.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Which of the following is a non adapting receptor? a) hair end organ c) chemoreceptor b) Pacinian corpuscle d) nocioceptor 2. Theta waves of EEG have a fre uenc! of " a) #.$ to %.$ & second c) ' to 1% & second b) ( to ) & second d) 1( t o %# & second %. Which of the following characteristics of an a*on is most dependent on its diameter? a) The magnitude of it+s resting potential c)The duration of its refractor! period a b) The conduction velocit! of its action potential d) The activit! of its sodium,potassium pump (. Which of the following is a non adapting receptor? a) hair end organ c) chemoreceptor b) Pacinian corpuscle d) nocioceptor $. Theta waves of EEG have a fre uenc! of " a) #.$ to %.$ & second c) 1( t o %# & second b) ( to ) & second d) ' to 1% & second -.Which of the following is a non adapting receptor? a) hair end organ c) chemoreceptor b) Pacinian corpuscle d) nocioceptor )..esions within the basal ganglia produce all of the following signs EXCEPT a) h!potonia c) tremor b) /emiballismus d) h!po0inesia '.1eceptors for pressure sensation detection are in the form of a) Paccinian corpuscles c) 1uffini+s end organ b) 2er0el+s disc d) 3ree nerve endings 4. 5n a patient with n!stagmus6 the most li0el! site of in7ur! in the 89: is a) Posterior cerebellum c) 8erebral corte* b) ;estibular apparatus d) 1eticular formation 1#.Thirst centre is stimulated b! the following E<8EPT a) 1aised osmolarit! of bod! fluids c) ;asopressin b) 3all in E83 volume d) =ngiotensin 55 11.=ll are deep refle*es EXCEPT a) biceps refle* c) supinator refle* b) >nee 7er0 d) Plantar refle* 12. Lesion of the substantia nigra leads to a) Chorea c) hemiballismus b) Parkinsonism d) hemiplegia 13. Corticospinal tracts cross at the level of a) pons c) midbrain b) medulla d) spinal cord 14. Which nerve fibres carr slo! pain sensation" a) #$ c) #% b) C d) #& 1'. (riad of cerebellar lesion is) a) *ntention tremor+ , stagmus+ - pertonia c) *ntention tremor+ , stagmus+ - potonia b) (remor at rest+ .ask like face+ /igidit d) .ask like face+ (remors+ /igidit 10. *n cases of antero grade amnesia such as often occurs among chronic alcoholics+ the disturbance affects primaril a) #ccess to the secondar memor b) (ransfer from the sensor to the primar memor c) (ransfer from the secondar to the tertiar memor d) (ransfer from the primar to the secondar memor 11. Which of the follo!ing sensation is ,2( carried in the dorsal columns" a) -eat c) 3ibration b) 4oint sensation d) .uscle spindle sensation 15. (he follo!ing substances are added to urine b means of tubular secretion+ EXCEPT a) 6rea c) 78 b b) -8 d) Creatinine

19. (he fovea of the e e c a) has the lo!est light threshold c) is the region of highest visual acuit d b) contains onl rods d) contains onl red and green cones 2:.Which characteristic of a sensor stimulus is encoded better b phasic receptors than b tonic receptors" a) ho! strong the stimulus is c) the duration of the stimulus b) the t pe of energ producing the stimulus d) ho! rapidl the stimulus is applied 21. Which of the follo!ing is most closel related to slo! !ave sleep" a) irregular heart rates c) #tonia b) -igh fre;uenc electroencephalogram !aves d) bed!etting 22. Lesions !ithin the basal ganglia produce all of the follo!ing signs EXCEPT a) h potonia c) -emiballismus b) tremor d) h pokinesia 23. /eceptors for pressure sensation detection are in the form of a) Paccinian corpuscles c) .erkel<s disc b) /uffini<s end organ d) =ree nerve endings 24. *n a patient !ith n stagmus+ the most likel site of in>ur in the C,? is a) Posterior cerebellum c) 3estibular apparatus b) Cerebral corte@ d) /eticular formation 2'. (hirst centre is stimulated b the follo!ing ABCAP( a) /aised osmolarit of bod fluids c) =all in AC= volume b) #ngiotensin ** d) 3asopressin 20. #ll are deep refle@es EXCEPT a) biceps refle@ c) supinator refle@ b) 7nee >erk d) Plantar refle@ 21. Which one of the follo!ing sensor s stems uses unm elinated fibres to conve information to the C,? a) proprioception c) vibration b) temperature d) pressure 25. Which characteristic of a sensor stimulus is encoded better b phasic receptors than b tonic receptors" a) ho! strong the stimulus is c) ho! rapidl the stimulus is applied b) the t pe of energ producing the stimulus d) the duration of the stimulus 29. Which of the follo!ing is most closel related to slo! !ave sleep" a) irregular heart rates c) bed!etting b) #tonia d) -igh fre;uenc electroencephalogram !aves 3:. Corticospinal tracts cross at the level of a) pons c) midbrain b) medulla d) spinal cord 31. Clood brain barrier is made up of a) .icroglia c) #stroc tes b) oligodendrites d) ?mall neurons 32. Cabinski<s sign is seen in a) Parkinsonism c) 6pper motor neuron lesion b) Cerebellar lesion d) Lo!er motor neuron lesion 33. Which one of the follo!ing receptors is responsible for monitoring the rate of muscle stretch" a) ,uclear bag intrafusal fibres c) ,uclear chain intrafusal fibres b) golgi tendon organs d) >oint receptors

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. 1esting membrane potential in sinus nodal fibre is? a) ,4#m; c) ?(#m; b) ,-#m; d) ,(#m; 2. =n instantaneous electrical dipole originating in the m!ocardium is directed hori@ontall! to the left. 5t will produce the ma*imum deflection in" a) .ead 5 c) .ead 55 e b) .ead 555 d) =;.
3. *n a normal ACD first heart sound coincides !ith a) spike of / !ave c) peak of E !ave b) beginning of ( !ave d) summit of P !ave in ACD 4. *nterstitial fluid pressure is a) constant all the time c) al!a s positive all over the bod b) negative in some areas and positive in other areas d) al!a s negative all over the bod '. (he velocit of conduction in Purkin>e fibre in mFs is a) 1.' to 4.: c) 5.: to 1:.: b) '.' to 1.: d)12.: to 1'.: 0. (he total s stemic peripheral resistance is increased in response to a) decrease in blood volume c) h pertension produced from overtransfusion b) change from a reclining to a standing position d) Lifting a heav load 1. # pattern of turbulent rather than laminar blood flo! in a s stemic arter a) is more likel to occur in the aorta than the femoral arter b) is more likel to occur !hen there is reduction in blood viscosit as in anemia c) results in a higher pressure gradient for a given flo! d) is associated !ith flo! in distinct la ers 5. Adema formation can occur from all of the follo!ing except a) an increase in interstitial fluid pressure c) an increase in capillar filtration b) an increase in venous pressure d) a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure 9. Clood flo! rate is minimum in !hich of the follo!ing" a) capillaries c) arterioles b) aorta d) great veins

1:. #n instantaneous electrical dipole originating in the m ocardium is directed horiGontall to the left. *t !ill produce the ma@imum deflection in) a) Lead * c) Lead ** f b) Lead *** d) #3L 11. *nterstitial fluid pressure is a) constant all the time c) al!a s positive all over the bod b) al!a s negative all over the bod d) negative in some areas and positive in other areas 12. *n a normal ACD first heart sound coincides !ith a) spike of / !ave c) peak of E !ave b) beginning of ( !ave d) summit of P !ave in ACD 13. (he total s stemic peripheral resistance is increased in response to a) decrease in blood volume c) change from a reclining to a standing position b) h pertension produced from over transfusion d) Lifting a heav load 14. # pattern of turbulent rather than laminar blood flo! in a s stemic arter a) is more likel to occur in the aorta than the femoral arter b) is more likel to occur !hen there is reduction in blood viscosit as in anemia c) results in a higher pressure gradient for a given flo! d) is associated !ith flo! in distinct la ers 1'. 2n routine e@amination+ a 4' ear old male is found to have a blood pressure of 140F9: mm -g. (horough !orkup e@cludes an immediate cause of his h pertension and a diagnosis of essential h pertension is made. Long term regulation of arterial blood pressure in this patient is primaril a function of a) total peripheral vascular resistance c) peripheral baroreceptors b) the autonomic nervous s stem d) urine output and fluid intake 10. .easurements taken after an *3 in>ection of inulin indicate that the substance appears to be distributed throughout 3:Hto 3'H of the total bod !ater. (his finding suggests that inulin

