{

I
Crmbv:fra raJ berf Cr!:v!rfra:
rt Ia:uetrfrr
Abstraci
T|e Jesiga oliaJast.iaIaaJ maaieipaI iaeiae.ato.s
isbaseJ oaeombastioaaaJ|eateoasiJe.atioas.T|e
p.oeeJa.esa.egivealo.eaIeaIatiag t|eaaatitiesol
ai.,lIaegas, wate. aaJ |eat, as weIIas t|egastempe.-
ata.es.To assist t|e.eaJe., amaaieipaI iaeiae.ato.
isaseJasaaexampIe.T|e.eIatioabetweea.elase
aaaIysis aaJlIaegas aaaIysisisexpIaiaeJ.Seetioas
oaJ.yaaJwetJasteoIIeetioaa.eiaeIaJeJ.
Introruction
Iaeiae.atioaisa eombastioap.oeess w|ie| toJayis
|eeomiagmo.e tee|aieaIaaJ seieatilie. Mo.e aaJe.-
staaJiagol t|ep.oeesst|.oag| aaatitativemeasa.e-
aeataaJaaaIysiswiIIsa.eIyaiJia JeveIopiag t|eia-
tiae.ato.a.tasit|asimiIa.a.ts, sae|as steamgea-
ea:ioaaaJ gasmaaalaeta.e.
CoapIeJ wit|expe.ieaeelaeto.saaJ vaIiJassamp-
tioas, eombastioaaaJ|eat eaIeaIatioas a.eiavaIaabIe
iaJesigaiagaa iaeiae.ato.aaJia evaIaatiag itspe.-
|:aaee.T|esiziagolla.aaees,gaspassages, Jast
toHeeto.s, laasaaJstae|sa.ebaseJoaexpeetatioas
!e1
aeeJwit| t|e|eIpoleombastioaaadt|e.maI Jata.
T|e
pa.poseol t|ispape.is top.oviJe someol t|e
oet
|o1t
aaJ lo.maIas lo.estabIis|iag t|e.eIatioas|ips
|teat|eaaatitiesolai., .elase, .esiJae, wate.aaJ
fly
as|,
asweIIast|e|eataaJmate.iaIbaIaaees. h|.ea
IIow
s|eetaa1 tempe.ata.es|ave t|as beea estab-
i|e
Jlo. give.. .aeiae.ato.,t|e eagiaee. eaasize t|e
equ
ipm
ent. T|eIatte.sabjeet iaeIaJes maayexpe.ieaee
81
E. R. KAISER
Department of Chemial Eliginering
New York University
New York, New York
laeto.s beyoaJ t|eseopeolt|ispape..
T|emet|oJsaaJ p.oeeJa.est|atwiIIbe|eIplaI
s|aIIbe p.eseateJlo.a|ypot|etieaIiaeiae.ato.aaJ
.elase.0ata w|ie|wiIIbeassameJa.eeIosetot|ose
lo.aetaaIiaeiae.ato.saaJ.elase,bata.eiateaJeJlo.
iIIast.atioa oaIy.!aaetaaIJesig..st|e.eaJe.isaJviseJ
toaseJata t|atappIytot|eJesigas.
T|e eaIeaIatioasa.ep.eseateJiaabasie lo.mlo.
eIa.ityaaJlo.t|ep.eeisioaaeeessa.ylo.|eataaJma-
te.iaIbaIaaees. S|o.t eatsa.epossibIeaaJJesi.abIe,
espeeiaIIylo.aayspeeilietypeoliaeiae.ato.. Nomo-
g.ams,g.ap|s,tabIesaaJspeeiaIlaeto.sa.eavaiIabIe
eIsew|e.eo.maybep.epa.eJbyt|e.eaJe..oweve.,
oael.eaatIy.eta.astot|elaaJameataI .eIatioas|ips
aaJs|oaIJ.etaialaeiIity wit| t|em. T|eweig|t met|oJ
oleombastioa eaIeaIatioa isaseJia t|ispape..at|e.
t|aat|emoIemet|oJ. Bot|met|oJsa.eexpIaiaeJia
t|e3?t|eJitioaol'Steam

|IJ.
Example Incinerator
A|ypot|etieaImaaieipaIiaeiae.ato.la.aaeeisas
sameJ w|ie||aseoatiaaoase|a.giag,2J-|.a Jay, aaJ
eoatiaaoas.esiJaeJise|a.ge.
Rater Capacity. 0saaIIyexp.esseJastoaspe.
2J-|.,t|e.ateJeapaeityolt|isiaeiae.ato.is 2Jtoa

T|elrly e|a.giag .ateisJto

o.2,|bl
/'A
.elase.
/

Grate Loaring - Firing Rates. Assamet|eg.ate

|aJap.ojeeteJpIaaa.eaol333slt.T|eli.iag.ate
C 2,/333 6|bpe.slt-|..
Furnace Volumes - Combustion C/,amb.r Volume.
Assamet|ep:ima:yla:aaee|asa voIameabovet|e
g:atesol JI.2eat: to

:ateJeapaeity, t|e la.-

aaee voIame is JI.2l21 5OOealt.
A eombastioa e|ambe:asaahyloIIowst|ela:aaee
aaJ|ast|epa:poseoleompIetiageombastioa olt|e
gasesaaJsapeaJeJpa:tieIes,as wehast:appiagsome
olt|elIy as|. oIames:aageapto2.1timest|ela:-
aaeevoIame|2). !asomeeasest|ep:ima:yla:aaeeJis-
e|a:gesitsgasesiatoasp:aye|ambe:w|e:e wate:
aeae|es eombastioa aaJt:apspa:tieaIatesmatte: |J!.
Fo:t|e p:eseat pa:pose, oae mayassame eompIete eom-
hastioa olt|egasesbatahow4pe:eeat aaba:aeJ ea:-
boaiat|etotaI :esiJae.
Heat Release Rates. T|e |ig|e:|eatiag vaIaeol t|e
:elase isassameJat 12JO Bta/Ib asli:eJ. T|eaomiaaI
_eatrIeasepe:e.tolla:aaeevoIameis 2O,OOO
; l12JO5OI,28OBta/ea lt-|:. Beeaaseolaa|a:aeJ

