NOUNS
-an
a place where a large quantity of the thing meant by the root is put, planted, or can be
found ie aklatan
a place where the action expressed by the root is performed ie kainan
a period in which the action expressed by the root is collectively performed ie pasukan
a tool or an object that is used to measure what is meant by the root ie orasan
reciprocal or joint performance of the action expressed by the root ie sayawan
-in
an object of the action expressed by the root ie bilihin, aralin, awitin
ka-
a person or a thing with whom the place, object, quality or situation expressed by the
root is shared ie kausap, katabi, kaopisina
ka- +rep1, kaka-
the act of doing the action expressed by the root excessively or continuously ie kaiisip,
kakaisip
ka-...-an
a person with whom the thing meant by the root is exchanged ie kasulatan
an idea or quality expressed in a general, abstract way ie kabataan, kabaitan
a group of the things meant by the root ie kabundukan
mag-
two persons or things having the relationship expressed by the root ie magpinsan,
magasawa, magkapitid
Mag- can also be added to nouns comprising of ka- and a root ie magkakalase,
magkakaopisina
mag- +rep1
three or more persons or things having the relationship expressed by the root ie
maglolola
Mag- +rep1 1 can also be added to nouns comprising of ka- and a root ie
magkakaklase
a person associated with the thing or action expressed by the root ie magtatahoe,
magbabalut, magsasaka
mang- +rep1
a person associated with the thing or action expressed by the root ie manggagamot,
mangaawit, mangingisda
pa-
the object of an action which has been ordered or requested to be performed ie padala,
pagawa
pa-...-an
a place where the action expressed by the root is performed ie paaralan, pagawaan
1
a contest or a competition ie pagandahan
pag-
the act of doing the action expressed by the root; or, the manner in which the action
expressed by the root is performed ie lakad and paglakad generally mean the same
thing
pag- +rep1
the act of doing the action expressed by the root repeatedly or habitually pagaaral,
pagsusulat
pagka-, pagkaka-
the act of having done the action expressed by the root; or, the manner in which the
action expressed by the root was performed ie pagkasabi (having said), pagkakasabi
(how something was said)
pakiki-
a state or quality of being together ie pakikisama
pakikipag-
an action performed with someone ie pakikipagusap
pang-
a tool or an instrument that is used to perform the action expressed by the root ie
panghalo
pang- +rep1
an action or a practice associated with the thing or action expressed by the root ie
panggagamot, panganganak
tag-
a season ie tagulan, taglamig
taga-
a native or resident of ie taga-maynila, tagaprobinsya
taga-, tagapag-, tagapang-
a person who performs the action expressed by the root; or, a person who performs an
action associated with the thing expressed by the root ie tagalinis, tagapaglinis
rep2-...-an
an imitation of the thing meant by the root; a surrogate ie bahay-bahayan, tatay-tatayan
compound nouns
Some nouns are made up of two words, which may or may not be linked by a hyphen ie
bahay-bakayson, balikbayan
In some cases, the literal meanings of the two component words disappear ie bungang-
araw (prickly heat), anak-araw (albino), kapitbahay (neighbour)
2
Verbs, adjectives etc. used as nouns
verbs, adjectives and other parts of speech may also be used as nouns ie ang kumain,
ang maganda, ang may kotse
VERBS
In sentences with a verb, the role of the POD (actor/object focus) is indicated by the verb
affix.