most likel is a) e@cluded from the cells b) distributed uniforml throughout the total bod !ater volume. c) restricted throughout the plasma volume d) not freel diffusible through capillar membranes 11. ?econd heart sound I?2) occurs during !hich interval of the cardiac c cle" g a) protodiastole c) *sovolumic rela@ation h b) =irst rapid filling phase d) /educed ventricular e>ection 15. Juring e@ercise the follo!ing changes occur in cardiovascular function) i a) Jecreased pulse pressure c) *ncreased Cardiac output > b) *ncreased peripheral resistance d) Jecreased stroke volume 19. #fter a strong contraction of the ventricle the end s stolic volume can fall as much as) k a) 4:K0:.L c) 1:K3:.L l b) :K2:.L d) ,one of the above 2:. - po@ia increases the blood flo! in the follo!ing circulations EXCEPT m a) Coronar c) Pulmonar n b) ?planchnic d) ?keletal muscle 21. Largest Cross sectional surface area in the circulator s stem is found in a) #rteries c) 3eins b) #rterioles d) Capillaries 22. .ean arterial pressure is a) average of s stolic and diastolic pressure b) diastolic pressure plus one third pulse pressure c) diastolic pressure plus t!o thirds pulse pressure d) s stolic pressure plus one third pulse pressure 23. 3asomotor center consists of all the follo!ing areas EXCEPT a) C1 c) #1 b) C2 d) #2 24. (he dela of conduction of impulses at #3 node in seconds is a) :.:4 c) :.10 b) :.:9 d) :.12 2'. *n !hich of the follo!ing conditions does the heart rate decrease" a) fever c) h perth roidism b) anemia d) raised intracranial tension 20. Juring moderate e@ercise increase in cardiac output in an athlete+ is predominantl because of increase in a) heart rate c) venous return b) stroke volume d) s mpathetic activit 21. *dentif the fluid compartment that contains appro@imatel t!oKthirds of the total bod !ater a) plasma c) interstitial o b) intracellular d) e@tracellula 25. # 0:Kkg patient has a hematocrit reading of 4: and a plasma volume of 3 litres. What is his total blood volume" p a) 4.: litres b) 0.: litres c) '.: litres d) 1.: litres

29.Which of the follo!ing vessels !ill have the greatest change in pressure !hen going from a supine to an upright position" a) cerebral arter c) brachial arter
; b) aorta d) femoral vein

3:. (he variable that is most responsible for the change in resistance to blood flo! in a health individual is the a) length of the vessel c) viscosit of the blood r b) radius of the arterioles d) radius of the aorta 32. # =#L?A statement concerning fluid e@change across the microvascular bed is ) a) fluid e@change follo!s the la!s of pressure filtration across a semipermeable membrane b) fluid is filtered out!ard at the arterial end of the vascular bed c) edema occurs if the plasma protein concentration is reduced drasticall d) edema occurs if the arterial blood pressure decreases 33. Which of the follo!ing is least likely to influence cerebral blood flo! " a) P22 of the arterial blood c) p- of the interstitial fluid of the brain
b) PC22 of the arterial blood d. 3asomotor refle@es34. Which of the follo!ing represents e@ercising as opposed to resting skeletal muscle "

a) lo!er l mph flo! c) lo!er capillar h drostatic pressure b) lo!er arteriovenous o@ gen difference d) lo!er vascular resistance 3'. *n aortic stenosis ) a) the peak left intraventricular pressure is lo!er than s stolic arterial blood pressure b) the peak left intraventricular pressure is usuall higher than s stolic arterial blood pressure c) both the peak left intraventricular pressure and s stolic arterial blood pressure are higher than normal IL12: mm -g) d) both the peak left intraventricular pressure and s stolic arterial blood pressure are lo!er than normal 30.(he dicrotic notch of the aortic blood pressure curve ) a) is produced b the contraction of the left ventricle b) signals the beginning of the isovolumetric rela@ation phase c) associates !ith the third heart sound d) signals the closure of the aortic valve 31. *ncrease volume !ork of the left ventricle occurs in ) a) aortic stenosis b) anemia c) interatrial septal defect d) h perth roidism 35. # patient suffers a blood loss over a period of 2: minutes. #t the end of this period+ his arterial pressure has changed from 1:: to 1: mm -g and his heart rate from 1: to 14:Fmin. -is hematocrit is 30H and his skin is cold. Which of the follo!ing conditions !ould not be e@pected to occur in this situation" a) # decreased capillar h drostatic pressure c) # decreased interstitial fluid volume b) #n increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure d) #n increased total s stemic resistance 39. Which of the follo!ing could produce a decrease in alveolar ventilation !ith no change in total ventilation" a) # decreased respirator rate and tidal volume b) #n increased respirator rate and decreased tidal volume c) # decreased respirator rate and increased tidal volume d) #n increased respirator rate and tidal volume 4:..a@imum conduction velocit is seen in a) #.3.,ode c) ?.#.,ode d) Purkin>e =ibres d) 3entricular muscle 41. *n !hich of the follo!ing area is the first heart sound best heard" a) Pulmonar c) #ortic s c) .itral d) Apigastric 42. (he volume of blood e>ected b the left ventricle per beat is called a) stroke volume c) minute volume t c) cardiac inde@ d) endKdiastolic volume 43. .ean aterial pressure is

a) average of s stolic and diastolic pressure b) diastolic pressure plus one third pulse pressure u c) diastolic pressure plus t!o thirds pulse pressure d) s stolic pressure plus one third pulse pressure 44. Cardiac *nde@ is the ratio of a) Cardiac output and bod !eight c) Cardiac output and surface area v b) Cardiac output and load of the heart d) ?troke volume and surface area 4'. Largest Cross sectional surface area in the circulator s stem is found in a) #rteries c) 3eins ! b) arterioles d) Capillaries 40. Cardiac impulse normall originates in a) ?.#.node c) #.3.node @ b) #trial fibres d) 3entricular fibres 41. #n increase in s stemic blood pressure leads to !hich one of the follo!ing effects" a. #n increase in the velocit at !hich blood is e>ected from the left ventricle b. #n increase in cardiac output G c. #n increase in the residual volume of blood in the left ventricle aa d. # decrease in the time it takes for the left ventricular !all to develop peak tension bb e. # decreased in the ma@imal !all tension developed in the left ventricular muscle 45. Which one of the follo!ing mechanisms is more important for maintaining an increased blood flo! to skeletal muscle during e@ercise" a. #n increase in aortic pressure b. #n increase in M N adrenergic impulses c. #n increase in &1 N adrenergic impulses d. 3asoconstriction in the splanchic and renal areas e. 3asodilation !ithin the skeletal muscle secondar to the effect of local metabolites 49. .a@imum conduction velocit is seen in a. #.3.,ode c. ?.#.,ode cc b. Purkin>e =ibres d. 3entricular muscle ':. *n !hich of the follo!ing area is the first heart sound best heard" a. Pulmonar c. #ortic b. .itral d. Apigastric '1. .ean arterial pressure is a. average of s stolic and diastolic pressure c. diastolic pressure plus one third pulse pressure b. diastolic pressure plus t!o thirds pulse pressure '2. s stolic pressure plus one third pulse pressureCardiac *nde@ is the ratio of a. Cardiac output and bod !eight dd b. Cardiac output and surface area ee c. Cardiac output and load of the heart ff d. ?troke volume and surface area '3. .a@imum conduction velocit is seen in gg a. #.3.,ode c. ?.#.,ode hh b. Purkin>e =ibres d. 3entricular muscle '4. Plateau phase of action potential in cardiac muscle is due to a. Calcium influ@ c Jela ed closure of sodium channels b. Jela ed opening of potassium channels ''. #ll the above !hich of the follo!ing area is the first heart sound best heard" ii a. Pulmonar c. #ortic >> c. .itral d. Apigastric
'0. (he volume of blood e>ected b the left ventricle per beat is called a. stroke volume c. minute volume b. cardiac inde@ d. endKdiastolic volume '1. # patient suffers a blood loss over a period of 2: minutes. #t the end of this period+ his arterial pressure has changed from 1:: to 1: mm -g and his heart rate from 1: to 14:Fmin. -is hematocrit is 30H and his skin is cold. Which of the follo!ing conditions !ould not be e@pected to occur in this situation" a. # decreased capillar h drostatic pressure c. # decreased interstitial fluid volume b. #n increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure d. #n increased total s stemic resistance

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. 2@ gen therap is of ma@imum benefit in the follo!ing t pe of h po@ia

2. # decrease in blood p- !ill displace the hemoglobin dissociation curve to the a. right and reduce the 22 carr ing capacit b. right and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit c. left and reduce the 22 carr ing capacit d. left and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit 3. *f surfactant is absent from the alveoli a) air!a resistance !ill decrease b) compliance !ill increase c) compliance !ill decrease d) recoil !ill decrease