.- """*^" ~
cntboa iat|e :esiJae, t|eaetaaI|eat:eIease :ateis
IO.89O Bta/ealt-|:.
G'.!S Cleaning. Beeaaseolt|eea::y-ove:ollIyas|
l:om i|ela:aaeeaaJeombastioa e|ambe:, aaJaIte:aa-
tivepossibiIitieslo: eIeaaiagt|e gases,eaIeaIatioas
wi 11 bep:eseateJlo:t|ela:aaee aaJeombastioae|am-
be:iaeombiaatioawit|:
IAsp.aye|ambe:loIIoweJbyaJ:y-typeJa-:sepa-
:ato:,!0laaaaJstae|.
2 Agasse:abbe:,!0laaaaJstae|.
ea.., t|e|ypot|etieaIiaeiae:ato: eoasists esseati-
aIIyof ala:aaeewit|eoatiaaoasH.a:giag,aeombastioa
e|ambe:,asp:ay e|ambe:lo: pa:tiaIIyeooIiagt|e
gasesaaJt:appiagsomelIyas|, oaeol seve:aImet|oJs
ol eoIIeetiagJast,aaiaJaeeJ-J:altlaaaaJstae|.
SteaJy-stateope:atioa is assameJ at:ateJeapaeity.
Basic Assumptions
Refuse. T|ee|a:giag :ate isassameJat 2O,OOO|b
aa |:ol:elaseeoasistiagol
Moisture
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Noncombustibles'
Per Cent
30.00
22.95
3.25
18.80
negl.
neg I.
25.00
100.00
T|eaet|yJ:ogea ] avaiIabIelo: eombastioaisJ.25
~ lI8.8O/8 O.9Ope. eeat. T|e boaaJwate:iat|e
lNon.comhustibles include asb, glass, ceramics. mineral dirt and
metah;, 3hv latter are partially oxidized, release hest, and increase
in weight. TI,e design calculations for the hurning of the metals
may he negh'cled in Ihis cssc.
82
*
above :eluse, w|.ie|is:eIeaseJ Ja:iag eombastioa, is
I8.8O9/8 2I.I5 pe: eeat olt|e :esiJae.
!aesseaee,t|eJ:yeombastibIematte:eoasistsia
t|isease ol 1 pa:ts ol eehaIose,sta:e|aaJsaga:
|C,//,,0,}aaJ Ipa:tol amixta:eolp:oteias,lats, oiIs,
waxes, :abbe:,pIasties,ete. T|emaiaeoastitaeatis
eeIIaIose, w|ie|Ii|esta:eI. aaJsagaj|ast|eloIIow-
iag ma|eap:
Per Cent
Carbon 44.4
Net hydrogen, (H) 0.0
Moisture (bound water) 55.6
100.0
Approximate higher
hooting value (HHV):
7500 Btu/lb |1J
T|emixta:e olp:oteias, lats, oiIs, ete. |as, lo:
p:aetieaI pa:poses, t|e loIIowiageompositioa:
Per Cent
Carbon 77.4
Net hydmgen, (H) 10.0
Moisture (bound water) 12.6
100.0
Approximate higher
hooting volue (HHV):
17,000 Btu/lb
Nit:ogeaisaboatO.J pe:eeataaJsaIla:isbeIowO.2
pe:eeatolmaaieipaI .elase.T|eya:eaotiaeIaJeJia
t|eseeaIeaIatioas. Bya:it|metie,t|eIIV ol t|eeom-
biaeJ:elase is
1l7,5OO lI7,OOO
~ ~ lO.15 12JOBta/|b.
5
=*
Air. Top:eveatla:aaeetempe:ata:es|ig|eaoag|to
eaasesIag to:aaJowat|ela:aaeewaIIs, eaoag|.ai:is
sappIieJ to eoat:oI t|etempe:ata:e ol t|ela:aaeeexit
gasesatIGOO-I8OO i. Asa li:stapp:oximatioa,t|eai:
tot|eg:ate aaJla:aaeeis2.Jtimes t|estoie|iomet:ie
ai: :eai:emeat, o: IJO pe: eeat exeessai:. T|eai:is
sappIieJat8Oi aaJ JO ia. Ig ba:omete:. T|eai: eoa-
taias O.OIJ2 |b wate:vapo:pe:|bJ:y ai:. T|eai:,
:elase,aaJ wate:lo:sp:aysa:e aIIassameJtobeat
8Oi. Ataayspeeilie IoeatioaaJille:eat setoleoaJi-
tioasmaybeassameJ.
Residue and Fly Ash. T|etotaIsoIiJ :esiJaeisas-
sameJtoeoataia Jpe.eeat ea:boa. AIIolt|eaaba:aeJ
ea:boaisassameJto:emaiaiat|eg:ate:esiJae, aI-
t|oag|iaaetaaIp:aetieesomeis Iost ia t|estae|
gases. T|e:esiJael:omt|eg:ateiseooIeJl:omI2OO i
toI5Oi by sp:ayiag wit| wate:o:J:oppeJiatowate:
belo:e:emovaIl:omt|e as|pit.T|e wate:vapo: p:o-
JaeeJ]oias t|ela:aaeegases.T|e ea::y-ove: olsoIiJs
wit|t|e la:aaee exit gasesisassameJat 1O|b/toa ol
A
:elase, o: 1OO|bpe:|:.

. Otl,er Assumptions. T|e |eatIosst|:oag| t|ela:-

aaeeaaJeombastioa e|a.be:waIIsis assameJat
I,8OO,OOO Bta/|.(8u/). T|e|eatIossest|:oag|t|e
waIIsolot|e:eaipmeat a|eaJolt|eI0laawiII be
assameJaaJstateJiat|e eaIeaIatioas.T|e|eatIosses

'
!
'
'
.`
ia
, oil,
| is
low_

0.2
j ia
eem-
gh ta
lir is
xit
ai:
ie
I
ea-
U\
1di-
as
rned
1-
oOF

L
IiJs
01
1*
IV
:|oa
g| t|ewaseaabep:eJieteJ :easoaaby we+:oa
(|::ma eoaJaetivities :lt|e:el:aeto:yaaJ iasaatioa.
Aiaate met|oJsoltempe:iagt|ela:aaeeexit
as:sia p:epa:atioalo:Jasteoeetioawibe1*
siJ
eteJiata:a. 0ay twoolmaaytypesolJast sepa:a-
loS
a:e eoasiJe:eJ. T|eatimate objeetiveistoeeaa
t\e
gasesto ega imits,w|ie|va:y wit|eommaaities
lam
aboatJ.0 to0.4bpe:J000bollaegas, eo:-
:etteJto50pe:eeatexeessai:.
Amoagt|emaayaestioasto|eaaswe:eJbyeaea-

