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Air gun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia 1 History 2 Use 3 Legal issues Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia 4 Air gun power sources 4.1 Spring-piston 4.2 Gas Spring 4.3 Pneumatic 4.3.1 Multi-stroke 4.3.2 Single-stroke 4.3.3 Pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) 4.4 CO2 4.4.1 Nitrogen Piston Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page 4.4.2 Safety 4.4.3 Operating considerations 5 Calibers 6 Ammunition 6.1 Pellet 6.2 BB 6.3 Shot 7 See also 8 References Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version 9 External links Contents

"Air rifle" and "Air pistol" redirect here. For other uses, see Air gun (disambiguation) An air gun is a rifle (air rifle), pistol (air pistol), or shotgun that fires projectiles by means of compressed air or other gas, in contrast to a firearm, which burns a propellant. Most air guns use metallic projectiles as ammunition. Some others use arrows.[1][2] Air guns that only use plastic projectiles are classified as airsoft guns.

History

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Air guns represent the oldest pneumatic technology. The oldest existing mechanical air gun, a bellows air gun dating back to about 1580, is in the Livrustkammaren Museum in Stockholm. This is the timeline most historians peg as the beginning of the modern air gun. In the 17th century, air guns, in calibers .30.51, were used to hunt big game deer and wild boar. These air rifles were charged using a pump to fill an air reservoir and gave velocities from 650 to 1,000 feet per second (200300 m/s). They were also used in warfare; the most famous example is the Girandoni Military Repeating Air Rifle. At that time, they had compelling advantages over the primitive firearms of the day. For example, air guns could be fired in wet weather and rain (unlike matchlock muskets) and with greater rapidity than muzzle-loading guns.[citation needed] Moreover, they were quieter than a firearm of similar caliber, had no muzzle flash, and were completely smokeless, thus not disclosing the shooter's position or obscuring his view. Black powder muskets of the 18th and 19th century produced huge volumes of dense smoke when fired, a disadvantage compared to air rifles. Although some enthusiasts suggest air guns posed a serious alternative to powder weapons, that was never proved to be the case, as valve leaks and bursting reservoirs were known problems. Air guns also were delicate, and peasant-soldiers, many of whom had never seen any mechanical tools more complex than horse-drawn carriages, could not have operated or maintained them properly.[citation needed] Later improvements in valve designs and reservoir strength either came too late or were too complex for the few air gunsmiths of the day. But in the hands of skilled soldiers, they gave the military a distinct advantage. France, Austria, Japan and other nations had special sniper detachments using air rifles. The Austrian 1780 model was named Windbchse (literally "wind rifle" in German). The gun was developed in 1778 or 1779[3] by the Tyrolese watchmaker, mechanic and gunsmith BartholomusGirandoni (17441799) and is sometimes referred to as the Girandoni Air Rifle or Girandoni air gun in literature (the name is also spelled "Girandony," "Giradoni"[4] or "Girardoni".[5]) The Windbchse was about4ft(1.2m)longandweighed10pounds(4.5kg),whichwasaboutthesamesizeandmassasaconventionalmusket.Theairreservoir was a removable, club-shaped butt. The Windbchse carried twenty-two.51in(13mm)leadballsinatubularmagazine. A skilled shooter could fire off one magazine in about thirty seconds, which was a fearsome rate of fire compared to a muzzle loader. A shot from this air gun could penetrate a one-inch wooden board at a hundred paces, an effect roughly equal to that of a modern 9 mm or .45 ACP caliber pistol. Around 1820, the Japanese inventor Kunitomo Ikkansai developed various manufacturing methods for guns, and also created an air gun based on the study of Western knowledge ("rangaku") acquired from the Dutch in Dejima. Air guns appear throughout other periods of history. The celebrated Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804) carried a reservoir air gun, later believed to be the Girandoni Military Repeating Air Rifle in Dr Robert Beeman's Collection.[citation needed] It held 22 .46 calibre round balls in a tubular magazine mounted on the side of the barrel. The butt stock served as the air reservoir and had a working pressureof800psi(5,500kPa).Theriflewassaidtobecapableof22aimedshotsin1minute.That airrifleismeasuredtohavearifledboreof0.452in(11.5mm)andagroovediameter0.462in (11.7mm). During the 1890s, air rifles were used in Birmingham, England, for competitive target shooting. Matches were held in public houses, which sponsored shooting teams. Prizes, such as a leg of mutton for the winning team, were paid for by the losing team. The sport became so popular that in
Kunitomo air gun developed by the Japanese inventor Kunitomo Ikkansai, circa 18201830.

