THE REFERENCES

Phylum Porifera (Sponge)

Sponge ( Latin : porous = pore, fer = carry) or sponge is
a porous or animal phyla for animals simplest multicellular.
The characteristics of morphology , among others:
porous body (ostium)
multicellular
Sponge body asymmetry (irregular), although there is a radial symmetry.
shaped like a tube, vase, bowl, or plant
color varies
not move (sessile)
The characteristics of anatomy , among others:
has three types of water channels, namely askonoid, sikonoid, and leukonoid
in intracellular digestion in koanosit and amoebosit
Living sponges heterotrophs. The food is bacteria and plankton . Foods that enter the body in liquid
form so that the Sponge is also known asliquid-eaters. Habitat sponges generally at sea .
Reproduction
Sponge perform reproduction is asexual or sexual . Asexual reproduction occurs with the formation of
shoots and gemmule. Gemmule also called internal bud. Gemmule generated ahead of winter in the
body sponges that live in freshwater. Sexually by means of fusion of sperm with ovum, fertilization
occurs outside the body sponges.
Role of sponges in the life
Some species such as sponges Spongia and Hippospongia can be used as a sponge bath.
Release of chemicals that have the potential to treat cancer and other diseases.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera


Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Coelenterata have a large cavity in the middle of his body that functions like the intestine in
these animals a high level. Cavity is called the cavity Gastrovaskuler. Radial symmetry of her body
and there is tentacle around her mouth that serves to capture and incorporate food into his
body. Leaves tentacles equipped Knidoblas cells that contain poison sting called Nematokis (hollow
characteristic of the animal).
Body wall consisting of 2 layers of institutions, namely:
1. Outer ectoderm =
2. Endoderm = part in
Between these two layers there is a thin layer called Mesoglea. Because the body wall consists of
two layers of the animal's body is called Animal Coelenterata Diploblastik Most live in the ocean
unless hydra sp. and several other types. The animal has two phases of body shapes and the polyp
phase is phase Medusa. Polyp is a phase when the animals attached to a substrate (can not move)
while the medusa is the phase when the animals can move freely.
The classes are included in the phylum Coelenterata are:
HYDROZOA = Examples of the type of class is Hydra, which live in fresh water. The tip is located
where the mouth is called oral tip while attached to the base is called end Aboral.Mode of
reproduction of animals is called is by vegetative and generative. Another example is Obelia.
SCYPOZOA = Most of life in the form of medusa. Polyps form only at the level of the
larvae.Examples of these classes is the type of Aurelia sp. (Jellyfish ears) are often washed up on
beaches. Larvae disebu t Planula, later became known as polyps
Skifistoma. From skifistoma formed medusa called Efira.
ANTHOZOA = Does not have a medusa form (throughout his life = polyp).
Examples of these classes is the type of sea anemone (Cribinopsis fernaldi). Having a simple
breathing apparatus called Sifonoglifa.
CTENOPHORA = The only thing that does not have mematokis Coelenterata.

http://cafebelajar.com/phylum-coelenterata.html



Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworm Phylum comes from the Greek, Platy is Flat and Helminthesare worms. That's why Worms
Phylum Flatworm called Flat.Flatworm is Triploblastik animals (three layers of the body) consisting of
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Flatworm not have a body cavity (coelomic), so they called
animal aselomata. This worm can live freely and can live parasites. Platyhelmintes phylum consists of
four classes namely Turbelaria, Trematoda, Cestoda, and Monogenea.
Turbellaria (hairy worm shakes)
Turbellaria is Platihelminthes who have cilia (hair shakes) on the surface of the body that serves as a
means of motion. One example is Dugesia turbellaria.Body shape the front (anterior) Dugesia
triangular and there are a pair of eye spots. Eye spots that serves as a distinctive dark and
light. Dugesia also has a sense of smell is called the auricle that function when looking for food.
Trematoda (Worms suction)
Trematoda called worms suck because this worm has a sucker on the front (anterior) body. Suction
device is used to stick to the host body. Trematoda an animal parasite, he took food fluids or tissues
of its host when he attached.One example is trematoda Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola hepatica has a
complex life cycle because it involves at least two hosts. The main host and host an intermediary.
Cestoda (tapeworm)
Cestoda tapeworms called because its shape is like a long flat ribbon composed of parts skoleks,
neck, and proglotid. In vacuum there skoleks and hooks (rostelum). Vacuum and hooks used to
attach the host's body. In the back of the neck formed skoleks proglotid. Each proglotid contain male
and female sex organs. The main host Cestoda adult worms are vertebrate, including
humans. Cestoda parasites and suck the juice in the small intestine ingangnya food.
Flatworm body shape is flat-shaped bilateral symmetry with platyhelmintes size is very diverse,
ranging from almost microscopic to 20 meters in length. With the digestive system in Flatworm
consists of the mouth, pharynx and intestine.Because Flatworm do not have the anus, the digestive
system digestive system Flatworm called a hole. Flatworm also do not have a system of respiration
and excretion. Respiratory done by the whole body platyhelmintes. Circulation of food is not through
blood but through the intestine. Digestive system starts from the mouth, pharynx, and continued into
the esophagus. On the back of the throat have intestines that has branches throughout the
body. Thus, in addition to digesting food, the gut also distribute food to the entire body.
Platyhelmintes can reproduce sexually, asexually or both. Some turbelaria reproduce asexually by
germination or the fission, and there are also organisms that reproduce sexually by interbreeding,
although these animals classified as hermaphrodites.
http://kartaj09.student.ipb.ac.id/2010/09/28/filum-coeleonterata/