,tioa a:e
J)howmae|ai: Joest|e la:aaee :eai:e?
2) |atist|elae-gasaaaysis?
8)Iatist|eaetaa efm lowiagl:omt|e|a:aaee to
i|esp:a, e|ambe:? F:omt|esp:aye|ambe:?
4) howmae|wate:is:eai:eJlo:t|esp:ay e|ambe:?
ro agasse:abbe:?
5)h|atist|esata:atioatempe:ata:eolt|elaegas,
aaiaJextow|

elogpamel:omt|e stae|?
6)IIoweaa t|e|ogpame!:omase:abbe:bep:e-
.eateJ?
?)h|atist|e Jast oaJiag olt|e stae| gases, eo:-
teeteJto50pe:eeatexeessai:?
Combustion Calculations
Refuse. Fo:eombastioapa:posest|e:elasemaybe
estateJiat|eloowiaglo:m:
Ca,bon: (0.2295) (20,000)
Less C ;n ,.s;due: (0.04)(0.25)(20,0001
(0.96)
Avo;loble hyd,ogen: (0.009)(20,000)
MOisture, initial: (0.30) (20,000)
bound water (0.2115)(20,000)
ReSidue, all forms
Ash, metal, gloss: (0.25) (20,000)
Carbon
4,590
C 208 4,382
180
C 6,000
4,230 10,230
5,000
208 5,208
Hourly total
Combustion. hea:eaow:eaJytoaaayzet|eeom-
|astioap:oeessiamo:eJetai.T|eli:staestioato
aaswe:is: how mae|t|eo:etieao:stoie|iomet:ieai
is
:eai:eJtoba:at|eea:bo: aaJavaiabe |yJ:ogea
asilieJ?
T|estoie|iomet:ie p:opo:tioasa:e:
|bea:boa :eai:esJJ.58bai: top:oJaee 8.6651bol
ta:boaJioxiJeaaJ.65 bait:ogea.Jb|yJ:ogea :e-
ai:es 84.84bai: top:oJaee.986 bol wate: vapo:
aJ26.404b ait:ogea.
T|eJ:yai:t|eo:etieay:eai:eJlo:eombastioa ol
t\e:e|aseaetaay ba:aeJis
or the co,bon: 4382 (11.53)
or the available hyd,ogen: 180 (34.34)
C 50,524 Ib;(ll
6,181
Theorotical dry air, hourly 56,705 Ibf ",
E)cess oir 1.30 7 56,705 73,717
Total dry air plr he C 130,422 I___
83
T|eeaeaatioasa:eea::ieJ beyoaJ t|e asaa8o: 4
sigailieaat liga:esto:eJaeeaJjastmeatate:ia t|e
|eataaJmate:ia baaaces.
0:yai: eoasistso|28.J5pe:eeat oxygeaaaJ?6.5
pe: eeatait:ogeaby weig|t, aaJ 20.9pe: eeatoxygea
aaJ?9.J pe: eeatait:ogeabyvoaae.Someeagiaee:s
ase2J.0aaJ?9.0pe:eeat, :espeetivey, lo:t|e voames.
AsoatJoo:ai:eoataiasmoista:e,itisstaaJa:Jp:aetiee
iaeombastioaeaeaatioaslo:boie:stoaJJ0.0J82b /
ol moista:e pe:bol J:y ai:.T|isvaaeeo::espoaJsto '
60pe:eeat :eative|amiJityat 0F J:y bab tempe:-
.
ata:e.
.
T.e wate: vapo: p:oJaeeJia aeae|iagt|e gae:esi
JaeisaJJeJto t|e |maaeegas.T|eJ:yg:ate:esiJae
is 520

0_401 ,(p.|t. 0.25.T|e|eatibe:-

ateJby:esiJae 40(0.25)(J200- J50) J,262,000t_
Bta. App:oximate |eat gaiaeJbyeae|bo| aeae|
r
wate:evapo:ateJ:
JJ50-4 JJ02Bta/b.
Lbwate:evape:ateJ C I,262,000/JJ02 JJ45b/|:to
aeae|g:ate:esiJae.
Att|is poiat it isaJvisabeto samma:ize t|eweig|ts
iat|elo:m ola mate:ia baaaee.T|etabaatioap:o-
viJesaaove:aviewolt|ep:oeess,aaJassistsia
t:ae|iagJowae::o:siaeaeaatioasasiapatmasteaa
oatpat.Tabe! isbaseJoat|eeaeaatioas|o:t|eex-
ampeiaeiae:ato:.
TABLE I
MATERIAL BALANCE FOR FURNACE
AND COMBUSTION CHAMBER
Input
Refuse
Dry air
Air moisture
Quench water
Lb/hr
20,000
130,422
1,722
1,145
Total, hourly 153,289 I{l
Output
Dry flue go&
CO,: 4382 (3.665)
: 130,422 (1.30/2.30)(0_2315)
N: 130,422 (0. 7685)
Water vapor
from refuse
from air (130,442)(0.0132)
from combust;on of (Hi; (180)(8.936)
from ash pit
133,375
16,073
17,073
100,229
14,706
10,230
1,722
1,609
1,145
Grote residue 4,808
Corry-over solids 400
Totol, hourly 153,289Ib_
lf
.
Flue-Gas Composfion. Assamiageompeteeombas-
tioa, il t|elae gases i|ateavet|eeombastioae|am-
be:we:esampeJaaJ aaayzeJ by0:satappa:atas, t|e
|oowiagaaaysiswoa1 beobtaiaeJ
Gas Wgt, Ib Lu It/lb' Cu U
Orsot, dry
vol. pcr cent
~~
CO, 16,073 8.548 137,390 8.15
17,073 11.819 201,786 11.96
CO 0 13.506 0 0.0
M 100,229 13.443 1,347,378 79.89
133,375 1.686.554 100.00
!lweJiJaot|aow t|epe:eeatageexeessai:, we
eoaIJ eaIeaIate itl:om t|e aaaIysis olt|e lIaegasesby
sabstitatiaggas voIamepe:eeatagesia t|elouowiag
eaatioa:
0,- 00/2
Ixeessai:,pe:eeat - J00x
0.264 |0,- 00/2)

JJ96
0.264?9.89)- JJ.96
JJ96 JJ96
J3Jx
2J.09~JJ.96 9.J3

agooJ e|ee| oa J30pe: eeato:igiaaIIy assameJ.