4. # decrease in blood p- !ill displace the hemoglobin dissociation curve to the a) right and reduce the 22 carr ing capacit c) left and reduce the 2 2 carr ing capacit b) right and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit d) left and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit
'. *f surfactant is absent from the alveoli

a) air!a resistance !ill decrease b) compliance !ill increase

c) compliance !ill decrease d) recoil !ill decrease

0. # decrease in blood p- !ill displace the hemoglobin dissociation curve to the a) right and reduce the 22 carr ing capacit c) left and reduce the 2 2 carr ing capacit b) right and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit d) left and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit 1. *f surfactant is absent from the alveoli a) air!a resistance !ill decrease c) compliance !ill decrease b) compliance !ill increase d) recoil !ill decrease 5. *f surfactant is absent from the alveoli a) air!a resistance !ill decrease b) compliance !ill increase c) compliance !ill decrease d) recoil !ill decrease

9. *n obstructive air!a disease of long duration a) total lung volume is decreased and e@pirator flo! rate is increased b) total lung volume is increased and e@pirator flo! rate is decreased c) total lung volume is increased and e@pirator flo! rate is increased ll d) total lung volume is decreased and e@pirator flo! rate is decreased 1:. *n obstructive air!a disease of long duration a) total lung volume is decreased and e@pirator b) total lung volume is increased and e@pirator c) total lung volume is increased and e@pirator d) total lung volume is decreased and e@pirator flo! rate is increased flo! rate is decreased flo! rate is increased flo! rate is decreased

11. # decrease in blood p- !ill displace the hemoglobin dissociation curve to the a) right and reduce the 22 carr ing capacit c) left and reduce the 2 2 carr ing capacit b) right and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit d) left and no change in the 22 carr ing capacit 12. *n obstructive air!a disease of long duration a) total lung volume is decreased and e@pirator b) total lung volume is increased and e@pirator c) total lung volume is increased and e@pirator d) total lung volume is decreased and e@pirator flo! rate is increased flo! rate is decreased flo! rate is increased flo! rate is decreased

13. Which of the follo!ing best characteriGes the s stemic arterial blood of an individual suffering from carbon mono@ide poisoning " a) lo! hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ lo! P22 c) normal hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ lo! P22 b) lo! hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ normal P22 d) normal hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ normal P22 14. Carotid and aortic bod chemoreceptor respond ma@imall to) a) increased P22 in blood c)increased PC22 in blood b) decreased P22 in blood d)decreased PC22 in blood 1'. *f a person inspires ma@imall + closes his glottis+ and contracts his e@pirator muscles as hard as he can+ then a. intrapleural pressure is higher than alveolar pressure b. intrapleural pressure and lung recoil both act to increase pressure !ithin the alveoli c. intrapleural pressure at the ape@ is belo! atmospheric but above atmospheric at the base d. intrathoracic pressure remains unchanged 10. /esistance in the air!a s of the lungs decreases ) a. in response to s mpathetic nerve stimulation b. in response to paras mpathetic nerve stimulation c. in response to a decrease in alveolar PC2 2 c. as the velocit of air flo! increases 11. # series of gas mi@tures is inhaled b a health sub>ect. Which of the follo!ing gases !ould diffuse most slo!l from the lungs into the blood " a. C22 at PC22 of 0: mm -g c. 22 at a P22 of 13: mm -g b. C2 at a PC2 of :.' mm -g d. 22 at a P22 of 1': mm -g 15. #fter living at an altitude of 3':: metres for t!o months+ a sub>ect !ill have a. higher than normal PC22 c. abnormall lo! pressure in the pulmonar arter b. elevated hematocrit d. elevated er thropoietin 19. .ost of the carbon dio@ide carried b the blood is ) a. dissolved as C22 c. red blood cell bicarbonate b. plasma bicarbonate d. carbamino compounds 2:. Which of the follo!ing !ill decrease the 2 2 carr ing capacit of the blood" a. increased PC22 c. decrease in Ph b. increased temperature d. decreased hemoglobin 21. (he peripheral chemoreceptors for o@ gen Iin carotid and aortic bodies) increase their rate of discharge primaril in response to ) a. a decrease in blood o@ gen content b. a decrease in the partial pressure of blood o@ gen c. a decrease in blood -8 concentration d. a decrease in dissolved o@ gen in cerebral spinal fluid 22. *n a normal individual+ respiration Ialveolar ventilation) is regulated mainl via ) a. peripheral chemoreceptors responding to changes in P2 2 b. peripheral chemoreceptors responding to changes in PC2 2 c. central chemoreceptors responding to changes in P2 2 d. central chemoreceptors responding to changes in PC22 23. (he inherent rh thm for respiration appears to be located !ithin the) a. apneustic center b. upper pons c. lo!er pons d. medulla

24. Which of the follo!ing could produce a decrease in alveolar ventilation !ith no change in total ventilation" a. # decreased respirator rate and tidal volume b. #n increased respirator rate and decreased tidal volume c. # decreased respirator rate and increased tidal volume mmd. #n increased respirator rate and tidal volume 2'. *f a person inspires ma@imall + closes his glottis+ and contracts his e@pirator muscles as hard as he can+ then a. intrapleural pressure is higher than alveolar pressure b. intrapleural pressure and lung recoil both act to increase pressure !ithin the alveoli c. intrapleural pressure at the ape@ is belo! atmospheric but above atmospheric at the base d. intrathoracic pressure remains unchanged 20. /esistance in the air!a s of the lungs decreases ) a. in response to s mpathetic nerve stimulation nn b. in response to paras mpathetic nerve stimulation c. in response to a decrease in alveolar PC2 2 oo d. as the velocit of air flo! increases 21. # series of gas mi@tures is inhaled b a health sub>ect. Which of the follo!ing gases !ould diffuse most slo!l from the lungs into the blood " a. C22 at PC22 of 0: mm -g c. 22 at a P22 of 13: mm -g b. C2 at a PC2 of :.' mm -g d. 22 at a P22 of 1': mm -g 25. .ost of the carbon dio@ide carried b the blood is ) a. dissolved as C22 c. red blood cell bicarbonate b. plasma bicarbonate d. carbamino compounds 29. Which of the follo!ing !ill decrease the 2 2 carr ing capacit of the blood " a. increased PC22 c. decrease in Ph b. increased temperature d. decreased hemoglobin 3:. (he peripheral chemoreceptors for o@ gen Iin carotid and aortic bodies) increase their rate of discharge primaril in response to ) a decrease in blood o@ gen content b. a decrease in the partial pressure of blood o@ gen c. a decrease in blood -8 concentration d. a decrease in dissolved o@ gen in cerebral spinal fluid 31. *n a normal individual+ respiration Ialveolar ventilation) is regulated mainl via ) a. peripheral chemoreceptors responding to changes in P2 2 b. peripheral chemoreceptors responding to changes in PC2 2 c. central chemoreceptors responding to changes in P22 d. central chemoreceptors responding to changes in PC22 32. Which of the follo!ing best characteriGes the s stemic arterial blood of an individual /? suffering from carbon mono@ide poisoning " a. lo! hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ lo! P22 b. lo! hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ normal P22 c. normal hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ lo! P22 d. normal hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content+ normal P22 33. (he inherent rh thm for respiration appears to be located !ithin the ) a. apneustic center c. lo!er pons b. upper pons d. medulla

