TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 252B, 8:00 TO 10:00 A.M.

Session 2aAAa
Architectural Acoustics: Acoustics of Concert Halls II
Takayuki Hidaka, Cochair
Takenaka R&D Institute, 1-5-1, Otsuka, 270-1395 Inzai, Chiba, Japan
Daniel E. Commins, Cochair
Commins Acoustics Workshop, 15 rue Laurence Savart, Paris, 75020, France
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aAAa1. Acoustical design consideration for the new IFEZ concert
hall. Jin Yong Jeon Hanyang University, Department of Architectural En-
gineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea, jyjeon@hanyang.ac.kr, Yong
Hee Kim Hanyang University, Department of Architectural Engineering,
133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea, kimyonghee@gmail.com, Shin-Ichi
Sato Hanyang University, Department of Architectural Engineering, 133-
791 Seoul, Republic of Korea, s_sato@mac.com
The design of a new concert hall for the Incheon Free Economic Zone
IFEZ Arts Center in Korea is in progress. The hall is supposed to be the
home of the Asia Philharmonic Orchestra. It has over 1,700 seats, including
150 choirs. A vineyard seating arrangement will be applied, but the seats
around the stage area will be minimized in order to form a solid stage
enclosure. Lateral walls are designed for each seating block to increase
acoustical intimacy. Average width between lateral walls has been designed
to be less than 15 m, and every seat is arranged within 7.5 m to the closest
lateral wall. All lateral walls are designed to be inclined to lead rst reec-
tions and to improve spatial impression at the audience area. Diffusers are
functionally installed to the effective reecting surfaces from the source on
stage. The design considerations are investigated through both computer
simulation and scale modelling.
8:20
2aAAa2. Objective and subjective analysis of acoustical response in
newly renovated Palais Moncalm, Quebec City, Canada. Jean-Philippe
Migneron Lab. dacoustique, cole darchitecture, 1, Cte de la Fabrique,
Vieux Sminaire, Universit Laval, Qubec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada,
jean-philippe.migneron.1@ulaval.ca, Jean-Gabriel Migneron Lab.
dacoustique, cole darchitecture, 1, Cte de la Fabrique, Vieux Sminaire,
Universit Laval, Qubec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada,
jgmigneron@hotmail.com, Jean-Franois Hardy Lab. dacoustique, cole
darchitecture, 1, Cte de la Fabrique, Vieux Sminaire, Universit Laval,
Qubec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada, jean-francois.hardy.1@ulaval.ca
To celebrate the 75th anniversary of Palais Montcalm, the building has
been almost entirely rebuilt to convert it into the House of Music. The main
room, named Salle Raoul-Jobin, has been designed specically for the resi-
dent chamber orchestra: Les Violons du Roy. Collaboration between acous-
tical consultant, Larry S. King, and architect Jacques Plante of MUSE con-
sortium results in a 979 seats concert hall with variable acoustic to
accommodate different kinds of musical events. Since reopening in March
2007, the general acoustic has been enthusiastically acclaimed by profes-
sionals, by world known musicians, and by the public. The principal objec-
tive of this study is to characterize acoustical response of the room with
various adjustments of wall curtains and motorized canopy. This important
reective area is software-controlled in a range of 3 meters depending on
musical needs. Acoustical objective parameters, such as reverberation time,
early decay time, impulse response or C80 factor will be analyzed and com-
pared to musical subjective perception of a few instruments played at mul-
tiple positions on stage and for different listening locations.
8:40
2aAAa3. New design tendencies in modern concert hall design. Alban
A. Bassuet Arup Acoustics, 155 avenue of the americas, New York, NY
10013, USA, alban.bassuet@arup.com
New concert hall design trends are emerging as seen from recently com-
pleted halls around the world and recent international architectural
competitions. Analyzing the current situation, the paper starts by differenti-
ating the acoustical characters of major traditional concert hall forms such as
the large shoe-box, the Vineyard and the surround hall. It discusses in par-
ticular the balance of acoustical energy that characterize these different basic
hall shapes, the sensation of intimacy in relation to the listeners distance to
the performance area and the different early reection patterns inherent from
these hall shapes. As an example of modern concert halls design tendencies,
the paper then describes a design option chosen by Arup Acoustics for the
Paris Concert Hall Architectural design competition with Zaha Hadid
architect. The paper describes the development of the form and shape of the
hall in response to the brief, the concept chosen for the design of sendin-
greceiving surfaces to improve the early reection efciency and stabil-
ity and the use of an overhead reector to improve the balance between
soloist and orchestra and the balance between the orchestra and the rever-
beration in the hall.
