INTRODUCTION OF LIBRARY

At one time a library was regarded as a store house and books were meant for preservation & did not encourage the use of books. The readers were expected to use the library on their own at the most if a librarian asked for a book, them so called librarian would pass a book them and leave him alone . As far as possible a librarian kept out of the way of the reader . Libraries tended to be passive and archival institution , perhaps there was not enough incentive for them to become dynamic. A public institution or established changed with the care of a collection of books The duty of making them accessible to those who require the use of books and the task of converting every person in its neighborhood into a habitual library goes and reader of books. The term public must be distinguished from private refers to the community to be served The term book refers to documents of different types such as printed handwritten and engraved materials including books periodical publication microfilms. Photographs gramophone records, tape records etc.

Include students, teacher research scholars businessman professional housewives retired persons non-literates etc. Obviously, their educational attainments , interest cultural background will vary a great deal . These would include general public or special categories of public. Children , members of armed forces, hospital patients, prisoners blinds illiterates, non- literates etc are special categories of public. Extension service in the form of reading to illiterates can be organized.

DOCUMENTS

A public library has to cater to a wide variety of users and perform challenging function. The expectation should be able to find documents of his interest. This is certainly a tall order. The total collection should include documents on all subjects. The language used by the community must be

represented. The library acquires a large variety of documents such as books, pamphlets periodical publications visual material and audiovisual materials.

Visual and audiovisual materials are beginning to play an increasingly important New forms of documents (audio and video cassettes ) are becoming increasingly important part of a public librarys collection . Therefore a public library must make special efforts to stock these.

FUNCTION

A public library performs the function of providing for :i) ii) iii) iv) v) Information Education Recreation Entertainment Inspiration A variety of information is needed by user information may be required about local history , local industries and local personalities. A layman might require information for his survival, For example how to deal with a TV dealer who has cheated in the sale of a TV, set how to deal with a land lord , who wants to evict a tenant,

In developing countries many users use a library for the purpose of self improvement . They are concerned with information and education. Success of a democracy depends upon universal education of people. In this context education is a continuing and life long process In India a large majority of school going children drop out without completing their school education. Thus education these needs completing their school education. Thus education of these needs to be continued beyond school leaving stage. Similarly, education of nieo-literates should be taken care of . Recreation and entertainment should be provided through reading . Certain kinds of books can lead to relaxation and achievement of pleasure. Unesco public library manifesto, proclaims Unescos belief in the public library as a living force for education, culture and information and as an essential agent for the fostering of peace and understanding between people and between nation. There is a slight difference between the two lists of function prescribed for a public library. Can we say that the term culture is equivalent together. There is certainly difference in emphasis. It may be noted that television and radio perform the same functions as these of public libraries. Books have certain advantages as well as disadvantages . Television and radio are powerful and can sustain the interest of the viewer to a greater extent than books. In some of the western libraries there is and integration of various media such as books, periodical publication, audio visual resources etc. Individual television facilities are being provide to view

educational programmes. These programmers can be recorded and replayed at the request of a user.

SERVICE A public library may provide the following services :i) ii) iii) iv) Issue of documents Inter library loan Provision of general and specific information Assistance in the searching of location of documents or use of library catalogue or understanding of reference books. v) vi) vii) Readers advisory service Compilation of bibliographies Referral services

viii) Library orientation and bibliographic instruction and ix) Extension Service.

In case a book or periodical or some other document required for study and reference is not in the library , then it may have to be procured on inter library loan. The following kinds of question may be included under general information Where are stacks ? Where does the chief librarian sit ? How can I become a member of the library ? Provision of specific information would require these of documents available in the library or consultation of another colleague or another library. Readers advisory service is concerned with providing reading guidance to individual in the selection of documents for study That is what they might read. Bibliographies may be compiled on demand or in anticipation This a useful service. Bibliographies can be helpful in providing readers advisory service. A reference section should provide current information on services made available b local bodies. It should also maintain a list of individual and

organizations, from whom a user can get the information The latter may be referred to as referral service. Apart from different methods of publicity libraries are now a days

developing certain new types of work which in addition to their being directly educative or recreational lead also to publicity as an important secondary product This has been termed as extension service of libraries. The objective of extension service is to encourage reading . The library aims to create an stimulate good reading habit. This is achieved by brining books and readers in contact. The library attracts readers by converting itself into a social centre A library may organize a lecture , a musical concert , puppet show, a drama , a magic show celebration of a local festival a story hour etc. Once people come to any of these function them library can make an attempt to bring books and readers together The extension service may take the following forms:i) To organizer reading circles : The reading circle is formed by the library . Special facilities can be provided for the purpose ii) iii) iv) v) vi) To offer meeting place for local learner organizations. To arrange public lectures and talks by eminent pers. To arrange a drama , puppet show , musical concerned magic show etc. To arrange for the celebration of a local festival . To organize library exhibition relating to events. Library exhibition can also be arranged keeping in view the kinds of activities being organized and vii) To organize reading to illiterate from books or other reading material .

In the Indian context reading hour for adults who cannot read is a special function , which needs to be performed by a public library the illiterates will thus get education information entertainment inspiration and recreation. It is just possible

some of them might feel inspired to undertake to learn reading and writing . Once they feel inspired to undertake to learn reading and writing Once they have become neo- literates , the public library will take upon itself to see to it that they do not lapse into illiteracy . In a developing country like India there are lot of people who are

economically socially culturally and educationally for disadvantaged people.The disadvantaged people need information for their very survival A public library in India ha special responsibility towards such people. Keeping in view, the

objective and goals of a developing society , the disadvantaged people need to be given greater attention, so that they can gain a rightful place in the society as a result they would become better informed of the opportunities which could be

utilized to advantage. Thus they can gain certain advantages, which otherwise they would not. Aim should be to bring together which otherwise they would not Aim should be to bring together documents containing solution/ information to his problems Thus putting information to work. A public library has a special responsibility towards physically mentally handicapped persons They may be blind, elderly people or mentally sick . A public library can alleviate their miseries to a certain extent by providing reading materials and also special facilities., for example blinds would need brailte books and audio tapes / cassettes . some of them might need home delivery of materials . Early years of a child are formative ones. The library habits including reading habits must be formed at this stage . A public library must give special attention to them so that they are able to cultivate library habits. Special collection and special areas ( if possible ) special services (extension services , etc ) shoul be provided for them . Students at different levels must be provided facilities so as to supplement the ones given by their own academic institution.