34. .ovement of o@ gen from alveolic to pulmonar capillaries is brought about b a. Primar active transport c. =iltration pp b. ?econdar active transport d. ?imple diffusion ;; 3'.Carotid and aortic bod chemoreceptor respond ma@imall to) rr a. increased P 22 in blood c. increased PC22 in blood ss b. decreased P 22 in blood d. decreased PC22 in blood tt 30. (he diffusion coefficient of 22 as compared !ith that of C22 is uu a. greater because 22 combines !ith hemoglobin vv b. less because 22 is less soluble !! c. greater because of a higher pressure gradient @@ d. less because of the lo!er molecular !eight of 22 e. essentiall the same GG 31. Juring inspiration+ as the diaphragm contracts+ the pressure in the interpleural space becomes a. e;ual to Gero b. more positive aaa c.more negative bbb d. e;ual to the pressure in the alveoli ccc e. e;ual to the pressure in the atmosphere 35. # patient dies follo!ing carbon mono@ide poisoningO the most likel cause of death is a. h po@ic h po@ia b. anaemic h po@ia c. stagnant h po@ia d. c toto@ic h po@ia 39. *n a patient suffering from obstructive air!a disease+ the follo!ing changes is seen in pulmonar function tests a. *ncreased vital capacit ddd b. *ncreased PA=/ eee c. Jecreased =A3* percent fff d. Jecreased functional residual capacit ggg 4:. -istoto@ic h po@ia is due to a. decresed P22 in the atmosphere b. decreased P22 in the blood hhh c.inabilit of cells to utiliGe 22 iii d. decreased blood flo! to tissues 41. -istoto@ic h po@ia is due to a. decresed P22 in the atmosphere b. decreased P22 in the blood c.inabilit of cells to utiliGe 22 d. decreased blood flo! to tissues 42. *n a patient suffering from obstructive air!a disease+ the follo!ing changes is seen in pulmonar function tests a. *ncreased vital capacit b. *ncreased PA=/ c. Jecreased =A3* percent d. Jecreased functional residual capacit 43. ,umber of molecules of o@ gen carried b one molecule of -aemoglobin is >>> a. 2 c.0 b. 4 d. 5

kkk lll

,.P 1. Which one of the follo!ing muscle proteins pla s an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle" a) . osin light chains c) (ropom osin b) (roponin d) #ctin 2. *n isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle+ force of contraction cannot be altered b a) changing the resting length of the muscle b) increasing stimulation fre;uenc c) increasing the number of sarcomeres in parallel in the muscle d) increasing the number of sarcomeres in series in the muscle 3. #ll of the follo!ing !ill occur !hen an unstimulated muscle is stretched e@cept a) increased preload b) increased afterload c) increased muscle length d) increased passive tension 4. Which one of the follo!ing muscle proteins pla s an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle" a) . osin light chains c) (ropom osin b) (roponin d) #ctin '. *n isometric '.contraction of a skeletal muscle+ force of contraction cannot be altered b a) changing the resting length of the muscle b) increasing stimulation fre;uenc c) increasing the number of sarcomeres in parallel in the muscle d) increasing the number of sarcomeres in series in the muscle 0. Which of the follo!ing changes in e@tracellular ion concentrations !ould be e@pected to h perpolariGe a skeletal muscle cell" a) increased sodium concentration c) increased potassium concentration b) decreased chloride concentration d) decreased potassium concentration 1.Which one of the follo!ing muscle proteins pla s an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle" a) . osin light chains c) (ropom osin b) (roponin d) #ctin 5. *n isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle+ force of contraction cannot be altered b a) changing the resting length of the muscle b) increasing stimulation fre;uenc c) increasing the number of sarcomeres in parallel in the muscle d) increasing the number of sarcomeres in series in the muscle 9. *n isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle+ force of contraction cannot be altered b a) changing the resting length of the muscle b) increasing stimulation fre;uenc c) increasing the number of sarcomeres in parallel in the muscle d) increasing the number of sarcomeres in series in the muscle 1:) #ll of the follo!ing !ill occur !hen an unstimulated muscle is stretched e@cept a) increased preload c) increased muscle length b) increased after load d) increased passive tension 11) Which of the follo!ing changes in e@tracellular ion concentrations !ould be e@pected to h perpolariGe a skeletal muscle cell" a) increased sodium concentration c) increased potassium concentration b) decreased chloride concentration d) decreased potassium concentration 12) Which one of the follo!ing muscle proteins pla s an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle" a) . osin light chains b) (roponin c) (ropom osin d) #ctin

13) Which of the follo!ing changes in e@tracellular ion concentrations !ould be e@pected to h perpolariGe a skeletal muscle cell" a) increased sodium concentration b) decreased chloride concentration 14) Pou are called for consultation on a patient !ith a histor of progressive muscle !eakness. Which of the follo!ing diagnostic signs or procedures !ould support a diagnosis of m asthenia gravis" a) /esponse of skeletal muscle to direct electrical stimulation is !eakened. b) # small dose of ph sostigmine is likel to !orsen the s mptoms. c) # large dose of ph sostigmine is likel to improve the s mptoms d) (he patient should be given alphaKbungaroto@in to determine the number of acet lcholine binding sites at the post K >unctional membrane. 1') (he endKplate potential of skeletal muscle is best characteriGed as ) mmm a) a local reversal of charge originating at the end plate b) a reversal of charge originating at the endKplate and propagated throughout the cell c) a decrease in the transmembrane potential that is propagated throughout the cell d) a local decrease in the transmembrane potential that is caused b an increased permeabilit to ,a8 and 78 10) (he rate at !hich Ca28 is se;uestered b the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle during a t!itch is directl related to ) a) the rate of tension development c) the height of the action potential b) the rate of #(P h drol sis b m osin d) the rate of rela@ation 11) Which of the follo!ing characteristics of skeletal muscles make tetanic contraction possible " a) (he motor neurons to skeletal muscles have a short refractor period and are therefore capable of delivering a high fre;uenc of stimuli to a muscle fibre b) (he cell membrane of the skeletal muscle fibre recovers its e@citabilit !ell before the cell ceases its contraction c) Coth Ia) and Ib) are correct nnn d)(he prolonged e@posure of the muscle end plate to high concentrations of acet lcholine ooo throughout the tetanus 15) *f the permeabilit of a resting skeletal muscle cell to 7 8 is increased !hile the permeabilit of the cell to ,a8 sta s constant+ then ) a) the transmembrane potential !ould decrease. ppp b) the cell !ould become more e@citable . c) the cell !ould become more e@citable because of a decrease in the transmembrane potential. d) the transmembrane potential !ould increase. ;;; 19) Contractile response in skeletal muscle a) Joes not re;uire action potential b) ?tarts before action potential c) ?tarts after action potential is over d) Lasts longer than action potential rrr 2:) Curariform drugs block neuroKmuscular transmission b a) inhibiting release of #ch b) e@cessive destruction of #ch c) inactivation of #ch d) competitive inhibition sss 21) #s compared to slo! t!itch muscle fibres+ fast t!itch fibres have more) a) .itochondria b) . oglobin c) AnG mes of the phosphogen N lactic acid s stem d) Capillar densit ttt 22) =atigue in muscle is due to the follo!ing factors ABCAP( a) e@haustion of #(P b) accumulation of metabolic !astes

c) e@haustion of neurotransmitter d) e@cessive release of neurotransmitter 23) Juring the process of e@citationKcontraction coupling in skeletal muscle+ calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b a) *nositol triphosphate I*P3) b) Protein 7inase # c) #n increase in intracellular calcium concentration d) .embrane depolariGation e) #n increase in intracellular sodium concentration 24) Which of the follo!ing !ords or phrases is most closel associated !ith an endKplate potential at the neuromuscular >unction" a) Q#ll N or N none responseR b) JepolariGation c) - perpolariGation d) #ction potential e) Alectricall e@citable gates 2') *n a nerve+ the magnitude of the action potential overshoot is normall a function of the a) .agnitude of the stimulus b) ntracellular potassium concentration c) A@tracellular sodium concentration d) /esting membrane potential e) Jiameter of the a@on 20) Which of the follo!ing statements about s naptic transmission at the neuromuscular >unction is true" a) *t is enhanced b high levels of cholinesterase b) *t is caused b an influ@ of potassium ions through the muscle membrane c) *t is depressed b abnormall lo! levels of magnesium d) *t is depressed b increased paras mpathetic nerve activit e) *t is produced b the release of acet lcholine from the alpha motoneuron 21) When comparing the contractile responses in smooth and skeletal muscle+ !hich of the follo!ing is most different" a) (he source of activator calcium b) (he role of calcium in initiating contraction c) (he mechanism of force generation d) (he source of energ used during contraction e) (he nature of the contractile proteins

uuu

25) (he amount of force produced b a skeletal muscle can be increased b vvv a)*ncreasing e@tracellular .g28 b) Jecreasing e@tracellular Ca28 !!! c) *ncreasing the activit of acet lcholine esterase d) Jecreasing the interval bet!een contractions e) *ncreasing the preload be ond 2.2 Sm 29) Preventing the inactivation of sodium channels !ill decrease a) (he relative refractor period of nerve cells b) (he upstroke velocit of nerve cell action potentials c) (he do!n stroke velocit of nerve cell action potentials d) (he magnitude of the overshoot in nerve cell action potentials @@@ e) (he duration of nerve action potentials 3:) # sacromere is the area bet!een t!o ad>acent a) # bundle b) - bundle

c) T lines d) . lines GGG 31) #t rest+ binding sites on actin molecule are covered b a) (roponin aaaa b) Calcium bbbb c) #(P cccc d) (roponinKtropom osin comple@ dddd 32) /igor mortis of a muscle is due to a) e@cess #(P c) e@cess of Ca88 b) depletion of #(P d) depletion of Ca88 33) ,eurotransmitter released at neuromuscular >unction is a) #drenaline c) #cet lcholine b) ,icotine d) Jopamine eeee 34) Juring skeletal muscle contraction there is change in !idth of a) # band c) . band b) * band d) - band ffff 3') Contractile response in skeletal muscle a) Joes not re;uire action potential c) ?tarts after action potential is over gggg b) ?tarts before action potential d) Lasts longer than action potential hhhh 30) Curariform drugs block neuroKmuscular transmission b iiii a) inhibiting release of #ch c) inactivation of #ch >>>> b) e@cessive destruction of #ch d) competitive inhibition kkkk 31) Which of the follo!ing is true about the s naptic channels on the endplate of skeletal muscle" a) (he are highl selective for ,a8 b) (he are opened !hen the cell membrane depolariGes c) (he are activated b acet lcholine I#ch) d) (he are inhibited b atropine e) (he are responsible for the relative refractor period

