Page 1 of 10 I. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS The Architectural desig !
rocess is orga i"ed to e sure that o#$ecti%es are reached i order of !riorit&' the highest !riorities are addressed a d the largest desig solutio s are arri%ed at first( the the details fall i !lace i co cert )ith the larger issues a d ideas. *ithout this a!!roach( the resulti g #uildi g is $ust a ra do+ collectio of u related decisio s. The Classic Steps to the Process The !rocess is t&!icall& #ro,e do) i to the follo)i g ste!s.. Pre/Desig Phase 0. Sche+atic Desig Phase 1. Desig De%elo!+e t Phase 2. Co structio Docu+e ts Phase 3. 4iddi g 5 Negotiatio Phase 6. Co structio O#ser%atio 7Co tract Ad+i istratio Phase
Pre-Design Phase
Gather the i for+atio ecessar& to #egi desig ( a d a%oid trou#le alo g the )a&. Ser%ices +a& i clude8De%elo! a !rogra+ 9list of !ro$ect o#$ecti%es: a d #udget 8O#tai site sur%e& 9outside co sulta t: 8O#tai se!tic a al&sis a d desig 9outside co sulta t: 8I %estigate "o i g regulatio s a d a al&"e site for !ossi#ilities a d li+itatio s 8;easure a d dra) the e<isti g #uildi gs for #ase dra)i gs 9for re o%atio s a d additio s: E<a+!les=o i g a al&sis for issues such as fro tage( set#ac,s( co%erage( i+!er%ious surface a d #ul, area ratios( etc.
Page 2 of 10
>ig... Co+!uter dra) i Po)erCADD o%er sca ed refere ce dra)i g.
Schematic Design Phase The goal of the sche+atic desig is to clearl& defi e desig )ith a co+!rehe si%e sco!e( #udget( a d schedule #efore the !ro$ect is su#+itted for a!!ro%al. I other )ords( it?s a#out deter+i i g the ge eral sco!e( !reli+i ar& desig ( scale a d relatio shi!s a+o g the co+!o e ts of the !ro$ect. Duri g this ti+e( the architect re%ie)s a d creates a detailed ??!rogra+?? )ith the clie t i order to defi e his eeds a d o#$ecti%es( such as si"e( fu ctio ( a d the relatio shi!s #et)ee s!aces( character( a d i+age. It?s i+!orta t duri g this stage to arri%e at a clearl& defi ed( feasi#le co ce!t )hile at the sa+e ti+e e<!lori g the +ost !ro+isi g alter ati%e desig solutio s. Prior to the i itial desig co ce!ts( architects #egi #& gatheri g a d a al&"i g i for+atio a d !erfor+i g all of the )or, ecessar& desig a !ro$ect. >or i sta ce( the Architect !re!ares a series of rough !la s( , o) as sche+atics( )hich sho) the ge eral arra ge+e t of roo+s a d of the #uildi g o the site. The e<t ste! utili"es the la dsca!e co sulta t@s i !ut )here the architect a al&"es the site a d deter+i es the #est !lace+e t of the !ro$ect to e sure the #est !lace+e t to ca!ture %ie)s a d su light. Duri g this stage( the architect usuall& esta#lishes the co structio sco!e( #udget( a d schedule. ;odels a d7or illustratio s are !re!ared to hel! %isuali"e the !ro$ect as ecessar&. The !ro$ect the !roceeds to the e<t !hase )here#& the architect !rese ts the desig co ce!ts to the o) er )ho
Page 3 of 10 re%ie)s it( a d the !ro%ides his o) i !ut a d %isio for the !ro$ects #efore a!!ro%i g the sche+atic desig . *he a agree+e t is reached #et)ee the architect a d the o) er( the #asic la&out or the sche+atic desig is fi ali"ed.
