A.

Procedure
Definition : Procedure is a text that show a process in order.
Social Function : Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a
sequence of series
eneric Structure : !. oal: showing the purpose
". #aterial: $elling the needed materials
%. Step !&end: Describing the steps to achie'e the purpose
(exico rammatical Features : !. )sing temporal con*unction
". )sing action 'erb
%. )sing imperati'e sentence
+. )sing Simple Present $ense
Example of the text :
How to Make Homemade Wine
$he actual process of winema,ing is fairly straightforward. $raditional grape wines can be easily
created- as well as those from fruits and e'en 'egetables and grains. It is important to note that
winema,ing is not a hobby for those who are impatient. .omemade wines require months and
sometimes years to reach their full drin,ing potential.
/efore you begin to ma,e your first batch of homemade wine- you will need to purchase the
right equipment. 0ou will need:
Primary fermentation container
1+&gallon food grade quality hea'y plastic container with lid2
Secondary fermentation containers 1" or % !&gallon glass *ugs2
/ung
1rubber cor, for the airloc, to fit in- should fit into secondary fermentation container2
Airloc,
(arge nylon mesh straining bag
3 feet of clear plastic 45 tubing
6 wine bottles for one gallon of wine
7or,s 1si8e 9: fits standard wine bottles2
.and cor,er
.ydrometer 1measures sugar content2
;ther items that are useful but not essential are:
$hermometer
Acid titration ,it 1measures acid le'el2
rape press 1essential if you are ma,ing wine from fresh grapes2
$hermometer
All of these items can be found at a winema,ing supply store. <hile shopping for equipment-
ma,e sure to pic, up the following specific ingredients that you will need to add to your wine:
7ampden tablets
<ine yeast
0east nutrient
Pectic en8yme
rape tannin
Acid blend
Step One - Choose your recipe and fruit
For your first attempt at winema,ing- it is usually best to stic, to a simple- straightforward recipe
for grape wine. 0ou probably ha'e familiarity as to what a grape wine should taste li,e- and it=s
usually easy to find suitable grapes or grape concentrate. >emember to inspect your fruit
carefully. 7rush a couple of grapes between your fingers and taste the *uice. If you ha'e
purchased a hydrometer- use it to measure the grapes= sugar content. It should be between "" and
"+ brix- which means that the alcohol content of the wine will be approximately !! percent.
?ext- thoroughly wash fruit- remo'ing any debris or insects. $hrow out any grapes that appear to
be rotting. #a,e sure to remo'e the stems from the grapes. $he stems can cause a wine to taste
bitter.
Step Two - Wash your euipment
It is essential that you begin with a sanitary en'ironment and absolutely clean equipment before
starting the process of ma,ing wine. )sed bottles- in particular- should be sterili8ed before being
used again.
Step Three - Extract fla!or
Depending on the recipe that you are following- you will need to extract the aroma and fla'or of
the fruit by crushing- chopping- soa,ing- pressing- or boiling. $he extracted fruit is called 5must.5
#a,e sure to follow the recipe=s instructions carefully with this procedure. It can ma,e or brea,
the quality of the wine. ;nce extracted- the must will be placed in a primary fermentation
container.
Step "our - #lend $dditi!es
$here is more to wine than *ust fruit- and these other ingredients are necessary to the fla'or-
quality- and shelf life of your 'intage. Pay close attention to the order in which you blend in
additi'es. Additi'es are generally blended with the must in the primary fermentation container.
.owe'er- the yeast may not be added in until days after the other additi'es are blended.
;ne additi'e that is called for in almost e'ery wine recipe is a 7ampden tablet. $his is actually a
sulfite that pre'ents oxidation and growth of wild yeast while promoting the growth of cultured
yeast.
Pectic en8yme is another common additi'e used in fruit wines. It helps promote fla'or- aroma-
and acid extraction from the fruit. $annin is also frequently needed to add bite to white wines.
And- of course- sugar and yeast are necessary to produce a wine=s alcohol. ranulated sugar is
the best sugar for ma,ing wine. A'oid using brown or powdered sugar. Some recipes- howe'er-
do use honey instead of sugar. $he yeast that is required for winema,ing is different than bread
yeast. As, your winema,ing retailer which 'ariety is required for the type of wine that you are
ma,ing.
;nce the additi'es ha'e been blended into the primary fermentation container- the wine will
begin fermenting. $his process usually lasts from % to !@ days during which time the container
should be co'ered loosely with a piece of cloth and a rubber band around the opening.
Step "i!e - Transfer into the secondary fermentation container
;nce the initial fermentation process has ceased- the wine will need to be placed into a glass *ug
that is sometimes referred to as a 5carboy.5 $o do this- you will first need to strain the pulp from
the liquid and then pour the liquid through a funnel into the container. ;nce the wine has been
poured- the container needs to be fitted with a fermentation trap- called an 5airloc,.5 $he wine
will need to ferment in this container for se'eral wee,s.
