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Patterns of Physical Geography
Comparing Data
Use the Unit Atlas to add to your knowledge of Africa. As you look at the maps and charts, notice geographic patterns and specific details about the region. After studying the graphs and physical map on these two pages, jot down in your notebook the answers to the questions below.
Making Comparisons
1. Compare Africas size and population to that of the United States. How much larger in terms of population and size is Africa compared to the United States? 2. Compare Africas longest river, the Nile, to the Mississippi. How much difference is there in the lengths? 3. How much bigger is the Sahara than the largest desert in the United States? What is the difference in size between the Sahara and the continental United States? Landmass
Africa 11,677,240 sq mi Continental United States 3,165,630 sq mi
Population
Africa 800,245,000 United States 281,422,000 0 100 200
Rivers
Niger 2,600 miles Congo 2,900 miles Mississippi 2,357 miles Nile 4,160 miles 0 1000
300 400 500 600 Population (in millions)
700
800
900
U.S. Longest Worlds Longest
2000 3000 Length (in miles)
4000
5000
Deserts
Worlds Largest U.S. Largest
Sahara Africa 3,500,000 sq. miles
Mojave United States 25,000 square miles
Namib Africa 102,248 square miles
Kalahari Africa about 100,000 square miles
For updated statistics on Africa . . .
DATA UPDATE
CL ASSZONE .COM
402 UNIT 6
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UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY
Africa: Physical
HUNGARY
CROATIA
FRANCE
SWITZ.
ROMANIA YUGO. BULGARIA 40N
SPAIN PORTUGAL
ITALY
ALB.
GREECE
TURKEY
Strait of Gibraltar
Madeira Is. (Port.) MOROCCO Canary Islands ALGERIA
WESTERN SAHARA (MOROCCO)
S TLA
MOU
NT AIN S
TUNISIA
Mediterra
Gulf of Sidra
nean
Sea
Suez ISRAEL Canal
I I I
CYPRUS LEBANON
SYRIA
IRAN IRAQ 30N
KUWAIT
JORDAN
GA R AG INS AH NTA U MO
LIBYA
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
Re
QATAR U.A.E.
Ni
LI
BY
le
R.
Tropic of Cancer
AN
Cape Verde
S
MAURITANIA
Senega
A
MALI
A
NIGER
R
Tibesti Mountains
L. Nasser
Se a
Nubian Desert
20N
DESE
CAPE VERDE GAMBIA GUINEABISSAU
RT
ger Ni
SENEGAL
e N il e
hit
TOGO BENIN
SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA
CTE DIVOIRE
GHANA
enu
. e R
E A T R T VALLE IF Y
Gulf of Guinea
EQUATORIAL GUINEA SO TOM AND PRNCIPE
Ubangi R.
GR
W S
L. Nyasa COMOROS MALAWI
10S
ANGOLA ZAMBIA St. Helena Victoria Falls
za m
biq
ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA
MOZAMBIQUE
ue
Ch
an
Zambezi R.
el
MAURITIUS MADAGASCAR Runion
Tropic of Capricorn
opo R. mp Li
13,100 ft. (4,000 m.) 6,600 ft. (2,000 m.) 1,600 ft. (500 m.) 650 ft. (200 m.) (0 m.) 0 ft. Below sea level Mountain peak
Elevation
KALAHARI DESERT
rg
Orange
SOUTH AFRICA Karroo Cape of Good Hope
ke
ns
be
R. LESOTHO
ra
SWAZILAND
Mo
BOTSWANA
30S
INDIAN OCEAN
400
800 miles
40S
0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
30W
20W
10W
10E
20E
30E
40E
50E
60E
403
AFRICA
. lR
GUINEA Equator
N
S
R.
