FIRE SAFETY

CHEMISTRY OF FIRE AND FIRE

TRIANGLE
According to the old concept three
elements re necessr! to strt "re#
The! re$
%#F&el #
'#o(!gen #
)#Het or so&rce o* ignition #
Fire is not possi+le i* n! one o* this
element is not ,il+le#
-!rmid o* "re
According to the concept *or
elements re necessr! to strt
"re$
%# F&el.com+&sti+le mteril nd
red&cing gent/
'#O(!gen or o(idnt or
o(diser.*rom the tmosphere/
)#Het or so&rce o* ignition#
0#Chin rection thro&gh rdicls
to mintin the "re#
Fire is rpid chemicl o(idtion
red&ction rection1 o(!gen in the
ir cts s n o(idiser1 *&el cts s
red&cing nd +&rning mteril#
It is n o(idtion o*
s&+stnce.*&el/ ccompnied +!
het1 light nd 2me# D&e to
incomplete com+&stion1 it e,ol,es
smo3e nd cr+on mono(ide
4hich cretes in,isi+ilit! nd to(ic
tmosphere *or "re "ghter#
CLASSIFICATION ON FIRE
A5 Fire in,ol,ing ordinr!
compti+le mteril li3e 4ood1
te(tile1 pper1 "+res etc or
,eget+les 4here the cooling
e6ect o* 4ter is essentil *or
e(tinction#
75 Fire in 2mm+le li8&ids li3e
oil1 grese1 sol,ents1 petrole&m
prod&cts1,rnishes1 pints etc
4here +ln3eting e6ect is
essentil#. *om1 co'1DC-1 snd
+&c3et/#
C5 Fire in,ol,ing gseo&s
s&+stnces &nder press&re 4here
it is necessr! to dil&te the
+&rning gs t ,er! *st rte
4ith n inert gs nd po4der#
.co'1 DC-/#
D5 Fire in,ol,ing metls li3e
mgnesi&m1 Al&mini&m1 9inc1
potssi&m1 etc 4here the +&rning
metl is recti,e to 4ter nd
4hich re8&ires specil
e(ting&ishing medi or techni8&e#
. DCp1 specil dr! po4der *or
metl "re snd +&c3et /#
E 5 Fire in,ol,ing electricl
e8&ipment 4here the electricl
non cond&cti,it! o* the
e(ting&ishing medi is o* "rst
importnce# .co'1DC-1 snd
+&c3et sme s climer A : +
"re/#
COMMON CA;SES OF IND;STRIAL
FIRE$
CA;SES OF FIRE <
Electricl %=
Friction %0
Foreign s&+stnce %'
Open 2mes =
Smo3ing : mtches >
Spontneo&s ignition ?
Hot s&r*ces ?
Not determin+le @
Miscellneo&s A
O,erlod mterils )
Sttic electricls '
FIRE LOAD DETERMINATION
Fire lod is the concentrtion or
commit o* com+&sti+le mteril in
+&idind per s8 mt o* 2oor re#
It is de"ned d the mo&nt o*
het relesed in 3ilo clories +!
the *&el per s8 meter o* the re
o* premises# Fire lods re &se*&l
to clc&lte the 4ter
re8&irement to 8&ench the "re# As
4hen 4ter comes in contct 4ith
+&rning s&r*ce1 it +sor+s het#
% cc o* 4ter +sor+s % cl o* het
4hen the tempert&re is rised +!
