A Study on Entrepreneurial Attitude and the Influential Factors for Business Department Students in Technological Colleges/Universities in Tai an

Chao!ching Chen" #u!Fen Chen" $ing! Chuan %ai Tainan University of Technology Department of Business Education" &ational Changhua University of Education yufen'cc(ncue(edu(t lai)*++'ms,-(hinet(net

Abstract
This study verifies an entrepreneurship attitude model and the influential factors for .usiness department students at technology colleges and universities( This study is .ased on a literature analysis and theory to construct the entrepreneurship attitude model and the influential factors for students( Student personal characteristics are adopted as independent varia.le" environment cognition as the intervening varia.le" and attitude to ard entrepreneurship as the dependent varia.le( The survey sample is students studying in the .usiness department at &ational or /rivate Colleges and Universities of Technology( 0ne thousand eighty!five copies of a survey 1uestionnaire ere distri.uted ith --2 copies returned" of hich *3+ 1uestionnaires ere valid( The responses ere analy4ed using step ise regression and %ISE5%( The results indicated that student attitude to ard entrepreneurship as affected .y environment cognition and personal traits" hich indirectly affected attitude to ard entrepreneurship(
Key Words Attitude toward entrepreneurship environmental cognition personal traits.

1. Introduction
The entrepreneurial revolution has ta6en hold across the glo.e and has undenia.ly impacted the orld of .usiness( The younger generation of the +2st century is .ecoming the most entrepreneurial generation since the Industrial 5evolution( A.out 7(8 million Americans are actively trying to start their o n .usinesses today( They are younger than age ,9 and nearly -): of ould!.e entrepreneurs are .et een the ages 2- and ,9( These e;plosive num.ers have come ith similar increases in the field of entrepreneurship education <Donald" +))7=( In Tai an" remar6a.le gro th and development in research in curricula and programs has occurred in the field of entrepreneurship and ne !venture creation( Colleges and universities offer courses to students to prepare for the future( According to this trend" e ought to understand student needs for entrepreneurship studies( The impact of entrepreneurship education has .een recogni4ed as one of the crucial factors that help youths to understand and foster an Attitude to ard entrepreneurship <>orman" Fanlon ? @ing" 233* @ourils6y ? Aalstad" 233-=( The attitude and 6no ledge of entrepreneurship are li6ely to shape their inclination to start their o n .usiness in the future <Aang ? Aong" +))9=( Ae need to understand ho to develop and nurture potential entrepreneurs hile they are still students in school( Ae are e;ploring and confirming the factors that influence student attitude to ard entrepreneurship to help colleges and universities design and develop effective entrepreneurial programs( This study surveyed a sample of technological college and university students in Tai an to e;amine their attitude to ard entrepreneurship and the main factors affecting their attitude( Ae revie ed the past literatures to construct the research frame or6(

2. Literature review
There are various personal characteristics" cognitions" and social conditions that affect an individualBs choice to pursue entrepreneurial activities <Carter" >artner" >ate ood and Shaver +)),=( This article focuses on a specific set of environmental cognitions and personal traits" and e;amines the reasons individuals offer for student entrepreneurial attitudes( 2.1 Attitude toward entrepreneurship Schame pointed out that entrepreneurship is a part of the company management processes hich focus on investment into ne ventures" creating a ne venture" .uilding ne organi4ation departments" and supplying ne products and services Aang" 2332( %o and $ac$illan <23--= thought that entrepreneurship means to .uild a ne venture( Chang <+))+= defined entrepreneurial attitude according to the follo ing four statementsD
+

