Ergonomics

Ergonomics

The
The science
science of
of fitting
fitting the
the job
job to
to the
the worker
worker
 MULTIDISCIPLINARY
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
NATURE
NATURE OF
OF ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMICS
z
z Anatomy
Anatomy and
and physiology
physiology
z
z Engineering
Engineering Psychology
Psychology
z
z Engineering
Engineering
z
z Medicine
Medicine
z
z Anthropology
Anthropology
z
z Biomechanics
Biomechanics
 Benefits
Benefits of
of Ergonomics
Ergonomics
zz Decreased
Decreased injury
injury risk
risk zz Decreased
Decreased lost
lost work
work
zz Increased
Increased productivity
productivity days
days
zz Decreased zz Decreased
Decreased turnover
turnover
Decreased
mistakes/rework
mistakes/rework zz Improved
Improved morale
morale
zz Increased
Increased efficiency
efficiency
 EROGONOMIC
EROGONOMIC CONCEPTS
CONCEPTS
Tool
Tool design
design
Workstation
Workstation Design
Design
Material
Material handling
handling limits
limits
Visual
Visual and
and auditory
auditory task
task design
design
 ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
FACTORS
Noise
Noise
Vision
Vision
Thermal
Thermal
Chemical
Chemical
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
STRESS
z
z Machine
Machine Pacing
Pacing
z
z Shift
Shift Work
Work
z
z Morale
Morale
 PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
z
z Posture
Posture
z
z Force
Force
z
z Repetition
Repetition
z
z Manual
Manual Materials
Materials Handling
Handling
 DESIGN
DESIGN AND
AND DISEASE
DISEASE
POSTURE
POSTURE DISCOMFORT
DISCOMFORT
Standing
Standing Legs,
Legs,Feet,
Feet,Back
Back
Sitting
Sitting Neck,
Neck,Back,
Back,Shoulders
Shoulders
Reaching
Reaching Shoulders,
Shoulders,Upper
UpperArms
Arms
Head
HeadBent
BentBack
Back Cervical
CervicalRegion
Region
Trunk
TrunkBent
BentForward
Forward Lumbar
LumbarRegion
Region
 STATIC
STATIC EXERTIONS
EXERTIONS
z
z Holding
Holding activities
activities
z
z Carrying
Carrying
z
z Standing
Standing
z
z Pushing
Pushing and
and pulling
pulling
z
z Arms
Arms raised
raised
 EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF STATIC
STATIC
EXERTION
EXERTION

