TOPICS COVERED IN THE COURSE
KNOWLEDGEBASE ACQUISITION LECTURES AND
CASE DISCUSSIONS
WHAT AND WHY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLE IN
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE ENTERPRISE IS COMPONENTS
TOPICS COVERED IN THE COURSE
BUSINESS DRIVEN IT DEPLOYMENT E-COMMERCE E-BUSINESS DEVELOPING ENTERPRISE IT SOLUTIONS SECURITY AND ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO
IT/IS USE IN ENTERPRISES
TEXT BOOK FOR THIS COURSE
8th Edition
By
Barbara McNurlin , Ralph Sprague, jr and Tung Bui
FUNDAMENTALS
What is information? processed data
Data is first Perceived Interpreted Used Acquired Disseminated differences between Data information knowledge
Systems Concepts
A system Is a set of interrelated components With a clearly defined boundary Working together to achieve a common set of objectives
Why systems study in this course? Necessary to visualize the various concepts related to IS
Categories of systems to be addressed
Natural
Biological Socioeconomic Digital business
Cybernetics Systems
A Cybernetic system is a self regulating- self Adjusting
Feedback mechanism is essential to provide the
needed adjustment/regulation Examples of feedbacks in different systems
Systems have three basic functions:
Input involves capturing and assembling elements
that enter the system to be processed Processing involves transformation process that convert input into output Output involves transferring elements that have been produced by the transformation process to their ultimate destination
Cybernetics Systems
Systems have:
Structures Behavior
Systems exhibit either:
Dynamic structures Static structures
Dynamic behavior
Static behavior
Business as an ecosystem
Changes in Competitive Environments and Corporate Structures
1.
Changes in the competitive Situation
Internationalization of markets Innovation dynamics with products and process Buyers Markets Globalization of Purchase Demographic development Resources depletion
Changes in Competitive Environments and Corporate Structures
2.
Innovation Potential of ICT
New Products Process innovation New forms of cooperation Virtual firm
3. Value changes in markets and society Attitude towards environment Age demographics of employee Buyer behavior Quality demands
Key Challenges for the firms
Dissolution of hierarchies Symbioses and cooperation Electronic markets Virtual firms
Classical premises for the success of increasing efficiency strategies
Relatively long life cycle of products
Stable sales markets Limited number of competitions with known
strengths and weaknesses Low cost of natural resources Availability of workers motivated and qualified
Why IT is always quoted here?
Information technology (IT) is a pervasive element of
society today and has revolutionized and restructured many aspects of human endeavor, including work. This course emphasizes the use of IT in managing and operating organizations.
1-15
Challenges and Opportunities of IT
IT as enabler Strategic Force
Technology is no longer an afterthought in forming
business strategy, but the actual cause and driver. IT can change the way businesses compete. A strategic information system is
Any kind of information system That uses IT to help an organization
Gain a competitive advantage Reduce a competitive disadvantage Or meet other strategic enterprise objectives
Themes of Current Business Ecosystem
Globalization Worldwide expansion of brands and the emergence of global institutions after World War II
Ex. American multinational enterprises foreign direct investments in other countries
IS organization must balance global IT enterprise goals
with local systems needs
E-enablement Leveraging of IT to build relationships with consumers and other enterprises in general
1-18
Themes contd
Business intelligence through knowledge sharing and
knowledge management
Transfer of knowledge between people Elicit tacit knowledge that people possess
1-19
Management of IS
Governance of IT Collaborative effort between IS, the business and their constituencies The Role of IS System integration and infrastructure development Outsourcing Development and management of relationships with external service providers
1-20
A Little History
1950s: Calculator Bookkeeping activities
Texas Instrument invented first handheld calculator
1960s: Mainframe Data-intensive business transactions and accounting
IBM mainframe
1-21
A Little History contd
1970s: Database management systems Operational efficiency
Structured Query Language (SQL) first developed by IBM Oracle and SAP emerged as key players
1980s: Personal Computer (PC), decision support
systems
Office automation (OA) and decision-making IBM released first PC (hardware) with Microsoft MS-DOS operating system (software)
1-22
A Little History contd
1990s: Internet and Enterprise Resource Planning Global communication and exponential growth in use of computers for OA and networking Microsoft Windows and Office Suite Email, instant messaging, World Wide Web 2000s: Internet and Social Fabric Global coordination and cooperation (strategic partnerships) within and between businesses Web services, e-supply chains Social computing for business applications
1-23
A Little History
1-24
The Organizational Environment
External forces that cause IS executives to re-examine
how their firms compete and internal structural forces that affect how organizations operate or are managed.