9:00
2aAAa4. Acoustic design and evaluation of a multi-purpose hall of a
new conference centre. Attila Balzs Nagy Kotschy Bt., lmos vezr u.
4, 2045 Trkblint, Hungary, nagyab@hit.bme.hu, Ferenc
Tams Kotschy Bt., lmos vezr u. 4, 2045 Trkblint, Hungary,
tamas.ferenc@kotschy.hu, Andrs Kotschy Kotschy Bt., lmos vezr u.
4, 2045 Trkblint, Hungary, bandi@kotschy.hu
At Forum Acusticum 2005 the building and room acoustic design of a
new Conference Centre was presented. Since then the construction work has
been nished and the Centre is now open. The Conference Centre itself is a
multi-functional building, having three wings of different functions. The
Main Hall of the Centre is a room for 750 people which can be extended
with adjacent section rooms for 1100 persons, giving a total volume of
14000 m
3
. It was designed to host conferences, lectures, and - most of the
time - to be used as a concert hall. The extremely different acoustical de-
mands of being a concert hall and a lecture room had been fullled with
appropriate room acoustic design and with variable acoustics by employing
a DCR Digital Control of Reverberation system. In this paper we give a
report on the achieved acoustical performance of the Main Hall of the Con-
ference Centre. We have performed extensive room acoustic measurements
in the Main Hall, the results of which are compared to the designed values
and are presented in this paper. The design of the DCR system is discussed
in a different paper.
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9:20
2aAAa5. Renovation of the concert hall The Doelen: A case study on
the impact of a stage canopy on stage and room acoustics. Margriet R.
Lautenbach Peutz BV, PO Box 696, 2700 AR Zoetermeer, Netherlands,
m.lautenbach@zoetermeer.peutz.nl, Martijn Vercammen Peutz, De Grip-
pen 1124, 6605 TA Wijchen, Netherlands, m.vercammen@mook
.peutz.nl, Klaus-Hendrik Lorenz-Kierakiewitz Peutz BV, Kolberger
Strasse 19, D-40599 Duesseldorf, Germany, khl@peutz.de
When opened in 1966, the main concert hall in De Doelen, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands, was provided with six canopies above the stage platform.
Their function was twofold: to provide a large part of the audience with
early reections; to create good ensemble conditions for the musicians on
stage. Despite good reviews after the opening, a few years later the canopies
were removed to get rid of unwanted reections at the recording micro-
phones positions just below the canopy. Since then, a signicant percentage
of the orchestra is unhappy about the acoustic conditions on stage. During
the design process of the renovation, possibilities to re-introduce a stage
canopy are investigated. Objective acoustic parameters obtained by carrying
out measurements in the hall as well as in a 1:10 scale model and by cal-
culations with a ray-tracing computer model are examined. Parallel, three
questionnaire rounds gave an impression about the musicians subjective
judgement about the stage acoustics. In this paper the acoustic differences of
three situations without canopy, with original canopies and with new
canopy design and the search for an optimal balance between improving the
stage acoustics without altering room acoustical conditions in the audience
are discussed.
Invited Paper
9:40
2aAAa6. Evaluation of virtual acoustic stage support for musical performance. Wieslaw Woszczyk McGill University, Schu-
lich School of Music, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada, wieslaw@music.mcgill.ca, William L. Martens
McGill University, Schulich School of Music, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada, wlm@music.mcgill.ca
The effects of performance space acoustics on musical performance can be evaluated most effectively by eliminating the inuence
of powerful non-auditory factors, such as the visual appearance of the performance space. To allow for such relatively unbiased evalu-
ations, a virtual acoustic stage support system was set up for a live musical performance, and the performer was asked to make blind
comparisons between a variety of architectural acoustic simulations. While results support the broad generalization that the preferred
reverberation time for acoustical stage support depends upon the piece of music to be performed, it was also clear that preferences
strongly depended upon performers aural familiarity with architectural acoustic spaces in which they had considerable experience in
previous performances. After some exposure to descriptive analysis techniques, performers could explain their preferences in terms of
the perceptual characteristics that differed between presented aural architectures.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 253, 8:00 TO 9:00 A.M.