Design Development Phase Architects #egi #& creati g #asic co ce!t diagra+s a d rough s,etches. Co ce!tual
#rai stor+i g a d e<!loratio defi e this !ortio of the desig !rocess. The architect creates the i itial desig of #uildi g s&ste+s( #ut the e<!a ds the a!!ro%ed sche+atic desig studies to de%elo! a +ore detailed dra)i g illustrati g other as!ects of the !ro!osed desig ( so+eti+es )ith hel! of co sulti g e gi eers. Duri g this ti+e( the architect deter+i es the ge eral la&out( for+( a d o%erall a!!eara ce of #oth the !ro$ect a d the site. S,etches( dra)i gs( a d stud& +odels are !re!ared to hel! e%aluate the ideas a d co ce!ts a d set the fi al directio for refi i g the desig . O ce the si"e( la&out( a d character of the !ro$ect a d site are refi ed( the the architect #egi s to desig feature ele+e ts such as stairs( ca#i etr&( fire!laces( a d #uilt/i fur iture. Dra)i gs are !re!ared )hich descri#e so+e of the i+!orta t tech ical details. Pla s( ele%atio s( a d sectio s through the house are de%elo!ed. These i clude floor !la s that sho) all of the roo+s i the correct si"es a d sha!es. These outli e s!ecificatio s are a list of the +a$or +aterials a d roo+ fi ishes. The architect the %erifies that the desig co+!lies )ith #uildi g codes a d )or,s )ith e gi eers to desig the structural( +echa ical( a d electrical s&ste+s. Duri g this stage( the architect usuall& !rese ts the desig de%elo!+e t a d re%ie)s the !ro$ect cost esti+atio )ith the o) er so that the o) er ca !ro%ide his i !ut. *he a agree+e t reached( this desig !hase is fi ali"ed. 4& the e d of this !hase( a large !ortio of the desig )or, is co+!leted.
Construction Documents Phase 4ased o the results of Desig De%elo!+e t( !re!are the ecessar& dra)i gs( )ritte
s!ecificatio s a d other docu+e ts eeded #& the co tractor to !rice a d #uild the !ro$ect. These are also the docu+e ts reAuired for a #uildi g !er+it. O ce the o) er has a!!ro%ed the desig de%elo!+e t !hase( the architect starts )or,i g o !roduci g )or,i g dra)i gs a d o the s!ecificatio s !roductio )here#& the desig is tra slated i to
Page 4 of 10 detailed )or,i g dra)i gs 9co++o l& , o) as B#lue!ri ts@: a d the s!ecificatio s( )hich the
Co tractor )ill use to esta#lish actual co structio costs a d #uild the !ro$ect. These )or,i g dra)i gs or #lue!ri ts a d s!ecificatio s are !re!ared i order to defi e i detail all of the +aterials that are to #e used i the !ro$ect a d )here the& are to #e located( as )ell as ho) the& are to #e i stalled. These dra)i gs a d s!ecificatio s #eco+e !art of the co structio co tract. Although this !hase is !ri+aril& i te ded to )or, out the tech ical as!ects of the !ro$ect( so+e desig )or, also ta,es !lace. Duri g this stage( !lu+#i g fi<tures( light fi<tures( a d fi ish +aterials such as tile( car!et( !ai t colors( etc. are selected )ith the clie t. >i all&( the o) er re%ie)s the !ro$ect.
Bidding & egotiation Phase Duri g the #iddi g a d egotiatio !hase( the architect +a& assist the custo+er i o#tai i g co+!etiti%e #ids or #id e%aluatio s( as )ell as i %itatio s to #id( a d i structio s to #idders. The architect creates a d s!ecifies the co ditio s of the co tract( a d the for+ of agree+e t #et)ee the o) er a d the co tractor a d further+ore( the architect !re!ares a d distri#utes sets of dra)i gs a d s!ecificatio s( a s)ers co tractor Auestio s( i ter!rets the docu+e ts( a d !re!ares ??adde da??/ re%isio s to the origi al dra)i gs or s!ecificatio s. O ce the #ids are recei%ed( the architect a al&"es the results a d !re!ares the co tract #et)ee the custo+er a d the selected co tractor.