Students doing courses through correspondence and open university would depend a great deal on public libraries . A public library must provide a needs

textbooks , recommended books and references books to serve their adequately.

A CASE FOR OPENACCESS

It has been found that ordinarily adult users of a public library do not go to the library in search of books on specific subject or specific titles. They are generally interested in reading something interesting Therefore, any method which induces browsing would lead to increase in the use of books. In case there is impediment to browsing, then this will result in reduction in the use of books to browsing then this will result in reduction in the use of books. Therefore, it is essential that public libraries should be adopt methods devices, which induces or encourage browsing . In open access books are kept on open shelve. This makes it possible for a reader to approach books directly and handle them personally without any approach books directly and handily them personally without any barrier. It has been found that provision of open access encourages browsing leading to greater use of books.

NATINA WIDE PROVISION OF PUBLIC LIBRAY SERVICE

It is the duty of government at national state and local levels to establish and maintain nation wide public library system under the clear mandate of law. In the schemen of things rural and suburban area should not be neglected . For this purpose branch and mobile libraries should be set up in these areas.

A public library has to face a challenging job. Needs of the users can not be met by an individual public library on its own Public libraries must be integrated into system at different level. This will make it possible to achieve optimum utilization of national resources. National resources would become available to a user living in any part of the country. Thus were should have a network of public libraries which should aim to provide nation wide pubic library service . Public libraries in developing countries are in a developing stage Therefore it would be possible to develop them into a network.

RELATION WITH SCHOOL LIBRAIES

Wherever well developed public libraries are in existence there these should take up the responsibility of providing services to local schools by offering on loan collection of books advice to school authorities in library matter cooperative arrangement for adequate of document ets.

STAFF

The clientele to be served ranges widely and the same is true about the collection. Therefore the library should employ sufficient number of person to meet the wide ranging demands in a variety of subjects. There would be a need for competent staff in adequate number to perform a variety of jobs, some of them serving special groups (eg children prisoner, industries handicapped etc ) would require special training )

AUTHORITY

The following types of authorities are possible i) ii) State and union government Local government (The local government may be a municipal committee or municipal corporation or village panchayat etc responsible for local services ) iii) Representative body (Body representing the local community but separate from the local government iv) Private body (an individual or a corporate body )

It may be kept in view that a public library may be in a large city or small town local involvement must be given due importance.

ORGANIZAITON

A public library system should have a central library It should have branches. In addition mobile libraries should serve rural and sub urban areas In uraban areas where library building do not exist mobile libraries be used Mobile libraries are extremely useful for rural areas having dispersed

population . Mostly mobile libraries are used to provide only lending facilities. These can serve organization institution and localities. Usually a public libraries is organized into lending reference periodical children acquisition technical and maintenance section In large public libraries the library may be organized on the bases of subject department In addition there would be a children section .

FINANACE
It is expected that a public library should be maintained wholly from public funds. However there should be no bar to donations in cash of kind from private individuals or organization .It is also assumed that no direct charge should be made on any user for the service rendered . In case services are not free of charges then only a nominal fee may be charged.

BUILDING

The building should be centrally situated, accessible to physically handicapped persons . The library must be attractive and functional in nature . There must be provision for carrying out various functions especially extension services. There should be space for exhibitions, lectures films and such other function both for adults and children

LINKS WITH COMMUNITY

A public library should maintain links with different kinds of institution ( social, cultural , educational etc ) especially schools, colleges and adult

education groups. They should also provide encouragement to use the service. A public library must be watchful to notice founding of new institution and changing needs of the community so that the libraries can take step to meet those needs effectively.

COOPERATION There should be cooperations between different types of libraries so that the total national resources can be utilized to the optimum level so serve the needs of all . For this purpose public libraries should establish linkage with other types of libraries for sharing resources .

SCENE TODAY

The size of collection of some of the major public libraries is given below:-

The major difference libraries are located mostly in large town. From above data, it become clear that most of their collection are too small to serve the needs of large population adequately . For instance , Delhi Public Library System has a collection of 7,32,606 volumes (books ) and subscribes to 220 periodicals which is certainly not sufficient to serve the needs of Delhi Union Territory having problem of about 80 lakhs or so. This collection contains a large number of books which are out of date and substandard. If one were to look for quality reading from different parts of the world, one would be disappointed. The book selection needs much to be desired .. The same

remarks are equally true to a large extent for collections in other states. State Central Library of UP (the state having the largest population ) has a mere collection of 50,875 volumes (books ) This is unbelievable One must admit that position that position in states having library legislation is much better.

The financial support given by Raja Rammohan Roy Library foundation on matching basis in the purchase of books has been a boost in the arm.