External business environment
Internal organizational environment
Goal of new work environment
1-25
The External Business Environment
Internet economy
IT underpins old and new ways of doing business
Physical and electronic marketplace
Global Marketplace
Internet has accelerated firms internationalization process Born global
Micro-markets
Micro-commoditization and micro-consumption
Digital microproducts
iTunes, Amazon shorts, Disney short videos
Business ecosystems
Relationships and growth that are organic in nature
1-26
The Internal Business Environment
From supply-push to demand-pull
Customer-centric philosophy
Value co-creation with customer
IT allows business to achieve this on a large scale
Self-service
Customer empowerment (through customization)
Customers know what they want best
Real-time working
Derive competitive advantage
Team-based working
For the duration of projects and tasks (ephemeral)
1-27
The Internal Business Environment
contd
Anytime, anyplace information work Tele-work, mobile computing Outsourcing and strategic alliances Use of IT to help manage work across the extended enterprise Demise of hierarchy Flatter organization (employee empowerment)
Use of IT to facilitate information exchange
1-28
The Internal Business Environment
contd
Anytime, anyplace information work Tele-work, mobile computing Outsourcing and strategic alliances Use of IT to help manage work across the extended enterprise Demise of hierarchy Flatter organization (employee empowerment)
Use of IT to facilitate information exchange
1-29
Business Strategies in the New Work Environment
Leverage knowledge globally
Tap into intellectual capital across the entire enterprise
Organize for complexity
Interconnectivity and interdependence of businesses
Work electronically
Concept of the workspace
Handle continuous and discontinuous change
Built to change (innovation)
Total quality management (continuous) Reengineering (discontinuous)
1-30
The Technology Environment
The technological (IT) environment has a symbiotic
relationship with organizational structure (coevolution)
Hardware Trends
Software trends
Data trends Communication trends
1-31
Hardware Trends
Movement of central administration to distributed
computing
1950s and 1960s (mainframe) Mainframe, batch-processing, back-end data centers
1970s (minicomputer)
Some autonomy at the department level 1980s and early 1990s (personal computer) PCs greatly accelerated process of decentralization
Client-server model
Late 1990s and 2000s (Web, networks and mobile/handheld)
Centralized computing via networks and the Internet
1-32
Software Trends
1.
Transaction processing application development
Emphasis on improving productivity of programmers Focus on rigorous project management techniques Programming shifted to end-users Point-and-click applications
2. Life cycle development methodology 3. Purchased software vs. in-house development 4. Open systems software vs. proprietary software 5. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems 6. Web servicesservice oriented architecture (SOA)
Network centric and loosely coupled applications to support business process requirements
1-33
Data Trends
1970s: Technical solutions for managing data
Database management systems (DBMS) Centralized environment for first 20 years
1990s: Shift toward managing information resources
Concepts/ideas as a function of raw data
Voice, video, graphics, animation Decentralized environment of information access and exchange (end-user level) Require data warehousing and data mining technologies
2000s: Web content management
Standardize formats of and make interoperable huge amounts
of data on Web sites e.g., Extensible Markup Language (XML)
1-34
Communications Trends
1980s: Enterprise networking
Local area networks (LAN) within organization site Wide area networks (WAN) between organization sites
Private leased lines
1990s onwards: Internet (convergence of
telecommunications and information systems)
Invention of modulator/demodulator (MODEM)
Dialup, ISDN and other broadband technologies to solve problem of last mile Internet protocols (TCP/IP) became de facto standard for LANs and WANs Voice over IP Wireless technologies
1-35
The Mission of IS Organizations
Transaction processing systems (TPS) in the early days Paper factories MIS era Producing reports for all levels of management Todays context Improve the performance and innovativeness of people in the organization using IT
Business results as a metric for IS performance
1-36
A Simple Model for the role of IT in organization
IS functions in organizations Figure 1-2 represents the process of applying IT to accomplish useful work Figure 1-3 describes the increasing power and complexity of IT
More specialization required of IS professionals
Figure 1-4 depicts the increasing IT sophistication and
efficacy of users
1-37
A Simple Model
contd
1-38
A Simple Model
contd
1-39
A Simple Model
contd
1-40
A Better Model
1.
An expanded model with four principal elements to describe IS function
A set of technologies that represent the IT infrastructure installed and managed by the IS department
Web services, mobile applications, integration of multimedia and consumer electronics
2.
A set of users who need to use IT to improve their job performance (Figure 1-5)
Support procedure-based activities Support knowledge-based activities
1-41
A Better Model
contd
1-42
A Better Model
3.
contd
A delivery mechanism for developing, delivering and installing applications
Bridging the gap between technology and users (Figure 1-6)
4.
Executive leadership to manage the entire process of applying the technology to achieve organizational objectives and goals
Executive team must work together to govern and leverage IT well C-level executives, divisional and department heads
1-43
A Better Model
contd
1-44
MeadWestvaco Corporation
Read the Case in Chapter 1 in the textbook and write down in bullets form the Structure and evolution of IS in the case organization. Include your own reading of the case if you interpret the evolution otherwise
1-45
Management: the business system regulator
Information is the glue that bind the business
components characterized by: relevancy, timeliness, accuracy, exactness and not known before Management receives the information and act (take decision The means, the processes and the procedures to effect this is what we call the INFORMATION SYSTEM
What does IS do for a business?
IS Framework
EMERGING COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS: SaaS, SOA and More
Computing became a utility Web services Open source Pervasive internetworking The rise of the concept of knowledge workers
Assignment for next lecture
Refer to the PDF file in your BB page adventures-part-1 Read the three chapters for next lecture case discussions be prepared to present your reflections on questions after each chapter - answer the reflections questions in writing and hand them by the subsequent session (20th of June)