F:om t|e0:satJataoaeeaaaIsoJete:miaet|e |b
ai:/Ib 0 +{0) aaJt|.e |b0+ {0)pe: Ibai:.
Lb0+ {|l) 0.528A,+100,~20,+ 500
Lbai: J8.3A,
0.528?9.89)+48.J5)-2JJ.9)+50.0)
C
J8.3?9.89)
0.0348.
T|e:eeip:oeaI,
Lbai: J J
28.?,
0.0348

~

Lb0+ Lb0+ {0|bai:

w|ie| e|ee|s

J

42

2
28.6 l:om t|e weig|ts ol
4382+ J80
ea:boabaraeJaaJt|e
aet|yJ:ogea.
h|ea eeIIaIose,sta:e|,saga:o:ea:boaa:eba:aeJ
eompIeteIy,aIoaeo:iaaayeombiaatioa,t|e0:sat
:eaJiagsol 00,aaJ0,totaI20.9pe:eeat. h|easome
avaiIabIe|yJ:ogea isp:eseat,t|eto.aI ol 00, aaJ0,
is:eJaeeJ,w|iIeait:ogeaiae:easesabove?9.Jpe:
eeat.!lt|e0:{|l) :atioolt|elaeIbaaeJisaot|aowa,
itmaybeeaIeaIateJl:omt|e0:sataaaIysis,t|as:
00, 8.J5
0:{0):atio
F
8.80~0.42J00,+0,J 8.80-0.42J8.J5+JJ.9)
C 24.4.
4382
T|eaetaaI:atiowas~~F 24.4e|. !laIIt|eea:boa
J80
2At 60F, 30 in. Hg abs. press. The water vapor is not measured by
Orsat, hut would be determined by condensing the moisturo from a
measured volume of Hue gas. Incidentally, the Oaat apparatus
measures only to 0.1 per cent. A series of readings without error
must be averaged to obtain significant values bel'ond 0.1 per cent.
84
4590
|aJbeea ba:aeJ, t|e:atiowoaIJ |aveIcea_-2, '
Ifeaf Calculations
Furnace and Combustion Chamber. T|e|eatiaja
t|e|eatiag vaIae olt|e:elase, tow|ie|s|oaIJhe
aJJeJt|e|eatolvapo:izatioa olt|eai: moistaeQ
ot|e:wate: is iaitiaIIy iat|eIiaiJstate. T|ebas-
tempe:ataeis80F.
helase: 20,00 4230)
Ai:moista:e: J,?22J048.6)
84,600,000
I,805,690
TotaI|eatiapat 86,105,690 Btur.
T|e|aowa |eatIossesl:omt|e la:aaeeiaeIaJe.
J)SeasibIel:eatia ea::y-ove: soIiJsataaestim+i
J630F, sp. |t. olas| assameJat0.25.
4000.25)J630- 80) J55,000Btu'
2)SeasibIe|eatiaaeae|eJ g:ate:esiJae,
48080.25)J5080|
C 84,J40
3)SeasibIe|eatIostt|:oag|la:aaeeaaJ
eombastioae|ambe:eaeIosa:e J,800,000
4)Lateate|emieaI|eat olt|e ea:boa ia
t|e:esiJae: 208 J4,093) 2,93J,340
4,9?0,480Btu!'
T|e|eatolvapo:izatioaat80Flo:moista:eialh(
lIaegas isJ4,?06 J048.6) J5,420,?J0 Bta|. T|eh,
:emaiaiag lo:sae:|eatiaggasesaaJ vapo:above801
is
86,405,690-4,9?0,480-J5,420,?J066,0J4,500Btu', '
Ast|e:esaItaatgastempe.ata:eistobe:eaJo||
Fig. J,we mast li:st estabIis| t|e moista:eee.tea|
olt|e gasesiape:eeatot|e lIae gas,t|as:
J4,?06
9.85xmoistuebyweig|toltotaI
J33,3?5+J4,?06
lIaegas.
T|eeat|aIpyolt|elIaegasabove80F, wit|aII
moista:eia vapo:lo:m is
66

0J4

500
446Btu
J33,3?5+ J4,?06
i
Fig. JiaJieatesagastempe:ata:e olJ630Fat the ;
eombastioa-e|ambe:exit, |eaeet|eassameJtempe:+
ta:eis eo::eet. T|ewaII aaJa:e| tempe:ata:esiathe
la:aaeewoaIJp:obabIybesIig|tIy|otte:iat|e zoae |
1
eIosest:ot|e|ottestlIames. SIag JepositioaaaJ
aiagoat|ewaIIsis expe:ieaeeJ aboveJ800F. T|e_
sameJeoaJitioasaaJexitgastempe:ata:ea:eiat|e
:aageolgooJp:aetiee. T|etempe:ata:eeaabei-
I
"
e:easeJby Jee:easiagt|eamoaat olexeessai:eaie
iagt|ela:aaee.
T|e|eatbaIaaeelo:t|ela:aaee aaJeombastioa
e|ambe:,TabIe!!, eaabeeompIeteJwit|t|eaiJol

lResultant of successive approximations of exit gas temperature
from combustion chamber. The correcl temperature assumed must l
finally equal the temperature obtained from Fig. 1.
'

I
.J
J0
|e |ea.q_,
s|oaJ
be
moista
:d1
!+ T|eha"
.
`0,000
0,690
0,690 l|t '
.eiae;|;
..t aaest|
-
I55,000
Ill,
1ae,
=4,J40
mJ
800,000

91J,840
7I0,40Bit
tateial
Jt..T :!
' above0'
14,5| .+||
'e:eaJof
ueeoai:
us:
,|. oltol.'
, wit| a''
=446 BI!
30F at
i|
J temp
e:esia
i|

,1 ||e
/1
oa aaJ
OF. T|
.eia d.
|eia
aicnlt
.hasti
ai1
01
g_J&V"
lrn(
atcom tabes. Itisaotaeeessa, to ae|ieveapeleet
|a
aaee, miaoJilleteaeesma,beeat:ieJas 'aaae
;aaat
eJlo