Session 2aAAb
Architectural Acoustics and Noise: Low Frequency Absorption: Mechanisms, Measurement Methods and
Application II
Peter DAntonio, Cochair
RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc., 651-C Commerce Drive, Upper Marlboro, MD 20774, USA
Christian Nocke, Cochair
Akustikbro Oldenburg, Katharinenstr. 10, Oldenburg, 26121, Germany
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aAAb1. Effects of Low-frequency Absorption on Perceived Tightness
of Bass Imagery in Music Reproduction. William L. Martens McGill
University, Schulich School of Music, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Mont-
real, QC H3A 1E3, Canada, wlm@music.mcgill.ca
In order to enable unbiased observation of the effects of low-frequency
absorption on auditory imagery associated with multichannel loudspeaker
reproduction, binaural recordings were made of surround sound program
material that was reproduced over full-range loudspeakers located in a room
that was specially constructed to allow for variation in low-frequency acous-
tical treatment. These recordings were then presented via headphones to al-
low for double-blind comparison of the variation in auditory imagery asso-
ciated with selected changes in room acoustics while holding listener and
loudspeaker locations constant. Several perceptual attributes were examined,
but the listeners were able to make the most clear distinctions between au-
ditory spatial images in terms of the attribute identied as the perceived
tightness of bass imagery. Analysis of the signals presented to the listeners
ears in these binaurally-reproduced multichannel music samples showed that
the tightest bass imagery was associated with high values of interaural co-
herence, with lower values producing more muddy bass imagery. Work
supported by Canada Foundation for Innovation.
8:20
2aAAb2. Acoustical tests of custom-made, low-cost bass absorptive
treatment for small rooms. Ioana Pieleanu Acentech Incorporated, 33
Moulton Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, ipieleanu@acentech
.com, Jeffrey Fullerton Acentech Incorporated, 33 Moulton Street, Cam-
bridge, MA 02138, USA, jfullerton@acentech.com, Marc Choiniere
University of Nebraska, 101A Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182,
USA, mchoiniere@gmail.com
Small music classrooms, practice rooms or small budget recording stu-
dios and control rooms are a few of the numerous applications where low
frequency absorption is sought and necessary for a well-balanced acoustical
spectrum. Often, low frequency absorption is achieved by using pre-
engineered products, such as tuned panel resonators. Unfortunately, the cost
of these pre-engineered products can be excessive for small budget projects,
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or projects that involve a large number of such spaces. For these applica-
tions, more affordable, custom-made low frequency absorbers are desired.
Several types of custom-made treatments were physically tested, to deter-
mine if the degree of low frequency absorption they provide would make
them an effective replacement for the pre-engineered counterparts. The test
samples included glass ber panels mounted as corner traps, custom-made
plywood panel resonators and others. The testing was conducted in a space
comparable in size to a small studio roomcontrol room, or a medium prac-
tice room. This presentation describes the test method and measurement
results.
8:40
2aAAb3. The importance of bass clarity in pop and rock venues. Niels
W. Adelman-Larsen Flex Acoustics, Diplomvej 377, 2800 Lyngby, Den-
mark, nwl@exac.com, Eric R. Thompson Centre for applied hearing
research, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Bygn. 352, 2800 Lyngby,
Denmark, et@oersted.dtu.dk
High levels of bass sound have been shown to stimulate the part of the
brain that controls such basic instincts as sexual desire and hunger Todd,
2000. In rock and pop music, the bass frequencies from 40-125 Hz get am-
plied to very loud levels. Easily half of the electrical power of the PA and
monitor system goes to these 1.5 octaves. A recent survey Adelman-Larsen
et al., 2007 showed that the most important subjective parameter for a rock
and pop music hall to score a high rating was bass clarity which correlated
with a coefcient of 0.74 to overall impression. Informal discussions with
audio engineers and bass players give the perspective that articial rever-
beration is rarely, if ever, added to bass-frequencies. In fact the ideal hall
should be as dry as possible at low-frequencies. In the mid-treble frequency
range, sound absorption, and thereby clarity, is easily obtained through the
presence of the audience that absorbs 4-6 times more midhigh frequency
sound energy than bass sound energy. In the low-frequency range clarity is
not so easily obtained. This paper discusses the challenge in depth and pro-
poses design solutions.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 202203, 8:20 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aAAc
Architectural Acoustics and Engineering Acoustics: Acoustics and Electroacoustics of Small Rooms
Jiri Tichy, Cochair
Pennsylvania State University, 5552 N. Citation Road, Toledo, OH 43615, USA
Mendel Kleiner, Cochair
Chalmers Rm. Acoust. Group, Dept. of Appl. Acoust., Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
Invited Papers
8:20
2aAAc1. Investigation of Bonello criteria as a practical tool in small room acoustics. Todd Welti Harman International Indus-
tries, Inc., R&D Group, 8500 Balboa Blvd, Northridge, CA 91329, USA, twelti@harman.com
The Bonello criteria are often used as an objective metric for assessing room dimensions with respect to modal response. In reality,
the modal response is not simply a property of the room dimensions, but is quite dependent on sourcereceiver locations as well. The
legitimacy of Bonellos criteria when used in rooms with typical subwoofer and seating congurations has not been well investigated.