When
When effort
effort greater
greater than
than or
or equal
equal to
to 60
60 percent
percent MVC
MVC
blood
blood flow
flow almost
almost completely
completely interrupted.
interrupted.
15-20
15-20 percent
percent MVC
MVC blood
blood flow
flow just
just about
about normal
normal but
but
still
still isis associated
associated with
with pain.
pain.
MVC
MVC less
less than
than or
or equal
equal to
to eight
eight percent
percent can
can probably
probably be
be
maintained
maintained indefinitely.
indefinitely.
 WORKSTATION
WORKSTATION
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
Reduce
Reduce static
static component
component and
and allow
allow worker
worker to
to use
use
optimal
optimal posture
posture
Optimal
Optimal posture
posture usually
usually at
at midpoint
midpoint of
of limbs
limbs range
range of
of
motion
motion
Avoid
Avoid muscular
muscular insufficiency
insufficiency
Avoid
Avoid forward
forward reaches
reaches in
in excess
excess of
of 16”
16”
Elbows
Elbows down
down close
close to
to the
the body
body flexor
flexor angle
angle around
around 90
90
degrees
degrees
 WORKSTATION
WORKSTATION
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES (continued)
(continued)
Sit-Stand
Sit-Stand preferred
preferred but
but rarely
rarely seen
seen
Use
Use gravity
gravity do
do not
not work
work against
against itit
Avoid
Avoid the
the need
need for
for excessive
excessive head
head movement
movement
Avoid
Avoid compression
compression Ischemia
Ischemia
 WORKPLACE
WORKPLACE INDICATORS
INDICATORS
z
z Performance
Performance deterioration…Engineering
deterioration…Engineering
z
z Quality
Quality Control
Control problems
problems
z
z Absenteeism
Absenteeism and
and turn-over…Human
turn-over…Human
Resources
Resources
z
z Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal disorders…OSHA
disorders…OSHA LogsLogs
WC
WC reports
reports
z
z Complaints
Complaints of
of fatigue
fatigue and
and discomfort
discomfort
GROWING
GROWING AWARENESS
AWARENESS OF
OF CTDs
CTDs
Year Number of Repeated Total Number of
Trauma Cases Illnesses
1990 23,200 (18%) 130,200
1991 23,000 (18%) 126,100
1992 22,600 (21%) 105,600
1993 26,700 (25%) 106,100
1994 34,700 (28%) 124,600
1995 37,000 (30%) 125,400
1996 45,500 (33%) 136,800
1997 72,900 (38%) 190,200
1998 115,400 (48%) 240,900
TOP
TOP FIVE
FIVE CTD
CTD INCIDENCE
INCIDENCE
INDUSTRIES
INDUSTRIES BY BY RATE
RATE
1990
1990
Meatpacking
Meatpacking
Poultry
Poultry Processing
Processing
Household
Household Refrigerator/Freezer
Refrigerator/Freezer
Motor
Motor Vehicle
Vehicle and
and Car
Car Body
Body
Men’s
Men’s and
and Boy’s
Boy’s Trousers
Trousers and
and Slacks
Slacks
TOP
TOP FIVE
FIVE CTD
CTD INCIDENCE
INCIDENCE
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY CLASSES
CLASSES BY
BY
NUMBER
NUMBER
1990
1990
Meat
Meat Products
Products
Motor
Motor Vehicles
Vehicles
Men’s
Men’s and
and Boy’s
Boy’s Furnishings
Furnishings
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous Plastic
Plastic Products
Products
Aircraft
Aircraft and
and Parts
Parts
 Types
Types of
of Injuries
Injuries
zz Muscle
Muscle pain
pain zz Repetitive
Repetitive motion
motion
zz Joint
Joint pain
pain injury
injury
zz Swelling zz Cumulative
Cumulative trauma
trauma
Swelling
zz Numbness
disorder
disorder
Numbness
zz Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
zz Restricted
Restricted motion
motion
disorder
disorder
zz Repetitive
Repetitive stress
stress injury
injury
 CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE TRAUMA
TRAUMA DISORDERS
DISORDERS
AAclass
classof
ofmusculoskeletal
musculoskeletaldisorders
disordersarising
arisingfrom
fromrepeated
repeated
biomechanical
biomechanicalstress
stressdue
dueto
toergonomic
ergonomichazards.
hazards.Common
Common
names
namesfor
forthese
thesedisorders
disordersare:
are:

zz Carpal
CarpalTunnel
TunnelSyndrome
Syndrome zz Trigger
TriggerFinger
Finger
zz Tendinitis
Tendinitis zz DeQuervian’s
DeQuervian’sDisease
Disease
zz Tenosynovitis
Tenosynovitis zz Thoracic
ThoracicOutlet
OutletSyndrome
Syndrome
zz Ganglion
Ganglioncyst
cyst zz Bursitis
Bursitis
zz Tennis
TennisElbow
Elbow zz Synovitis
Synovitis
 Ergonomic
Ergonomic Controls
Controls
z
z Engineering
Engineering
z
z Administrative
Administrative
z
z Work
Work Practices
Practices
 CONTROL
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
z
z Tool
Tool redesign
redesign
z
z Workstation
Workstation redesign
redesign
z
z Job
Job methods
methods
z
z Early
Early detection
detection
z
z Job
Job rotation
rotation
z
z Machine
Machine pacing
pacing
z
z Medical
Medical surveillance
surveillance
 REDUCTION
REDUCTION OF
OF
REPETITION
REPETITION

Task
Task Enlargement
Enlargement
Mechanization
Mechanization
Automation
Automation
 REDUCTION
REDUCTION OF
OF EXTREME
EXTREME
JOINT
JOINT MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT

Altering
Altering tool
tool or
or controls
controls
Workstation
Workstation Design
Design
Moving
Moving the
the Worker
Worker
 REDUCTION
REDUCTION OF
OF FORCE
FORCE

