 110 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m Steeplechase 5000 m 10000 m Half marathon Marathon Ultra marathon 4 100 m 4 400 m 4 800 m Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put High jump Long jump Pole vault Triple jump Pentathlon Heptathlon Decathlon Weight throw Standing high jump Standing long jump Standing triple jump

GAYA LOMPAT JAUH Tiga gaya lompatan yang selalu disebut dalam buku-buku olahraga adalah seperti berikut: a) Gaya layar b) Gaya gantung c) Gaya tendang kayuh Perbezaan di antara beberapa gaya lompatan lebih merupakan perbezaan gaya kedudukan badan semasa pelompat berada di peringkat layangan. Fasa-fasa yang terdapat pada semua teknik melompat adalah hampir sama sahaja.

LARI LANDAS Lari landas perlu dilakukan sebelum melompat. Lari landas bertujuan untuk dapat mengagak jarak dari tempat larian ke arah papan pelepas supaya kaki betul-betul berada dipapan pelepas untuk mengelak berlakunya pembatalan lompatan. Atlet perlu berlari landas dari papan pelepas ke arah tempat larian untuk membetulkan posisi lonjakan.

Larian landas bergantung kepada umur dan kelajuan seseorang. Langkah untuk lari landas ke arah papan pelepas perlu di buat kerana ia penting untuk mengelak dari berlakunya pembatalan.

UMUR LANGKAH LARI LANDAS Bawah 11 11 Bawah 13 13 Bawah 15 15 Bawah 17 17 Lebih 17 21

KELAJUAN YANG SESUAI

Setiap atlet lompat jauh perlu mempunyai kelajuan yang sesuai semasa larian landas kerana untuk mendapatkan lompatan yang baik. Dr. Philip Graham-Smith dari University of Salford (UK) dan Professor Adrian Lees dari John Moores University Liverpool (UK) menggunakan rumus bagi kelajuan yang setiap orang iaitu : lelaki - jarak = (kelajuan dalam m/s x 0.95) - 2.23 wanita - jarak = (kelajuan dalam m/s x 0.99) - 2.81

PRINSIP ASAS LOMPAT JAUH Tujuan utama lompat jauh ialah untuk mencapai jarak lompatan yang maksimum. Jarak ini dapat dihasilkan dengan larian yang pantas dan disusuli dengan lonjakan yang cukup kuat dan tinggi. Larian yang pantas dan lonjakan yang kuat boleh mempengaruhi jangka masa pelompat berada di udara. Kedua-dua fasa ini akan menyebabkan pelompat bergerak mengikut satu lingkungan parabola di mana jarak lompatannya dapat ditentukan. Segala perlakuan oleh pelompat semasa berada di fasa layangan ini tidak dapat membantunya memanjangkan masa dia berada di udara. Sebenarnya, gaya badan semasa berada di fasa layangan adalah untuk mengimbangkan badan dan memblehkan pelompat membuat persediaan untuk mendarat dengan selamat dan berkesan.

LATIHAN UNTUK LOMPAT JAUH a) Berlari sejauh 20 hingga 30 meter b) Lompat jauh dirian c) Melompat melepasi halangan d) Lompat ketingting perlumbaan lari berganti-ganti e) Melompat anak sungai

PERATURAN ASAS ACARA LOMPAT JAUH a) Lompatan peserta di kira gagal jika dia melakukan perkara-parkara berikut: i. Menyentuh kawasan hadapan papan lonjak dan meninggalkan kesan dengan mana-mana bahagian badannya ketika melompat atau ketika cuba melompat

ii. Semasa mendarat, seluruh badan pelompat berada di luar kawasan mendarat. b) Pelompat dibenarkan melonjak sebelum sampai di papan lonjak. Kaki lonjak tidak semestinya menyentuh tepat di atas papan lonjak. c) Jarak lompatan diukur daripada kesan atau tanda yang terdapat di kawasan mendarat. Ukuran yang dibuat adalah mengikut jarak di antara papan lonjak dengan kesan mendarat yang terhampir. Mereka yang bertanding akan berlari di laluan (pada tahap elit, biasanya mempunyai permukaan yang sama dengan trek larian) dan melompat sejauh yang boleh dengan memijak sepintas pada papan kayu ke bahagian yang diisi pasir atau tanah. Jarak minimum dari papan ke tanda yang dibuat oleh atlit pada pasir diukur. Jika seseorang itu memulakan lompatannya dengan mana-mana bahagian kakinya di depan atau melebihi papan (satu lapisan plastisin diletakkan dengan segera di depan papan untuk mengesan ketepatan ini), lompatannya diisytiharkan salah atau batal dan tiada jarak akan direkodkan. Format sebenar pertandingan ini berbeza, tetapi secara amnya peserta akan mendapat beberapa kali cubaan untuk membuat lompatan dan hanya lompatan yang terpanjang akan dikira sebagai keputusan. Peserta dengan lompatan sah yang paling jauh pada akhir pertandingan akan dikira sebagai juara. Kelajuan semasa berlari dan tinggi lonjakan merupakan kunci lompatan yang jauh. Oleh itu tidak hairanlah jika atlet lari pecut turut bertanding dan memenangi acara ini.