.
woaJaeeo;apis. t|e tesat, ot watespta,s wit |o
.rit|oa

Jitioaa ambieat ai:eoaJbeaseJ. T|eob-

etiv

iat|isexampeis toeoo t|elataaeegesesto

0|` b, aJJiagai aaJ wate:iaa embetloowiagia
.
meJiate,alte:t|e eombastioae|ambe:.hatespa,s
.
aoae eoaJJo t|ejobbat t|eaJJitioaol ai:isapae-
o tiea aiJiat|ep:oteetioaol:elaetoiesaaJ iatempe
atateeoat:o.
9U
a:o
to
too
Do
||
oo
1MYLHA1UHE,F.
FIG. 1 ENTHALPY OF FLUE GAS ABOVE 80F.
1M. If
HOURLY HEAT BALANCE FOR FURNACE AND
COMBUSTION CHAMBER HEATS ABOVE 80F
Input Btuh
Hoatlng value of refuse
. 20,000(4230)
84,600,000
Lotent heat of air moisture 1,805,690
1722(1048.6)
Total 86,405,690

Sensible heot of dry gas at 1630F

133,375 (408) -hom Fig. 1 54,417,000
Sensible and iotent heat in water
vopo, 14,706 (1874-48)-I,om
stoam tables
Sens ible heot in dust corry-over
400 (O.25)(1630-80)
Sensible hoot in grate residue
4808 (O.25)(15080)
Sonsible heot lost through wolls
Chemical heot of corbon in
,osidu (14,093)(208)
Unaccounted for
26,882,568
155,000
84,140
1,800,000
2,931,340
135,642
Totol 86,405,690
Spray Chamb.r
Per cent
97.9
2.1
100,0
63.0
31.1
0.2
0.1
2.1
3.4
0.1
100.0
h ea t|ela:aaeegasesae tobeeeaaeJ b,a e,-
donie,
eeetostatie o:ot|e. J:, Jast eoeeto, t|e
jIBt8
a...st beeoorJ o:tempeteJ.A waste|eat boie
85
T|eaJJitioaaai:beJiatot|eexampespta,e|aa
be:,iaeaJiag ea|age,assameJat50,000l|:/|:, eoa-
sists ol49,850 Jt, ai aaJ650Ibai:moistate.Ieato-:
t|:oag| t|e wasis J,200,000Bta|.T|eamoaatol
spta, watet aeeJeJis t|at aaatit, w|ie| wiabsotb
t|eexeessol|eatabove600F altet t|eot|e:osses
|avebeea JeJaeteJ.Iae| lb ol spa,trateevapoateJ
wiabsotb J884. - 4.0 o J26.Bta.Tosaieeas|
oatol t|e spa, e|ambet J0 gp...ol wateis aJJeJ. T|e
as| itappeJisassameJat J?5 bpe:|. Asil.eavai-
abe|eatlot t|e sp:a,s eaabeeaeaateJ b, Jilleteaee,
wepepate t|e |eat baaaeelo: t|espa,e|ambe,
Tabe!!!.
1ML III
HOURLY HEAT BALANCE FOR SPRAY CHAMBER.
HEATS ABOVE 80F
Input ot 1630F
Sensible hoot of dry gas from furnace
Sens ible and latent heat in woter vapor
from furnace
Sensible hoot in corry-over
Unaccounted for heat from furnace
Lafent heat of moisture in bleed air -
(l048.6){650)
Btuh
54,417,000
26,882,568
155,000
135,642
681,590
Total 82,271,800
Output ot 600F
Sensible heat In dry gas: (49,350 133,375)
(128) - Fig. 1 23,388,800
Sonslble heo' in callyove,' 225 (O.25)(600.80) 29,250
Sensible and latent heat in bloed oir moisture
650 (l334.8 - 48.0) 836,420
Sensible heot in sluice water at 150F:
10(8.33) 60 (lSO-80)
In sluice osh, 175{O.25){150 - 80)
Sensible heat loss through walls
ensible and latent heat In vopor from furnace
and spray wafer, by difference:
43,880 (l334.8 - 48.0)
Totol
The amount of evaporatld spray water is
43,880 - 650 - 14,706 28,524 Iblh, , o1
349,860
3,063
1,200,000
56,464,407
82,271,800
57.0 gpm. Tho sluice water is on additional 10 gpm.
*Tolal carry-over less cnrry-over Crapped = 400 " 1T5` 225 lb.
Aolt|eJataateaoavaiabelo:TabeI, t|e
mate:ia baaaee ol t|espa,e|ambe:,w|ie| s|oaJ
aowbep:epa:eJ. T|e mate:a|baaaee lo: t|ela:aaee
aaJ eombastioae|ambe: p:oviJesmae| olt|e Jata
aeeJeJ.
MLL lY
HOURLY MATERIAL BALANCE FOR SPRAY CHAMBER
Input Lb/l"
Dry gases from combustion chamber 133,375
Carbon dioxide 16,073
Oxygen 17,073
Nitrogen 100,229
Dry bleed air 49,350
Water vapor: 15,356
In gas from combustion chamber 14,706
In bleed air 650
Water supply: 33,522
To sprays (evaporated) 28,524
To sluico 4,998
Fly os 400
Total 232,003
Output
Dry gosos: 182,725
Corban dioxide 16,073
Oxygen 17,073 0.2315(49,350) 28,498
Nitrogen 100,229 0.7685(49,350) 138,154
Water vapor: 28,524 15,356 43,880
Sluice water: 10 gpm 4,998
Trapped fly ash
175
Fly ash in gases 225
Total 232,003
Humidity ratio:
43
/
880
0.240. Saturation temperature, 154F.
182,725
Steamlogoeea:sw|eat|emixta:eiseooeJbeowt|e
sata:atioatempe:ata:e
[
5
]
.
T|e0:sataaaysis olt|egaseaviag t|esp:aye|am-
be:woaJs|ow t|e eompositioabeowilao 00,isab-
so:beJby t|ewate:o: as|. Coalietiag Jataexistoat|e
atte:poiat.
Gas Wgt C. It/ll C. It
CO, 16,073 8.548 137,390
28,498 11.819 336,818
N 138,154 13.443 1,857,204
2,331,412
Notet|att|e0:{0) :atiois 24.4asbelo:e.
5.9
Dry vol.
per cent
5.89
14.44
79.67
M
100.00
0:{|l):atio """""" 24.4.
.0- 0.42J 5.91 J4.4)
"At 00, J in. JIg. abs. pres8ue.
86
!l 00, is absobeJiat|esp:ay e|am|e:, t|esamol 00,
aaJ0, wi Jee:easeaaJt|e 0:{'l/:atiowiaotmate|
t|atolt|eo:igiaaeombastibeba:aeJ.
I00 |0,J
T|e liaa pe:eeatexeessai:
0.264A, - 0,
J444
J444