% degree celci&s# Then it sho&ld
+e considered tht ll *&el does
not +&rn t time nd ll 4ter
does not +sor+s het s it 2o4s
4!#
5 lo4 "re lod B % l3h 7 Th &
5 moderte "re lod 7et4een % to
' l3h 7 th &
5 higher "re lod more thn ' lCh
7 th &
FIRE RESISTANT 7;ILDING
MATERIAL
There re three t!pes o* mteril$
%# Non 2mm+le ,i9 metl1+ric31
cl!1 s+estos1 concrete1 gr,els1
cermics1 etc#
'#Hrdl! 2mm+le li3e st4
+ric31 dr! g!ps&m plster1 "re
+ord1 linole&m1 etc#
)# Flmm+le s orgnic origin
li3e 4ood1 crd+ord1 *elt1 pper1
etc#
FIRE SAFETY OF 7;ILDING -LANT1
EDIT1 EE;I-MENT
A "re stopping is "re chee3 4ell
or non 2mm+le mteril 4ith
"re resistnce limit o* t lest '#A
h# it m! +e +lend or 4ith "re
resisting door or gtes# Stopping
cn +e internl e(ternl1roo* or
seprte "re proo* 4lls# The! re
contr&cted to intersect the 2oor1
ceilings nd roo*s 4ith "re +ord
o* )F cm o,er roo* *rom non
2mm+le mterils# Fire
resistnt limit o* doors nd gtes
in stopping sho&ld +e more thn
%#A h# The totl re o* s&ch
opening sho&ld not +e more thn
'A< o* the totl s&r*ce re o*
the stopping#
FIRE -REGENTION
%# Detection +! dectectors
.lrms/#
'# Elemintion o* h9rd or so&rce
o* ignition#
)# Control o,er com+&sti+les in
storge hndling nd process#
This is n cti,it! directed
to4rds elimintion o* possi+le
nd potentil so&rces o* "res# It
minl! indictes mes&res to
,oid inception o* "res 4here the
so&rce cnnot +e eliminted or
,oided1 e(ercise s&Hcient
control lso in,ol,es control o,er
hndling1 storge nd process o*
com+&sti+les#
-ORTA7LE FIRE EDTING;ISHERS
Iter s!stem1 cr+on dio(ide1
*om e(ting&isher1 Dcp1
%# Sod cid .4ter t!pe
e(ting&isher/$
The e(ting&isher is &se*&l *or
clss A "re# It sho&ld not +e &sed
on "re o* electricit!1 oil1 chemicl
or metl# ItJs norml cpcit! is =
lits .%0 3g/ nd to +e &sed in the
rnge o* @ to > mts#
It cons&mes 4ithin % to %#A mins#
It sho&ld +e chec3ed e,er! three
months# It is held ,erticll! &p +!
stnding &pto 0 to A mt 4! *rom
the "re *ter opening the pl&nger#
It is str&c3 on the hrd s&r*ce# A
smll .H'so0/ +ottle +re3s nd
d&e to its mi(t&re 4ith sod
+icr+onte sol&tion1 co' is
generted# -resence o* co'
thro4s 4ter t distnce# Its
+ottom : hndle re held +! t4o
hnds nd 4ter is pr!ed on "re
to e(ting&ish it#
FOAM EDTING;ISHER
It is &sed on grde + smll "re# It
sho&ld not +e &sed on metl or
electricl "re# It is ,il+le in =
lit c!linder nd is &sed in 0 to @
mt rnge# It cons&mes 4ithin %#A
mins# It is ,il+le in 4heel
mo&nted trolle! o* %> lits nd %AF
ltr cpcit! *or longer &se# It
sho&ld +e chec3ed e,er! three
months#
7! stnding ) to 0 mts
4! *rom the "re1 the pl&nger is
p&lled &p nd t&rned right &pto
slot# It is sh3ed +! t&rning %>F
degree t4ice# Then it is held
in,erted# 7! chemicl rection co'
is generted 4hich thro4s *om
o&tside# The *om is not thro4n
directl! in "re +&t it is thro4n on
nerer hrd s&r*ce so tht
+ec&se o* stri3ing *&rther *om is
generted nd spred on +&rning
s&r*ce# It stops o(!gen
,il+ilit! *or +&rning nd
contols the "re# Fom is e6ecti,e
&pto %'F degree celci&s onl!#
The! m3e &s lert *or "re
"ghting#
The min *&nction o* n! "re
detection s!stem re$
%# To gi,e lrm to strt &p
e(ting&ishing proced&re#
'# To gi,e erl! 4rning to re
occ&pnts to escpe#
IATER S-RINCLERS
THEY ARE OF SID TY-ES$
IET -I-E1 DRY -I-E1-RE ACTION
DEL;GE1 COM7INED DRY -I-E :
-RE ACTION : S-RINCLER *or
limited 4ter s&ppl! s!stem#
A&tomtic lrms seprted +!