H
L. Chad
E
CHAD
ERITREA YEMEN L. Tana
N i le ue Bl
BURKINA FASO NIGERIA
SUDAN
ul DJIBOUTI G
f of
Ade
ETHIOPIAN PLATEAU
ETHIOPIA
10N
Mt. Cameroon 13,451 ft. (4,100 m) CAMEROON
HORN OF AFRICA
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
SOMALIA L. Turkana KENYA Mt. Kenya 17,058 ft. (5,199 m) Mt. Kilimanjaro 19,341 ft. (5,895 m) Pemba Is. Zanzibar Is.
Congo R.
UGANDA
C O N G O B A S I N
GABON
REP. OF CONGO
ATLANTIC OCEAN
ANGOLA
RWANDA DEMOCRATIC BURUNDI Lake REPUBLIC Victoria OF CONGO TANZANIA L. Tanganyika
SEYCHELLES
Katanga Plateau
NA
MI
DE
SERT
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Patterns of Human Geography
Colonialism in Africa, 1913
In the years preceding World War I (19141918), the political map of Africa changed dramatically. European colonial powers had replaced traditional African states and empires. Study the political maps of Africa in 1913 and Africa today to see how the continent changed by the end of the 20th century. Then answer these questions in your notebook.
Making Comparisons
1. What independent nations appear on the map of Africa in 1913 and also appear on the map of Africa today? 2. Which two European powers controlled the most land in Africa in 1913? Which country controlled the least amount? 3. Which countries in Africa today formed French West Africa in 1913? 4. Which three African countries emerged from colonialism with the most territory?
Belgian
10S 40N 30W 20W 10W 0 10E 20E 30E 40E 50E 60E
PORTUGAL
SPANISH MOROCCO
ITALY SPAIN OTTOMAN EMPIRE TUNISIA M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Tripoli Cairo
I I I
N E
MADEIRA IS. (Port.) 30N CANARY IS. (Sp.)
W S
MOROCCO
IFNI Agadir
RIO DE ORO
20N CAPE VERDE IS. (Port.) Dakar GAMBIA
ALGERIA
LIBYA
Tropic of Cancer
EGYPT
ARABIA
Se a
Re d
FRENCH WEST AFRICA
TOGOLAND
PORTUGUESE GUINEA SIERRA LEONE
IAL A FRICA
ANGLOEGYPTIAN SUDAN
Fashoda
ERITREA
Addis Ababa
FRENCH SOMALILAND BRITISH SOMALILAND
LIBERIA
CAMEROONS
FERNANDO PO PRNCIPE (Port.) Equator SAO TOM (Port.) RIO MUNI
TOR
GOLD COAST
NIGERIA
Lagos
ETHIOPIA ITALIAN SOMALILAND
EQ
UA
FR
(Port.)
EN
OCEAN
CH
ATLANTIC
UGANDA BRITISH EAST AFRICA BELGIAN CONGO GERMAN EAST AFRICA
Mombasa ZANZIBAR I. (BR.) COMOROS IS. (FR.)
CABINDA
British French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Independent state ANGOLA
NYASALAND NORTHERN RHODESIA
Tropic of Capricorn WALVIS BAY
SOUTHERN GERMAN RHODESIA SOUTHWEST AFRICA BECHUANALAND M Pretoria Johannesburg
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
0 800 1,600 miles Cape Town 0 800 1,600 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
SWAZILAND BASUTOLAND
404 UNIT 6
AM BIQ UE Mo zam biq ue Ch an n
el
MADAGASCAR
OZ
INDIAN OCEAN
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UNITED KINGDOM 30W 20W 10W 0
Africa: Political
GERMANY 10E 20E 30E 40E 50E 60E SWITZ. HUNGARY
CROATIA
FRANCE
ROMANIA YUGO. BULGARIA 40N
40N SPAIN PORTUGAL ITALY
ALB.
GREECE
TURKEY
Algiers
Strait of Gibraltar
MADEIRA IS. (Port.)