Sensory System
1) (he characteristic of a !aterKinsoluble substance most important in governing its diffusibilit through a cell membrane is its a) h drated diameter c) electrical charge b) molecular !eight d) lipid solubilit 2) #ll of the follo!ing can be causes of m opia e@cept a) increased length of the e eball c) increased curvature of the cornea b) anterior sublu@ation of the lens d) decreased curvature of the lens 3) ,ormal intraocular pressure in the e e is in the range of+ in mm -g a) 2 to ' c) 12 to 2: b) ' to 1: d) 2: to 3: 4) Peak absorbencies in manometers are matched !ith the respective pigments in all of the follo!ing except a) 44' b blue cone c) '1: b red cone b) ':' b rods d) 43: b green cone ') #ll of the follo!ing can be causes of m opia e@cept a) increased length of the e eball c) increased curvature of the cornea b) anterior sublu@ation of the lens d) decreased curvature of the lens 0) ,ormal intraocular pressure in the e e is in the range of+ in mm -g a) 2 to ' c) 12 to 2: b) ' to 1: d) 2: to 3: 1) Peak absorbancies in nanometres are matched !ith the respective pigments in all of the follo!ing EXCEPT a) 44' b blue cone c) '1: b red cone b) ':' b rods d) 43: b green cone 5) #ll of the follo!ing can be causes of m opia e@cept a) increased length of the e eball c) increased curvature of the cornea b) anterior sublu@ation of the lens d) decreased curvature of the lens 9) ,ormal intraocular pressure in the e e is in the range of+ in mm -g a) 2 to ' c) 12 to 2: b) ' to 1: d) 2: to 3: 1:) Peak absorbencies in nanometres are matched !ith the respective pigments in all of the follo!ing EXCEPT

a) 44' b blue cone b) ':' b rods llll mmmm

c) '1: b red cone d) 43: b green cone

11) /ight homon mous hemianopia ma be caused b lesion of a) 2ptic nerve of same side c) 2ptic chiasma b) 2ptic tract of same side d) 2ptic tract of opposite side 12) *mpedance matching is a function of a) ossicles in middle ear b) 2rgan of corti 13) 3isual acuit of normal e e is a) 0F12 b) 0F0 14) #bsence of sense of olfaction is called a) #nosmia b) #geusia c) otolith organ d) auditor path!a c) 0F9 d) 0F0: c) #mnesia d) #phasia

1') #ll the follo!ing are true about pupillar constriction EXCEPT a) is mediated via s mpathetic nerves c) increases the refractive po!er of e es b) increases the depth of focus d) is mediated b paras mpathetic nerves 10) 2n !hich part of tongue is bitter taste perceived" a) (ip c) .iddorsal b) ?ides d) Cack 11) (he medial geniculate bod is the rela station for path!a of a) -earing c) ?mell b) 3ision d) (aste 15) 2n !hich part of tongue is bitter taste perceived" a) (ip c) .iddorsal b) ?ides d) Cack 19) (he medial geniculate bod is the rela station for path!a of a) -earing c) ?mell b) 3ision d) (aste 2:) # sound of 2:dC is a) 1:: times threshold b) 2: times threshold 21) Jeutaranopia is a) red blindness b) blue blindness

c) ': times threshold d) 2:: times threshold c) green blindness d) red !eakness

22) *f the refractive po!er of the unaccomodated e e is 00 diopters+ the a@ial length of the e e is closest to a) 1'.: mm c) 15.:mm b) 11.:mm d) 10.:mm 23) =ollo!ing is true about light adaptation EXCEPT a) concentration of photosensitive chemicals is considerabl reduced b) adaptation for rods is four times faster than that for cones c) miosis occurs simultaneousl d) neural adaptation occurs instantl

nnnn

24) /ight homon mous hemianopia ma be caused b lesion of a) 2ptic nerve of same side c) 2ptic chiasma b) 2ptic tract of same side d) 2ptic tract of opposite side 2') *f the refractive po!er of the unaccomodated e e is 00 diopters+ the a@ial length of the e e is closest to)K a) 1'.: mm c) 15.:mm b) 11.:mm d) 10.:mm 20) =ollo!ing is true about light adaptation EXCEPT a) concentration of photosensitive chemicals is considerabl reduced b) adaptation for rods is four times faster than that for cones c) miosis occurs simultaneousl d) neural adaptation occurs instantl 21) *f the refractive po!er of the unaccomodated e e is 00 diopters+ the a@ial length of the e e is closest to)K a) 1'.: mm b) 11.:mm c) 15.:mm d) 10.:mm 25) (he fovea of the e e a) has the lo!est light threshold b) is the region of highest visual acuit c) contains onl rods d) contains onl red and green cones

DA,A/#L P-P?*2L2DP 1. (he most rapid form of transport over a distance greater than 1 cm is a) simple diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) bulk flo! Iflo! due to pressure differences) DP

2. (he characteristic of a !aterKinsoluble substance most important in governing DP its diffusibilit through a cell membrane is its a) h drated diameter b) molecular !eight c) electrical charge d) lipid solubilit 3. (he most rapid form of transport over a distance greater than 1 cm is DP a) simple diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) bulk flo! Iflo! due to pressure differences) 4. (he characteristic of a !aterKinsoluble substance most important in governing its diffusibilit through a cell membrane is its a) h drated diameter b) molecular !eight c) electrical charge d) lipid solubilit '. (he most rapid form of transport over a distance greater than 1 cm is a) simple diffusion DP

b) facilitated diffusion c) active transport d) bulk flo! Iflo! due to pressure differences)

DP

0. (he characteristic of a !aterKinsoluble substance most important in governing its diffusibilit through a cell membrane is its a) h drated diameter b) molecular !eight DP c) electrical charge d) lipid solubilit 1. *f a substance has transport ma@imum for absorption+ it means a) reabsorption is onl passive b) onl a constant fraction of the substance !ill be reabsorbed c) statements a) and b) are both correct d) belo! a threshold level+ all of the substance !ill be reabsorbed 5. L sosomes are present in all the cells of the bod e@cept a. WCC b. /CC DP c. platelets d. macrophages 9. =acilitated diffusion can be distinguished from simple diffusion b !hich of the follo!ing statements" a. facilitated diffusion is saturable+ simple diffusion is not b. facilitated diffusion re;uires #(P+ simple diffusion does not DP c. facilitated diffusion is not chemicall specific+ simple diffusion is d. facilitated diffusion is dependent on concentration gradient+ simple diffusion is not 1:. # red blood cell !ill s!ell the most !hen it is placed in a solution containing a) 1:: millimolar calcium chloride b) 1': millimolar sodium chloride c) 2:: millimolar potassium chloride DP d) 2': millimolar urea e) 3:: millimolar mannitol 11. *nactivation of the sodium potassium pump !ill cause DP a. an increase in the intracellular volume b. an increase in the intracellular potassium concentration c. h perpolariGation of the membrane potential d. an increase in the e@citabilit of nerve cells e. an increase in the flo! of sodium out of the cell 12. .embrane e@citabilit !ill be increased b the greatest amount b a) increasing e@tracellular ,a 8 b) increasing e@tracellular 7 8 DP c) decreasing e@tracellular Cl K 2 d) decreasing e@tracellular Ca e) decreasing e@tracellular -8 13. (he resting potential of a nerve membrane is primaril dependent on the concentration gradient of a. potassium b. sodium DP c. calcium d. chloride e. bicarbonate

DP

14. (he characteristic of a !aterKinsoluble substance most important in governing its diffusibilit through a cell membrane is its a) h drated diameter b) molecular !eight c) electrical charge DP d) lipid solubilit e) threeKdimensional shape 1'. Conne@in is an important component of the a) Dap >unction b) ?acroplasmic reticulum c) .icrotubule DP d) ? naptic vesicle e) ?odium channel 10. #n increase in sodium conductance is associated !ith a) (he plateau phase of the ventricular muscle action potential b) (he do!n stroke of the skeletal muscle action potential c) (he upstroke of the smooth muscle action potential DP d) (he refractor period of the nerve cell action potential e) (he endKplate potential of the skeletal muscle fiber 11. (he sodium gradient across the nerve cell membrane is a) # result of the Jonnan e;uilibrium DP b) ?ignificantl changed during an action potential c) 6sed as a source of energ for the transport of other ions d) #n important determinant of the resting membrane potential e) .aintained b a ,a8FCa88 e@changer 15. *ncreasing the e@tracellular potassium concentration !ill a) *ncrease the threshold for eliciting an action potential b) - perpolariGe the membrane potential c) Jecrease potassium permeabilit d) Jecrease the activit of the sodiumKpotassium pump e) .ake the e;uilibrium potential for potassium more negative
BLOOD

DP

1. (he term that describes the adherence of neutrophils and monoc tes to the vascular endothelium before movement into the e@travascular space is a. .argination -A. b. Jiapedesis c. .igration d. Pavementing 2. Clood can be stored in a blood bank for a ma@imum period of a. 4' da s b. 1: da s c. 1' da s d. 21 da s -A.

