1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER SOAP
What is soap? Soa# is so"i!m sa%t or #otassi!m sa%t o$ %ong&c'ain $att( aci"s. General formula RCOONa) or
# at is fatty acids$
RCOO*)
R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can b sat!rat " or !nsat!rat ". [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound] The history of soap manufacturing
Soaps can be prepared t rou!
sa#oni$ication"
What is saponification? +' sa#oni$ication #roc ss is t' #roc ss o$ '("ro%i(,ing $ats or oi% !n" r a%-a%in con"itions.
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Therefore, +' sa#oni$ication #roc ss in0o%0 s boi%ing $ats or oi%s 1it' conc ntrat " so"i!m '("ro2i" to #ro"!c g%(c ro% an" t' so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci"s or soa#s. General equation
Fats.oi%s ) conc ntrat " a%-a%is / soa# ) g%(c ro%
What is fat? Fats.oi%s ar nat!ra% st r t'at #ro"!c b( combination o$ $att( aci" 1it' g%(c ro%. What happen to the fat during saponification? Fats.oi%s !n" rgo s '("ro%(sis in a%-a%i con"ition an" t' n br a- !# to $att( aci" an" g%(c ro%. +' n3 $att( aci" 1i%% Al)aline ydrolysis r act 1it' a%-a%i to $orm so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci" 4soa#5. Consider this reaction; %ats&oil in concentrated sodium ydro'ide %atty acid ( !lycerol %atty acid ( al)ali&sodium ion sodium salt fatty acid&soap ( *ater O+erall, %ats&oil ( al)ali&sodium ion soap ( !lycerol
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1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Preparation of soap by saponification
STEP 1, Palm oil and concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution
is poured into a bea)er0 eated0 stirred until it boilin! [t e layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled"
Glass rod /ea)er Palm oil .oncentrated sodium ydro'ide solution
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#ire !au1e /unsen burner
Tripod stand
STEP -, #ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium c loride *as added0
boiled a!ain and cooled" # ite precipitate is formed Spatula and floats on t e surface of t e mi'ture"
Sodium c loride Precipitation of soap is float
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Distilled *ater 2i'ture of fatty acids0 salts and *ater
Sodium c loride reduces t e solubility of soap in *ater0 t erefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats"
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1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
STEP 3, 2i'ture is filtered by filter paper"
%ilter paper Residue 4soap5
2i'ture of fatty acids0 salts and *ater %ilter funnel .onical flas)
%iltrate
STEP 6, Solid soap is *as ed *it distilled *ater to remo+e
e'cess al)ali and salt"
Residue 4soap5
Distilled *ater
%iltrate
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Proc "!r : 1" 17 cm3 of palm oil is measured *it measurin! cylinder 17ml and poured into a bea)er -87ml" -" 87 cm3 of concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution 8 mol dm9 3 measured *it measurin! cylinder 87ml and poured in t e bea)er" 3" T e mi'ture is eated and stirred *it !lass rod until its boilin! for 8 minutes" T en0 t e flame is turned off and t e mi'ture is left to cool" 6" 87 cm3 *ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium c loride *as added to t e mi'ture and boiled a!ain for 8 minutes" T en0 t e flame is turned off and t e mi'ture is left to cool" [1'it #r ci#itat is $orm " an" $%oats]" 8" T e mi'ture is filtered *it filter paper0 and t e residue 4soap5 is *as ed by distilled *ater" Example
Pa%m oi% ) so"i!m '("ro2i" / so"i!m #a%mitat ) g%(c ro%
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Soap Sodium palmitate Sodium stearate Sodium oleat
. emical formula .:34.:-516.OONa .:34.:-51;.OONa .:34.:-5.:<.:4.:-5.OO=
Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium!
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
7E+ER8EN+
What is detergent? 7 t rg nt is so"i!m sa%t $or s!%#'onic aci". S!%#'onic aci" is an organic aci" 1it' c'ain % ngt's o$ 12 to 18 carbon # r mo% c!% . T"o common detergent; i" Sodium al)yl sulp ate R O
O 9 S 9 O
O: Na)
ii" Sodium al)ylben1ene sulp onate R O 9 S 9 O O: Na)
#$ represent hydrocarbon chain that contain %& to %' carbon(
Types of deter!ent 4a5 Anionic deter!ent 4b5 .ationic deter!ent 4c5 Non9ionic deter!ent
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1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Sodium al)yl sulp ate ? Sodium al)ylben1ene sulp onate are anionic deter!ent" PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB SABP:ATE Step 1, Sulp onation
Step -, Neutrali1ation T e al)yl sulp onic acid is neutrali1ed by usin! sodium ydro'ide"
A%-(% s!%#'onic aci"
So"i!m '("ro2i"
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB/ENEENE SABP:ONATE Step 1, Al)ylation
Long c'ain a%- n Step -, Sulp onation
A%-(% b n, n
Conc ntrat " s!%#'!ric aci"
Step 3, Neutrali1ation
) NaOH
So"i!m '("ro2i" So"i!m a%-(%b n, n s!%#'onat ;7<
Na)
=at r
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