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1899, the National Smallbore Rifle Association was created. During this time over 4,000 air rifle clubs and associations existed across Great Britain, many of them in Birmingham. During this time, the air gun was associated with poaching because it could deliver a shot without a significant report.
Kunitomo air gun trigger mechanism. Today's modern air guns are typically low-powered because of safety concerns and legal restrictions. High-powered designs are still used for hunting. These air rifles can propel a pelletbeyond1100ft/s (330m/s),approximatelythespeed of sound, and produce a noise similar to a .22 caliber rimfire rifle. Using lead pellets, some current spring powered .177 pellet guns can break the sound barrier. Most low-powered air guns can be safely fired in a backyard or garden, and even indoors, with a proper backstop.

In some countries, air guns are still classified as firearms, and as such it may be illegal to discharge them in residential areas. Air guns can be highly accurate and are used in target shooting events at the Olympic Games, governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), where they are shot at a range of 10m or 32.8 feet.

Use

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Air guns are used for hunting, pest control, recreational shooting (commonly known as plinking), and competitive sports, such as the Olympic 10 m Air Rifle and 10 m Air Pistol events. Field Target (FT) is a competitive form of target shooting in which the targets are knock-down metal silhouettes of animals, with a 'kill zone' cut out of the steel plate. Hunter Field Target (HFT) is a variation, using identical equipment, but with differing rules. The distances FT and HFT competitions are shot at range between 10 and 50 metres (33 and 160 ft), with varying sizes of 'reducers' being used to increase or decrease the size of the kill zone. In the UK, competition power limits are set at the legal maximum for an unlicensedairrifle,i.e.12ftlbf(16J).

Legal issues
Main article: Air gun laws The legal definition of an air gun differs from country to country. There may be minimum ages for possession and sales of both air guns and ammunition may be restricted. Some areas may require permits checks similar to those required for firearms possession.

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Air gun power sources

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There are different methods of powering an air gun. These methods can be broadly divided into 3 groups: spring-piston, pneumatic, and CO2.

Spring-piston
Spring-piston air guns are able to achieve muzzle velocities near or greater than the speed of sound from a single stroke of a cocking lever or the barrel itself. The difficulty of the cocking stroke is usually related to the power of the gun, with higher muzzle velocities requiring greater effort. Spring-piston guns operate by means of a coiled steel spring-loaded piston contained within a compression chamber, and separate from the barrel. Cocking the gun causes the piston assembly to compress the spring until a small hook on the rear of the piston engages the sear; pulling the trigger releases the sear and allows the spring to decompress, pushing the piston forward, thereby compressing the air in the chamber Single shot, break barrel, spring-piston air rifle directly behind the pellet. Once the air pressure has risen enough to overcome any static friction and/or barrel restriction holding the pellet, the pellet moves forward, propelled by an expanding column of air. All this takes place in a fraction of a second, during which the air undergoes adiabatic heating to several hundred degrees and then cools as the air expands.