3. (he term that describes the adherence of neutrophils and monoc tes to the vascular endothelium before movement into the e@travascular space is e. .argination -A. f. Jiapedesis g. .igration

h. Pavementing 4. Clood can be stored in a blood bank for a ma@imum period of a. 4' da s b. 1: da s c. 1' da s d. 21 da s -A.

'. (o !hich blood group !ill a person !ith agglutinins antiK# and antiKC belong" a. # b. C c. #C d. 2 -A. 0. *ntrinsic and e@trinsic blood coagulation path!a s converge at the formation of a. thrombin b. activated -ageman<s factor -A. c .fibrin d. activated ?tuart Pro!er factor 1. Clotting time !ill be prolonged in all of the follo!ing EXCEPT a. hemophilia b. Christmas disease -A. c. liver disease d. thromboc topenic purpura 5. ,ormal platelet count in peripheral blood is a. 3 millionFcmm b. 3:::F cmm c 3::::F cmm d. 3lakhsFcmm 9. #ll are true about eosinophils EXCEPT a. are 2K3 H of all WCCs b. increased in parasitic infestations c. liberate heparin d. release .a>or Casic Protein -A.

-A.

1:. #ll the given factors !ill be deficit in blood in liver disease EXCEPT a. factor ** b. factor 3** -A. c. factor *B d. factor *3 11. Clood group antigens are a) attached to haemoglobin b) simple proteins c) attached to surface of /CC d) formed after birth 12. *n macroc tic anaemia a) .C- is normal b) .C3 is increased c) .C-C is increased

-A.

-A.

d) #ll the above 13. *n a case of er throblastosis foetalis a) .other is /h negative and foetus is /h negative b) .other is /h positive and foetus is /h negative c) .other is /h negative and foetus is /h positive d) .other is /h positive and foetus is /h positive 14. *n a normal person CJ4 to CJ5 marker ratio is) oooo a. 4)1 pppp b. 1)4 ;;;; c. 2)1 rrrr d. 1)2

-A.

-A.

1'. Which of the follo!ing statements about blood coagulation is correct" a) #bsence of Ca28 promotes coagulation b) Patients !ith hemophilia # usuall have a normal bleeding time c) 3on Willebrand factor suppresses blood coagulation d) Jisseminated intravascular coagulation IJ*C) results in depletion of fibrin split products 10. Which of the follo!ing best represents the s stemic arterial blood of an individual !ith anemia " a. lo! P22+ lo! hemoglobin+ normal 22 content b. lo! P22+ lo! hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content c. normal P22+ lo! hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content -A. d. normal P22+ normal hemoglobin+ lo! 22 content 11. (issue macrophages are derived from a) ,eutrophil b) .onoc te c) L mphoc te d) #ll of the above 15. a) b) c) d)

-A.

-A.

Which of the follo!ing agglutinins are present in blood group Q2R" #nti N # #nti N C #nti N # U #nti N C ,one of the above

-A.

19. -aematocrit gives the amount of a) WCC in plasma b) Platelets in plasma c) /CC<s in plasma d) (otal blood cells in plasma 2:. Clood group antigens are a) attached to haemoglobin b) simple proteins c) attached to surface of /CC

-A.

-A.

d) formed after birth 21. #ll the follo!ing mediators released during mast cell activation cause an increase of vascular permeabilit ABCAP( a) -istamine b) Aosinophil chemotactic factor IAC=) -A. c) ?erotonin d) ?lo!Kreacting substance of anaph la@is 22. #ll the follo!ing statements about essential thromboc tosis vera are (/6A ABCAP( b) *t is dominated clinicall b a marked decrease in platelet count c) Patients present !ith spontaneous bleeding d) Cone marro! has large numbers of h perploid megakar oc tes e) *t is characteriGed b modest splenomegal f) (here is abnormalit in platelet aggregation in response to epinephrine

-A.

23. Which of the follo!ing statements about blood coagulation is correct" b. #bsence of Ca28 promotes coagulation c. Patients !ith hemophilia # usuall have a normal bleeding time -A. d. 3on Willebrand factor suppresses platelet adhesion e. 3on Willebrand factor suppresses blood coagulation f. Jisseminated intravascular coagulation IJ*C) results in depletion of fibrin split products 24. Ar thropoietin formation is increased in a) Clood loss b) -igh altitude c) A@ercise d) #ll the above

-A.

2'. *f forbidden clones are not deleted during (Kcell development+ a person ma develop a) - pogammaglobulinemia b) # t pe * h persensitivit reaction to e@ogenous antigens -A. c) #n autoimmune disease d) (olerance to autoantigens

KIDNEY

1. Euantit of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in pro@imal tubule is a) 2'H b) 0'H c) 5'H d) 1::H

7*J

2. ?econdar active transport occurs in renal tubules in case of follo!ing EXCEPT a) amino acids b) glucose 7*J c) chloride d) para aminohippuric acid 3. D=/ in an adult human being is normall a) ': mlFmin b) 12' mlFmin c) 2:: mlFmin d) 2': mlFmin

7*J

4. (he renal countercurrent multiplier is characterised b a) a lo! !ater permeabilit in the thick ascending limb of the -enle<s loop 7*J b) permeabilit of the descending limb of -enle<s loop to !ater c) active salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of -enle<s loop d) tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb of -enle<s loop !hich is more concentrated than the interstitial fluid at that level '. (he part of nephron least permeable to !ater is a) pro@imal tubule b) descending limb of loop of -enle c) ascending limb of loop of -enle d) collecting tubule

7*J

0. *n a health individual+ !hat percentage of the effective renal plasma flo! !ould ou e@pect to pass into the glomerular capsule" a) less than 'H 7*J b) bet!een 1'H and 2:H c) bet!een 4:H and ':H d) bet!een 1:H and 5:H 1. Which of the follo!ing substances has the greatest renal clearance" a) glucose b) sodium c) urea d) creatinine

7*J

5. *ncreased blood flo! through the vasa recti of the kidne !ould be e@pected to a) increase the solute concentration gradient bet!een the medullar interstitial fluid and collecting duct b) concentrate the urine c) facilitate the action of anti diuretic hormone 7*J d) reduce the osmolarit of the urine 9. (he number of nephrons in each kidne is about a) 1 million b. 2 million c. 3 million d. 4 million

1:. Which of the follo!ing !ould be e@pected to cause a large reduction in glomerular filtration rate" a) reduction in mean arterial pressure from 1:: to 9' mm -g b) reduction in plasma oncotic pressure b half 7*J c) decrease in s mpathetic activit d) complete urethral obstruction 11. Which of the follo!ing !ould be e@pected to cause a large reduction in glomerular filtration rate" a) reduction in mean arterial pressure from 1:: to 9' mm -g b) reduction in plasma oncotic pressure b half c) decrease in s mpathetic activit 7*J d) complete urethral obstruction 12. *n a health individual+ !hat percentage of the effective renal plasma flo! !ould ou e@pect to pass into the glomerular capsule" a) less than 'H b) bet!een 1'H and 2:H c) bet!een 4:H and ':H 7*J d) bet!een 1:H and 5:H 13. *f a substance has transport ma@imum for absorption+ it means a) reabsorption is onl passive b) onl a constant fraction of the substance !ill be reabsorbed c) statements a) and b) are both correct d) belo! a threshold level+ all of the substance !ill be reabsorbed 14. Which of the follo!ing substances has the greatest renal clearance" a) glucose b) sodium 7*J c) urea d) creatinine 1'. *ncreased blood flo! through the vasa recti of the kidne !ould be e@pected to a) increase the solute concentration gradient bet!een the medullar interstitial fluid and collecting duct b) concentrate the urine c) facilitate the action of anti diuretic hormone 7*J d) reduce the osmolarit of the urine 10. (he number of nephrons in each kidne is about a) 1 million b) 2 million c) 3 million d) 4 million