Construction !"servation#Contract $dministration Phase Of course( the fi al !hase of the !rocess is the co structio . Duri g this !hase( the architect re%ie) the !rogress of the )or, a d facilitates a & cha ges that +a& #e reAuired #& %isiti g the co structio site a d o#ser%i g the co structio to deter+i e( i ge eral( if the !ro$ect is #ei g #uilt accordi g to the !la s a d s!ecificatio s. The architect a s)ers Auestio s( re%ie)s su#+issio s a d sho! dra)i gs 9+a ufacturers? dra)i gs of s!ecific ele+e ts to #e i cor!orated )ithi the !ro$ect:( a d re%ie)s +o thl& certificates of !a&+e t that are su#+itted #& the co tractor a d !rocesses cha ge orders. The architect ge erall& ,ee!s the o) er i for+ed of the !ro$ect?s !rogress. Ho)e%er( the co tractor is solel& res!o si#le for co structio +ethods( schedules( tech iAues( a d !rocedures. >i al
Page % of 10 selectio s of fi ishes a d fi<tures are also +ade here. The architect( u!o co+!letio of this !hase( thoroughl& i s!ects the !ro$ect to e sure that it has #ee co+!leted accordi g to the !la s.
$&C'(T)CT*&$+ P&!,&$--( , Architectural !rogra++i g is the research a d decisio / +a,i g !rocess that defi es the !ro#le+9s: to #e sol%ed #& desig . It is a !rocess to gather( a al&"e a d docu+e t rele%a t
i for+atio 9hu+a factors( fu ctio s a d acti%ities( relatio shi!s( cost( ordi a ces( sites( cli+ate.. etc: a d the reach a co clusio . It esta#lishes the a!!ro!riate criteria for the !ro!er desig solutio 9a guide: to ide tif& the forces that i flue ces the desig 9#oth i ter al a d e<ter al: Architectural !rogra++i g is a structured research a d !ro#le+/sol%i g !rocess used to ide tif&( e<a+i e( a d ela#orate u!o the %arious eeds u derl&i g a desig !ro$ect. The architectural !rogra+ is the fou datio for a creati%e( +ea i gful( a d C ulti+atel& Cuseful architectural solutio . It is the !rocess of ide tificatio a d s&ste+atic orga i"atio of the fu ctio al(
architectural( structural( +echa ical( aesthetic( a d #udget criteria )hich guide decisio +a,i g i the desig of #uildi gs. A ce tral !ur!ose of !rogra++i g is to ide tif& a d u dersta d the ature of the !ro#le+s associated )ith a !articular facilit&. It is a !rocess of !ro#le+ see,i g( )hile desig is !ro#le+ sol%i g. O e should ot atte+!t to desig a #uildi g( or a tici!ate a desig solutio ( )hile !rogra++i g. I the first !hase( #road o#$ecti%es are stated' i the seco d !hase( fu ctio al reAuire+e ts are descri#ed #& si"e a d relatio shi!' a d i the third !hase( detailed reAuire+e ts are oted. A effecti%e for+at for orga i"i g !rogra++atic i for+atio is the di%isio of i for+atio i to fu ctio ( for+( eco o+&( a d ti+e. Each !hase i !rogra++i g ca #e u derta,e through a fi%e ste! +ethod.
D)S(, C! C)PT A co ce!t is a i s!iratio ( a idea( a %isio . It ca a d should co+e fro+ )ithi ( #ased o o e@s e<!erie ces( e<!osure to the architectural )orld( other st&les( o e@s o) ideas a d( so to s!ea,( Dit is the i s!iratio that sudde l& co+es to +i d( or light of i s!iratio E o e recei%es after )or,i g arduousl& o a !ro$ect see,i g for a solutio . So it +ust ot #e a +ere co!& of so+eo e@s architectural st&le( or +ust it #e a +ere i cor!oratio of architectural ele+e ts fro+ so+eo e else@s
Page . of 10 desig . To ofte desig ers do this( a d thi , the& are i cor!orati g the Dco ce!tE of the source architect. >ra , Chi g i his #oo, illustrates the #asic order of architecture( a d this ca #e used to hel! o e structure o e@s co ce!t accordi g to orderl& !ri ci!les. 4ut( it is still ot i esse ce the co ce!t( although +a & use it as the Dco ce!tE( the orderi g !ri ci!le. A architectural co ce!t is a docu+e ted thought( %isio ( or idea a#out a architecture.
B*BB+) D($,&$I architecture( for e<a+!le( a architect ca create a a!!ro<i+ate #u##le diagra+ of a s!ace )hile )or,i g )ith a clie t. The clie t could discuss the %arious features desired a d ho) i+!orta t the& are( )hile the architect uses the #u##les to a!!ro<i+atel& re!rese t the s!ace a d la& out other i for+atio . Usi g these #u##led !la s( the architect ca start to de%elo! +ore !recise !la s )hich retai the traits dee+ed i+!orta t duri g the clie t +eeti g. A #u##le diagra+ floor !la ( for e<a+!le( ca re!rese t the flo) of a s!ace a d !ro%ide i for+atio a#out the si"es of roo+s relati%e to each other.