In this study, a room model is used to calculate room responses for a large number of combinations of room dimensions, subwoofer
positions, and seating locations. The Bonello criteria are evaluated for each combination and compared to perceptually relevant criteria
such as atness and seat to seat consistency of the calculated acoustical responses.
8:40
2aAAc2. Region of control for low frequency modal equalisation in small listening rooms. Aki Mkivirta Genelec Oy, Olvitie
5, FIN-74100 Iisalmi, Finland, aki.makivirta@genelec.com
Small-size listening rooms are characterized by sparse modal density with pronounced spectral colouration when the decay times at
low frequencies are large. Various active approaches for reducing the modal decay time have been suggested in the literature. A review
of the salient principles of these approaches is given. Active control of the modal decay time at the primary listening position by using
the primary radiator for control is demonstrated and evaluated for performance. The locality and size of the region of control, and the
amount of control achieved, are studied in light of the experiment. Effect of the modal equalizer lter to the perceived response atness,
audibility of low frequency resonances, and the required amount of modal equalization are discussed in light of the experiment.
3090 3090 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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9:00
2aAAc3. Improving room acoustics at low frequencies with multiple loudspeakers and time based room correction. Sofus
Birkedal Nielsen Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, sbn@es.aau.dk, Adrian Celestinos Oticon
AS, Kongebakken 9, 2765 Smrum, Denmark, adc@oticon.dk
Small and medium size rectangular rooms are often used for sound reproduction. These rooms have substantial acoustical problems
at low frequencies primarily caused by the reections from the room boundaries. The spatial variation in sound pressure level SPL can
be up to 30 dB in a room at low frequencies, and appear not only at modal frequencies. The problem is an acoustical issue in time, and
should therefore be analyzed in the time-domain, instead of the traditional steady state frequency domain. The construction of a nite-
difference time-domain approximation program FDTD has lead to a simple and untraditional solution called CABS Controlled Acous-
tical Bass System that makes use of multiple loudspeakers. With the proper placement of low frequency loudspeakers, CABS can create
a plane wave from the front wall which will be absorbed by additional low frequency loudspeakers at the back wall. With the back wall
reection removed a homogeneous sound eld will be created in the whole room at low frequencies. Simulations and measurements of
normal size listening rooms show that 4 loudspeakers are enough to even the sound eld in a room. The CABS system is controlled by
a developed DSP system.
9:20
2aAAc4. Applications of a plane wave based room correction system for low frequencies using multiple loudspeakers. Adrian
Celestinos Oticon AS, Kongebakken 9, 2765 Smrum, Denmark, adc@oticon.dk, Sofus Birkedal Nielsen Aalborg University,
Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, sbn@es.aau.dk
When low frequency sound is radiated inside small listening spaces by loudspeakers, large uniformities occur over the sound eld.
This is due to the multiple reection and diffraction of sound on the walls and different objects in the room. A developed system named
Controlled Acoustically Bass System CABS produces uniform sound eld at low frequencies. This is performed by utilizing loud-
speakers at the front wall and extra loudspeakers at the opposite wall, processed to remove the rear-wall reection of a rectangular room.
Effectiveness of CABS on different room scenarios has been evaluated by using a computer simulation program based on the Finite
Difference Time Domain Method FDTD. CABS has been simulated in a small car cabin and in an irregular room. Non-ideal placement
of loudspeakers in CABS have been evaluated. The inuence of utilizing CABS with different types of loudspeakers has been evaluated
by simulations and measurements.
9:40
2aAAc5. Active Sound Field Equalization. Akira Omoto Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minamiku, 815-8540 Fukuoka,
Japan, omoto@design.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Hisaharu Suzuki Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minamiku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan,
hisaha@souldsp.jp, Akihiro Kakiuchi Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minamiku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan, kakirikakki
@hotmail.com
Dominant acoustic modes often result in the inevitable non-uniform distribution of the acoustic quantities such as sound pressure,
especially in the small sized enclosure. In our study, active control technique is thus introduced to overcome the adverse effects of such
modes. Instead of the squared sound pressure which is normally adopted in active noise control, the quantity to be controlled is selected
as the weighted values of acoustic intensities or the acoustic impedances in rectangular directions such as x, y and z measured at plural
points. The reasonably selected combinations of weights yield the control outputs which can alter the directions of propagating waves
and result in reducing the complicated standing waves. Further, results of numerical simulations suggest that the well balanced arrange-
ment of the primary and the secondary sources can rectify the propagating direction and result in the uniform distributions of sound
pressure. The strategies used in this study have possibilities of realizing useful controller for active sound eld equalization.