Phylum Nemathelminthes
1. General Characteristics

a. Definition
Nemathelminthes (in greek language, NEMA = yarn, helminthes = worms)
referred to as worms gilig because his body elliptical or
like yarn. Nemathelminthes already have a cavity though tub uh
not a true body cavity.

Adult worms have pseudocoelom (tube in tube), a space
fluid-filled closed serves as the framework of hydrostatic, help
in the circulation and spread of food nutrients. Therefore a cavity
fictitious body, called the animal Nemathelminthes Pseudoselomata.




Phylum Nemathelminthes consists of miraculous hundred thousand species, mostly
live free, although some are parasites. Nematodes lacking in the circulatory system
but has the digestive system is well developed.
b. Body Structure
Nemathelminthes generally microscopic, despite his long and 1
meter. Individual female larger than male individuals. Body elliptical
or like threads with a tapered ends.

Nemathelminthes coated surface of the body cuticle to protect
themselves. Cuticle is stronger on parasitic worms that live in the
host rather than free-living. Cuticle serves to protect from the host's
digestive enzymes.
Nemathelminthes have percenaan complete system consists of
mouth, pharynx, intestine, and anus. Mouth located on the anterior
end, while the anus located on the posterior end. Some have hooks
on mulutnya.Nemathelminthes Nemathelminthes has no blood
vessels. Food circulated throughout the body via fluid in
pseudoselom.Nemathelminthes do not have the respiratory
system,breathing is done through body surface diffusion. Male and
female reproductive organs separately in different individuals.
Nemathelminthes free-living or parasitic in humans, animals and plants. Free-
living Nemathelminthes role as decomposers of organic waste, while the
parasites obtained in the form of food nutrients and blood from its host
body. Worm habitat is in the muddy ground and on the basis of fresh or marine
waters. Nemathelminthes parasite living in their host.
c. Proliferation
Nemathelminthes generally reproduce sexually. The reproductive
system is gonokoris, namely male and female sex organs separately
in different individuals. Fertilization occurs internally. Egg fertilization
results may form cysts and the cysts can survive in unfavorable
environments.

2. Classification
Nemathelminthes divided into two classes: Nematoda and Nematophora. In the
following description will discuss several species of nematodes that are parasitic
to humans
a. Ascaris lumbricoides (stomach worms)
Ascaris is one example gilig parasitic worms, do not have a segmented body
and having a smooth outer wall, moves with a motion like a whip. This worm
lives in the human intestine thus often called stomach worms.

Ascaris lumbricoides is dioseus animals, ie animals with different sexes, not
hemafrodit. Ascaris lumbricoides only reproduce sexually.Ascaris lumbricoides
male has a pair of hook-shaped tool that pops up from the anus is called
spicules. Spicules serve to open the genital pore bretina worms and sperm
transfer during mating.
This worm infections ascariasis causing disease or worms, usually in
children. These infections occur when consuming food or beverages
contaminated Ascaris eggs.
Adult worms produce eggs that will mature in the ground, when ingested eggs
in person, the larvae will pierce the intestinal wall, moves to the liver, heart
and / or lungs.
A moment in the lungs, the larvae change the skin, after ten days to migrate
through the airways to the throat where they will be swallowed. In the small
intestine adult worms mate and females hoard eggs to be released out with
feces. Eggs in feces must reach the mouth of another person to start a new
cycle.
b. Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
This worm hookworm called because found in the mining area mine tropis.Cacing
can live as parasites by absorbing blood and body fluids in the small intestine
manusia.Cacing has a smaller body size of the worm Ancylostoma perut.Cacing
mine has a curved edge forming the anterior capsule mouth with 1 -4 pairs of
hooks or teeth on the side of chitin chitin ventralnya.Kait serves to stick to the
intestinal hookworm inangnnya.Pada male posterior end there kopulasi.Alat
exchange is used to capture and hold the female worms when the female has a
vulva kawin.Cacing ( external genital organs) located near the center of the
body.