Step Six - %ack Wine
$he procedure of rac,ing the wine is essential to winema,ing. >ac,ing is the process of
siphoning the wine off the sediments into a clean secondary fermentation container. $his can be
done with a flexible plastic tube. >ac,ing is usually done on a regular basis o'er se'eral months
until the wine is clear and ready to be placed in bottles.
Step Se!en - #ottlin&
Finally- when the wine is sufficiently clear and the fermentation process has ended- it will be
time to bottle your 'intage. $he easiest way to transfer the wine from a secondary fermentation
container into bottles is to siphon it using the tubing that you used for rac,ing. It is important not
to o'erfill the bottles and to secure cor,s tightly. ?ewly bottled wine should be stored upright for
the first three days. After that- it should be stored on its side at 66 degrees Fahrenheit. <hite
wine should be aged for at least 3 months before sampling- and red wine should be aged for a
minimum of ! year.
/. ?arrati'e
Definition : ?arrati'e is a text focusing specific participants.
Social Functions : Its social function is to tell stories or past e'ents and entertain the readers.
eneric Structure : !. ;rientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the
place
". 7omplication: Describing the rising crises which the participants ha'e to
do with
%. >esolution: Showing the way of participant to sol'e the crises- better or
worse
(exico rammatical Features : !. )sing processes 'erbs
". )sing temporal con*unction
%. )sing Simple Past $ense
Axample of the text :
Sleepin& #eauty
(ong ago there li'ed a Bing and Cueen who said e'ery day- DIf only we had a childEF /ut for a
long time they had none.
;ne day- as the Cueen was bathing in a spring and dreaming of a child- a frog crept out of the
water and said to her- D0our wish shall be fulfilled. /efore a year has passed you shall bring a
daughter into the world.F
And since frogs are such magical creatures- it was no surprise that before a year had passed the
Cueen had a baby girl. $he child was so beautiful and sweet that the Bing could not contain
himself for *oy. .e prepared a great feast and in'ited all his friends- family and neighbours. .e
in'ited the fairies- too- in order that they might be ,ind and good to the child. $here were thirteen
of them in his ,ingdom- but as the Bing only had twel'e golden plates for them to eat from- one
of the fairies had to be left out. ?one of the guests was saddened by this as the thirteenth fairy
was ,nown to be cruel and spiteful.
An ama8ing feast was held and when it came to an end- each of the fairies presented the child
with a magic gift. ;ne fairy ga'e her 'irtue- another beauty- a third riches and so on G with
e'erything in the world that anyone could wish for.
After ele'en of the fairies had presented their gifts- the thirteenth suddenly appeared. She was
angry and wanted to show her spite for not ha'ing been in'ited to the feast. <ithout hesitation
she called out in a loud 'oice-
D<hen she is fifteen years old- the Princess shall pric, herself with a spindle and shall fall down
deadEF
$hen without another word- she turned and left the hall.
$he guests were horrified and the Cueen fell to the floor sobbing- but the twelfth fairy- whose
wish was still not spo,en- quietly stepped forward. .er magic could not remo'e the curse- but
she could soften it so she said-
D?ay- your daughter shall not die- but instead shall fall into a deep sleep that will last one
hundred years.F
;'er the years- the promises of the fairies came true G one by one. $he Princess grew to be
beautiful- modest- ,ind and cle'er. A'eryone who saw her could not help but lo'e her.
$he Bing and Cueen were determined to pre'ent the curse placed on the Princess by the spiteful
fairy and sent out a command that all the spindles in the whole ,ingdom should be destroyed. ?o
one in the ,ingdom was allowed to tell the Princess of the curse that had been placed upon her
for they did not want her to worry or be sad.
;n the morning of her fifteenth birthday- the Princess awo,e early G excited to be another year
older. She was up so early in the morning- that she reali8ed e'eryone else still slept. $he Princess
roamed through the halls trying to ,eep herself occupied until the rest of the castle awo,e. She
wandered about the whole place- loo,ing at rooms and halls as she pleased and at last she came
to an old tower. She climbed the narrow- winding staircase and reached a little door. A rusty ,ey
was stic,ing in the loc, and when she turned it- the door flew open.
In a little room sat an old woman with a spindle- busily spinning her flax. $he old woman was so
deaf that she had ne'er heard the BingHs command that all spindles should be destroyed.
Dood morning- ranny-F said the Princess- Dwhat are you doingIF
DI am spinning-F said the old woman.
D<hat is the thing that whirls round so merrilyIF as,ed the Princess and she too, the spindle and
tried to spin too.