.2

.6

)

J

.4

J4

4
2J6pe:eeat,
w|ie|eompa:eswit| t|epe:eeat exeessai: byweig|t
Tota ai:-T|eo:etiea ai: J30,422 49,350- 56,?05
T|eo:eticaai: 56,?05
2.J? o:2J?pe:eeat e|.
Comblnee Process
7
T|e:esatobtaiaeJby t|ela:aaee, eombastioae|am
be:, aaJsp:aye|ambe:may le eompa:eJwit|t|e tota
iapatby a P:oeessMate:iasBaaaee aaJ P:oeessheat
Baaaee. Fo: t|is pa:pose t| p:oeessis eaJeJat t|e
Jise|a:gel:omt|e sp:ay e|ambe:.howeve:, p:ceess
baaaeeseaaasobep:epa:eJ toiaeaJeate:stagesi(
Jesi:eJ.
ML Y
PROCESS MATERIAL BALANCE-FURNACE,
COMBUSTION, AND SPRAY CHAMBERS
Input
Refuse, as fired
Dry Air
Air moisture at 0.0132 Ib/lb air
Quench and sluice water, 69.3 gpm
Output
Dry flue gas:
CO,
0,
16,073
28,498
N 138,154
Water vapor

Residue: Grate
Fly Ash
Sproy.chamber slurry
Water 4,998
Solids 175
Total input, I b
w
Lbil"
20,000
179,772
2,372
34,667
236,811
182,725
43,880
4,808
225
5,173
Totol output, Ib 236,811
!laJJitioaa| wate: is:et:eJlo:wettiagaaJ t:aaspo
t-
iag :esiJae, t|is ext:aY e:Joes aot alleett|e eom-
bastioa aaJ |eateaeaa.ioas.
1
`!
!1
t
I lI"'f>
tol111
'; 11.,1
' lhe
>'
:F
i[

Lb/r
'0.000
',14
2J
,t:|
t,sI
'2,JJ
J,bbv
,st
2J
11J
t,sI!
.
;gofl'
J"

l
1ML VI
PROCESS HEAT BALAHCE-FURHACI.
COMBUSTIOH, AHD SPRAY CHAMBERS

Blulr Per cent

\'l''
.
J'f"lI
ng value (HHV) of refuse,
'4)30 Btu/lb
84,600,000 97.2
f.Qloot
hoot of air moisture,
])] (1048.6) 2,487,280 2.8
Total, hourly 87.087,280 100.0
tf\t
~
HI,lble heat in dry gas at 600F 23,388.800 26.8
S.nslble and l atent hoot in
"olor vapor at 600F 57,300,967 65.9
"Islble heat in sluice water
cn4solids at 150F 352,923 0.4
S.nsiblo heat In grate residuo at
84.140 0.1 10V
S4n.ible heot In fly ah at 600F 29,250
Stn.ible heot lost through walls 3,000.000 3.4
(hemical heat in unburned corbon 2.931,000 3.4
Unaccounted for heat 200
TOlal, hourly 87,087,280 100.0
wghly Iwothirds of the heat in the refuse is lost to water
I(I, one-fourth to dry gas and the remaining twelfth to all
)+r losses.
Dust Loading of Stack Gases-Dry Col/ector
1Tesp:aye|ambe: tempe:st|e gasesto 600F bat
!|t|a:ges225| bolly as|pe:h mixeJwit|226,605
fh allae gas.!aeiae:ato: ly as|isaot easyto eate|
t|aaieay, beeaaseit:eaJiy Jeg:aJestoliaepowJe:.
:.e:t|eess, met|oJsa:eavaiabew|ie||aveawiJe
eolellieieaey.Bywayoliast:atioa,wemayas-
8 aJ:yJastsepa:ato: ol60pe:eeateoeetioael-
||teaey.heaee, 90|b ol Jastpe:|:isemI.ieJoatt|e
t+;|.
W|at ist|e magaitaJe ol t|isemissioaia :eatioato
tIe
olt-aeeepteJstaaJa:Jimitol0.5|bpe:J000|blae
IU, ea:eeteJ to50pe:eeat exeessai:? [6]
1Teaetaaemissioais90/226.605 0.39?|bpe:
100 |blae gas.Bysampiagt|e stae|gasesoae woaJ
tabis|t|eJastoaJiagas weast|e2J6 pe:eeat
T ai:(by0:sat)aaJt|emoistaeeoateatolue
fue gas.T|eamoaatolsptaywate:evapo:ateJwoaJ
tae:maybeJete:miaeJ,ao:woaJt|emoista:e eoa-
'N 01 t|e:elasebe|aowa.T|e 00,eoateat olt|e ||ae
is5.9pe:eeat, J:yvoIame.
It is
eoimoap:aetieetoassame t|at50pe: eeat ex-
^8
ai:
eo::espoaJstoJ2pe:eeat00, voameiat|e
y lae
gas.!! t|isassamptioaisaeeepteJ, t|e eo::eet-
J Jat
oaJiagis0.39?xJ2/5.9 0.09 |b/I000 |bol
'^!teJlaegas.
T|e
vaiJityolt|isassamptioaaaJ :esataat eaea-
ia.
eaabeeompa:eJwit|t|eaetaa |aegaseo:-
87
eeteJt o50 pe:eeatexeessai: ia t|e exampeease.
T|etotaai:sappieJ was I?9,??2|bat2J? pe:eeat
exeessai:.At50pe: eeatexeessai:, t|e tota ai:
woaJ|ave|eea J?9,??2(J.50/3.J?) -6,065 b/|:.T|e
||ae gas woaJ be226,605- (J?9,??2- 6,065)
J3J,9 |bA::at50pe:eeat exeessai:.T|e eo::eeteJ
JastoaJiagoat|eweig|t basiswoaJbe0.39?7
226,605/J3J,9 0.63|bpe: J000 |b|Iaegas.
Ilt|e evapo:ateJsp:aywate:isasoJete:miaeJaaJ
JeJaeteJasJiatioaolt|estae| gases, t|eeo::eeteJ
weig|t01 laegasat50pe: eeatexeess