KELENGKAPAN Acara lompat jauh tidak memerlukan sebarang kelengkapan. Namun, sebenarnya ia juga memerlukan peralatan khusus, iaitu ruang atau kawasan dan juga alatan khas. Berikut adalah antara ruang dan peralatan yagn diperlukan untuk acara lompat jauh.

LORONG LARIAN (RUNAWAY) Lorong larian mempunyai jarak yang sesuai adalah penting untuk membuat pecutan, larian dan lompatan. Jarak standard lorong larian ialah 45 m x 1.22 m. Ia hendaklah bebas daripada sebarang halangan atau gangguan yang boleh mengganggu peserta membuat lompatan.

PAPAN PELEPAS (TAKE-OFF BOARD) Papan pelepas digunakan sebagai petanda dan permulaan lompatan. Papan pelepas yang standard ialah bersaiz 1.22 m panjang dan 20 cm lebar yang diletakkan satu meter dari hujung yang terdekat dengan kawasan pendaratan. Papan ini biasanya diwarnakan putih seluruhnya.

PETUNJUK PLASTISIN (PLASTICINE INDICATOR) Petunjuk plastasin ini digunakan untuk mengesan dan membuktikan pembatalan dalam satusatu lompatan yang dibuat. Plastisin ini diletakkan pada hujung papan pelepas dan sebarang kesan tapak kaki yang terdapat padanya membuktikan bahawa lompatan itu batal dan tidak dikira dalam perhitungan lompatan yang dicapai.

KAWASAN PENDARATAN (LANDING AREA) Kawasan pendaratan digunakan untuk mendarat dalam satu-satu lompatan. Kawasa ini penting dan merupakan peralatan utama dalam setiap acara lompat jauh. Ia diisikan pasir halus dan dilembapkan. Saiz standard kawasan pendaratan ialah 9 m panjang dan 2.75 m lebar.

PITA PENGUKUR (MEASURING TAPE) Pita pengukur digunakan unutk mengukur jaraj sesuatu lompatan. Jarak lompatan diukur dari hujung terdekat papan pelepas ke hujung terdekat tempat pendaratan dalam kotak pendaratan. Kini, dalam kejohanan-kejohanan olahraga utama dunia, pita pengukur telah digantikan dengan alat pengukur elektronik, yang menjadikan pengukuran lebih mudah, cepat dan tepat.

PEENGUKUR HALAJU ANGIN (WIND VELOCITY INDICATOR) Pengukur halaju angin digunakan untuk mengukur halaju angin ketika satu-satu lompatan dibuat. Ia penting untuk menentukan samada lompatan tersebut dibantu oleh angin atau tidak. Bagaimanapun, untuk perjumpaan peringkat sekolah atau kelab, alat ini tidak digunakan.

BENDERA ISYARAT (FLAG) Bendera digunakan oleh pengadil yang mengawasi sesuatu lompatan. Terdapat dua jenis bendera yagn digunakan, iaitu bendera putih dan bendera merah. Bendera putih untuk lompatan bersih manakala bendera merah untuk lompatan batal.

KASUT BERPAKU (SPIKE) Kasut yang sesuai adalah penting untuk larian dan juga sebagai perlindungan kepada pelompat. Kasut yang berpaku dan bertumitkan plastik sesuai digunakan untuk acara ini.

Fasa Pra Musim Penggunaan kalori amat tinggi pada fasa ini. Kehilangan berat badan kerap terjadi akibat dehidrasi dan perubahan bentuk latihan. Atlit seharusnya minum lebih banyak iaitu tambahan 500 ml air sehari bagi setiap penurunan 420 gram berat badan. Fasa Pra Pertandingan. Penyediaan diet seharusnya berasaskan individu. Setiap individu seharusnya mengambil kira aspek - aspek yang mempengaruhi pemakanan. Rancang program pemakanan (karboloading ) seminggu sebelum pertandingan. Fasa Pos Pertandingan Kebanyakan atlit mengalami pertambahan berat badan ketika fasa ini. Ini berlaku akibat aktiviti yang rendah intensitinya serta amalan pemakanan yang tidak menentu. Atlit boleh mengamalkan cara merekod pengambilan makanan mereka.