Rabat
Casablanca
Oran
Tunis
TUNISIA
Mediterra
Tripoli
Gulf of Sidra
nean
CYPRUS
SYRIA
Sea
30N
MOROCCO
CANARY ISLANDS (Spain)
Suez LEBANON Canal ISRAEL
IRAN IRAQ 30N
KUWAIT
Alexandria
I I I
Cairo
JORDAN
ALGERIA
WESTERN SAHARA (MOROCCO)
Giza
LIBYA
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
Re d
QATAR U.A.E.
Ni le
R.
Tropic of Cancer
L. Nasser
Se
20N
CAPE VERDE Praia Dakar
MAURITANIA
Nouakchott
Senega
20N
MALI NIGER CHAD
L. Chad
ger Ni
SENEGAL
Bamako
SUDAN
W
e N il e
Banjul GAMBIA Bissau
GUINEA10N BISSAU
hit
GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
. lR
Omdurman
N i le ue Bl
ERITREA Asmara
L. Tana DJIBOUTI G u l
BURKINA Niamey FASO Ouagadougou
BENIN
TOGO
Khartoum
R.
f of
Ade
NIGERIA
Abuja
nu Be e R.
NDjamena
Djibouti
Conakry Freetown
10N
CTE DIVOIRE
PortoNovo
Addis Ababa
Monrovia
GHANA
Ibadan Lagos
CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
Douala
ETHIOPIA
L. Turkana
Gulf of Guinea
Yaound
Ubangi R.
Lom LIBERIA Abidjan Accra Malabo Yamoussoukro
EQUATORIAL GUINEA SO TOM AND PRNCIPE
Bangui
Congo R.
SOMALIA
Mogadishu
0
UGANDA
Kampala
RWANDA Lake Victoria
Equator
So Tom
Libreville REPUBLIC GABON OF CONGO Brazzaville
ANGOLA
KENYA
Nairobi
ATLANTIC OCEAN
N
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Kigali
BURUNDI
Bujumbura
SEYCHELLES Pemba Zanzibar
Kinshasa
TANZANIA
L. Tanganyika
Victoria
Dar es Salaam Luanda
L. Nyasa 10S
10S
W S
Lubumbashi
ZAMBIA
Moroni Lilongwe
COMOROS
ANGOLA
ST. HELENA (U.K.)
MALAWI Lusaka
Victoria Falls
Windhoek
Tropic of Capricorn
opo R. mp Li
Mo
20S
NAMIBIA
za m
ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA
Gaborone Pretoria National capital Other city
30S 0 400 800 miles
biq
MOZAMBIQUE
ue
Harare
Ch
an
Zambezi R.
el
Antananarivo
MAURITIUS
MADAGASCAR
Port Louis
RUNION (Fr.)
Maputo Mbabane
Johannesburg
Orang e
R.
SWAZILAND
Bloemfontein
Maseru
Durban
LESOTHO 30S
SOUTH AFRICA
Cape Town
0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
INDIAN OCEAN
40S
40S
30W
20W
10W
10E
20E
30E
40E
50E
60E
405
AFRICA
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Regional Patterns
Religions of Africa
These two pages contain a graph and two thematic maps. The graph shows the religions of Africa. The maps show other important features of Africa: its diversity of languages and its population distribution. After studying these two pages, jot down in your notebook the answers to the questions below.
Making Comparisons
1. Where are most of the people in Africa living? In what areas of Africa are the fewest people living? 2. What geographic factors may account for these population patterns? 3. What do you notice about the number of languages in Africa? Do they belong to one language group or several?