-an
POD: object
to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions) ie bukasan,
walisan
to cause something to become; to make ie gandahan
POD: direction
to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of ie puntahan
POD: beneficiary
to do something for ie iwanan
-an +rep2
POD: object
to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
walis-walisan
POD: direction
to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, occasionally, at random, a
little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie tulung-tulungan
i-
POD: object
to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions) ie ibigay
POD: beneficiary
to do something for ie ikumusta
i- +rep2
POD: object
to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
ihanda-handa
ika-
POD: cause
to cause, to be the cause of ie ikamatay, ikagalit
3
-in
POD: object
to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions) ie kainin
POD: direction
to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of ie pasukin
POD: doer
to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon Note: In this and a few
other cases, the doer of an action is the person or thing experiencing the action, state
or condition ie bahain
-in +rep2
POD: object
to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
linis-linisin
ipa-
POD: object
to let, make or have someone do something ie ipaluto
ipag-
POD: beneficiary
to do something for ie ipagluto
ipag- +rep1
POD: object
to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do
something involving multiple objects ie ipagbabalik
ipang-
POD: instrument
to do something using ie ipanghalo
ipang-
POD: object
to do something to a person or a thing ie ipanganak
ka-...-an
POD: location
to do something in/on/at; or, to occur in/on/at ie kamatayan
POD: direction
to feel or experience something ie kalimutan
ma-
POD: doer
to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) ie maligo
to do something unintentionally; or, to get into a certain state unintentionally ie mahulog
to feel an emotion ie matuwa
4
ma-
POD: object
to be able to do something to a person or a thing ie makain
to do something involuntarily or accidentally ie masabi
to perceive something ie makita
ma- +rep2
POD: doer
to do or feel something slightly, a little or a bit ie mahiga-higa
ma-...-an
POD: doer
to experience a quality or a condition Note: In this and a few other cases, the doer of an
action is the person or thing experiencing the action, state or condition ie masiraan
to feel a particular way about something ie maalatan
POD: object
to feel or experience something ie maramdaman
mag-
POD: doer
to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) ie magluto
to take up an occupation (to become) ie magdoktor
to use or wear something ie magbus, mag-tagalog
to perform a reciprocal action ie magusap
POD: none
to be ie magpasko, mag-decembre
mag- +rep1
POD: doer
to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently ie magiiyak
mag- +rep2
POD: doer
to perform a reciprocal action involving three or more doers ie magkita-kita, magusap-
usap
to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
magwalis-walis
mag-...-an
POD: doer
to do something together, simultaneously or reciprocally ie magsulatan, magtulungan
magka-
POD: doer/none
to occur involuntarily or unexpectedly ie magkagulo
to come to have or possess ie magkakotse, magkasakit
to manage to perform a reciprocal action ie magkausap
5
magka- +rep2
POD: doer
to attain a certain state thoroughly ie magkasira-sira, magkahalu-halo
magkanda-
POD: doer
to occur accidentally or involuntarily as a result of something and involving three or more
doers ie magkandasira
magma-
POD: doer
to pretend to be someone you are not; or, to assume a certain quality ie magmarunong,
magmagaling
magpa-
POD: doer
to let, make or have someone do something; or, to enable someone to do something ie
magpalaba
magpaka-
POD: doer
to strive to be or do something ie magkabait
magsi-, magsipag-
POD: doer
to perform a collective action or an action involving three or more doers ie magsikain
maka-, makapag-, makapang-
POD: doer
to be able to do something ie makakain, makapagluto
maka-
POD: doer
to be able to do something ie makakain
to do something unintentionally or accidentally ie makakain, makatulog
to feel or experience something ie makaramdam
maki-
POD: doer
to join in an act ie makikain, makisakay
to do something involving someone elses possessions or personal space with their
permission ie makitawag
makipag-
POD: doer
to do something with someone ie makipag-usap
makipag-...-an
POD: doer
6
to do something with someone ie makipagsagutan
mang-
POD: doer
to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) ie manganak