10:00
2aAAc6. Different approaches for efcient nite element modelling of absorbers in small rooms. Marc Aretz RWTH Aachen
University, Institute for Technical Acoustics, Neustrae 50, 52066 Aachen, Germany, Marc.Aretz@akustik.rwth-aachen.de
The FEM is a powerful tool for the numerical simulation of sound elds in enclosures. It accounts for the modal characteristics of
the sound eld, which are dominant at frequencies below the Schroeder frequency and it is also possible to model the mutual coupling
between airborne and structure borne sound elds, when an appropriate structure model is implemented. When applying the FEM to
complex room acoustics applications, like e.g. a control room in a recording studio, it is a challenging task to specify realistic boundary
conditions. Different kinds of acoustical absorbers like Helmholtz resonators, plate absorbers and complex layered porous absorbers are
found in these environments. While it is possible in principle to use complex and exhaustive models for these acoustical absorbers, it
is often computationally much more efcient to use acoustic impedances or two-port network FEM elements to represent the uid
structure interactions. In the course of this study we compare different approaches for the modelling of Helmholtz resonators without
and without ow resistance, since it has proven very costly in terms of computation time to explicitly model every single hole in the
resonator boxes. The simulation results are compared with results measured in a model room.
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10:20-10:40 Break
10:40
2aAAc7. Direct and modal frequency response analysis of sound elds in small rooms by nite element method. Reiji Tomiku
Faculty of Engineering, Oita University, Dannoharu 700, 870-1192 Oita, Japan, tomiku-reiji@cc.oita-u.ac.jp, Toru Otsuru Faculty
of Engineering, Oita University, Dannoharu 700, 870-1192 Oita, Japan, otsuru@cc.oita-u.ac.jp, Noriko Okamoto Faculty of Engi-
neering, Oita University, Dannoharu 700, 870-1192 Oita, Japan, nokamoto@cc.oita-u.ac.jp, Yuka Kurogi Faculty of Engineering,
Oita University, Dannoharu 700, 870-1192 Oita, Japan, kurogi@cc.oita-u.ac.jp
In this paper, sound pressures are computed by two techniques using nite element method. One is a technique by solving the system
of linear equations directly direct analysis and the other is a technique by modal superposition modal analysis. To conrm the ac-
curacy of the direct analysis, sound pressures obtained by the technique are compared with those obtained by the modal analysis in a
room with the volume of 10 m
3
. Then, as in the modal analysis, two methods are employed: one is a simplied method based on a real
eigenvalue problem assuming that the damping matrix, C, has orthogonality; and another is the method based on complex eigenvalue
problem. Those obtained by the direct analysis are in good agreement with those obtained by the two kinds of modal analyses regardless
of absorption conditions, even if the analysis is carried out at the frequency close to an eigen frequency. Next, diffuseness of sound eld
below 315 Hz in a room, which is used in the measurement of ISO140-3, is investigated by the direct analysis from the viewpoint of
mean sound pressure level measurements.
11:00
2aAAc8. The effect of diffusers on low frequency modes. Jamie A. Angus University of Salford, 12 Lister Way, YO30 6NLYork,
UK, j.a.s.angus@salford.ac.uk
Small listening rooms are becoming prevalent, due to the availability of production facilities on personal computers, and the nan-
cial pressures faced by the industry. In these rooms, modal behaviour at low frequencies signicantly affects the quality of the rever-
berant decay, due to their non-diffuse nature compared with other frequencies. Diffusion and absorption can help and may be a useful
way of improving the low frequency performance of such rooms. This paper discusses the properties of these rooms at low frequencies,
in particular the effect of diffusing boundaries on the modal behaviour of such rooms. The paper will rst discuss what is meant by a
mode and modal decay. It will then go on to examine the effect of diffusing boundaries on the frequency and density of modes. In
particular, it will examine the effect of the scale of the diffuser on its efcacy in this task. For ease of visualisation this will be done
using a two dimensional model and, for accuracy a nite element, element simulation. The effect of going to three dimensions on the
results will also be discussed. Finally, the effect of absorption based diffusing boundaries will be examined.