2( Attitude is an individualBs tendency to ard a specific thing and environment( It is a personBs inclination ith persistence and consistency( In addition" this inclination could .e inferred .y the individualBs .ehavior( Eo ever" the intention in an attitude is not discerned only through .ehavior( Attitude encompasses general 6no ledge and comprises the cognitive" emotions and actions( +( The attitude must have a target( The target of an attitude is a concrete person or thing and could also .e an a.stract idea or thought( ,( Attitude is analogous to inclination( Ahen people hold a positive attitude to ard a given target" they ill hold the same positive attitude to ards a similar target( 9( The personBs cultural traditions" family environment and educational environment are the environmental factors that affect the formation of attitude( In general" an attitude is a collection of personal traits that can .e learned( Because e;ternal .ehavior might .e restricted .y a situation" an attitude might .e reflected only in thought( The attitude includes the follo ing three factorsD 2( Cognitive compositionD .rief and idea +( Emotion compositionD The value and emotion ,( Behavior compositionD Behavior and inclination to ard action <Euang" 23-8=( In summary" the attitude is a mentally prepared state for any 6no n su.Fect( It is a su.Fective consciousness and that is affected .y the environment( The attitude is a 6ind of lasting inclination( It can .e an idiosyncrasy that could .e shaped or changed via e;perience or study( The attitude to ard entrepreneurship is an individualGs concept a.out entrepreneurship" assessment and inclination to ards entrepreneurial .ehavior or self!employment( If the individual has a strong attitude for starting a ne venture the relationship .et een attitude and .ehavior is strong( This individual has a strong inclination to ards entrepreneurship( 2.2 Influence factor on the attitude toward entrepreneurship >reen.erger ? Se;ton <23--= discussed hy the entrepreneur ants to start an enterprise( There ere four reasons( First" they ould li6e to ta6e a chance in the mar6et( Second" they .elieve their managerial s6ills are more efficient than those of other people( Third" they .elieve that their specialty could .e developed into an enterprise( Fourth" they have already developed a product or service and they .elieve that can find a niche in the mar6et( Fifth" this is the only ay to start an enterprise and their other options are limited( >hosh ? @ an <2338= focused on entrepreneurs from Singapore and Australia( They found that there ere several reasons that these entrepreneurs started enterprisesD 2(The individual ants personal gro th( +( They li6e the challenge( ,( There is more freedom in .eing a .usiness o ner( 9( The chance to use oneGs o n 6no ledge and e;perience( 7( Do not li6e or6ing for others( 8( They are affected .y family or friends( *( Family tradition(
,

Carter" >artner" Shaver ? >ate ood <+)),= e;plored and compared the reasons that nascent entrepreneurs and non!entrepreneurs start enterprises and ma6e career choices( The results of their research indicated that the main reasons individualGs start enterprises are self! reali4ation" financial success" roles" innovation" recognition and independence( Aang ? Aong <+))9= investigated the determinants of interest in entrepreneurship among university students in Singapore( >ender" family e;perience ith .usiness and educational level ere found to .e significant factors in entrepreneurial interests( The factors that influence entrepreneurs in starting an enterprise are divided into t o classes( The first class involves the entrepreneurGs o n individual factors" including personal traits and conditions( The second class involves e;ternal factors such as family" friends and the e;ternal environment( This research focuses on the individualBs personal traits and environmental cognition( These are important varia.les that influence college and university student attitudes to ard entrepreneurship in Tai an( /ersonality is a personGs inherent e;ternal .ehavior( The personality dominates a personBs ords" deeds and role in life( $oreover" individual actions" loo6s" posture and thin6ing are derived from the personality <#u Chao" 23-3=( Costa? $cCrae <233+= thought that the personality sho s the individualBs degree of inclination to ards a certain thing or action( The personality is a model of consistency that sho s thought" emotion and action( They thought that personality is different in 6ind and degree for all persons( In other ords" all people o n every 6ind of personal trait" .ut the degree that each trait is individually manifested is different( In characteristics or traits!.ased research the researcher attempted to descri.e the entrepreneurial personality as the 6ey component in creating a venture( In past research on personal traits and entrepreneurship the researchers indicated that the need for achievement" locus of control" ris6!ta6ing propensity" Type!A .ehavior and tolerance for am.iguity are the 6inds of personal traits necessary to entrepreneurs( The Big!Five personality theory is comprised of the complete entrepreneurial traits( As outlined in Carter et al <+)),=" innovation" independence" self!reali4ation" financial success" roles and recognition are the important reasons an entrepreneur chooses to start an enterprise( In 2398" 5aymond Cattell used emerging computer technology to analy4e the Allport!0d.ert personailty list( The hypothesis that individuals descri.e themselves and each other according to si;teen different independent factors as e;amined( Aith these si;teen factors as a .asis Cattell ent on to construct the 28/F /ersonality Huestionnaire" hich remains in use .y universities and .usinesses for personnel selection( The current 28/F ta6es these findings into account and is considered to .e a
9