the 2o4 o* 4ter sho&ld +e prt
o* sprin3ler instlltion# S&ch n
lrm m! +e connected to
centrl "re s!stem# the sprin3ler
sho&ld +e reg&lrl! chec3ed to
,oid their *il&re to 4or3#
Sprin3ler sho&ld +e selected on
the +sis o* tempert&re rting
nd occ&pnc!# Their t!pes re
either het element or chemicl
melt or e(pnds to open the
sprin3lers#
Amo&nt o* 4ter re8&ired
depends on ris3 protected1 H,
rnge +et4een F#F0 to F#A%0 lK
.mLm/
M HERE SOME pge IS MISSING &
didnt send meN
?# Do&+le gtes .one *or enter1
one *or e(it/ &no+str&cted inner
rods nd proper sign +ord shll
+e displ!ed#
># Ho&se 3eeping shll +e
reg&lrl! chec3ed : mterils
remo,ed#
=# Fire 4ter1 4or3ing order o*
"(ed "re instlltion nd
plcement o* chrged port+le
e(ing&ishers sho&ld +e reg&lrl!
chec3ed#
%F# Alternte po4er so&ce shll
+e 3ept red!#
%%# R&nners shll +e rrnged to
ct in the e,ent o* comm&niction
*il&re#
%'# Distincti,e grment or cp1
+nd1 etc shll +e gi,en to the
emergenc! controller#
%)# Decide ssem+l! prints *or
s*e gthering +! other people#
%0# 3eep rrngement *or medicl1
sec&rit!1 nd trnsport in
rediness to hndle the
emergenc!#
%A# Trin "re "ghting cre41
medicl st6 nd other 4or3ers
*or their emergenc! time nd
proper emergenc! time cti,ities#
%@# It sho&ld +e ss&red +e*ore
restrting the norml 4or3 tht
"re is *&ll! e(ting&ished1
en,ironment is cooled1 de+ris
remo,ed1 etc#
CONFINED AND ;NCONFINED
GA-O;R CLO;D ED-LOSION$
De2grtion nd detontion
disc&ssed erlier re con"ned
e(plosions s the! occ&r in
procen ,essel +&ilding or pie 4or3
in ; in con"ned spce# The
onl! condition necessr! re tht
thethe gs mi(t&re sho&ld +e
4ithin e(plosi,eKdeton+les
rngend there sho&ld +e
so&rce o* ignition oror the mi(t&re
sho&ld h,e +een heted to its
&to ignition tempert&re#
Trnsition *rom de*rgrtion to
detontion. mostl! in pipe lines/
is lso possi+le#
An &ncon"ned ,po&r clo&d
e(plosion.;;CE/ occ&rs in open t
distnce *rom the point o*
,po&r relese nd thretens
lrger re# A lrge relese o*
2mm+le ,po&r snd clo&d
*ormtions e(plodes 4hen spr3
or *riction is ,il+le# Tho&gh it
is rre possi+ilit! +&t hs more
potentil to dmge#
Some iss&e connected to
con"ned nd &ncon"ned GCE re
s &nder$
%# Determintion o* detontion
limit#
'# Mss o* mteril relesed nd
post ,po&rised#
)# -ossi+ilit! *rom de2grtion to
detontion#
0# -ro++ilit! o* e(plosion or "re#
A# -ro++ilit! nd techni8&e o*
ignition o* clo&d#
@# Dil&tion d&e to ir entrinment#
?# Distnce tr,elled +! clo&d
+e*ore ignition#
># Nt&re o* *lme propgtion#
=# T!pes o* e6*ects o* e(plosion#
;GCE d&e to h!drogen re
&n&s&l +&t did occ&r #H!drogen
,enting sho&l +e directl! to
tmosphere ,i m&ltiple ,ent or
+! 2re#
7LEGE. 7oilingli8&id e(pnding
,po&r e(plosion /$
Ihen tn3 or press&re ,essel
contining li8&id or li8&i"ed
gs+o,e it +oiling point *ils or
r&pt&res1 the contents relese s
t&r+&lent mi(t&re o* li8&id nd
gs e(pnding rpidl! nd
disposing in ir s clo&d#
Ihen this clo&d is ignited1 "re
+ll occ&rs c&sing enormo&s het
rditions intensit! 4ithin *e4
seconds# This het is is s&Hcient
to c&se se,ere s3in +&rns or
deths 4ithin *e4 h&ndred
meters depending on the mss o*
the gs in,ol,ed# A 7LEGE
in,ol,ing sot -ropne to&ch cn
c&se )rd degree +&rn O 'FF mt
: +lister O 0FF mt#
S-ECIAL -RECA;TIONARY
MEAS;RES FOR CONTROL OF FIRE
AND ED-LOSION IN CO;RSE OF
HANDLING AND -ROCESSING OF
FLAMMA7LE LIE;ID1 GASES1
GA-O;RS1 MISTS1 D;STS1 ETC$
Fire nd e(plosion in *lmm+le
s&+stnce is possi+le onl! 4hen it
le3s nd *orms ,po&r in
e(plosi,e rnge# There*ore the
"rst step necessr! is to reg&lrl!