11:20
2aAAc9. Power output regularization in the active reproduction of sound elds in rooms. Nick Stefanakis National Technical
University of Athens, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 157 73 Athens, Greece,
nstefan@mobile.ntua.gr, Sotiris Dalianis National Technical University of Athens, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Heroon Polytechniou 9, 157 73 Athens, Greece, dalias@central.ntua.gr, Tilemachos Karatzas National Technical University of Ath-
ens, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 157 73 Athens, Greece, tilkar6@hotmail.com, George
Cambourakis National Technical University of Athens, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 157
73 Athens, Greece, gcamb@cs.ntua.gr
In this paper we address the problem of using a multi-channel active control system in order to reproduce a harmonic sound eld
in a large part of the volume of a reverberant room. The problems associated with the calculation of the inverse system matrix are
confronted by introducing a term that is proportional to the sound power-output of the system in the cost function that is obtained by
the multiple point method. Simulation results show that this technique results to a better conditioning of the system matrix at low
frequencies, comparing to other traditional regularization techniques. Moreover, it is shown that this method can be employed to in-
crease the spatial robustness of the control sensor array inside the listening room.
11:40
2aAAc10. Low-frequency response in active acoustic practice rooms. Ronald Freiheit Wenger Corporation, 555 Park Drive,
Owatonna, MN 55060, USA, ron.freiheit@wengercorp.com
Integrating active virtual acoustics into relatively small practice rooms to create a sense of envelopment is critical to the satisfac-
tion of the musicians using these spaces for learning. The number of speakers and their locations play an important role in minimizing
the ability to localize to the sources supporting this sense of envelopment. Equally important is the frequency response required for the
speakers used in these applications, to more accurately simulate the acoustics of a performance environment. Excessive high frequencies
increase the ability to localize and decrease the sensation of a larger space, since the air in larger spaces naturally absorbs many high
frequencies. Another challenge is creating the sense of envelopment for instruments in the bass region 125Hz octave band and below
by providing enough low-frequency energy response. Work will be presented on low-frequency response desired to satisfy a sampling
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of solo cello players using active acoustic practice rooms. The optimal sources for these low frequencies - single or multiple - will be
discussed. Updated information will also be provided on the sound eld coverage in active rooms with extended low-frequency
response.
Contributed Papers
12:00
2aAAc11. Active playback of acoustic quadraphonic sound events.
Domenico Stanzial Italian National Research Council, FSSG-CNR Lab
Acustica, co Fondazione Cini, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore, 30124 Ven-
ezia, Italy, domenico.stanzial@cini.ve.cnr.it, Giorgio Sacchi Physics De-
partment - University of Ferrara, V. Saragat, 44100 Ferrara, Italy,
giorgio.sacchi@student.unife.it, Giuliano Schiffrer Physics Department -
University of Ferrara, V. Saragat, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, schgln@unife.it
The reproduction in a given conned space - such as a cinema hall or a
smaller room - of a sound event previously recorded in a completely differ-
ent acoustical environment is an interesting and still open acoustical
problem. A new method for hi- audio playback based on the general solu-
tion of the acoustic inverse problem is here pourposed. A feed-forward con-
trol based on overdetermination of conditions at active contours - i.e. loud-
speakers - in order to obtain an optimal stable solution via least square
approach is here proposed. This is easily possible even for complex con-
gurations thanks to acoustic quadraphony, the application of sound inten-
simetry to audio technology developed in the last years within the IST-2-
511316-IP European project denominated IP-RACINE. After a short
explanation of the model theory, the experimental application to the simplest
case of 1-D conned eld is presented and some obtained results are shown.
12:20
2aAAc12. Acoustics in a small control room. Sergio
Beristain Mexican Institute of Acoustics, P.O. Box 12-1022, Narvarte,
03001 Mexico, D.F., Mexico, sberista@hotmail.com
Acoustics in small rooms is allways a problem, particularly at the low
frequency range, because of their size and the fact that there is very limited
space to install all the acoustic materials needed in order to obtain the de-
sired acoustic response, but when an electroacoustic system has to be em-
ployed as it is the case in a small Control Room for a small recording studio,
matters become even worse. First of all, the space is further reduced in order
to accomodate the required sound system, and with the presence of hard to
control low resonant frecuencies, which can be excited at any moment dur-
ing any recording session, it can be produced highly different sound presure
levels at those frequencies, changing the timbre of sounds. Some measure-
ment results are presented.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 253, 9:20 A.M. TO 1:00 P.M.