very good test( In 238, A(T( &orman replicated CattellBs or6 and suggested that five factors ould .e sufficient Ai6ipedia" +))8 The Big!Five model is therefore suita.le for measuring individual personality( The potential for entrepreneurs today is greater than ever( The entrepreneur perhaps possesses some personal traits that ma6e them more li6ely to start an enterprise than others <%i" +)))=( For this reason" understanding the individualGs personal traits could help us 6no the potential characteristics re1uired for entrepreneurs( Ae ill e;plore different personality traits and environmental factors that produce entrepreneurship( In the Big Five personality theory personalities are classified into the follo ing categoriesI agreea.leness" conscientiousness" e;traversion" neuroticism and openness to e;perience( The Big Five are five .road factors or personal trait dimensions discovered through empirical research <>old.erg" 233,=( Although psychologists have developed theories to account for the Big Five" the Big Five is a descriptive model of personality and not a theory <Ai6ipedia" +))8=( Ta.le 2 is a comparative list of the Big!Five personal traits and entrepreneurial personality( According to the comparison" the Big Five characteristics are similar to the traits for an entrepreneur( For e;ample agreea.leness is same as Type!A .ehavior and paying attention to human relationships( Conscientiousness is similar to the entrepreneurial goal!directed and responsi.ility characteristics( Third" e;traversion is similar to entrepreneur characteristics such as li6es challenge need for authority aspiration need for achievement and confidence( &euroticism is similar to characteristics such as locus of control and ris6!ta6ing( 0penness to e;perience is similar to innovative and independence characteristics( Therefore" adopting the Big!Five five personal traits to measure the entrepreneurial personality is useful in e;amining entrepreneurial characteristics( Ta.le 2 The list of comparison of Big!Five personality and entrepreneur traits Big!Five Type of personality Agreea.leness /ersonality characteristic<s= The entrepreneur trait

friendly generous helpful dec Type!A .ehaviorhuman enttrust orthy relationship Conscientiousness controlregulateacting >oal!directionresponsi.ility spontaneously E;traversion EnFoy .eing ith peoplefull challengeattemptneed for of energypositive authority aspiration &eed for emotions action! achievementconfidence oriented enthusiastic

n&euroticism

0penness to E;perience

Tendency to e;perience locus of controlris6!ta6ing negative feeling such as an;ietyanger or depression( imaginative creative conventi Innovationindependence onalmore a are of art

The environment is a comprehensive factor in influencing entrepreneurs to start an enterprise( This includes economic" social culture and policy factors( The environment affects individual entrepreneurial ill and a.ility( <>nya aii ? Fogel" 2339=( According to past research" a nationBs entrepreneurial environment appeared at the lo est limitation" hich includes ta; and other incident factors( The entrepreneurial environment includes all of the training and advisory services to any person that creates a ne .usiness( >overnment organi4ations can offer training and consultation services to improve the environment for starting enterprises( Therefore" the environment affects the entrepreneurBs motivation and the entrepreneurBs cognition of this environment ould affect the individualBs attitude to ard entrepreneurship( These factors affect the individualBs entrepreneurial .ehavior( Entrepreneurial environmental factors are descri.ed in Ta.le + Ta.le + The influential factors of entrepreneurial environmental 5esearcher Scott ? Tomey < 23--= Influential factors of entrepreneurial environmental 2( /redisposing Factors D roles of parents( +( Triggering FactorsD see6ing Fo.s" unemployment and Fo. alertness( ,( EnterpriseGs ideas( 2( Society" policy and economic changes( +( changes of the mar6et( ,( rescind the control 2( $icroeconomic environment( +( The society and political environment( 2(Economic chance situationD Three items of economic chance situation" such as fund supplying" supply of la.or and the mar6et scale( 2( >overnment policies +( The place of starting an enterprise ,( Industrial structure( 9( $ar6et situation is 7( The fund and la.or( 8( Attraction of human( *( Site of factory and products( -( The or6force supply and policy sta.ility 2( The industrial structure changes( +( The economic change( ,( The changes of the society( 9( The governmentGs sta.ility( 7( The