7*JFDP

7*J

11. Euantit of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in pro@imal tubule is a) 2'H b) 0'H c) 5'H d) 1::H 15. ?econdar active transport occurs in renal tubules in case of follo!ing EXCEPT a) amino acids b) glucose 7*J c) chloride d) para aminohippuric acid

7*J

19. D=/ in an adult human being is normall a) ': mlFmin b) 12' mlFmin c) 2:: mlFmin e) 2': mlFmin 2:. Cabinski<s sign is seen in a) Parkinsonism b) Cerebellar lesion c) 6pper motor neuron lesion d) Lo!er motor neuron lesion

7*J

7*J

21. Which one of the follo!ing receptors is responsible for monitoring the rate of muscle stretch" a. ,uclear bag intrafusal fibres a) ,uclear chain intrafusal fibres 7*J b) golgi tendon organs c) >oint receptors 22. Euantit of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in pro@imal tubule is a) 2'H b) 0'H c) 5'H d) 1::H

7*J

23. ?econdar active transport occurs in renal tubules in case of follo!ing EXCEPT a) amino acids b) glucose 7*J c) chloride d) para aminohippuric acid 24.D=/ in an adult human being is normall a) ': mlFmin b) 12' mlFmin c) 2:: mlFmin d) 2': mlFmin

7*J

ENDO 1. Calcitonin is secreted b a) (h roid gland b) Parath roid gland c) bone d) 7idne A,J2

2. Which of the follo!ing is ,2( involved in regulating plasma calcium levels" a) 7idne s A,J2 b) ?kin c) *ntestine d. Lungs 3. a) b) c) d) Continuation of lactation in nursing mother is due to sustained release of prolactin sustained release of o@ tocin C clical release of ovarian hormones Prolactin surge on suckling /AP

4. .a@imum secretion of hCD occurs during a) first trimester b) second trimester c) third trimester d) implantation of ovum

/AP

'. Affect on gro!th of an individual is e@erted b the follo!ing EXCEPT a) (h roid -ormone b) Dro!th -ormone c) (estosterone d) Dlucagon 0. =ollo!ing are features of h poth roidism EXCEPT a) *ntolerance to cold b) A@treme sleepiness c) Constipation d) *ncreased sleeping pulse rate

A,J2

A,J2

1. -ormones !hich e@ert their action via C#.P mechanism include the follo!ing EXCEPT a) #C(b) Cortisol A,J2 c) #drenaline d) #J5. =unctions of sertoli cells include a) ? nthesis of androgen binding protein b) ?ecretion of testosterone c) ? nthesis of estrogen after pubert d) ? nthesis of =?9. #ddison<s disease is characteriGed b all EXCEPT /AP

a) - pothermia b) Pigmentation c) - pokalaemia d) .uscle !eakness

A,J2

1:. #ntidiuretic hormone a) increases permeabilit of collecting ducts to !ater b) is secreted b supraoptic nucleus of h pothalamus c) secretion is regulated b plasma osmolarit d) all the above

A,J2

11. *ncrease in blood glucose level is brought about b the follo!ing EXCEPT a) gro!th hormone b) glucocorticoids A,J2 c) glucagons d) insulin 12. Casic mechanism of action of oral contraceptives is to a) alter cervical mucus b) prevent implantation c) inhibit =?- U L- secretion U thus inhibit ovulation d) all of the above /AP

13. Proliferative phase of the menstrual c cle is mainl dependent on secretion of a) 2estrogens /AP b) Progesterone c) #ndrogens d) /ela@in 14. .aternal changes in pregnanc include a) - potension b) Pol c themia c) /educed respirator rate d) *ncreased blood volume 1'. Placenta secretes all the follo!ing EXCEPT a) Astrogen b) Progesterone c) hCD d) prolactin 10. #ll of the follo!ing are biochemical effects of cortisol EXECPT a) hepatic lipogenesis b) hepatic gluconeogenesis A,J2 c) hepatic protein anabolism d) hepatic gl cogenesis 11. #lmost all of the active th roid hormone entering the circulation is in the form of a) long acting th roid stimulator b) th roglobulin c) (h ro@in A,J2 d) (riiodoth ronine 15. (he h poph sial portal s stem

/AP

/AP

a) perfuses the adenoh poph sis !ith venous blood b) supplies the pars nervosa !ith blood c) carries pituitar tropic hormones to the pars distalis d) receives neurohormones from the secondar capillar ple@us
19. (he effects of insulin include a) lipol sis b) inhibition of gl cogen s nthase activit c) glucose transport into the pancreatic beta cell d) increase in secondar active transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells

A,J2

A,J2

2:.Which one of the follo!ing sensor s stems uses unm elinated fibres to conve information to the a) proprioception b) vibration c) temperature d) pressure 21.Which of the follo!ing neurons is the first to be affected b local anaesthetics a) C fibres b) # beta fibres C,? c) # delta fibres d) C fibres 22. *n order to restore fertilit in h poph sectomiGed adult males it is necessar to administer) a) luteiniGing hormoneKreleasing hormone b) gonadotropins /AP c) gonadotropinK releasing hormone d) inhibin

C,?

23. # 49K earKold man visits his famil ph sician because he has had to purchase three pairs of shoes of increasing siGe !ithin the same ear. -e also has difficult speaking because his tongue is enlarged+ and he has a severe prominence on his mandible. # laborator test reveals an elevated plasma gro!th hormone ID-) concentration. Which of the follo!ing tests !ould confirm the diagnosis of acromegal " a) 2ral glucose tolerance test b) *n>ection of insulin A,J2 c) *n>ection of arginine d) #dministration of bromocriptine 24. -ormones that ma cause negative nitrogen balance include all of the follo!ing EXCEPT : a) glucagons b) th roid hormone Ie@cess) A,J2 c) cortisol d) gro!th hormone ID-) 2'. Which of the follo!ing endocrine organs is relativel larger at birth than in adulthood" a) - poph sis A,J2 b) (h roid gland c) #drenal gland d) Parath roid gland 20. 3ariation in the length of the menstrual c cle is associated primaril b variation in the ) a) length of the follicular phase b) length of menstruation c) length of the luteal phase /AP d) time bet!een the midc cle =?- surge and ovulation

21. Progesterone secretion during the second and third trimesters of pregnanc is a measure of the functional status of the a) maternoKplacental unit /AP b) corpus luteum c) fetal liver d) maternal ovar

25. *n C,? ischemic response blood pressure can rise to a ma@imum value of a. 1': mm -g b. 2:: mm -g c. 2': mm -g d. 3:: mm -g

C3?

29. Which of the follo!ing characteristics of a neuron is not associated !ith increased conduction velocit " a. increased a@on diameter b. m elination c. increased transmembrane resistance C,? d. decreased fiber siGe 3:. Which+ among the follo!ing circuits given+ represents the lo!est resistance path!a " a) cerebral circulation a) coronar circulation b) renal circulation c) liver

C3?

31. # 49K earKold man visits his famil ph sician because he has had to purchase three pairs of shoes of increasing siGe !ithin the same ear. -e also has difficult speaking because his tongue is enlarged+ and he has a severe prominence on his mandible. # laborator test reveals an elevated plasma gro!th hormone ID-) concentration. Which of the follo!ing tests !ould confirm the diagnosis of acromegal " a) 2ral glucose tolerance test A,J2 b) *n>ection of insulin c) *n>ection of arginine d) #dministration of bromocriptine 32. -ormones that ma cause negative nitrogen balance include all of the follo!ing EXCEPT : a) glucagons b) th roid hormone Ie@cess) c) cortisol A,J2 d) gro!th hormone ID-) 33.Which of the follo!ing endocrine organs is relativel larger at birth than i n adulthood" a) - poph sis b) (h roid gland c) #drenal gland d) Parath roid gland 34. Affect on gro!th of an individual is e@erted b the follo!ing EXCEPT a) (h roid -ormone b) Dro!th -ormone c) (estosterone d) Dlucagon 3'. =ollo!ing are features of h poth roidism EXCEPT