i: woaJ6e
J3J,9- 2,524 J03,3?4 |b pe:|:.T|e eo::eeteJ
Jast oaJiagoat|isbasiswoaJbe0.39?7 226,605/
J03,3?4C 0.?0|bpe:J000|boleoteeteJ||aegas.
T|e t|:eeeo::eeteJ JastoaJiags va:y l:om0.63 to
0.?0 |b pe: J000|boleot:eeteJ laegas, o:l:om weI
beowtoabove t|e oJ ASMI staaJa:J, JepeaJiagoa
iate:p:etatioaolt|emet|oJol eo::eetioa. T|e|ig|
moista:eeoateatoliaeiae:ato: :elase aaJ t|e elleet ol
sp:ayseaaset|eJille:eaeeia:esats.:,,t

tJo

a
olt|emet|oJ oleo::eetiagt|eJastoaJiagisaeeJeJ.
=.+ .~(,-~ .. . ,,.. . , . . _ ~
Flue-Gas Scrubber
T|easeollae-gaswas|e:so:se:abbe:swit|ia-
e iae:ato:sp:eseatsiate:estiagt|e:map:obems w|ie|
a:eameaabetoeaeaatioa. h|ea t|is met|oJ olgas
eeaaiag is aseJ,t|eeaipmeat beyoaJ t|eeombastioa
e|ambe:isa Jaetlo:aeae|iagt|egases, ase:abbe:
wit|Jemiste:,!0laaaaJ stae|. T|egaseseaviagt|e
eombastioa e|ambe:eate:t|eaeae| seetioaw|e:et|e
gasesa:eeooeJaaJsata:ateJ wit|sp:ay wate:.T|e
gasesaaJexeesswate:t|eaeate: t|e se:abbe:p:ope:.
T|e t|e:maexe|aageiat|ese:abbe: system |asaa
impo:taatbea:iag oat|e eompositioaol t|e gas-vapo:
mixta:e :eeeiveJby t|e |0laaaaJ stae|. Fo: t|eea-
eaatioast|e aeae| JaetaaJse:abbe:may be eoa-
siJe:eJ toget|e:. T|e se:abbe: wate:aaJ J630F lae
gasa:e iatimateymixeJaaJeome toeaiib:iamata
tempe:ata:ew|ie|ist|atolwate:-sata:ateJgas, aot
t|e boiiagpoiatolwate:.Asma exeessolwate:is
sappieJ tot|ese:abbe: to ea::awayt|e t:appeJly
as|via aaove:lowpipe.
T|eossia eat|apyolt|elaegaseaast|eea-
t|apygaiaeJby t|ese:abbe:wate:. Coeetioaelli-
eieaeyis obtaiaeJbyaaexpeaJita:eollaapowe:.T|e
|ig|e: ellieieaeiesa:eobtaiaeJaaJe:eoaJitioasol
|ig|p:essa:eJ:oplo:iatimateeoataetolgasaaJwate:,
w|ie|iae:easest|eoaJoat|e10 laa.
Assameaeaseiaw|ie|wate:issappieJtot|e
aeae|JaetaaJse:abbe:at0F.T|ewate:osstot|e
J:aia isassameJat J0gpm to ea::y away t|e soiJs .
T|eiaitiaeat|apy (above 0F)olt|elaegasisob-
taiaeJl:omTaben. Assamea|eatossl:omt|e se:ab-
be: system to t|e sa::oaaJiags ol J.JmiioaBta/|:ia
t|isease.
': `
0ete.miaet|e aaatity ol se.abbe.wate..eai.cJ
aaJ t|etempe.ata.eol t|ese.abbe.ex|aast.Fi.stp.e.
pa.e |eataaJ mate.ial balaaecsto t|eexteat possible.
T|ea solve by saeeessive ap,toximatioas ol tempe.ata.e
wit|ase olhele.eaee5,assumiagt|eJ.yllaegasis
t|esameasai.. T|e|amiJity .atioolt|ese.ab|e.ex-
|aastmastmatel t|at lo.ai.att|e ex|aasttempe.ata.e.
1L Yll
SCRUBBER HEAT BALANCE, HOURLY BASIS
Input (1630F I,om Tobie II)
Dry gas
Water vapor
Corry-over solids
Unaccounted for heat
Output 175 F
Btuh
54,417,000
26,882,568
155,000
135,782
81,590,350
D,y go (42.087.19.221)(133,375) 3,049,753
Wate, vopo, 70,582(1136.17.48.05) 76,801,686
Heat in drain water,
4998 (175 - 48.0)
Heat in trapl"'d solids,
360(0.25)( 1/5.80)
Heot in eScape solids
40(0.25)(175-80)
Heat loss to ai r from apparatus
Unaccounted for hoot
621,546
8,550
950
1,100,000
7,865
Per Cent
66.6
33.0
0.2
0.2
100.0
3.7
94.3
0.7
1.3
81,590,350 100.0
The volume of gasvapor mixture at standard borometer,
(30 in. Hg) and 175F is as follows:
CO,: 16,073 (8.548) (460 175)1(520)(60) - 2,760
O2: 17,073 (11.819) (635)/(520)(60) - 4,110
N
1
100,229 (13.443) (635)/(520)(60) - 27,400
H,O:

70,582 (13.475)1(0.5292) 60
- 29,950
203,957 Ib/h, Total 64,220 elm
T|e laaeapaeityisbaseJoa t|emixta.e1]+ T|e
wate..eai.eJbyt|e se.abbe.eaalst|ewate.vapo.
iat|e se.abbe.ex|aastplast|eslaieewate.lesst|e
wate.vapo.iat|e gasl.omt|a eombastioae|ambe.:
?0,52+ !99- 14,?06 60,?4 lb/|.o.122gpm. T|e
mate.ial balaaeeol t|eaeae|seetioaaaJse.abbe.is
p.eseateJiaTableY!!!.
A vapo. plame is p.oJaeeJw|ea t|e se.abbe. ex|aast
eate.seolJai., w|ie| may beaaJesi.ableaaJe.some
eoaJitioasaaJ aegligible ia ot|e.s. T|eamoaat olwate.
evapo.ateJiat|ese.abbe.eaabe.eJaeeJbyt|e ex
t.aetioaol|eatl.om t|ellaegasesa|eaJolt|e se.ab-
be, asbya boile: o.|eatexe|aage.. he|eatiagt|e
se.abbe.ex|aast I also|elplal.T|evapo.plame s|oalJ
heJise|a.geJatasallieieat|eig|ttoiasa.et|at itis
Jispe.seJbyaata.alevapo.atioawit|oatbeeomiaga
aaisaaeeo.|aza:Jto visibility.
88
1L Ylll
SCRUBBER MATERIAL BALANCE, HOURLY BASIS
Input
Dry gos
Woter vapor
Corry-over solids
Water
Output
Dry gas
Water vapor 14,706 55,876
Total, hourly
Solids in exit gas at 90 per cent collection
efficiency
Scrubber water to drain
solids to drain
Toto I, hou rly

