SEMINAR ON BIOMOLECULAR COMPUTING
Presentation Outline
p q Basic concepts of Bio-molecules q Ori in of Biomolecular Computin q Solution for NP-Complete Pro!lems q A"#anta es of $NA Computin q Pro!lems %it& A"leman's E(periment q $NA Computers q Current researc& q Conclusion
p p
)&at is $NA*
$NA stan"s for $eo(+ri!onucleic Aci" $NA represents t&e enetic !lueprint of li#in creatures $NA contains ,instructions- for assem!lin cells E#er+ cell in &uman !o"+ &as a complete set of $NA $NA is uni.ue for eac& in"i#i"ual
Double Helix shape of DNA
T&e t%o stran"s of a $NA molecule are anti parallel %&ere eac& stran" runs in an opposite "irection/ Complementar+ !ase pairs A"enine 0 T&+mine Guanine 0 C+tosine T%o stran"s are &el" to et&er !+ %ea1 &+"ro en !on"s !et%een t&e complementar+ !ase pairs
Instructions in $NA
Se.uence to in"icate t&e start of an instruction
444
Instruction t&at tri ers 2ormone in3ection Instruction for &air cells
Instructions are coded in a sequence of the DNA bases A segment of DNA is exposed, transcribed and translated to carry out instructions
$NA $uplication
Basics an" Ori in of $NA Computin
l $NA computin is utili5in t&e propert+ of $NA for massi#el+ parallel computation/ l l )it& an appropriate setup an" enou & $NA6 one can potentiall+ sol#e &u e pro!lems !+ parallel searc&/ l l Utili5in $NA for t&is t+pe of computation can !e muc& faster t&an utili5in a con#entional computer
l Leonar" A"leman propose" t&at t&e ma1eup of $NA an" its multitu"e of possi!le com!inin nucleoti"es coul" &a#e application in computational researc& tec&ni.ues
$ense Information Stora e
T&is ima e s&o%s 7 ram of $NA on a C$/ T&e C$ can &ol" 899 MB of "ata/ T&e 7 ram of $NA can &ol" a!out 7(797: MB of "ata/
)it& !ases space" at 9/;< nm alon $NA6 "ata "ensit+ is o#er a million G!its=inc& compare" to > G!its=inc& in t+pical &i & performance 2$$/
2o% $ense is t&e Information Stora e*
C&ec1 t&is out444//
7 ram ? :(79 @7
2o% enormous is t&e parallelism*
A test tu!e of $NA can contain trillions of stran"s/ Eac& operation on a test tu!e of $NA is carrie" out on all stran"s in t&e tu!e in parallel A
C&ec1 t&is out44/ )e T+picall+ use
; (797:
Steps for A"leman's E(periment
Stran"s of $NA represent t&e se#en cities/ In enes6 enetic co"in is represente" !+ t&e letters A6 T6 C an" G/ Some se.uence of t&ese four letters represente" eac& cit+ an" possi!le fli &t pat&/ T&ese molecules are t&en mi(e" in a test tu!e6 %it& some of t&ese $NA stran"s stic1in to et&er/ A c&ain of t&ese stran"s represents a possi!le ans%er/ )it&in a fe% secon"s6 all of t&e possi!le com!inations of $NA stran"s6 %&ic& represent ans%ers6 are create" in t&e test tu!e/
A"leman's E(periment
Hamilton Path Problem
(also kno n as the tra!elling salesperson problem"
$EL 2I DOLL AM BOM BAC
TBM
C2E NNAI BGL RE Is t&ere an+ 2amiltonian pat& from DOLLAM to $EL2I*
Su!se.uentl+ logic gates can be employed usin $NA/ Lo ic ates ma"e up of $NA6 instea" of usin electrical si nals to perform lo ical functions6 rel+ on $NA co"e/ T&e+ "etect fra ments of genetic material as input6 splice to et&er t&ese fra ments an" form a sin le output/ T&e researc&ers !elie#e t&at t&ese lo ic ates mi &t !e com!ine" %it& $NA microc&ips to create a !rea1t&rou & in $NA computin /
Operations
lMeltin
!rea1in t&e %ea1 &+"ro en !on"s in a "ou!le &eli( to form t%o $NA stran"s %&ic& are complement to eac& ot&er
lAnnealin
reconnectin t&e &+"ro en !on"s !et%een complementar+ $NA stran"s
Operations ECont'"F
Mer in
mi(in t%o test tu!es %it& man+ $NA molecules
Amplification
$NA replication to ma1e man+ copies of t&e ori inal $NA molecules
Selection
elimination of errors Ee/ / mutationsF an" selection of correct $NA molecules
A"#anta es of a $NA Computer
lParallel Computing l lIncredibly light weight l lLow power
l#illions of operations simultaneously
l$enerate potential solutions
lSol es Complex Problems !uic"ly
l%fficiently handle massi e amounts of wor"ing memory
Current Researc&
E$NA
l E$NA is o!3ect oriente" an" e(tensi!le6 so t&at it can easil+ e#ol#e as t&e fiel" pro resses/ l l E$NA is t&erefore a researc& tool t&at ma1es it possi!le to use t&e a"#anta es of con#entional computin to ma1e $NA computin relia!le/ l l E$NA inclu"es rap&ical interfaces an" clic1-an"-"ra facilities to ena!le eas+ use/
$NA Aut&entication
lTai%an intro"uce" t&e %orl"Gs first $NA aut&entication c&ip/
lUse of $NA c&ips on national i"entification car"s in or"er to crac1 "o%n on frau"s usin fa1e I$ car"s/ lT&e s+nt&esi5e" $NA insi"e t&e c&ip enerates $NA si nals %&ic& onl+ t&e compan+Gs rea"ers can "etect an" aut&enticate in t%o secon"s/ l
l
$NA C&ip
)&at "e#elopments can %e e(pect*
Increase" use of molecules ot&er t&an $NA Some impact on molecular !iolo + !+ $NA computation Increase" error a#oi"ance an" "etection Cross-fertili5ation amon $NA computin 6 molecular !iolo +6 an" computation !iolo + Nic&e uses of $NA computers for pro!lems t&at are "ifficult for electronic computers
T2AND COUAAA
It %ill ta1e +ears to "e#elop a practical6 %or1a!le $NA computer/ But4Let's all &ope t&at t&is $REAM comes trueAAA
$one B+4 &ttpH==en ineerin -seminar-topics/!lo spot/com=
T2ANDS To4
lMr/ Peter Pra"eep E2O$F l l lMrs/ Sari1a G ESem/Gui"eF l l l Dasturi E/SESem/ Co/or"/F l l