Lagos Abidjan
Equator
N W S E
Hinduism, Bahaism, nonreligious, and other 1.3% Protestantism 11.3% Ethnic African Religions 12.4% Catholicism 15.3% Other forms of Christianity 19.2% Islam 40.5%
SOURCE: Britannica Book of the Year 2000
Population Distribution of Africa
Algiers Casablanca
Mediterranean
Sea Alexandria
Cairo
30N
Re d Se a
Tropic of Cancer
20N
Khartoum
10N
Addis Ababa
Nairobi
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Kinshasa
Luanda
10S
Metropolitan Areas One dot represents 100,000 people Greater than 10 million
Tropic of Capricorn
20S
2 to 6 million Johannesburg Maputo
30S
Cape Town
0 400 800 miles 0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
INDIAN OCEAN
20E 30E 40E 50E 60E
406 UNIT 6
10E
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Languages of Africa
Strait of Gibraltar
Mediterra
nean
Sea
c
b
A r a b i c
Re d
Se
Tu a r e g Te d a Fulani
i ha ng So
Wolof
al
Fulani
in
Bam
bara
Arabic Hausa Kanuri Nuer
ja
G ul
ke
More
f of
Ade
Fulani Akan Yoruba Igbo
Gulf of Guinea
Amharic
m
Dinka Sango
Oromo
Lingala
Ganda Kikuyu
Mas
Kinyarwanda
ATLANTIC OCEAN
N W S E
Kirundi Kongo
Sw
Luba Bemba Mbundu
biq
ue
Shona
u ak
Ch
!Kung Nama
Afro-Asiatic Austronesian Indo-European Khoisan Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan
Sotho Zulu Afrikaans English Xhosa
Mo
za m
Luba Language spoken
0 400 800 miles
0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
an
Malagasy
INDIAN OCEAN
el
407
AFRICA
ah
i
li
al
Mende
ai
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Regional Data File
Country Flag Country/ Capital Population
(2000)
Life Expectancy a
(years) (2000)
Birthrate
Infant Mortality
(per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births) (2000) (2000)
Study the charts on the countries of Africa. In your notebook, answer these questions.
Making Comparisons
1. Which three African countries have the most people? Locate them on the map. Are they also the largest countries in terms of total area? 2. Which three African countries have the fewest people? Locate them on the map. Are they the smallest countries in terms of total area? 3. Look at Angolas life expectancy, infant mortality, and number of doctors. Judging from these statistics, does Angola have good health care?
(continued on page 410)
Algeria Algiers Angola Luanda Benin Porto-Novo Botswana Gaborone Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Burundi Bujumbura Cameroon Yaound Cape Verde Praia Central African Republic, Bangui Chad NDjamena Comoros Moroni
31,471,000 12,878,000 6,396,000 1,576,000 11,946,000 6,054,000 15,422,000 401,000 3,513,000 7,977,000 578,000
69 47 50 44 47 47 55 68 45 48 59 49 48 47 48 65 50 55
29 48 45 32 47 42 37 37 38 50 38 48 40 38 39 26 41 43
44.0 125.0 93.9 57.2 105.3 74.8 77.0 76.9 96.7 109.8 77.3 108.6 108.6 112.2 115.0 52.3 108.0 81.8
Congo, Democratic 51,965,000 Republic of, Kinshasa Congo, Republic of, Brazzaville Cte dlvoire Yamoussoukro 2,831,000 15,980,000 638,000 68,344,000 453,000 4,142,000
Notes: a Life expectancy figures for many African countries are declining significantly, mainly due to poverty, politics, and the spread of AIDS. b Doctors are defined as graduates of a school of medicine in any medical field. c A comparison of the prices of the same items in different countries is used to figure these data. d Includes land and water, when figures are available.
For updated statistics on Africa . . .