133,375
14,706
400
60,874
209,355
133,375
70,582
40
4,998
360
209,355
The humidity ratio of scrubber exhaust; 70,5821133,375 -
0.5292 Ib/lb dry gas, which is the humidity ratio of saturated
ajr at 175F.
Gas and Vapor Volumes and Flow Rates
T|eJato iat|ep.evioastableseaable oaetoealea
latevolamesaaJllow.ates lo.t|epa.poseolsiziag
eaipmeat.
Furnace and Combustion Chamber. Ai.at0F,60
pe. eeat|amiJity.
Yolameol 1 lbJ.yai. - 13.601 x 29.92/30.0-
13.56eali
Yolame olwate.vapo. - 0.60 x0.46x29.92/
30.0 -
Ambieatai.volam pe.lbJ.yai.at
30ia.Hg 13.5eali
130,422(13.5)/60 30,106 1] ai.aaJai.moistat
tola.aaee aaJ eombastioae|ambe..
0easity olai.tolaaialet 1.0132/13.5 -
0.0131 lb/ea lt.
Combustion-Chamber Outlet and Spray-Chamber In
let: 14,01 lbA:.
hate. vapo.at1630FSp. vol. -4.64
ealt/lb14,?06(4.64)/60
0.y gasvolames
00, 16,013(. 54)(460+ 1630)/
(460 60)(60) -
0,: 1?,013(11.19)(2090)/(520)(60) -
A: 100,229(13.143)(2090)/(520)(60)-
20,?45
9,200
13,530
90,050

\
`
;t

^*
Spr
ay.
Chamber Outlet anc Dry Dust.Separotor Inlet.
watt
vapo: at600F,Sp. vol. - 42.6
caIt /lb43,0(42.6)/60
Or)
lataaeegas
CO,: l6,0?3(.54)(4601 600)/
-
(460+ 60)(60)
0,: 2,49(JJ.J9)(J060)/(520)(60)-
V,: J3,J54(13.443)(J060)/
(520)(60) -
C]
3J,345
4,6?0
JJ,450
63,J00
Totalc]at600F

p. vol.olexit gas- 60(109,565)/

J09,565c]

226,605 - 29.0ealt/l|

Scrubber Exhaust. "|eat|ese:abbe: :eeeivesaa-

'!prcd gasl:omt|eeombastioae|ambe:,t|ese:abbe:
,,;stsatJ?5F. T|eex|aastc]at 30ia. Ig a|s.
_gQa;eis64,220c] aaJt|eJeasity is203,95?/

,)20)(60) 0.0530|bpe:ea lt.

Summary

i
A. A |ypot|etiealmaaieipaliaeiae:ato: ope:atiagat
:) :oasaJayeapaeitywasaseJasaaexampletop:e-
;:t|e met|oJslo:ealealatiagt|elollowiagitems:
1. helaseeompositioalo:eombastioaeal-
ealatioa.
2.Ai::eai:eJlo: eombastioa aaJtempe:ata:e
eoat:ol.
3.Casaaalyses, exeessai:,lael-ai::atios.
4.heataaJmate:ial|alaaees.
5.Tempe:iagoleombastioa gasesby sp:ay
wate:aaJai:.
6. 0:yJasteolleeto:saaJgasse:abbe:s.
?.0astloaJiagolstae| gases,eot:eeteJto
50pe:eeatexeessai: aaJtoJ2pe:eeat
C0,.
. Flow:atesaaJJeasitiesol gas-vapo:
mixta:es.
B. \|ea|a:aiaga :elaseol4230 Bta/lb|eatiag
'h. J30 pe:eeatexeessai:is:eai:eJlo:agas
q:
ata:e olJ630Fleaviagt|eeom|astioa e|ambe:.
89
T|e ||uegas eoasistsol 00, .J5p-:eeat,0, JJ.96
pe: eeat aaJA,?9.9p eeat |y volame, J:y basis.
T|e weig|tol ai:teaied is6.5 timest|e weig|t ol
:elase.
C. Toeool t|ela:aaeegases l:om J630 to 600F, :e-
ai:esabeat 2.50 ||ai: aaJ J.43lbsp:ay wate:evapo:a-
tioa pe:lb:elase, o:eaivaleatp:opo:tioasol tlese
eoolaats. Slaieewate: to :emove t:app-Jas| isaJJi-
tioaal.
0.A gasse:abbe:t|at:eeeiveJgasesJi:eetlyl:om
t|eeombustioae|ambetatJ630I' woalJ evapo:ate2.?9
lbwate:pe:lb :elase. T|ese:abbe:woalJex|aastat
J?5FaaJt|egaseswoalJeoataia3.53 |bwate:pe:|b
:elase.
I.Beeaaseol |ig|eoateatol wate:vapo: iaiaeiae:-
ato:stae|gases,seve:al Jille:eatcorrected JastloaJ-
iagseaabeealealateJ l:om t|esametestJata. Caleala-
tioaslo:t|eexample iaeiae:ato: s|ow t|at t|eeo::eet-
eJJast loaJiagpe:J000 ||stae| gasiseoasiJe:ably
lowe:at50pe:eeat exeessai: t|aaatJ2pe:eeat 00,.
Acknowlec
9
ment
T|e:esea:e|iat|ispape:wassappo:teJbygtaat
IF-0530-0Jl:om0.S. Pablieealt|Se:viee,0ivisioa
olIavi:oameatal Iagiaee:iagaaJFooJP:oteetioa.
References
|{ "Steam, Its Generation and Use." The Babcock and
Wilcox Co New Yo; ., N.Y., Appendix, 37th cd., v.
|z{ "Municipal Incinerator Design," prepared by Amer.
Soc. Civil Engineers, published by U. S. Public Health Serv
ice, v.
|s{ D. J. Damiano, "Incinerator Hefractory Studies. The
American City," April Iz.
|1I "International Critical TabJes," Vol. ,vtc, j.cr.
|s{ "ASHRAE Guide and Data Book," published annually
by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air . Con
ditioning Engineers, New York, N.Y.
|6) "Example Sections for a Smoke Regulation Ordinance."
Information Bulletin published by ASME, May v1v.