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Spring-pistongunshaveapracticalupperlimitof1250ft/s(380m/s)for.177cal(4.5mm)pellets.Highervelocitiescauseunstablepelletflight and loss of accuracy. This is due to the shock wave generated as the super sonic pellet contacts the air. Shortly after leaving the barrel, the pellet falls below the speed of sound and the shock wave overtakes the pellet, causing it to tumble. Drag increases rapidly as pellets are pushed past the speed of sound, so it is generally better to increase pellet weight to keep velocities subsonic in high-powered guns. Sonic crack from the pellet as it moves with supersonic speed also makes the shot louder sometimes making it possible to be mistaken for firearm discharge and drawing unwanted attention. Many shooters have found that velocities in the 800900 ft/s (240270 m/s) range offer an ideal balance between power and pellet stability. Most spring piston guns are single-shot breech-loaders by nature, but multiple-shot guns have become more common in recent years. Spring guns are typically cocked by a mechanism requiring the gun to be hinged at the mid-point (called a break barrel), with the barrel serving as a cocking lever. Other systems that are used include side levers, under-barrel levers, and motorized cocking, powered by a rechargeable battery. Spring guns, especially high-powered ones, have significant recoil resulting from the forward motion of the piston. Although this recoil is less than that of a cartridge firearm, it can make the gun difficult to shoot accurately as the recoil forces are well under way while the pellet is still traveling down the barrel. Most guns seem to respond well to a light, repeatable grip that allows the gun to vibrate the same way from shot to shot. This method is commonly referred to as the "artillery hold",[7] in reference to the way large military artillery pieces like the M777 howitzer often recoil. Spring gun recoil also has a sharp forward component, caused by the piston as it hits the forward end of the chamber when the spring behind it reaches full expansion. This sudden forward acceleration helps to counteract the recoil, since the recoil and "forward recoil" forces happen within milliseconds of each other, but it is infamous for the loosening or breaking of lenses and reticles found in low- and mediumpriced telescopic sights. All mounted telescopic sights for air guns should be rated as such. Spring guns can also suffer from spring vibrations that reduce accuracy. These vibrations can be controlled by adding features like close-fitting spring guides or by aftermarket tuning done by "air-gunsmiths" who specialize in air gun modifications. A common modification is the addition of viscous silicone grease to the spring, which both lubricates it and dampens vibration. The better quality spring air guns can have very long service lives, being simple to maintain and repair. Because they deliver the same energy on each shot, their trajectory is consistent. Most Olympic air gun matches through the 1970s and into the 1980s were shot with spring-piston guns, often of the opposing-piston recoil-eliminating type. Beginning in the 1980s, guns powered by compressed, liquefied carbon dioxide began to dominate competition. Today, the guns used at the highest levels of competition are powered by compressed air stored at very high pressures of 2000to3000psi(14to21MPa).[citation needed]

Gas Spring

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Some makes of air rifle (e.g. Weihrauch, Theoben) incorporate a gas spring in some models instead of a mechanical spring. Pressurized air or nitrogen is held in a chamber built into the piston, and this air is further pressurized when the gun is cocked. It is, in effect, a gas spring commonly referred to as a "gas ram" or "gas strut". Gas spring units require higher precision to build, since they require a low friction sliding seal that can withstand the high pressures when cocked. Gas spring units are available as an upgrade for some popular models such as the Weirauch HW80, the Crosman 766C American Classic air rifle and the Arowsmith 876 Magnum rifle. The advantages of the gas spring include the facility to keep the rifle cocked and ready to fire for long periods of time without harming the mechanism. Also, since there is no spring (and therefore a reduction in moving mass during firing) there is less (although some say slightly sharper) recoil. There is also an elimination of the associated problems of long-term spring fatigue and a faster "lock time" (the time between pulling the trigger and the pellet being discharged). The improvement in lock time makes for better accuracy since there is less time for the gun to move off target. Finally, gas springs are practically maintenance free and last longer than conventional metal springs (research test ch1208); they are an order of magnitude more expensive when they do need replacement.

Pneumatic

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Pneumatic air guns utilize pre-compressed air as the source of energy to propel the projectile. Single-stroke and multi-stroke guns utilize an on board pump to pressurize the air in their reservoir, Pre-charged Pneumatic guns' reservoirs are filled using either a high-pressure hand pump (often capable of attaining pressures of 30 MPa) or by decanting the necessary volume/pressure of air from a diving cylinder. Because of this design, having no significant movement of heavy mechanical parts during the firing cycle, the recoil produced is only the "true" recoil, equivalent to the equal and opposite reaction to the pellet and air volume's acceleration up the bore.

Multi-stroke

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Multi-Stroke pneumatic air guns require 210 pumps of an on-board lever to store compressed air within the air gun. Variable power can be achieved through this process, as the user can adapt the power level for long, or short-range shooting. The design of higher quality and matchgrade multi-strokeairriflescanpropelapellettospeedsinexcessof1,000feetpersecond(300m/s)[citation needed]. For beginners and intermediates, multi-stroke air rifles have been a cost-effective choice as they are generally the cheapest form of air gun available. Several manufacturers make multi-stroke air guns including, to name a few, Sheridan, Benjamin, Daisy, and Crosman. Modified multipump guns, with stronger pump linkages and improved valves, can produce muzzle energies in excess of 30 foot-poundsforce(41J)
[citation needed]

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Single-stroke
As the name implies, one motion of the cocking lever is all that is needed to compress the air for propulsion. The single-pump system is usually found in target rifles and pistols, where the higher muzzle energy of a multi-stroke pumping system is not required. Single-stroke pneumatic rifles dominated the national and international ISSF 10 metre air rifle shooting events from the 1970s up to the 1990s.