As regards service , the public libraries mainly provide lending service . Reference service hardly exists .Extension services are also provided by these libraries but these have not made much of an impact. It is suggested that public libraries should lay down sound book selection policy and follow it rather faithfully. Librarian need to stand up against undue pressure from any quarters in this matter. Profession must take a stand on such issues and support concerned libraries. There is certainly an urgent need to give emphasis to provision of reference and extension services. The basic problem is lack of adequate financial support. Governments at different levels must provide greater financial support to improve the situation . This would require greater political will on the part of the people who matter. Special libraries have been defined differently by different people some of the definition are listed below: Special libraries are those maintained by an association government service parliament research institution (excluding university institutes ) museum business firm industrial

learned society professional association

enterprise chamber of commerce etc. or other organized group greater part of their collection social science agriculture chemistry medicine economics

engineering law history. Special library is a library established supported and administration by a business firm private corporation association government agency or other

special interest group or agency to meet the information needs of its member of staff in pursuing the goals of the organization . Scope of collection and service is limited to the subject interests of the host or parent organization. A special library is one which serves a particular group of people such as the employees of a firm of government department or the staff and members of a professional or research organization Such a library deals essentially in

information . The first definition is restrictive and the other two definition are broader in approach is emphasis in on information. Here a special library is considered as the one which is specializing in a particular subject or group of subjects or a particular form of documents Some people even consider libraries serving the needs of special clientele ( eg blinds , prisoner patients , children etc ) as special libraries . A special library is usually a small library catering to a small group of person . Generally , such a library specializes in a particular subject or group of subjects.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SPECIAL LIBRARY AND A GERENAL LIBRARY

A library files information contained in documents On the other hand a general library is concerned with documents . Informatin requires the techniques for storage periodical literature

application of special

predomination . In most of the special libraries periodical literature predomites. Documents such reports standards specification pamphlets trade literature etc are also required in large number . These may be often regarded as ephermeral in public libraries. A general library is organized to serve the users who are normally expected to locate information on their own. A special library is expected to provide specific information on their own . The library user is often a highly paid

researchers or managers whose time is expensive His time must be saved. A special library acquires and organize information in anticipation demand As a result information can be made available when required. of

TYPES

We may recognize the following types of special libraries:Governement Societies and Institution Industrial and commercial organization Academic institution Public libraries

There are examples of a number of major public libraries having very strong science division . These serve the interests of industries located within their area of service . For example Science Division of New York Public library and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Another example is of john Crerar Public library of Chicago (Illinois USA) It specialized in science technology and medicine.

1.3

PUBLIC LIBRARY Public or popular library are Those which serve the population of a

community or region free of charge or for a nominal fee they may serve the general public or special categories of user such as children member of the armed forces hospital patients , prisoners workers and employees Thus a public library aims to serve the general public in the community concerned. It is basicall a service library which is meant to provide free service or charge a nominal fee for its service.

PUBLIC VERSUS OTHER LIBRARIES

A public library is available for use to all who are capable of using it. This feature makes it different from other libraries. A public library can also be distinguished from other libraries because it provides liberal and comprehensive service performing a wide range of function providing for information ,

education recreation , entertainment and inspiration . We may distinguish public libraries proper from libraries financed from private sources. Public libraries proper receive financial support from public authorities such as municipal or regional libraries , may be in whole or in large part.

Objective

Indian constitution aims at fulfilling the aspiration of the people It aims at securing for all the citizens of India justice liberty and equality . Thus its objective is establishing of a new social order, In other it is to be considered as an instrument of social.

At present information is being regarded as national resources perhaps as fundamental as energy or matter, which effect all humans activities . Inforamtion is power It is indispensable It needs to be put in the service of the whole can provide access to documents/ information free of charge for all in the community irrespective of any restriction . In this way a public library can contribute to the welfare and progress of the community served by it, thereby becoming a social force . As a result a public library can help in the

achievement of the aims of our contitition towards fulfilling the aspiration of our people.

Role

Public library is considered an essential part of modern society and plays a very important role in the community . It serves as a cultural centre of the community bringing together people having similar interests through extension services. It should be regarded as social force which can greatly influence the society being served. It can help in safeguarding democracy creating political awakening bringing social awareness and fostering creative leisure activities. A public library can play an important role in helping different sectors of the community . It can help farmers to improve production It can enable a businessman to improve business prospects. A pubic library can create in children a love of reading , which can lead to formation of reading habits at an early age. It can help students of all ages. It can provide job information , helping peoples looking for better prospects or those who are unemployed . In caser a member of the society intends to pursue self education, then public library might be the only institution accessible to him . Similarly, elderly poor and handicapped person can also be served by it . A blind person might be provided books in Braille. An invalid person can be provided mechanical aids to turn pages along with books .

1.3

THE ROLE OF RESERCH IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES

The paper includes a number of themes focusing on issues related to research in public libraries. First it discusses the traditional ways in which library

research has been undertaken the predominantly quantitative approach of the library survey . Second , the recent trends of using qualitative or interpretive approaches to research or of using mixed methods , are explored together with

examples of some recent research projects in public libraries in Australia . In the third part of the paper an attempt will be made to paint a mind stretching , but realistic scenario of the possibilities of public library research .

INTRODCUTION

This paper has a number of themes and purpose ,First , it discuss the traditional ways in which library research has been undertaken , Second , it aims to show how some recent research in public libraries in Australia has differed from this traditional approach and how it has contributed to public library services. Third , it aims to paint a mind stretching but realistic scenario of the possibilities of public library research especially through collaboration between academics or other skilled researchers, and reflective practitioners.

A library is organized collection

of resources made accessible to a defined

community for reference of borrowing. It provide physical or digital access to material , and may by a physical building or room , or a virtual space or both . Collection can include books, periodicals newspaper , manuscripts films maps prints documents microform CDs, cassettes , videotape DVDs video games ebooks audio books and other format Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing-the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC . these written archives mark the end of prehistory and the start of history. The

earliest discovered private archives were kept at uqarit. There is also evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900 BC and at bineyeh about 700 BC showing a library evidence of library classification system. Private or personal libraries made up of written books (as opposed to the state or institutional records kept in archives kept in archives) appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC . in the 6th century, at the very close of the classical period, the great libraries of the Mediterranean world remained . Function A library is regarded as a social institution therefore it is expected to perform certain function.