c. Oxyuris vermicularis (pinworm)
This worm is called pinworms because the size is very small.approximately 10 -
15 mm. Pinworms live in the large intestine human. Pinworms do not cause a
dangerous disease but quite disturbing. Pinworm infection is not me
perantara.Telur need the worms can swallow when we eat food contaminated
by worm eggs ini.Pengulangan cycle of pinworm infection in autoinfeksi, which
made this ole self. Patient sufferer lay eggs in the anus and cause intense
gatal.Jika sufferers often scratch at the anus and not maintain the cleanliness
of hands, the pinworm infection will occur again.

d. Wuchereria bancrofti (hair worms) worms also called worm filaria. Place
hair of his life in this limfa.Cacing vessels causes the disease elephantiasis
(elefantiasis), which is swelling due to fluid accumulation tubuh. The hurt in
lymphatic vessels are clogged by filarial worms in large quantities . filarial
worm enters the body through the bite of Culex mosquitoes are numerous in
the tropics.

e. Trichinella spiralis
These worms live in human muscle and cause disease trikhinosis or muscle
damage. Humans infected with this worm by eating meat not cooked properly.
Adult female worms pierce the intestine walls, the living descendants carried by
the bloodstream to the skeletal muscles then become cysts.
3. Role
Nemathelminthes role for human life nothing is economically beneficial
and even harmful. Nemathelminthes mostly parasites in humans, plants
and animals
http://hermanypk.blogspot.com/2010/03/filum-nemathelminthes.html






Phylum Annelida

Another worm phyla are annelids (annular ring means
small), meaning that this form of worms like rings or bracelets. Members of this phylum are
earthworms.
Morphology and Physiology of annelids
Srtruktur annelid body has a higher level than
with another. Worms are already having a real cavity called triplobastik
selomata. Bersegmen her shape-segment is covered by cuticle, composed by small bands
that are restricted to the bulkhead is shaped like a ring or bracelet. If the worm was cut into
two equal parts, then the shape of her body bilateral symmetry.
These annelids have a digestive system that is perfect mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop,
small intestine, and anus. It also has a system of nefridia excretion. Respirasinya through the
body surface or gills. In each segment there is an organ of excretion, the nervous system
and reproductive system.
Breeding Annelid
How annelid worms reproduce? In the adult worms will happen thickening of the epidermis,
called klitelum. This tool can be used for copulation and will result in the glands that make
up a very strong layer of mucus to form a cocoon, ie containers that have been fertilized
egg.
Although this is hemaprodit annelids, but at the time of conception should be performed on
two individuals with each other to provide the sperm that is stored in receptaculum
seminis. After completion of the marriage, the cocoon will be pulled out and contain items
that have been fertilized egg.
Annelid Types
if you touch the surface of the worm body feels this will be like a thorn / fine hair
called the seta. Seta is useful for moving. On the basis of presence or absence of seta, the
phylum is divided into classes of Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.
Polychaeta
As the name implies, these worms haired many groups. Each segment is equipped with
parapodia, which is a kind of legs that are on the right side and left her body. Head can be
seen clearly and bermata.Anggota species of worms of this type most of the other worms.
In this worm, genitalia of male and female worms can already differentiated, ciliated larvae,
and can move freely called trokopor.During the breeding season, certain body parts to form
the gonad.Fertilization can occur outside the body.
Members of this species is famous Palolo worm (Eunice viridis) and worms Wawo (Lysidice
oele).
Oligochaeta
The form of the worm worm Oligochaeta Polychaeta opposite, namely to have a little seta /
hair, has no eyes and parapodia.
For example, earthworms (Pheretima sp.) Are in Asia, Lumbricus sp. are
in America
Hirudinea
Members of this worm species has no hair, parapodia, and seta.
Have you ever seen a leech (Hirudinaria javanica) or Pacet (Haemadippza
zeylania)?
Place these animals live there who are in fresh water, sea water and on land. You'd have to
know when the leech is a bloodsucking animals, on the body there is vacuum on both ends
that is used to stick to the body of its host.
At the time of sucking, leech is issued a painkiller substances and excrete blood
antipembekuan so that blood sacrifice will not be frozen. Once full of blood sucking, leech is
going to drop him into the water.
http://www.ardianrisqi.com/2010/07/filum-annelida.html