The Walther LGR single-stroke pneumatic match air rifle.

Pre-charged pneumatic (PCP)

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Pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) air guns are usually filled by decanting from an air reservoir, such as a diving cylinder or by charging directly with a hand pump. Because of the need for cylinders or charging systems, PCP guns have higher initial costs but very low operating costs compared to CO2 guns. These guns are often used for hunting purposes in countries with restrictive firearms laws. A distinction is sometimes made between true PCP guns and high pressure air (HPA) guns. The distinction being that true PCP guns are an integrated high pressure design while an HPA application is an adaptation of a high pressure, regulated air supply to function with components not designed for high pressuree.g. CO2 guns. The RWS/Hammerli 850 is a CO2 designed gun, which is often adapted to HPA. PCP guns have very low recoil and can fire as many as 500 shots per charge. The ready supply of air has allowed the development of semiautomatic and fully automatic[8] PCP air guns. PCP guns are very popular in the UK and Europe because of their accuracy and ease of shooting. They are widely utilized in ISSF 10 metre air pistol and rifle shooting events and the sport of Field Target shooting,[9] and fitted with telescopic sights. Earlier hand pumps for charging carried with them problems of fatigue (both human and mechanical), temperature warping, and condensation. None of those is beneficial to good shooting or the longevity of the rifle. Modern hand pumps have built-in air filtration systems and have overcome many of these problems. Using scuba-quality air decanted from a scuba cylinder also provides a clean, dry, high-pressure air supply that is consistent and available at low cost. During the typical PCP's discharge cycle, the hammer of the rifle is released by the sear to strike the valve. The hammer may move rearwards or forwards, unlike firearms where the hammer almost always moves forward. Prior to being struck by the hammer, the valve is held closed by a spring and the pressure of the air in the reservoir. The pressure of the spring is constant, and the pressure of the air decreases with each successive shot. As a result, when the reservoir pressure is at its peak, the valve opens less fully and closes faster than when the reservoir pressure is lower, resulting in a similar total volume of air flowing past the valve with each shot. This results in a degree of self-regulation that gives a greater consistency of velocity from shot to shot than would otherwise be expected. A well-designed PCP will display good selfregulation properties, meaning good shot to shot consistency over a range of pressures as the air reservoir is diminished. More expensive PCP rifles and pistols are often pressure regulated, i.e. the firing valve operates within a secondary chamber separated from the main air reservoir by the regulator body. The regulator maintains pressure within this secondary chamber at a set pressure lower than the main reservoir's. This occurs until the main reservoir's pressure is diminished to the set pressure, after which the PCP behaves in an unregulated manner. Thus shot to shot consistency is maintained for longer than in an unregulated rifle, at the expense of efficiency, shots per fill and often at a lower velocity.

An example of a Benelli Kite pre-charged pneumatic air pistol, as used in 10 metre air pistol ISSF shooting events.

CO2
Most CO2 guns (e.g. Beretta Elite II) use a disposable cylinder, a powerlet, that is purchased often pre-filledwith12gramsofpressurizedcarbon dioxide, although some, usually more expensive models, use larger refillable CO2 reservoirs like those typically used with paintball markers. Carbon dioxide-powered guns have two significant advantages over pre-charged pneumatic air guns:

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A Gamo Extreme CO2 air gun with accessories.