Djibouti Djibouti Egypt Cairo Equatorial Guinea Malabo Eritrea Asmara
DATA UPDATE
CL ASSZONE .COM
408 UNIT 6
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Doctors b
(per 100,000 pop.) (19921998)
GDP c
(billions $US) (1999)
Import/Export c
(billions $US) (19971999)
Literacy Rate
(percentage) (19981999)
Televisions
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961998)
Passenger Cars
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961997)
Total Aread
(square miles)
85 8 6 24 3 6 7 17 4 3 7 7 25 9 14 202 25 3
147.6 11.6 8.1 5.7 12.4 4.2 31.5 0.618 5.8 7.6 0.41
(1998)
9.3 / 13.7 3.0 / 5.0 0.566 / 0.396 2.05 / 2.36 0.572 / 0.311 0.108 / 0.056 1.5 / 2.0 0.225 / 0.038 0.17 / 0.195 0.359 / 0.288 0.05 / 0.009 0.46 / 0.53 0.77 / 1.7 2.6 / 3.9 0.44 / 0.26 15.8 / 4.6 0.3 / 0.555 0.44 / 0.053
66 42 38 76 22 46 74 73 44 39 59 59 78 45 62 54 81 52
68 124 91 27 6 10 81 45 5 2 4 43 8 70 73 127 162 14
17 21 6 53 3 2 7 29 3 1 18 7 10 11 31 20 9 2
919,590 481,351 43,483 231,804 105,869 10,759 183,591 1,557 240,534 495,752 719 905,365 132, 047 124,503 8,958 386,900 10,830 47,320
35.7 4.15 25.7 0.55 200.0 0.96 2.9
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Regional Data File
Country Flag Country/ Capital Population
(2000)
Life Expectancy a
(years) (2000)
Birthrate
Infant Mortality
(per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births) (2000) (2000)
Making Comparisons
(continued)
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Gabon Libreville Gambia Banjul Ghana Accra Guinea Conakry Guinea-Bissau Bissau Kenya Nairobi Lesotho Maseru Liberia Monrovia Libya Tripoli Madagascar Antananarivo Malawi Lilongwe Mali Bamako Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritius Port Louis Morocco Rabat Mozambique Maputo Namibia Windhoek
64,117,000 1,226,000 1,305,000 19,534,000 7,466,000 1,213,000 30,340,000 2,143,000 3,164,000 5,114,000 14,858,000 10,385,000 11,234,000 2,670,000 1,189,000 28,778,000 19,105,000 1,771,000
46 52 45 58 45 45 49 53 50 75 52 39 53 54 70 69 40 46
45 38 43 34 42 42 35 33 50 28 44 41 47 41 17 23 41 36
116.0 87.0 130.0 56.2 98.0 130.0 73.7 84.5 139.1 33.3 96.3 126.8 122.5 92.0 19.4 37.0 133.9 68.3
4. Use the map on page 405 to choose a country in East Africa. How many televisions and cars does it have per 1,000 people? How does that compare to the United States? 5. Make a list of the top three African countries in GDP. Where are these countries located? Do you notice any pattern? 6. Use the map on page 405 to identify two countries in Southern Africa. For each of those countries, calculate per capita GDP by dividing total GDP by population. Which country has the higher per capita GDP?
(continued on page 412)
Notes: a Life expectancy figures for many African countries are declining significantly, mainly due to poverty, politics, and the spread of AIDS. b Doctors are defined as graduates of a school of medicine in any medical field. c A comparison of the prices of the same items in different countries is used to figure these data. d Includes land and water, when figures are available.
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Doctors b
(per 100,000 pop.) (19921998)
GDP c
(billions $US) (1999)
Import/Export c
(billions $US) (19971999)
Literacy Rate
(percentage) (19981999)
Televisions
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961998)
Passenger Cars
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961997)
Total Aread
(square miles)
4 19 4 6 13 17 13 5 2 128 11 2 5 14 85 46 4 30
33.3 7.9 1.4 35.5 9.2 1.1 45.1 4.7
(1998 est.)