Bird< 23--= Ju S( K < 233)= Chang K( S < 2332= Aang H( E < 2332=

Cai S( C < +))2=

sta.ility of the political situation is 8( The changes of the la ( *( Changes of science and technology

3.

ethodology

!ample This survey included undergraduates in the .usiness management departments of technological colleges and universities in Tai an( The sample si4e consists of -2+ undergraduate students in Tai an" hich represents a *, response rate from the total num.er of 1uestionnaires distri.uted( Instruments The survey instrument as .ased on an academic revie of the entrepreneurship study field( The ay the varia.les ere derived and measured is descri.ed .elo ( "ersonal traits /ersonal traits ere the independent varia.les( In this study" the personal traits scale as revised from the &E0!EFI Costa $cCrae" 23-8 and Cai +))2 Big!Five personality 1uestionnaires( The personal traits scale is a paper and pencil measure .ased on a five!factor personality model( This research divides student personal traits into five areas" includingD <2= Euman relationshipsI <+= >oal directionI <,= &eed for achievementI <9= %ocus of controlI <7= Creative thin6ing( #nvironmental cognition In this study" environmental cognition is the independent varia.le( The strength of the influential factors upon action is proposed in starting an enterprise involving the society and political environment( This is .ased on Bird <23--=" ho proposed that human .ehavior is affected .y the e;ternal environment( Environmental cognition is divided into four factors( <2= Family environmentI <+= Educational environmentI <,= Social environment and <9= Economic environment( Attitude toward entrepreneurship The attitude to ard entrepreneurship is the dependent varia.le( The attitude as measured according to the method of the social psychologists 5osen.er ? Eovland <238)=" ho developed the concepts of putting for ard an attitude( Attitude as divided intoD <2= CognitionI <+= EmotionI <,= $otivationI <9= Behavioral intention( easures In this study" respondents ere as6ed to respond to each item on a 7!point response scale ranging from 2 <strongly disagree= to 7 <strongly agree=( 3.3 $alidity and reliability Ae follo ed a t oLstep procedure using S/SS soft are to assess the validity and relia.ility( An e;ploratory analysis as conducted first that assessed the

underlying factor structure of the scale items( To do so" e removed factor load items .30( The remaining items ere then factor analy4ed again( The results revealed factors ith eigenvalues greater than 2()( In the ne;t step e conducted Cron.achBs M to assess the relia.ility of the scale items( Ta.le 2 sho s the relia.ilities( The results for the relia.ility and validity" the personality traits consisted of 23 items" divided into five dimensions( Environmental cognition consisted of 29 items divided into four dimensions( The attitude to ard entrepreneurship consisted of +2 items" divided into four dimensions( Ta.le , 5elia.ilities of dimensions of instrument domain Euman relationship >oal direction &eed for achievement %ocus of control Creating thin6ing Item 9 8 9 , + Item no *+2+++, 2)2+2,272-23 +7+8+*++),,9* 9298 Cron.achBs M (** (-) (*, (7(89 (-, (*) (-+ (*8 (*9 (-7 (-+ (-(-* (-3 (39

/ersonality traits relia.ility Cron.ach M Family , 2+, environment Education environment Social environment Economic environment 9 9 , 978* -222+2, 32)29

Environmental cognition relia.ility Cron.achBs M cognition 9 2,97 emotion 7 27282*2-23 motivation 7 2+29+)+2++ Behavior * 2,+,+9+7+8+*+intendance Attitude to ard entrepreneurship relia.ility Cron.achBs M