1. A simpler system for compact storage of energya small volume of liquid converts to a large volume of pressurized gas. 2. No pressure regulator. Within a temperature range tolerable to humans there is little need to regulate the inherently suitable pressure for low-to-moderate-power air guns. The vapor pressure is dependent only on temperature, not tank size, as long as some liquid CO2 remains in the reservoir. These two advantages allow CO2 guns to be constructed more simply than guns using a pressurized air reservoir. Some CO2-powered guns have detachable or fixed reservoirs that are loaded with pressurized gas from a larger cylinder. Most CO2 powered guns use the standard 12gramPowerletdisposablecylinderinventedbyCrosman.Recently,thesamecompanyintroducedanew88gramdisposableAirSource cylinder that is used in some of their guns. On the other hand, liquefied CO2 must be purchased, which introduces an element of cost that does not factor with a PCP gun/hand pump combination using "free" air, or is at least considerably lower when refilling from a diver's tank. Furthermore, the pressure of gaseous CO2 at ordinary ambient temperatures is only around 8501000 psi (6 to 7 MPa), which is only a third of the safe working pressure of a typical full PCP reservoir (20 MPa or 2900 psi or more). The effect of this is that generally speaking CO2 guns are lower powered and less efficient than PCP guns, which is why CO2 guns are usually pistols or semi-target type rifles, with few guns (none of commercialnote)reachingeventhe12ftlbf(16J)licence-free energy limit for air rifles imposed in the UK. CO2 guns, like compressed air guns, offer power for repeated shots in a compact package without the need for complex cocking or filling mechanisms. The ability to store power for repeated shots also means that repeating arms are possible. There are many replica revolvers and semi-automatic pistols on the market that use CO2 power. These guns are popular for training, as the guns and ammunition are inexpensive, safe to use, and no specialized facilities are needed for safety. In addition, they can be purchased and owned in areas where firearms possession is either strictly controlled, or banned outright. Most CO2 powered guns are relatively inexpensive, although there are still a few precision target guns on the market that use CO2. The CO2 system has been used in experimental non-lethal law enforcement weapons, where high power delivery systems launch rubber batons or bean bags out of a gas-powered launcher, much like a non-lethal shotgun system (but at lower velocities, thus being safer).

Nitrogen Piston

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In recent years the development of air Guns using a Nitrogen powered ram have become ever more dominant in the air gun market. These springs replace a traditional metal spring, which are subject to fatigue. Nitrogen is an inert gas, which has several benefits to the performance of the gun. It is less affected by fatigue and can be left cocked for a longer period of time. Nitrogen springs are also less affected by temperature, which allows the gun to perform more consistently in cold weather. Nitrogen springs tend to reduce the amount of vibration and noise produced while firing. Nitrogen springs and metal springs tend to be equally powerful in most air guns.

Safety
For safety, CO2containersmustbekeptattemperaturesbelow120F(49C)attemperaturesabovethislevel,thepressurebeginsto increase very rapidly, and can cause the container to fail. CO2containerswithdiametersatorabovetwoinches(50mm)haveapressure

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release "rupture" mechanism to release the contents over a certain pressure level and avoid explosion because of high temperature. These disks are generally calibrated to a minimum pressure corresponding to the 120F (49C) level at 100% of the rated CO2 capacity. Elevated temperatures, even those below the critical temperature, can cause increased leaking through seals.

Operating considerations

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Re-filling Forcing more carbon dioxide gas into a reservoir of liquid and gas CO2 while maintaining a constant temperature would not raise the pressure but merely convert the additional gas into liquid. By chilling the vessel to be filled, the lower vapor pressure will pull CO2 from the source container. While the pressure in the reservoir is generally dependent only on the temperature, if the bottle is too full, that changes. The expansion of the liquid CO2 will take up all the space in the bottle, preventing evaporation. At this point, the pressure increase with temperature becomes dangerously high.[10] Cooling Each time the gun is fired there is rapid evaporation of liquid to gas, which is an endothermic process in which the pressure drops until enough ambient heat is absorbed to restore the pressure. When shooting at a rate faster than the cylinder can absorb heat from the environment to counter the cooling of the evaporating liquid, the pressure will drop, and the velocity is likely to drop as well in a non-regulated gun.

Calibers
The most common air gun calibers are:

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.177(4.5mm):themostcommoncaliber,alsousedinISSF shooting events at the Olympic Games, it has the flattest trajectory of all the calibers for a given energy level, making accuracy simpler. As well as its very effective targetry use, this caliber can be effectively used to hunt small quarry or vermin. .20(5.0mm):foundinsomeEuropeanairgunsandthosemanufacturedbytheAmerican air gun manufacturer Sheridan. This is generally considered to be a "compromise caliber", having a flatter trajectory similar to the .177 but more energy retention. .20" pellets tend to be of a similar weight to .22" pellets, but with an elongated profile, resulting in a higher Ballistic Coefficient (BC) than either .177 or .22 pellets. .22(5.5mm&5.6mm):themostcommoncaliberforhuntingsmallgame,asitdeliverslargeamountsofenergyonimpact. .25(6.35mm):thelargestcommonlyavailablecaliber.Thiscaliberisrenownedforitsimpact,havingthemostenergyretentionofall calibers. It does have a highly parabolic trajectory at low energy levels and is thus more suited for higher powered rifles. .357 Found in certain new crosman PCP airguns. Custom air gun manufacturers regularly produce air rifles in common muzzle loadingcalibers,suchas.45(11.43mm),.50(12.7mm),.58 (14.5mm)somerecentlybuiltcustomairgunsareevenlarger,20mm(0.79")or.87(22.1mm).