/ut she had scarcely touched the spindle when it pric,ed her finger. At that moment she fell upon
the bed which was standing near and lay still in a deep sleep.
$he Bing- Cueen and ser'ants had all started their morning routines and right in the midst of
them fell asleep too. $he horses fell asleep in the stable- the dogs in the yard- the do'es on the
roof and the flies on the wall. A'en the fire in the hearth grew still and went to sleep. $he ,itchen
maid- who sat with a chic,en before her- ready to pluc, its feathers- fell asleep. $he coo, was in
the midst of scolding the ,itchen boy for a mess heHd made but they both fell fast asleep. $he
wind died down and on the trees in front of the castle not a leaf stirred.
>ound the castle a hedge of brier roses began to grow up. A'ery year it grew higher until at last
nothing could be seen of the sleeping castle.
$here was a legend in the land about the lo'ely Sleeping /eauty- as the BingHs daughter was
called- and from time to time Princes came and tried to force their way through the hedge and
into the castle. /ut they found it impossible for the thorns- as though they were ali'e- grabbed at
them and would not let them through.
After many years a Prince came again to the country and heard an old man tell the tale of the
castle which stood behind the brier hedge and the beautiful Princess who had slept within for a
hundred years. .e heard also that many Princes had tried to ma,e it through the brier hedge but
none had succeeded and many had been caught in it and died.
$he the young Prince said- DI am not afraid. I must go and see this Sleeping /eauty.F
$he good old man did all in his power to persuade him not to go- but the Prince would not listen.
?ow the hundred years were *ust ended. <hen the Prince approached the brier hedge it was
co'ered with beautiful large roses. $he shrubs made way for him of their own accord and let him
pass unharmed.
In the courtyard- the Prince saw the horses and dogs lying asleep. ;n the roof sat the sleeping
do'es with their heads tuc,ed under their wings. <hen he went into the house- the flies were
asleep on the walls and the ser'ants asleep in the halls. ?ear the throne lay the Bing and Cueen-
sleeping peacefully beside each other. In the ,itchen the coo,- the ,itchen boy and the ,itchen
maid all slept with their heads resting on the table.
$he Prince went on farther. All was so still that he could hear his own breathing. At last he
reached the tower and opened the door into the little room where the Princess was asleep. $here
she lay- loo,ing so beautiful that he could not ta,e his eyes off her. .e bent down and ga'e her a
,iss. As he touched her- Sleeping /eauty opened her eyes and smiled up at him.
$hroughout the castle- e'eryone and e'erything wo,e up and loo,ed at each other with
astonished eyes. <ithin the month- the Prince and Sleeping /eauty were married and li'ed
happily all their li'es.
7. >ecount
Definition : >ecount is a text which retells e'ents or experiences in the past.
Social Functions : Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience.
eneric Structures :
!. ;rientation: Introducing the participants- place and time
". A'ents: Describing series of e'ent that happened in the past
%. >eorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
(exico rammatical Features :
1. Introducing personal participantJ I- my group- etc
2. )sing chronological connectionJ then- first- etc
3. )sing lin,ing 'erbJ was- were- saw- heard- etc
4. )sing action 'erbJ loo,- go- change- etc
6. )sing simple past tense
Axample of the text :
/omb in /ali
$he bomb- in the resort of Buta- destroyed the Sari 7lub and a crowded nightspot.
#any people ha'e fallen 'ictims to this blast. #any of them were foreign tourists- especially
from Australia. $hey were burner beyond recognition. Some tourist who were at the scene of
the blast said there were two explosions around the nightclub. ;ne bomb had exploded
outside PaddyHs /ar before a /ar bomb hit the Sari 7lub which was located some meters
away.
.undred were in*ured in the explosion and about ""@ Australians remain unaccounted
for. $he ).B. Foreign Secretary- Kac, Straw- said that %% /ritons were among those ,illed in
the /ali attac,. $he Australian Primer #inister- Kohn .oward- called its borders- saying it
had been a problem for a long time.
(ists of missing people ha'e been posted in /ali and official said that it could ta,e
days to identity all the 'ictims- some of whom were trapped in the Sari 7lub by a wall of
flames. A notice board at the hospital in /ali includes a section called D)n,nown IdentityF
and detailed list on 'ictims such as : D0oung girl in intensi'e care- !!&!+ years old- face
burned- income- 7ausation-F or Dirl in intensi'e care- about 6 years old- !%@ cm- fair s,in-
7aucasian with reddish brown hair. She has a purplish belly button ring.F
#any embassies- including the /ritish and the American- are ad'ising their people to
cancel spending their planned holidays in Indonesia- and all ).S. citi8ens in the country ha'e
been told to lea'e including diplomats and non&essential go'ernment staff.