chec3 the tn31 continer1 piping
e8&ipment1 etc *or le3ge nd to
stop it#
Depending on the ,po&r densit!1
,entiltions sho&ld +e pro,ided t
the +ottom or &pper le,el to
remo,e cc&m&ltion o*
2mm+le ,po&r#
I* +ec&se o* heting or cooling1
the ,po&r densit! is chng+le1
the ,entiltionKe(h&st s!stem
sho&ld +e designed *or operting
conditions nd not *or MSDS
,l&e#
Nt&rl ,entiltion openings cn
+e pro,ided ner 2oor1 ner
ceiling or +oth# Locl e(h&st
,entiltion 4ith e(plosion# proo*
electricl e8iponnt is the +est
mes&re#
;n+&rnt gses or 2mm+le
,po&rs in com+&stion chm+er o*
heter1 o,ens1 +ric3s1 *&rnces
m! *orm n e(plosi,e mi(t&re#
So in the e,ent oPme *il&res
proper ,enting or p&rging time
sho&ld +e llo4ed or time
recognition p&rge c!cle sho&ld +e
*ollo4ed#
A gs detector cn +e &sed to
chec3 e(plosi,e rnge in the
s&spected re#
Gs ,l,es nd Qoints sho&ld +e
*re8&entl& chec3ed *or le3s# I*
gs is present1 ,entiltion sho&ld
+e llo4ed +e*ore restrting#
So&rce o* ignition is nother
contri+&tion *ctor *or "re nd
e(plosion# ;se o* 2meK smo3e
detector1 *me proo* electric
e8&ipment1 proper erthing to
dischrge sttic electricit!1
chec3ing o* spr3 or het
generting processes :their
control1 hot 4or3 permit1 etc re
the remedies mes&re#
-RECA;TION FOR -ESTICIDE FIRE$
-rohi+ition o* smo3ing13eeping
2mm+le pesticide 4! *rom
s&n1 het : so&rce o* ignitions1
3eeping people 4! *rom ris31
clling *or help i* neede1 clening
&p re : clothing *ter
e(ting&ishing the "re# Medicl
ttention nd tretment 4itho&t
loss o* time re necessr! i* n!
person is d,ersel! 6ected#
-RECA;TIONS AGAIN ELECTRIC
FI7RES$
5 Ihere electricl trns*ormers1
s4itchgers1 motors or electricl
pprt&s re contined in room
R tlest DC-1 co'
e(ting&isher.cpS'3g/ shll +e
pro,ided 4ithin %A m distnce
*rom tht room#
5 In other rooms 4here motors
nd Kor other electricl mchiner!
re there 1 tlest DC-1 co'
e(ting&ishers .cpS'3g/ shll +e
pro,ided 4ithin %A mt distnce
*rom s&ch room#
5 Ihere electricl motors re
instlled on plt*orm one DCp or
co' e(ting&isher.cpS'3g/ shll
+e pro,ided *or three motors on
or +elo4 the plt*orm#