A,J2

A,J2

a) *ntolerance to cold b) A@treme sleepiness c) Constipation A,J2 d) *ncreased sleeping pulse rate 30. -ormones !hich e@ert their action via C#.P mechanism include the follo!ing EXCEPT a) #C(b) Cortisol c) #drenaline d) #J31.=unctions of sertoli cells include a) ? nthesis of androgen binding protein b) ?ecretion of testosterone c) ? nthesis of estrogen after pubert d) ? nthesis of =?35. #ddison<s disease is characteriGed b all EXCEPT a) - pothermia b) Pigmentation c) - pokalaemia d) .uscle !eakness 39. #ntidiuretic hormone a) increases permeabilit of collecting ducts to !ater b) is secreted b supraoptic nucleus of h pothalamus c) secretion is regulated b plasma osmolarit d) all the above 4:. *ncrease in blood glucose level is brought about b the follo!ing EXCEPT a) gro!th hormone b) glucocorticoids c) glucagons A,J2 d) insulin 41. Casic mechanism of action of oral contraceptives is to a) alter cervical mucus b) prevent implantation c) inhibit =?- U L- secretion U thus inhibit ovulation d) all of the above 42. Proliferative phase of the menstrual c cle is mainl dependent on secretion of a) 2estrogens b) Progesterone c) #ndrogens /AP d) /ela@in 43. .aternal changes in pregnanc include a) - potension b) Pol c themia c) /educed respirator rate d) *ncreased blood volume /AP

A,J2

A,J2

/AP

/AP

44. Progesterone secretion during the second and third trimesters of pregnanc is a measure of the functional status of the ) a) maternoKplacental unit b) corpus luteum /AP

c) fetal liver d) maternal ovar 4'. Which one of the follo!ing sensor s stems uses unm elinated fibres to conve information to the a) proprioception b) vibration c) temperature d) pressure C,?

20. Plateau phase of action potential in cardiac muscle is due to a) Calcium influ@ b) Jela ed closure of sodium channels c) Jela ed opening of potassium channels d) #ll the above 21. Positive feedback control s stem a) means that response is negative to the stimulus b) is beneficial in h povolumic shock c) is important in regulation of mean arterial pressure d) is beneficial in parturition

C3?

DP

D*( 25. 1. Which of the follo!ing enG mes h drol ses nutrients in the stomach a) Ch motr psin c. Anterokinase b) Carbo@ Kpeptidase d. Lingual lipase 29. 2. Dastric motilit is inhibited b a) Dastrin b) Anterogastric refle@ c) Cholec stokinin d) 3agal stimulation D*(

3:. 3. Which of the follo!ing enG mes h drol ses nutrients in the stomach a) Ch motr psin D*( b) Lingual lipase c) Anterokinase d) Carbo@ Kpeptidase 31. 4. Peristaltic movements sho! follo!ing characteristics ABCAP( a) Propulsive movements b) #re involuntar c) ?pread in oral direction D*( d) #re controlled b #.,.? 32. '. - drochloric acid in stomach is secreted b a) Doblet cells b) Parietal cells c) Chief cells d) Cardiac cells

D*(

33. 0. Pancreatic >uice rich in !ater and electrol te+ but poor in enG mes is secreted in response to a) pancreoG min b) secretin c) gastrin D*( d) C.C.7 34. 1.*ntrinsic factor is secreted b a) Liver b) Chief cells of stomach c) Parietal cells of stomach d) Ceta cells of pancreas 3'. 5. Cephalic phase of gastric secretion is mediated b a) neurohormones b) paras mpathetic nerves c) s mpathetic nerves d) gastrin 9. Pancreatic >uice rich in enG mes is secreted in response to a) ?ecretin b) Dastrin c) Cholec stokinin d) 3*P

D*(

D*(

D*(

30. 1:. Which of the follo!ing enG mes h drol ses nutrients in the stomach 31. a. Ch motr psin a) Lingual lipase D*( b) Anterokinase c) Carbo@ Kpeptidase 35. 11. Peristaltic movements sho! follo!ing characteristics ABCAP( a) Propulsive movements b) #re involuntar c) ?pread in oral direction d) #re controlled b #.,.? 39. 12. - drochloric acid in stomach is secreted b a) Doblet cells b) Parietal cells c) Chief cells d) Cardiac cells 4:. 13. *ntrinsic factor is secreted b Liver a) Chief cells of stomach b) Parietal cells of stomach c) Ceta cells of pancreas

D*(

D*(

D*(

41. 14. Pancreatic >uice rich in !ater and electrol te+ but poor in enG mes is secreted in response to a) pancreoG min b) secretin c) gastrin D*( d) C.C.7 1'. Cholec stokinin is important in fat absorption because it ) a. stimulates the gall bladder to contract b. potentiates effect of secretin on the secretion of bicarbonate b the pancreas c. stimulates the secretion of pancreatic lipase d. increases the strength of gastric peristalsis 10. Lo! gastric p- ) e. *nhibits release of gastrin f. *nhibits release of histamine g. *s necessar for pepsin activit h. /educes irritation caused b aspirin 11.Cholec a. b. c. d.

D*(

D*(

stokinin is important in fat absorption because it ) stimulates the gall bladder to contract D*( potentiates effect of secretin on the secretion of bicarbonate b the pancreas stimulates the secretion of pancreatic lipase increases the strength of gastric peristalsis

15. (he basic mechanism for fluid movement out of lumen of the intestine is thought to depend on active ) a. !ater transport and passive ion movement b. ClK transport+ !ith ,a8 and !ater follo!ing passivel D*( c. ,a8 transport b intestinal epithelium !ith !ater follo!ing passivel e. -C23K transport !ith !ater follo!ing passivel 19. Pancreatic >uice rich in !ater and electrol te+ but poor in enG mes is secreted in response to a) PancreoG min c. gastrin b) C.C.7 d. secretin

2:. Which of the follo!ing can occur !ithout brain stem coordination" b) Che!ing c) ?!allo!ing d) Primar esophageal peristalsis e) Dastric empt ing

D*(FC,?

21. (he lo!er esophageal sphincter normall ) a. reduces its tone under the influence of gastrin D*( b. increases its tone from the paras mpathetic release of vasoactive intestinal peptide c. is composed of both skeletal and smooth muscle d. has a ield pressure greater than intragastric pressure 22. (he basic electrical rh thm or slo! !aves recorded from intestinal smooth muscle ) a. is thought to result from acet lcholine release from paras mpathetic nerves in both longitudinal and circular muscle b. is s non mous !ith generator potentials D*( c. varies in rate in different regions of the gastrointestinal s stem d. all of the above

23. (he lo!er esophageal sphincter normall ) D*( i. reduces its tone under the influence of gastrin >. increases its tone from the paras mpathetic release of vasoactive intestinal peptide k. is composed of both skeletal and smooth muscle l. has a ield pressure greater than intragastric pressure 24. (he basic electrical rh thm or slo! !aves recorded from intestinal smooth muscle ) D*( a. is thought to result from acet lcholine release from paras mpathetic nerves in both longitudinal and circular muscle b. is s non mous !ith generator potentials c. varies in rate in different regions of the gastrointestinal s stem d. all of the above 2'. Afferent impulses from vagal fibers to stomach ma mediate ) a. increased strength of gastric peristalsis b. rela@ation of the gastric fundus during s!allo!ing c. increased secretion from parietal cells d. vasoconstriction in gastric mucosa 20. Juring storage in gall bladder+ bile undergoes an increase in ) a. 2smotic pressure b. -8 concentration c. Water content d. Cile salt concentration D*(

D*(

21. Which of the follo!ing competes for man of the same receptor sites as gastrin because of a chemical structure similar to gastrin " a. secretin b. glucagons c. cholec stokinin D*( d. gastric inhibitor peptide

25. (r psin and ch motr psin are similar in that the O a. are activated in the intestine b. occur in precursor form in the pancreas c. are active in an alkaline or neutral medium d. re;uire vitamin 7 for their s nthesis 29. Lo! gastric p- ) a. *nhibits release of gastrin b. *nhibits release of histamine c. *s necessar for pepsin activit d. /educes irritation caused b aspirin 3:. Afferent impulses from vagal fibers to stomach ma mediate ) a. increased strength of gastric peristalsis b. rela@ation of the gastric fundus during s!allo!ing c. increased secretion from parietal cells d. vasoconstriction in gastric mucosa 31. Juring storage in gall bladder+ bile undergoes an increase in ) a. 2smotic pressure b. -8 concentration c. Water content d. Cile salt concentration

D*(

D*(

D*(

D*(

32. Which of the follo!ing competes for man of the same receptor sites as gastrin because of a chemical structure similar to gastrin " a. secretin b. glucagons D*( c. cholec stokinin d. gastric inhibitor peptide 33. (r psin and ch motr psin are similar in that the O a. are activated in the intestine b. occur in precursor form in the pancreas c. are active in an alkaline or neutral medium d. re;uire vitamin 7 for their s nthesis

D*(