Ammunition
Pellet
Main article: Pellet (air gun) The most popular ammunition used in rifled air guns is the lead diabolo pellet. This waisted projectile is hollowed at the base and available in a variety of head styles. The diabolo pellet is designed to be drag stabilized, though is not as stable as some other shapes in the transonic region (272408m/s~8931340ft/s).Pelletsarealsomanufacturedfromtin,oracombination [edit]

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of materials such as steel-tipped plastic. Mostairgunsare.177(4.5mm)or.22(5.5mm/5.6mm),andaredesignedfortargetpractice, small game hunting and field target shooting. Cost per round is less than $0.02 (US) for Olympic-quality ammunition, and far less for cheaper grades. Though less common, .20 and .25 caliber(5.0mmand6.4mm)gunsalsoexistandareusedpredominantlyforhunting.

A .177 caliber "Wadcutter" pellet next to a stick of chewing gum.

BB
Main article: BB gun

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The BB was once the most common air gun ammunition in the USA. A BB is a small ball, typically madeofsteelwithacopperorzincplating,of4.5mm/.177"diameter.Lead"RoundBalls"are manufacturedinnumerouscaliberstootheseareoften4.5mm/.177"diameteranddesignedforuse in .177 caliber rifled guns normally used for shooting pellets. Steel BBs can be acceptably accurate at short distances when fired from properly designed BB guns with smoothbore barrels. Due to the hardness of the steel, they can not "take" to rifled barrels, which is why they are undersized(4.4against4.5mm)toallowthemtobeusedin.177"rifledbarrels,whichwhenusedin this configuration can in effect be considered smoothbore, but with a poorer gas-seal. Were they 4.5mmdiameter,theywouldjaminthebore.ThereforeBB'slackthespinstabilizationrequiredfor long-range accuracy, and usage in any but the cheapest rifled guns is discouraged.

Steel BBs coated with copper and nickel

Typically BBs are used for indoor practice, casual outdoor plinking, training children, or for air gun enthusiasts who like to practice, but cannot afford high-powered air gun systems that use pellets. Some shotgunners use sightless BB rifles to train in instinctive shooting. Similar guns were also used briefly by the United States Army in a Vietnam-era instinctive shooting program called "Quick Kill" (Time magazine, Friday, July 14, 1967).

Shot
column.[11][12]

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Rare air shotguns use individually loaded shot-shells which carry a small amount of shot in front of a wad which provides a seal behind the shot

See also
List of air guns Air gun laws Airsoft guns BB gun Blowgun Field Target Girandoni Air Rifle Gun safety Gun Quarter Hunter Field Target Marksmanship Pellet Manufacturer J.G.Anschtz BSA eskZbrojovkaUherskBrod Crosman Daisy Outdoor Products DIANA Mayer & Grammelspacher Feinwerkbau Gamo Steyr Sportwaffen GmbH Umarex Walther Webley & Scott Weihrauch

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References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ^ Swivel Machine Airrow Stealth ^ Mag Air 1180 ^ Arne Hoff, Airguns and Other Pneumatic Arms, Arms & Armour Series, London, 1972 ^ L.Wesley, Air Guns and Air Pistols, London 1955 ^ H.L.Blackmore, Hunting Weapons, London 1971 ^ Ben Saltzman. "The Three Basic Types of Airguns" . American Airguns. Retrieved 2007-09-14. ^ "A well-made .22-caliber air rifle that really packs a punch" , Tom Gaylord ^ Caselman explorations .30 cal air machine gun ^ American Airgun Field Target Association ^ World And Regional Paintball Information Guide ^ Holt Bodinson (July 2007), "Ready for an air shotgun? It's surprisingly powerful and versatile" ^ Holt Bodinson (May 2003), "Gun show treasure - Shotgunner" , Guns Magazine , Guns Magazine

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External links

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Robert Beeman's History of Airguns Modern Airgun and Air Rifle Technology, & Sport Trev's Airgun Scrapbook http://www.cinedux.com Categories: Air guns Hunting equipment Pneumatic weapons Rifles
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