A library should provide for:a) Life long self education. b) Information documents on all subjects including local national and international affairs to serve economic political and social welfare c) Proper rse of issues d) Advancement of culture e) Preservation of literacy heritage for posterity.

1.2

Types of libraries

Academic libraries (school , college and university) Public libraries

Special libraries

1.3 public library

1.4 special libraries

While other types of libraries serve multiple objective such as education research cultural and social activities the major perhaps only objective of a special library is the provision of information in support of the objective of its parent organization some libraries exist in a wide variety of organization, most of them being units of organization. Their purpose are usually other than provision of education or convert library services, invariably meeting the information requirement of the organization which they are attached special libraries are formed in the research a development establishment government department, directories, industrial and business undertaking learned societies and professional association trade and business association, wealth services social and welfare organization museum national gallery of art etc however special libraries are also established to serve a particular group of users specialist working on subject or a group of subject or on a particular type of document etc.

Historical overview

Special libraries first began to appear in the states of US (United state) in the early decades of the 20th century they were a new form of library quite different from other types of librarians in their function and purpose and in the view of new

method of collecting and organizing material. In the later decades of the century organization increased in number size and complexity as business and industry grow rapidly a large number of government organization also rang up to meet various activities of the government and libraries began to grow in all these organization worked was I and II accelerated the process of industrial

development became increasingly institutional issued this trend naturally led to the growth of. Special library collection and new services the growth of special libraries in Europe as will as in many of the developing countries also was modeled on the patter of US special library movement. As nations continued to industrialize and increased their research efforts special libraries were established in research organization and in other agencies. Growth and development of special libraries in India also has been on the model of western countries.

Function of the special libraries:

a special library is a power house for the generation storage and use of information it perform the following. Function. Collects, maintains, stores and retrieves information data keeping in the view evolving needs of its parent organization. Analysis synthesizes and evaluates information and data Provide critical reviews, monographs, reports and other collection Provide critical complication, provide state of the art reports Provide replies to queries Provide reprint bibliographic and reference Perform literature searches and translation services Provide abstracts indexes and extracts Prepares accession lists, bulletins, news, letters, summarizes hand book & manuals

Importance of the special libraries

All the activities of a special library are derived from two basic types of information services that are provided by them. The first service is provided in response to users requests for information covering reference and literature search the second information service in anticipation of need and includes indexing, abstracting services which are designed to keep the user updated on new and current information. Decision about collection development of documents appointment of state etc are made on the type and extent of services to be provided..

Collection Development Special library collations are working collection to support their information and retrospective material, determined on the basis of the project and by the organization besides the traditional forms of

programmers, taken up

material such as books formal technical and research reports other typical and significant material include patents specification in significant material include patents specification in industrial fields, business records trade, information and news clipping etc. a particular feature of a collection in a special library is that it is never static but dynamic and changing as new activities and programmers develop in the parent organization. The library also get affected by changes in the parent organization and the scope and nature of the library collection and services also get changed suitably therefore the staff of the special library must be constantly alert to possible new areas and the changing interest of the organization so that the library collection and services. Generally speaking the special library collection have three major components.

In most of the special libraries, periodicals provide the most updated information. Therefore , periodical collections are perhaps the richest and the maximum funds are provided for subscription to periodicals specialized reports form the second category of published information collected through newspaper clipping pamphlets statically complication sales literatures trade catalogues financial statements government documents etc form the other sources of information . the second major components of the collection is information Generated within the orgavization such as research reports technical memoranda laboratory note books working papers correspondence no use organs news letter sales literature and compant and competitive advertising etc.

Service: Reference service :-

Reference and research service range from answering simple reference question to undertaking complex research and literature services. Users are usually assisted in the pursuits of their own search for literature but quite often information expertise is made available in locating sequested information and transmitting then in the most useful form in fact expertise is built into the special librares staff to handle complicated and complex problems of information handling some special libraries often translation services either in house or obtain them from outside sources in mostP of the special libraries, a close working relationship exists between the library staff and users to derive the maximum benefit from the library unit.

Current Awareness and routing:-

Special libraries have developed a wide range of service to keep their rsers to informed of new and current development. Routing of current issues of periodical is one of the most common functions of special libraries. The library periodically surveys its clientele as to which periodicals they wish see as issues arrive. Current acquisition relations indexes to current periodicals and title alerts are one of the different types of current awareness services provided by special . Libraries anticipatory services- besides these services annoyed exists abstract bulletins news summarizes digest or other types of anticipatory services aer also provided by special libraries provide computer based selective dissemination. Of information (SDI) services are also provided but not necessarily through computers.

Retrieval services:

Abstracting indexing and preparation of digests are of paramount importance in special libraries special libraries special project and retrospective files are built up in special libraries for meeting their requirements on projects of requirements for new product or process development .

Publication of bulletins:-

In general special libraries are managed by small staff. One of the containing debates in the field is whether a special librarian should be primarily a subject specialists or a library professional of both. But most of the controversies on this issue are getting resolved as persons with different subject expertise are taking increasingly the special librarianship and documentation. Thus the new breed of

specialists are competent and have the expertise required to handle various activities of a special library. Constantinople and Alexandria. From the 15th century in century in central and northem ltaly. Libraries of and their enlightened patrons provided a nucleus around which an academy of scholars congregated in each ltalian city of

consequence. Tianyi chamber, founded in 1561 by fan qin during the ming dynasty, is the oldest existing library in china. In its heyday it boasted a collection of 70,000 volume of antique books. The first library classification system was set up during the han dynasty. In north America, it is believed that personal collection of books were brought over to the continent by French settlers in the 16th century. The oldest npn-personal library on the borth American continent was founded at the jesult college in quebec city in 1635. The first textbook on library science was published 1880 by Martin schrettinger. ;a library is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual public and institutional collectons and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to- or cannot afford to purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. Individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information and at interpreting information needs. Libraries often

provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources and the information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building

, by providing material accessible by electronic means and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a variety of digital tools.