>ig.0. A Sa+!le of 4u##le Diagra+.
Page / of 10 SC')-$T(C D($,&$-
>ig.1.Sche+atic diagra+ of a arch( e<te ded i to a #arrel %ault. -$T&(0 D($,&$A ;atri< diagra+ is a gra!hical tool that sho)s the co ectio or correlatio #et)ee
ideas or issues i the for+ of a ta#le 9+atri<:. A relatio shi! is i dicated at each i tersectio of ro)s a d colu+ s as !rese t or a#se t. The +atri< diagra+ sho)s the relatio shi! #et)ee t)o( three or four grou!s of i for+atio . It also ca gi%e i for+atio a#out the relatio shi!( such as its stre gth( the roles !la&ed #& %arious i di%iduals or +easure+e ts T1pes o2 -atri3 Diagram There are a u+#er of differe t sha!es of +atri< for co+!ari g +ore tha the #asic t)o lists. There are Si< differe t sha!ed +atrices !ossi#le- L( T( F( G( C a d roof/sha!ed( de!e di g o ho) +a & grou!s +ust #e co+!ared. .. 0. 1. +-shaped +atri< relates t)o grou!s of ite+s to each other 9or o e grou! to itself:. T-shaped +atri< relates three grou!s of ite+s- grou!s 4 a d C are each related to A. Grou!s 4 4-shaped +atri< relates three grou!s of ite+s. Each grou! is related to the other t)o i a
a d C are ot related to each other. circular fashio .
Page 5 of 10 2. 3. 6. C-shaped +atri< relates three grou!s of ite+s all together si+ulta eousl&( i 1/D. 0-shaped +atri< relates four grou!s of ite+s. Each grou! is related to t)o others i a circular &oo2-shaped +atri< relates o e grou! of ite+s to itself. It is usuall& used alo g )ith a L/ or T/
fashio . sha!ed +atri<.
>ig.2. A sa+!le of ;atri< Diagra+. $0($+ P+$ ( ,
architecture( it is a !la
)hich the !arts of a #uildi g are orga i"ed
lo gitudi all&( or alo g a gi%e a<is.
P$&T(
PARTI? is a >re ch )ord )hich +ea s a decisio ( or course of actio . At the first for+al School of Architecture( the Ecole de 4eau< Arts i Paris( the PARTI? )as the u derl&i g sche+e of a desig . To ad%a ce i the school( stude ts had to !ass desig tests. At the #egi i g of a test each stude t )as assig ed a s+all curtai ed cu#ical i a large hall a d )as gi%e a desig !ro#le+. The stude ts could ot lea%e their cu#ical u til the& had deri%ed a sche+atic solutio to the !ro#le+ i the for+ of a si+!le gra!hic dra)i g called the PARTI?. The PARTI? )as the ,e!t #& the facult& )hile the stude t co+!leted a ela#orate !rese tatio of the desig . The stude t had a +o th or +ore to co+!lete the !rese tatio ( )hich )as the $udged #& the facult&. The u derl&i g heart of the fi al desig had to +atch the sche+e of the origi al PARTI?( or it )as ot graded. The elega ce a d a!!ro!riate ess of the
Page 6 of 10 PARTI? !ro%ided the sou d fou datio for !ri"e/)i i g desig s at the Ecole. C'$&)TT) A Charette is a i te se effort to sol%e a & architectural or desig !ro#le+ )ithi a li+ited ti+e. The ter+ HCharetteH 9little cart: a!!eared i the late .IJJ?s. Architecture stude ts at the Ecole Des 4eau</Arts i Paris( )ho eeded to rush their desig s to their i structors( !laced their dra)i gs o a cart )hich )as called a charette. Later the )ord #roade ed i +ea i g a d ca+e to descri#e a & i te se( short/ter+ desig !ro$ect. Toda& the )ord is used #& the architectural a d desig co++u it& at large to descri#e a & i te se( o /the/s!ot desig effort.
Page 10 of 10
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