1.25 / 0.42 1.2 / 2.4 0.201 / 0.132 2.5 / 1.7 0.56 / 0.695 0.023 / 0.027 3.3 / 2.2 0.7 / 0.235 0.142 / 0.039 7.0 / 6.6 0.793 / 0.6 0.512 / 0.51 0.65 / 0.64 0.444 / 0.425 2.1 / 1.7 9.5 / 7.1 1.44 / 0.3 1.5 / 1.4
36 63 35 69 36 37 81 82 38 78 65 58 38 41 84 47 42 81
5 136 4 115 41 N/A 21 24 27 143 46 2 11 91 228 160 4 32
0.8 21 7 5 2 3 10 3 9 126 4 3 3 7 61 39 4 38
471,776 103,346 4,127 92,100 94,925 13,948 224,960 11,720 43,000 679,358 226,658 47,747 478,764 397,955 790 172,413 302,328 318,000
2.85 39.3 11.5 9.4 8.5 4.9 12.3 108.0 18.7 7.1
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Regional Data File
Country Flag Country/ Capital Population
(2000)
Life Expectancy a
(years) (2000)
Birthrate
Infant Mortality
(per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births) (2000) (2000)
Making Comparisons
(continued)
Niger Niamey Nigeria Abuja Rwanda Kigali
10,076,000 123,338,000 7,229,000
41 52 39 64 52 71 45 46 55 51 38 53 49 69 42 37 40
54 42 43 43 41 18 47 47 25 33 41 42 42 22 48 42 30
123.1 77.2 120.9 50.8 67.7 8.5 157.1 125.8 45.4 69.5 107.7 98.8 79.7 35.0 81.3 109.0 80.0
7. Calculate the GDP per capita for Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Eritrea by dividing GDP by population. Where do those countries rank in life expectancy? What might be the relationship between a countrys GDP and its life expectancy?
So Tom and Prncipe 160,000 So Tom Senegal Dakar Seychelles Victoria Sierra Leone Freetown Somalia Mogadishu 9,481,000 82,000 5,233,000 7,253,000
South Africa, Pretoria/ 43,421,000 Cape Town/Bloemfontein Sudan Khartoum Swaziland Mbabane Tanzania Dodoma Togo Lom Tunisia Tunis Uganda Kampala Zambia Lusaka Zimbabwe Harare 29,490,000 1,004,000 35,306,000 5,019,000 9,619,000 23,318,000 9,582,000 11,343,000
Sources: ABC-CLIO CIA World Factbook 2000 online Columbia Gazetteer Population Reference Bureau 2000 online Statesmans Yearbook 2001 UN Human Development Report 2000 U.S. Census Bureau online World Almanac 2000 World Health Organization online N/A = not available Notes: a Life expectancy figures for many African countries are declining significantly, mainly due to poverty, politics, and the spread of AIDS. b Doctors are defined as graduates of a school of medicine in any medical field. c A comparison of the prices of the same items in different countries is used to figure these data. d Includes land and water, when figures are available.
United States Washington, D.C.
281,422,000
77
15
7.0
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Doctors b
(per 100,000 pop.) (19921998)
GDP c
(billions $US) (1999)
Import/Export c
(billions $US) (19971999)
Literacy Rate
(percentage) (19981999)
Televisions
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961998)
Passenger Cars
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961997)
Total Aread
(square miles)
4 19 4 47 8 132 7 4 56 9 15 5 8 70 4 7 14
9.6 110.5 5.9 .169 16.6 .59 2.5 4.3 296.1 32.6 4.2 23.3 8.6 52.6 24.2 8.5 26.5
0.266 / 0.269 10.0 / 13.1 0.242 / 0.071 0.02 / 0.005 1.2 / 0.925 0.363 / 0.091 0.166 / 0.041 0.327 / 0.187 26.0 / 28.0 1.26 / 0.58 1.05 / 0.825 1.44 / 0.828 0.45 / 0.4 7.47 / 5.8 1.1 / 0.471 1.15 / 0.9 2.0 / 2.0
15 61 64 73 36 84 31 24 85 56 78 74 55 69 65 76 87
26 67 N/A 227 41 190 26 13 125 141 107 21 20 198 26 137 29
4 5 2 30 12 85 4 2 102 1 29 2 17 28 1 16 3
489,189 356,669 10,169 372 76,124 178 27,699 246,200 471,445 967,494 6,705 364,898 21,853 63,378 91,134 290,585 150,820
251
9,255.0
820.8 / 663.0
97
847
489
3,787,319
Africa 413