1.5 history of libraries 1-early libraries (2600BC- 800BC)

Tablet from the library of Ashurbanipal containing part of the epic of Gilgames. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in summer back to 2600 BC these archives, which mainly Consisted of the records of commercial transactions or inventories mark the end of prehistory and the start of history . Things were much the same in the government and temple records on papyrus of ancient Egypt the earliest discovered private private archives were kept at Ugarit; besides correspondence and inventories, text of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes . there is also evidence of libraries at at Nippur abort 1900 BC and Nineveh about 700 BC showing a library classification system. Over 30,000 clay tablets from the library of Ashurbanipal have been discovered at Nineveh, providing modern scholars with an amazing wealth of Mesopotamian some dating

literary, religious and administrative work. Among the findings were the enema elfish, also known as the epic of creation, which depicts a traditional Babylonian view of creation, the epec of gilqamesh a large selection of omen texts including enuma anu enlil which contained omens dealing with the moon, its visibility, eclipses, and conjunction with planets and fixed stars, the sun, its corona, spots, and eclipses, the weather, namely lightning, thunder, and clouds, and the planets

and their visibility, appearance, and stations, and bilingual vocabularies, lists of signs and synonycs, and lists of medical diagnoses. Philosopher laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in china, which beionged to the lmperial Zhou dvnasty. Also, evidence of cataiogues found in some destroyed ancient libraries illustrates the presence of librarians.

2- classical period (800BC -500 AD)

remains of the library of celsus at ephesus

The library of Alexandria in Eqypt was the largest and most significant qreat library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a major center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I soter (323-283 BC ) or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II (283-246 BC). An early organization system was in effect at Alexandria. Involvement of local councilors, key community groups, other community gatekeepers, and everyday library rsers and non users could be achieved through focus groups and individual interviews, to gain a rich picture of the range of community views . action research could be undertaken to develop and pilot a program which would assist in bringing the community, or parts thereof, together.

Another section of the paper looks at changing roles and patterns of use. The aim of this section :to understand the needs of different groups in the local community in order to provide library services for whole community as inclusively as possible

(p8) it is stated that there are significant gaps in the user base of public libraries, particularly among young people and young professionals. One of the questions posed is: - Can public libraries identify who their major user groups will be in five or ten year ? Have they examined the overlap users of other council provided service ? (p 8) Once again understandings and insights about the needs of users and non users and the associated trends for the future would emerge from exploration with differently community groups. The involvement of representative from different community groups can leverage interest and support, and provide informationi and publicity about the library service. An example of the generation of this kind of interest was seen to result from the research between their users and the

undertaken for the review of library Services at port phillp council. There was considerable enthusiasm and the interest gererated as a result of the research , as well as many ideas for future development of the public library service. This undoubtedly provided a basis for future marketing of the library service.

POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE

Research can play a valuable part in the practice of all the information professional The professional flourish where information The professional

will flourish where information workers develop inquiring frames of mind, underpinned by an understanding of research. Research can assist the understanding of many of the issue involved in the provision of library service Lowe (1999) makes a very strong statement about research in relation to information professional.

Researcher enables professionial to add value to their work and work practices .. (Its use ) distinguishes between professional who maintain the staus quo without and those who strive to develop their work practices through continual evaluation and investigation Given the more flexible approaches and wider range of research methods now available there are many exciting possibilities for useful public library research which can add considerable value to practice Partnership between librarians and academics researchers offer particular opportunities Through partnership between librarians and academic researchers offer particular opportunities.

Through research collaborations practitioners can develop their research skills and academic researchers can ensure that the research they undertake is relevant and useful . The research itself can generate community interest and result in new clients and services For example with the disablitiy project discussed above the academic researchers made contact with various disability groups based in the communities of the libraries involved in the research . Sometime this was done thourgh librarians ; other times it was necessary for the academic researchers to make contact. Often we received an enthusiastic

response from those disablitiy group who could have then been used to publicise the library to their disabled member. One of the recommendation of the project was that reaching out to local disablitiy in the organization is the best way of making services known. Marketing services more widely in the local disability organisaton is the best way of making service known Marketing services more widely in the local community is also important (Online Services 2001). If one looks at the paper which summarise the major issues which confront the Victorian Public library system and which will need to be addressed in the development of policies for Victorian Public llibraries (The strategy Shop 2001

), it become obvious that many of the question raised lend themselves to research. For example from the section on social question : - What would libraries and the communities gain by [libraries ] becoming a delivery vehicle for community rebuilding programs [ie to strengthen social cohesion ]? - How can public libraries demonstrate their centrality to the process of social engagement to government and other with influence in the community ? - Considerable understanding about these question could be developed through some qualitative research in one locality or better still in several localities which might offer different perspective and answer . - To investigate perceptions of librarians about their present skills and needs for training information . - To determine thorough this investigation and supplementary discussion with experts the base line skills which are needed for competent use of online database to meet the information needs of users . - To test the range of skills in the target population through measurement using a sample of librarian . - To investigate ways of building generic training module will include core sets of competenies which would apply across a range of database and search engines. - To develop a hierarchy of core competenices to basic and advanced levels within the traininig modules. - To attribute these competencies to basic and advanced levels within the training modules. (The advanced level will include a train the trainer component ). in using online databases to satisfy clients request for engangement come the