%. &ata analysis and results

-

%.1 'esearch and data analysis Ae conducted regression and structural e1uation models <SE$= in this research( 0Ur research model included t o independent varia.les and one dependent( The dependent varia.le as the attitude to ard entrepreneurship( Environmental cognition and personal traits ere the independent varia.les( Ae conducted regression analysis to test the efficiency among the varia.les( Ae conducted structural e1uation models <SE$= to test our research model( This is a general method for determining if the theoretical models fit the empirical data( The general SE$ model can .e divided in t o su.modelsD a measurement model and a structural model( The measurement model defines relations .et een the o.served and the uno.served varia.les" and it specifies the manner .y hich each measure loads on a particular factor( In contrast" the structural model defines the relations among the uno.served varia.les( It specifies the manner .y hich particular latent varia.les directly or indirectly influence( Ae used the SE$ to identify the relations and influence among attitude to ard entrepreneurship" environmental cognition and personal traits( %.2 'egression analysis Ae applied regression analysis to estimate if the environmental cognition and personal traits ere predictors of attitude to ard entrepreneurship or not( As Ta.le 9 sho s" the dependent varia.le is the attitude to ard entrepreneurship and the independent varia.les ere environmental cognition and personality traits( The results supported that environmental cognition and personal traits ere significant predictors of attitude to ard entrepreneurship( Furthermore" environmental cognition is an important predictor of attitude to ard entrepreneurship( This could e;plain the attitude to ard entrepreneurship .etter than personality traits <.ased on AdFusted 5 +=( The parameter estimates <.ased on the N = sho ed that environmental cognition and personal traits ere positively and significantly related to attitude to ard entrepreneurship( Ta.le 9 5esults of regression on Attitude to ard entrepreneurship Dependent Oaria.le Independent varia.le Environmental cognition Environmental cognition /ersonality traits
p p

Attitude to ard entrepreneurship N (77+ (987 (+,9 SE ()9* ()93 ()9+ 5+ (,)7

AdFusted 5+ (,)9 (,7)

(,7+

()7<one!tailed test= ()2<one!tailed test=

())2<one!tailed test=

%.3 !tructural #(uation odel %.3.1 )he model data fit The structural e1uation model as descri.ed in Fig( 2 and Ta.le 7( The figure descri.es the model and the ta.le sho s its parameters( The SE$ analysis as conducted using the %ISE5% program" .ased on the covariance matri; generated from this sample( All of the relationships entered into the model ere significant" according to a ma;imum li6elihood discrepancy function( This model as found to fit the data chi!s1uare <nP,))=P ++7(,," >FIP )(-3" 5$SEAP ()--" &FIP )(3+" 5FIP )(-3" CFIP )(39" and all parameters ere found to .e significant <p ()7=( In contrast to the critical inde; value that the grater part of indices are fit for critical standard( The means of the result" the empirical data as a fit for our research model( Ta.le 7 The results of Structural E1uation $odel Analysis Fit Indicators indices &P ,)) dfP 8+ chi!s1uareP ++7(,, >FIP )(-3 5$SEAP ()-&FIP )(3+ 5FIP )(-3 CFIP )(39 Critical inde; +))&7)) p()7 )(3 )(2 )(3 )(3 )(3

%.3.2 )he influence effects among the variables According to theory of this research" the relations and the influence effects among the Attitude to ard entrepreneurship" environmental cognition and personal traits are supposed .y the statistical result( The result in the Ta.le 8 sho s that the personality traits did not directly affect the attitude to ard entrepreneurship significantly <QP)(2," tP2(-*" pR ()7=" .ut the personality traits could directly affect environmental cognition significantly <QP)(9*" tP9(33" pS ()7=( In addition" environmental cognition could directly affect the attitude to ard entrepreneurship" and the coefficient as )(8) <QP(8)" t P7(*" pS ()7=( The results sho that only the personal traits have indirect effects in this research model( They could affect the attitude to ard entrepreneurship through environmental cognition( The indirect influence value is )(+-<)(9*T)(8)=(

2)