Session 2aAAd
Architectural Acoustics and Noise: Acoustics and Privacy in Healthcare Facilities I: Emerging Policy Around
the World
David M. Sykes, Cochair
ANSI S12 Workgroup 44 and the Joint ASAINCENCAC Subcommittee on Healthcare Acoustics & Speech Privacy, 23
Buckingham Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Kerstin Persson Waye, Cochair
Dept. of Environ. Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Acad. of Gothenburg Univ., Box 414, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
Invited Papers
9:20
2aAAd1. Waves of change: global policies & their impacts on the acoustics profession. David M. Sykes ANSI S12 Workgroup
44 and the Joint ASAINCENCAC Subcommittee on Healthcare Acoustics & Speech Privacy, 23 Buckingham Street, Cambridge, MA
02138, USA, david.sykes@remington-partners.com
In a decade, ve waves of change swept across the globe stimulating new interest in acoustics. This session examines their effects
on the EU, North America and Japan. The Internet caused the rst wave-the EUs privacy Directive 9546EC drove nations everywhere
to develop privacy laws, many covering Speech Privacy. A second wave, in 2000 when the tech bubble burst, produced laws to
improve nancial accountability and forcing organizations to nd ways to shield their leaders. A third wave arose in 2001 with the
increase in terrorism, producing a surge in security laws that challenge the right to privacy enshrined in the 1948 Declaration of Human
Rights. The fourth wave is demographic: racing to build healthcare facilities for boomers, this giant industry is now wrestling with a
noise epidemic resulting from decades of neglecting the health effects of noise. The fth wave came from the green movement-the
concept of indoor environmental quality has renewed interest in noise as a pollutant. How countries balance such concerns as state
security, citizen privacy and human health will be decided by courts but these ve waves have catalyzed demand for understanding,
insight, expertise, standards, codes, manpower and solutions from the acoustical profession.
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9:40
2aAAd2. Developing acoustical policies around in EU countries. Katrin Bergmark Saint-Gobain Ecophon AB, Box 500, 26061
Hyllinge, Sweden, katrin.bergmark@ecophon.se, Marc R. Janssen Saint-Gobain Ecophon AB, Box 500, 26061 Hyllinge, Sweden,
marc.janssen@ecophon.se
According to research, noise levels in hospitals worldwide have increased. At the same time, the awareness of the negative effects
of noise on patients and healthcare staff has grown. To manage or eliminate noise in hospitals, standards and policies are a great help.
An overview of international standards will be presented, showing various parameters and differences in values and angles of approach,
e.g based on activity or room type. To further optimize the content, and stimulate the use of the standards, some countries have even
dened healthcare specic standards. These can support the planning and the evaluation of the sound environment in those premises.
New insights from research and case studies, as well as emerging laws, provide opportunities or even force us to extend the existing
content of standards to meet future demands. Suggestions for that include extension of the amount of parameters, such as decrease of
sound pressure level SPL and parameters addressing privacy PI, AC. Finally, revision of standards provides opportunities for end
users to increase their understanding and interest in acoustic and to supply possibilities to dene the desired quality of the sound
environment.
10:00
2aAAd3. Effects of healthcare acoustics on medical outcomes. Roger Ulrich Texas A&M University, Department of Architec-
ture, 3137 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA, rulrich@archmail.tamu.edu
Although considerable research has examined detrimental effects of noise on patient sleep quality in healthcare buildings, few stud-
ies have investigated the extent to which noise may worsen other types of patient clinical outcomes. Studies are also scarce concerning
the effects of noise and poor acoustics on healthcare staff. The presentation describes a prospective controlled study conducted with
colleagues in Sweden that examined the impact of higher versus lower noise levels, and longer in contrast to shorter reverberation times,
on several patient and staff outcomes in a hospital coronary critical care unit CCU. Acoustics were altered during the study period by
changing the ceiling tiles throughout the CCU from sound-reecting tiles to sound-absorbing tiles of similar appearance. Regarding
patients, an improved acoustics environment signicantly reduced physiological stress, increased satisfaction with quality of care, im-
proved sleep quality, and lessened incidence of costly re-hospitalizations following discharge. Better acoustics also improved speech
intelligibility, and healthcare staff experienced reduced work demands and less pressure and strain. The discussion concludes by out-
lining research directions, including the need for more outcomes studies to enable development of a strong business case for better
healthcare acoustics.