- To test and evaluate the training modules with the original sample against specific learning outcomes and make changes and adjustments as required . The research design will include : - Qualitative research methods to investigate the perception of professional librarins about their present skills and training needs for using online

database to satisfy client enquires. - Action research to develop generic modules to meet the aims and objective of the research ; an - Evaluation methods to assess the effectiveness of the training moducle , as part of the action research The fieldwork for the project will be undertaken at three different sites in Sydeny Canberra and Wagga NSW and will involve 24 librarian. The fact that the evaluation rating can be stored for future use and that criteria can be easily removed added or altered, increase the versatility of this now web-based tools. The major problem that arose was that the qualitative data did not provide the criteria for the tool as was intended. Criteria such as ease of use, attractiveness of layour and design and relevance of content which the researchers had

considered were important for the evaluation of the electronic resources , did not seem to be so reliable and usable after the qualitative data were analysed . For example the search option varied from one database to another so that the ease of use became a much more complex issue than originally thought . Handley (2001) therefore looked at other ways of developing the criteria for use in the tool . She found that Discussion with SLV staff and access to their internal proceducer for evaluating electronic information resources have provided a rich source of

material on which to base the criteria She found that staff procedures were well developed based on example of evaluation used by other libraries and

educational institution and through their own working group SLV had identified their important stakeholders (eg acquisition libraries , technical support staff , library mangaer ) and the factors (critera ) relating to electronic databases which needed to be considered in an overall evaluation For ther version of MulitVal which she is cutmising to assist libarians to select electronic resources Handley has included all criteria nominatied by SLV as important to their current slection process . They have been grouped so they can be easily weighted and scored by the relevant statekholder (evaluator ) For example the criterion degree of full text on a database , is grouped with other factors relating to content . This criterion might be considered important enough to be a given the weighing of 100 percne by a particular evaluator, but another may consider this to be of less importance and weight it at say 80 per cent . Both

evaluators might give a score of only 75 per cent if most but not all , citation s on the database are provided in full text. These wieghings and scores for the range of criteria will result in an overall score for each of the electronic reousces evaluated for each evaluator .

Multival when completed promises to be a practical useful adaptable tool for evaluation of electronic or any other libray resources Indeed the potential for such a tool is well beyond library application .

DEVELOPING COMPETENCY OF AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN USING ONLINE DATASES

Partly as a result of the finding of the Gulliver evaluation project. The State Library of NSW and the National Library of Australia have decided to fund a project to improve the competencies of public librarian and their own member of

staff in using electronic resources/ online database . This project began in early September 2001, and involves has the flowing objectives:ITNR at CSU as well at Monash University . It

The issues which were seem to be of greatest by the librarian in the focus concerned access and training. There were major issues of access to the databases whether the proxy server of passwords were being used . Problem with internet connection including slow response times often exacerbated more specific

difficulties . These problems were seen to deter staff from using the database especially given existing time pressure. In relating o training, on the whole the staff of the library services involved in the project believed that they were not very familiar with the databases. Even some who have been trained by SLV staff appeared not to have used the databases extensively . It also seemed that the databases were not being used to an optimum level. It was generally agreed that further training of staff was needed. As one librarian said : Staff need training on all the different aspects of these databases , because they are not always apparent from the first scream . The researchers concluded that training should involve hands on tasks which familiarize staff with the databases. The homework which required library staff to use the databases and answer question prior to the focus groups was seen as most beneficial to the staff involved. Many staff commented that they felt much more confident about using the database as a result of the research. Clearly training for staff is essential so that the library users can be assisted to use the electronic resource. It was telling that almost all library patrons who were approached for interviews as part of the research had no idea that the database existed, what they were for, and therefore how to use them .What is more many library patrons were either not computer literate or had limited experience on

PCs. It was not possible to evaluate effectively the resources, particularly in terms of content, with such inexperienced users.

THE FINDINGS : QUATITIVE DATA

As indicated above , one of the aims of the project was to develop a computerized tool which would enable reliable evolution of and comparison of one titled

between electronic resourced . the tool was to be an adaption

MultiVal which had already been developed for decision support in the field of information systems b Maynard (!997) The strength and innovation of MultiVal was that once the criteria were identified, each stakeholder could weight them according to their importance from their perspective (Handley 2001 , p 5 ) The criteria were then scored and an overall rating for the program was given . The Masters student who has worked on the tool in our project , Nettie Handley recently stated that I have not found a tool with this capacity web enabled or otherwise available for any form of evaluation at this time. There are many examples of survey type evaluations of program and resources on the internet but as yet there is nothing which offer the capacity for weighting and scoring critera (and giving an overall rating ) that Multival can provide (Handley 2001, p5 ) . innovative in that it would employ qualititative research methods to contribute to a qualitative tool would enable a reliable between electronic resources. Once again interpretive constructivist philosophy underpinned the qualitative

component of the research .The aim was to include the perspective and meaning of the key groups involved in the use of the database. To achieve this we collected data in four Victorian Public library services. Two of the library services are in metropolitan area (Bayside and port phillip ) The research in each case began with

a Corrangamite )and one is in a semi rural areas (Casey Cardinia)The research in each case began with a focus group of library staff to explore their perception of content an usability of each of their two databases as well general access issues . A representative of State Library staff in varying roles was include in each of the focus groups , and attempts were made to include library staff in interview and

trials of the resources with 10 participants who varied in age and gender from each of the library services.

Each library service was allocated two of the four electronic resources offered though Gulliver for the purpose of the research. This was a matter of practicality as it would have been too time consuming for each librarian to test all four databases. And impossible to discuss them adequately in a hundred minute focus group session . The setting of homework requiring staff to follow a topic of their choice in their two dates and to answer question related to content and usability piror to their involvement in their focus group resulted in data of high quality.