According to the a.ove research results personal traits ere directly influential factors into the attitude to ard entrepreneurship and environmental cognition( Environmental cognition is a direct influential factor into the attitude to ard entrepreneurship( $oreover" personal traits are indirect influential factor on the attitude to ard entrepreneurship <)(+-U)(2,P)(92=(

Ta.le 8 The results of influence among the varia.les varia.les Direct/indirect effect /ersonality traits )(2,/)(+)()*/)()8 2(-*/9(*, )(92V )()* 7(9* )(9*V )()3 9(33 )(8) )(2) 7(*) Attitude to ard entrepreneurship

Attitude to ard Efficient value entrepreneurship Standard error t!value Total effect Efficient value Standard error t!value Environmental cognition Efficient value Standard error t!value

)(*-

)(9)(*7

FamilyBs environment Education environment Education environment Education environment Education environment Education environment Education environment Education environment

Euman relationship >oal direction

)(89 )(78

Environment !al cognition )(9* /ersonal traits )(9)(2, Attitude to ard entrepreneurship

)(*, )(8)

&eed of Achievement demand %ocus of control Creating thin6ing

)(*9 )(**

)(8)

)(*) )( )(-, )(8-

)(77 22

Fig 1 The structural e1uation model

2+

*. +onclusion and suggestions

This study tested an influential model on the attitude to ard entrepreneurship( The model as found to fit the data( $oreover" it as found that personal traits and environmental cognition ere the important factors in entrepreneurship( /revious research" such as carter et al( <+)),= and Aang ? Aong <+))9=" called for studies on entrepreneurs and students ith similar factors that affected their entrepreneurial interest and actions( Although there are some differences from previous research on personal traits" the result of this research as confirmed .y the research of >nya aii ? >ogel <2339=" and could .e e;plain .y BanduraBs Social %earning Theory( The Social learning theory e;plains human .ehavior in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction .et een cognitive" .ehavioral and environmental determinants( Accordingly" the environmental cognition could affect the individual attitude to ard entrepreneurship( The personal traits could affect the attitude to ard entrepreneurship through environmental cognition( According to the analysis result" the need for achievement" locus of control and creative thin6ing are the most important characteristics for entrepreneurship( The family" society" education and economic environment are also important factors( Ae could enhance the attitude to ard entrepreneurship in students at technological colleges and universities through entrepreneurship education( Ae could supply entrepreneurial 6no ledge to students( Ae could also promote more entrepreneurial actions and foster entrepreneurial personalities( Finally" e could provide some suggestion as .elo ( We should encourage students to attend entrepreneurial competitions and ,oin wor-shops on entrepreneurship. )hey could get more information and resources and add to their cognition of the environment. )here are two ways to help students. 2( Ae could offer students more information via the school educational system( Ae could promote students in the pursuit of achievement and innovation( The government departments" enterprises" communities and social organi4ations are the suita.le organi4ations for this assignment( +( Eold relevant lectures and classes to help students understand policies" resources and the entrepreneurial environment( Ae should teach them to analy4e the direction and chances for entrepreneurship( This could increase student confidence a.out entrepreneurship We should foster student.s positive employment attitude to improve their cognition of the environment and establish a foundation for entrepreneurship in the future. In accordance ith result of this research" the attitude to ard entrepreneurship in
2,

undergraduates is affected .y the environment( If students have a more positive employment attitude they ould to 6no a.out the environment for critical occupations( The school should re1uest that students .e responsi.le" conscientious" and pay attention to learning achievement and attend entrepreneurial directed activities( Ahen students possess a good employment attitude" this ould increase their attitude to ard entrepreneurship(