Reducing
Reducing the
the force
force
Spreading
Spreading the
the force
force
Better
Better mechanical
mechanical advantage
advantage
 ADMINISTRATIVE
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
CONTROLS
HAZARD
HAZARD PREVENTION
PREVENTION AND
AND
CONTROL
CONTROL
z
z Rest-pause
Rest-pause
z
z Increase
Increase number
number of
of employees
employees
z
z Job
Job rotation
rotation
z
z Physical
Physical conditioning
conditioning
z
z Relief
Relief personnel
personnel
z
z Medical
Medical management
management
 MATERIALS
MATERIALS HANDLING
HANDLING
Lifting/Lowering
Lifting/Lowering
Pushing/Pulling
Pushing/Pulling
Carrying
Carrying
Weights
Weights and
and Forces
Forces
Frequency
Frequency of
of activities
activities
Load
Load Center
Center of
of Gravity
Gravity
 JOB
JOB RISK
RISK FACTORS
FACTORS
Weight
Weight lifted
lifted
Position
Position of
of load
load center
center of
of gravity
gravity
Frequency
Frequency
Posture
Posture
Torso
Torso Flexion
Flexion
Twisting
Twisting
Arms
Arms extended
extended
 JOB
JOB DESIGN
DESIGN
Can
Can reduce
reduce one-third
one-third of
of compensable
compensable LBP
LBP
Minimize
Minimize reach
reach and
and lift
lift distances
distances
Keep
Keep off
off floor
floor
Work
Work station
station design
design
Frequency
Frequency
Relax
Relax time
time standard
standard
Rotation
Rotation
Work-Rest
Work-Rest allowances
allowances
 JOB
JOB DESIGN
DESIGN (continued)
(continued)
Minimize
Minimize Weight
Weight
Mechanical
Mechanical aids
aids
Carton
Carton capacity
capacity
Balance
Balance contents
contents
Convert:
Convert:
Carry
Carry to
to push/pull
push/pull
Push
Push over
over pull
pull
Use
Use large
large wheels
wheels
 TRAINING
TRAINING
Focus
Focus on
on awareness
awareness and
and avoidance
avoidance
Get
Get object
object as
as close
close to
to body
body as
as possible
possible
Planning
Planning
Use
Use of
of handling
handling aids
aids
Back
Back Schools
Schools
Strength
Strength and
and fitness
fitness important
important
WORKPLACE
WORKPLACE USE
USE OF
OF BACK
BACK BELTS
BELTS
NIOSH
NIOSH 94 -122
94-122
z
z Insufficient
Insufficient Data
Data that
that belts
belts significantly
significantly
reduce
reduce trunk
trunk loading
loading
z
z Insufficient
Insufficient data
data that
that wearing
wearing reduces
reduces risk
risk
of
of injury
injury based
based on
on IAP
IAP and
and EMG
EMG
z
z May
May strain
strain cardiovascular
cardiovascular system
system
z
z Insufficient
Insufficient data
data that
that discontinuation
discontinuation of
of use
use
increases
increases risk
risk among
among healthy
healthy workers
workers
NIOSH
NIOSHdoes
doesnot
notrecommend
recommendas
astool
toolfor
forprevention
prevention
 ORGANIZATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONAL
INFLUENCES
INFLUENCES
Wage
Wage Systems
Systems
Quality
Quality Control
Control
Management-Labor
Management-Labor Relations
Relations
Machine-paced
Machine-paced versus
versus Self-paced
Self-paced work
work
Rest
Rest Breaks
Breaks
Overtime
Overtime
Shift
Shift Work
Work
 RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
zz 1.
1.Identify
IdentifyTeam
TeamMembers
Members
zz 2.2.Identify
Identifyproblem
problemjobs
jobs
zz 3.
3.Survey
SurveyEmployees
Employees
zz 4.
4.Develop
DevelopPlan
PlanofofAction
Action
zz 5.
5.Select
Selectmost
mostfeasible
feasible
zz 6.
6.Implement
Implementon onsmall
smallscale
scale
zz 7.
7.Train
Train
zz 8.
8.Measure
Measureresponse
response
zz 9.
9.Wider
Widerapplication
applicationororgoto
goto44
zz 10.
10.Goto
Goto22
 WORK
WORK SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
z
z Review
Review OSHA
OSHA 300
300 log
log
z
z Employee
Employee interviews
interviews
z
z Performance
Performance Data
Data (turnover,
(turnover, etc.)
etc.)
z
z Video
Video analysis
analysis of
of identified
identified hazardous
hazardous
positions
positions
 Ergonomics
Ergonomics Program
Program
Elements
Elements
zz Management
Management zz Job
Job hazard
hazard analysis
analysis
leadership
leadership and
and and
and control
control
employee
employee participation
participation zz Training
Training
zz Hazard
Hazard information
information zz MSD
MSD management
management
and
and reporting
reporting zz Program
Program evaluation
evaluation