THE FINDINGS QUALITATIVE DATA

It is essential to emphasize that the findings form the qualitative data collection provide only a snap shot in time in the four library services Moreover progress in addressing issues may have been made since the data collection

concluded in June 2000 . The fact that nearly all library services in Victoria have decided to pay to subscribe to the databases in 2001 is an indication of the value placed on them . That having been said, the researcher found the result to be somewhat surprising. As indicated above the major focus of the research was to be the

evaluation of the content and usability of the electronic resources with the findings of the qualitative component feeding into the computerized tool which would enable comparison between electronic resources to be made. While most librarians in the focus groups saw content as of paramount importance including found on all the database . They were on the whole unconcerned about usability issue feeling that all the database, They were on the whole unconcerned about the library person there was a wide variety of personal preference with regard to usability feature. The strongest view were expressed about Electrc Library which users often liked very much or disliked intensely. Health Reference Canter was highly regarded by most user. both in terms o content and usability.

EVALUATION OF THE USABILITY OF ELECTRONIC LIBRARY RESOURCES IN VICTORIAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES

This project was undertaken during 2000 at the time when the Gulliver program which was part of the Vicorian Government Libraries Online project was being undertaken in Victora Ebsco Publishing World Magazine bank IAC Health Reference Center now Health and Wellness Centre IAC Cusom and Infosentials Electric Library The aims of this project included:

- To determine the level of use of four sets of electronic resources, which were at that time being made available in a pilot program in Victoria. - To identify problems which arise with use and attempted use - To evaluate the resources provided in relation to various factor including ease of use user preference for use and relevance of information content to users.

- To make recommendation for improving access to electronic resources for the public in general as well for three specific groups of users viz, people with disabilities those with none Englis speaking background and rural and remote users ; and - To develop comprehensive approaches for evaluation which include qualitative research methods as well as some quantitative procedures

developed from the data collected. The latter procedures will be implemented as a computerized tool

INTERNET

A library may make use of the Internet in a number of ways . a library may make the contents o it catalogues searchable online . some specialized search engines such as Google Scholar offer a way to facilitate searching for academic resources such as journal articles and research paper. Thonline Computer library center allows library record to be searched online though its World Cat database Website such as Library thing and Amazon provide abstracts, reviews and recommendation of books libraries provide computer and internet access to all people to search for information online Online information access is particularly Attractive to younger library user.

CHAPTER-3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A study of relevant literature is an essential step to get a full picture of what has been done with regard to the problem under study. It helps the investigator to go deep into the problem on one hand and study the different sides of the problem

the order. Knowledge of the previous studies also leads the researcher to the proper direction of his or her work. The process of information seeking various depending on the information needs of the user as Allen pointed out that the needs of individuals working on projects changes as the project progresses. Subject specific information literacy has additional dimension and is closely related to the pattern of information flow as in that discipline. In present era of economic development higher education has been regarded as a key factor to enhance human mind which in turn helps in achieving higher growth. Indian higher education is in the process of reviewing its achievements and equipping its infrastructure with modern gadgets and ideologies to face the challenges of modernization or global development process. The major development in higher education during the last decade is shift from teacher centered instruction to student centered learning. Universities are the center places of learning, teaching and research. In these institutions faculty members, educators, scholars of many disciplines and librarians/information managers work together to achieve the set of goals. Libraries are changed with preserving past, serving the needs of present, and inviting new information service frameworks for the future. With modernization access to unlimited information resources and interaction with globally distributed users communities has become the job support of learning. Some more functions has been added with digitization and networking. The present day libraries are becoming resource centers than collection building centers. With globalized character of libraries responsibilities have increased, (Gupta,2004).

A well-equipped and well-managed library is the foundation of modern educational structure. Education and library service are twin sister rather true lovers and one cannot lie apart from each other. The library is the heart of an institute, which provides students, teachers and researcher scholars with the tools for advancement as well as acquisition of knowledge.(Sharma, 1994). Libraries are a direct incentive to the development of educational, social and cultural activities. In the words of Dr. S.R.Ranganathan,Libraries are not more store houses, they are rich springs from which knowledge flows at to irrigate field of education and culture.. The levels of a countrys development depend largely on level of its higher education. After the achievement of independence, recently, higher education in India has been systematically redesigned to meet the challenges of 21st century.(Bedi, 1994). The twentieth century witnessed the explosion of knowledge and information enshrined not only in books and serials, but also in technical and scientific reports, patents standards and specification, transaction trade circulars, reprints, off-prints, micro-documents and photocopies. With increasing specialization has increasing fragmentation not only of literature but also of the groups of individuals producing and using literature. (Sharma, 1994). Considerable expansion has taken place in the field of higher education since independence. The growth has taken place in establishing a large number of educational institutions. While at the time of independence there were seventeen universities, today there number has gone beyond one hundred and seventy six including institutions deemed to be universities.(Kaula, 1994).