to perform an action directed toward multiple objects; or, to do something repeatedly,
habitually or professionally ie mamili, manghuli
to do something harmful or destructive deliberately ie manggulo
to do a recreational activity ie mangabayo, mamasyal
to become something partially or temporarily ie mamula, mangitim
mapa-
POD: doer
to do something involuntarily ie mapatingin
POD: object
to be able to let, make or have someone do something; or, to be able to cause
something to become something ie mapapasok, mapakain
pa-...-an
POD: object
to let, make or have someone do something ie pabuksan, pahugasan
POD: direction
to let, make or have someone do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
ie pasulatan
pa-...-in
POD: object to let, make or have someone do something; or, to cause something to get
bigger, faster etc. ie pagandahin, pabilisin
pag-...-an, pang-...-an
POD: direction
to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of ie pagtawanan
pag-...-an
POD: location
to do something in/on/at ie paglutuan, pagkainan
POD: reference
to do something concerning something ie pagusapan
pag- +rep1-...-an
POD: object
to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do
something to multiple objects ie pagbubuksan
POD: direction
to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, repeatedly, continually, a
lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do something directed toward multiple objects ie
pagtatapakan
7
pag- +rep1 +rep1-...-an
POD: object
to do something to multiple objects repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently
ie pagbububukasan
POD: direction
to do something directed toward multiple objects repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively
or frequently ie pagtatatapakan
pag-...-in
POD: object
(person, animal or thing permitted or asked to perform the action) to make someone do
something ie paglutuin
to put two things together or closer to each other ie pagsamahin
pag- +rep1-...-in
POD: object
to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do
something involving multiple objects ie paggugupitin
pag- +rep1 +rep1-...-in
POD: object
to do something to multiple objects repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently
ie paglululutuin
pag- +rep2-...-in
POD: object
to put three or more things together or closer to one another ie pagsama-samahin
papang-...-in
POD: object
(person, animal or thing permitted or asked to perform the action) to let, make or have
someone do something ie papanoorin
(-)um-
POD: doer
to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) Note: (-)um- is placed before the
first vowel of the root ie kumain
to become or get ie tumaba
POD: none
expresses natural phenomena ie umulan
(-)um- +rep2
POD: doer
to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
uminom-inom
8
RECENTLY COMPLETED
kaka-
recently completed ie kakakain
Verbs in the recently completed form are followed by either lang or pa lang
The doer of the action is expressed as a ng phrase
The object of the action may be expressed as a Ng phrase (indefinite/definite) or a Sa
phrase
kaka +rep2
Intensive recently completed
Verbs in the intensive recently completed form express extremely recent actions (just
this minute) ie kakalapit-lapit, kalulutu-luto
REQUESTS
pa- + root (+ Ng phrase)
ie pahiram ng bolpen
paki- + root (+ Ng phrase)
ie pakiabot ng isda
paki-...-an + root (+ Ang phrase or Ng phrase)
ie pakibuksan ang pinto
I WISH, I HOPE
basic form + sana
i hope
ie sana manalo o manalo sana
basic form + kaya
should perhaps
ie Kumain kaya tayo.
basic form + nga
why dont
ie kumain nga tayo
basic form + siya/niya/sila/nila
let him/her/them
ie maghintay siya
READ PAGES 212 TO 216
9
ADJECTIVE AFFIXES
-in
prone to, susceptible to ie sakitin
ka-
having something in common ie kamukha, katabi
ka- +rep2
causing or producing something in an extreme degree ie magpatulad
magkaka-
having something in common (describing three or more persons or things) ie magkaka-
pareho
maka-
in favor of, pro-, fond of ie makabago, makaluma
mapag-
having a certain quality; having a habit of doing something; fond of doing something ie
mapagbigay
naka-
in a certain position, state or condition; or, wearing something ie nakaharap
nakaka-
causing or producing something ie nakakatawa
nakakapang-
causing or producing something ie nakakapang- hina
pa-
in the manner of ie pabulong
about to (often used with na) ie parating, paalis
pa- +rep2
doing something now and then or here and there ie pasama-sama
pala-
doing something a lot; fond of doing something ie palabiro
pang-
for; intended for use or wear in/on/at ie pambahay, pangkasal
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Some adjectives are made up of two words. ie amoy-isda, lasa-isda
10
11