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Big!Five personality traits( 0cto.er 9" +))8" form httpD//en( i6ipedia(org/ i6i/BigWfiveWpersonalityWtraits Bird" B(" <23--=( Implementing entrepreneurial ideas The case for intentions( Academy of management Review, 13<,=" 99+!979( Boyd" &( >(" Oo4i6is" >(( S(" <2339=( The influence of self!efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions( Entrepreneurship theory and practice" 18<9=" 8,!**( Carter" &( $(" >artner" A( B(" Shaver @( >(" >ate ood E( K(" <+)),=( The career reasons of &ascent entrepreneurs( Journal of Business Venturing" 18<2=" 2,!,3( Ciavarella" $( A(" Buchholt4" A( @(" 5iordan" C( $(" >ate ood" 5( D(" Stoc6es" >( S( <+))9=( The .ig five and venture survivalD Is there a lin6ageX Journal of Business Venturing" 1 <9=" 987!9-,( Costa" /( T( Kr(" $cCrae" 5( 5(" <233+a=( Four ays five factors are .asic( !ersonality and "ndividual #ifferences" 13" 87,!887( David 0( S(" Konathan %(" Freedman" %(" Anne /( 23-8 ( $ocial psychology Eang( A(B(" trans Taipei Aunan /u.lishing Co(" %td( <In Chinese= Donald F( @(" <+))7=( The emergence of entrepreneurship educationD development" trends" and challenges( Entrepreneurship theory and practice, ,7"7**!73*( >hosh" B( C(" @ an" A(" <2338=( An analysis of 6ey success factors of S$EsD A comparative study of Shingapore/$alaysia and Australia/&e Cealand" Unpu.lished( >nya aii" D( 5(" Fogel" D(" <2339=( Environments for entrepreneurship developmentD 6ey dimension and research implications( Entrepreneurship% &heory practice" 18<9=" 9,!8+( >old.erg" %( 5(" <233)=( An alternative description of personality The .ig five factor structure( Journal of !ersonality and $ocial !sychology"' " 87,!887( >orman" >(" Eanlon" D(" @ing" A(" <233*=( Some research perspectives on entrepreneurship education and education for small .usiness managementD a ten! year literature revie ( "nternational $mall Business Journal, 1'<,=" 78!**( >reen.erg" D(B(" Se;ton( D( %( <23--=( An Interactive model of ne venture initiation( Journal of $mall Business (anagement" )*<,=" 2!*( @ourils6y" $( %(" Aalstad" A( B(" <233-=( Entrepreneurship and Female youthD 6no ledge" attitude" gender differences" and educational practices( Journal of +usiness venturing, 13<2=" **!--(

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%i" @( C(" +))) &he relationship +etween entrepreneurship orientation, mar,eting strategies and mar,et performance( Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of Chung Cheng" Chiayi" Tai an( /aul Shu(" <233,=( Entrepreneurial .ehavior" entrepreneurial research and entrepreneurship education( In %iu" C( #( <Eds(=" &he analysis of management education pro+lems in &aiwan and -hina. @aohsFungD Fu en /u.lishing Co(" %td( <In Chinese= Scott" $(" T omey" D(" <23--=( The long!term supply of entrepreneurs StudentsB career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship( Journal of $mall Business (anagement" )*<9=" 7!2,( Tsai" E( %(" <+))2=( &he relationship +etween /o+ characteristics, personality and /o+ satisfaction- $emi0conductor as E1ample( Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of Central" Taoyuan" Tai an(( Tsai" S( K(" <+))2=( A $tudy of Entrepreneur -ognition and Behavior "ntention An Application of &heory of !lanned Behavior and $ocial -ognitive &heory( Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of @aohsFung First of science and technology" @aohsFung" Tai an( Aang" C( @(" Aong" /(@(" <+))9=( Entrepreneurial interest of university students in Singapore(&echnovation, )2<+=" 28,!2*+( Aang" H( E(" <2332=( &he relationship +etween entrepreneur3s +ehavior, environment and personal characteristics. Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of Tai an" Taipei" Tai an( #u" C(" <23-3=" !ersonality( TaipeiSanmin /u.lishing Co(" %td( <In Chinese= Chang" C( J(" <233+/+))+ ( 4hang3s !sychological dictionary( TaipeiD Donghua /u.lishing Co(" %td( <In Chinese= Chang" K( S(" <2332=( &he relationship +etween Entrepreneurial +ehavior, Achievement (otivation and family +ac,ground. Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of Tai an" Taipei" Tai an(

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