Universities library in India are on the threshold of a great leap, both in respect of their relationship vis--vis the society at large, and in respect of their organization. The electronic age has arrived and the dream of paper-less and wall-less libraries seems to be coming true with the advert of computers, scanners and digitization of the library materials. (Narang, 2004). The service given to the given to the users in library is known as information service library is composed of three basic factors; user, book and staff. Use of library means use of books or recorded knowledge in any other form by the users. As all economic activities is governed by the consumer so, is the library shaped by its users. The need and the retirements of the user from the base for the composition of the library stock. (Sharma, 1989). An alphabetical subject index is more considered more relevant for searching information by topics. Users feel the need for more assistance from the library for locating books/journals on shelves. (Walke, Tewari, Wadhwa, 2006). A number of studies conducted in different countries have established the fact that only a few scientists make the optimum use of libraries and are aware of the various bibliographical tools. The inference is that contrary to the opinion of some academics, knowledge of the structure and use of scientific literature is not gained intuitively, but has to be taught. The phrase review of literature consist of two words review and literature. The word literature has conveyed different meaning from the traditional meaning. IT issue with reference to the language e.g. Hindi literature English literature Sanskrit literature. It includes a subject content prose poetry dramas novel stories etc. here in research methodology the term literature refers to the knowledge of a particulars

area of investigation of any discipline which includes theoretical practical and it research study. The very work review and literature approach in historical research. The researchers does much more than review already published material he seek to discover and to integrate material, information which has never been reported and never considered. The concept and process implied in the term review of literature have such different meaning in historical as compared with survey and experimental research. Definition:According to W.R.Bong The literature in any field forms the foundation upon which all future work will be built if we fail to build the foundation on knowledge provided by the review of literature our work is likely to be shallow and native and will often duplicate work that has already been done better by some are else.

According to Good Barrand Scates The component physician must keep abreast of the latest discoveries in the field of medicine obviously the careful student of education the research worker and investigator should become familiar with location and use of sources of educational information.

CHAPTER 4 RESEARECH METHODOLOGY

4.1 Meaning and Research Design:- Research is a predetermined systematic outline that helps in explaining various concept related to various subjects for fulfilling particulars objectives pertaining for the research study.

Definition of Research Design:-

R.L.Ackoff in his the design of social research has defined it as or design in the process of taking decision before the situation arises in which the decision is to be made. Vimal Shah:- According to him as stated in research design and strategy. A design is the plan of study and such it is planned every study uncontrolled as wll as controlled and subjects as well as objective. P.V.Young:- Has stated in his work scientific social survey and research that a research design in the logical and systematic. Planning and Directing of a piece of Research Selig Jahoda Cook Dura:Defined Research design in their book research method in social relations as a research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine reference to research purpose with economy in procedure. F.M.Kerlinger:His work Foundation of Behavioral Research 1978 define research design as a planning structure and strategy of investigation and conceived so as too obtain answers to research question and control variance.

4.2 Survey Definition: The structure of the social consists of two parts theory and empirical evidence. These two elements are inextricably interwoven, for successful social understanding a study of one without the other is barren. Theory is an attempt to

account for a number of closely related observation or phenomena e.g. Price and Demand. When price increases demand decreases and vice-versa. They are called empirical evidence. Facts play an important role in the development of a theory. Survey method is one of the techniques used in the analysis of fact finding analysis in necessary to solve in numerable problems in a society. Adequate information about them may not be available in records, files and other sources. A study of them required systematic of gathering and data through personnel contact interview technique etc. They are called social survey means viewing and interpreting things rigorously and comprehensively. Started with his connotation it has undergone such a revaluation. Now a day, survey method is not a way of collecting data but also analyzing the result statically systematically. The surveys have a particular method of data analysis and a particular substance. Surveys are more popular even in non-university organization for example a survey of Joint Stock Companies in India one can investigate published materials data available in libraries and achieves and call it a survey. But there are certain people who believe that the term could be used only when a direct contact is made. Normally survey technique is used only when the desired information cannot be gathered more easily and less expensively forms the other sources.

Survey methods is social investigation gives a detailed account of social investigation. Social survey and social research are independent. They both deal with social phenomenon and the methods and techniques used are the same. Though interdependent there are certain basic differences between the two.

Social Survey deal with specific problem immediate problem suggests remedies hence utilitarian and practical. It develops the hypothesis and evolves a there for and it is never conducted on professional basis. First for knowledge is the only incentive and satisfaction is the only reward. Here researchers have done field survey on the user of NFLIC Library, Dehradun.

CHAPTER 5

RESULT & DISCUSSION

From survey of special and public libraries of Dehradun it can be concluded that Dehradun city, a capital of Uttarakhand is very rich due to an education hub center. It is very fortunate that Garhwal and Uttarakhand. Devbhumi is a place of God & Goddess, Dham. In spite of these all educational centers and special libraries are situated here namely ONGC, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Wild Life Institute of India, I.I.P., F.R.I. survey of India, Botanical Survey Of India, zoological survey of India, I.R.S., Anthropological survey of India, Archaeological survey of India, Forest survey of India Map Division N.I.V.M., IRDE, DEAL, onto electronic etc. apart from this there are several Institute of Higher Education such as- Law, Engineering, Management, Information Technology, Commerce, Navy, Army etc. are coming up. All these Institutes have their special libraries, too.The researcher in this piece of work has surveyed I.I.P. & special library to compare with public library as Khusi Ram situated at Gandhi Road, Dehradun. The scene is very clear that these above said special libraries are very rich in their collection, maintenance, finance, staff, electronic appliances such asautomation, software, services etc. But this can be said that though Khusi Ram Public Library is a very old but it is run by private management. By comparing the richness of Dehradun it can be said its condition is very poor. Though, the collections and literature are very good but due to crisis of funds it cannot be up to the mark in comparison to other libraries.

Chapter 6 Conclusion & Suggestion for Future

While concluding this research work it is clear that for users there are very good special libraries. But it is restricted only for regular staff employed and students of the Institutes. It is sorry to say that there is no good public library in Dehradun. Because in public library there is a very nominal fee for membership and it can be attended by any one male, female, aged, children, students, research scholars, visitors etc. A library consultation creates a good reading habit among children. But in vacations or to kill the time for leisure there is no such a good public library so that children always pass their free time by seeing audio-video movie, cartoons etc. It affects their eyes also. So, Government of Uttarakhand should take necessary steps to build a good & rich public library by contribution of one rupee from per house so that a good reading habit can be created among peoples of Dehradun.