Contributed Papers
10:20
2aAAd4. Inuence of intenesive coronary care acoustics on the quality
of care and phyiological state of patients. Inger Hagerman Dept of Car-
diology, Karolinska University Hospital, M52, Huddinge, 141 86 Stock-
holm, Sweden, inger.hagerman@karolinska.se, Gundars Rasmanis Dept
of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, M52, Huddinge, 141 86
Stockholm, Sweden, gundars.rasmanis@karolinska.se, Vanja
Blomkvist Dept of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, M52, Hud-
dinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden, vanja.blomkvist@pubcare.uu.se, Roger
Ulrich Texas A&M University, Department of Architecture, 3137 TAMU,
College Station, TX 77843, USA, rulrich@archmail.tamu.edu, Tres
Theorell Dept of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, M52, Hud-
dinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden, tores.theorell@stressforskning.su.se
Background unstable coronary disease is a stressful situation and envi-
ronmental inuences may increase stress mechanisms important for the car-
diovascular status. Aim to evaluate acoustic inuence on patients with coro-
nary artery disease and to test if the effects of poor sound absorption on
work environment affects quality of care and medical status of patients.
Methods 94 patients admitted to the intensive coronary heart unit for chest
pain evaluation participated. Patient groups were recruited during bad and
good acoustic conditions respectively. Blood pressure, pulse amplitude,
heart rate and heart rate variability were monitored. Patients were asked to
ll in a questionnaire about the quality of the care and a follow up of re-
hospitalisation and mortality was made at 1 and 3 months. Results good and
bad acoustics differed signicantly with respect to pulse amplitude in acute
myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris groups, with lower val-
ues at night during the good acoustics period. Re-hospitalisations were
higher for the bad acoustics group. During the good acoustics period pa-
tients considered the staff attitude much better than during the bad acoustics
period. Conclusion, bad acoustics environment during acute illness may
have important physiological effects of importance for rehabilitation.
10:40
2aAAd5. The future of UK hospital design. Adrian Popplewell Arup
Acoustics, St Giles Hall, Pound Hill, CB3 0AE Cambridge, UK, adrian
.popplewell@arup.com
The importance of acoustic conditions within hospitals is highlighted by
recent research indicating that patient recovery times are signicantly inu-
enced by the noise levels within wards. Added to this are concerns about
speech privacy and condentiality, patient and staff comfort, communication
between patient and doctor, and the effects of vibration on sensitive medical
equipment, all of which makes the acoustic design a key parameter in any
hospital development. This paper will discuss the practical issues associated
with the implementation of the current national guidance on hospital acous-
tics Health Technical Memorandum 2045 and the new, currently unpub-
lished replacement, Health Technical Memorandum 08-01. The experiences
of the author with several large Private Finance Initiative projects, designed
to the current standard, have illustrated the practical difculties of fully
complying with all its requirements and the design solutions which can be
adopted. Speech privacy and condentiality has been a critical issue in de-
veloping the new design standard. With Arup Acoustics as key contributors
to this document, and acoustic designers of one of the rst major projects in
the UK to comply with this standard, the author is in a prime position to be
able to assess the practical and technical implications of the future guidance.
11:00-11:20 Break
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Invited Papers
11:20
2aAAd6. Development of sound and vibration design guidelines for health care facilities. Kurt Rockstroh Stefan Bradley
Architects, 100 Summer Street, Boston, MA 02110, USA, kurtr@stefan.com
The Guidelines for Design & Construction of Healthcare Facilities is utilized by the majority of the United States and its federal
agencies involved in funding health care projects. As part of the development of the 2010 Edition of The Guidelines a joint sub-
committee of ASA, INCE, NCAC and the Health Guidelines Revision Committee was formed to develop sound and vibration
guidelines. This presentation will explain the collaborative process used to develop, publicize, review and formally vote acceptance of
the sound and vibration guidelines. The presentation will also outline the major components of the new guidelines.
11:40
2aAAd7. Acoustics in green buildings: rening the concept of environmentally quality while improving occupant health and
productivity synergistically. Sholem Prasow Teknion Furniture Systems, 1150 Flint Rd., Thornhill, ON L3T 4 M9, Canada, sholem
.prasow@teknion.com
Environmental Quality has always been a keystone of the green building movement. The concept has evolved from Indoor Air
Quality, for example, in the rst version of LEED seven years ago to a much broader and enriched concept - a concept that fully
embraces Acoustics - today. This paper explores the evolution of Environmental Quality in both general and health care environments,
and demonstrates the emerging role of Acoustics as an equal partner with Air Quality and Lighting as determinants of both health and
productivity in the built environment. Specic references will be made to LEED rating systems and to emerging acoustical design
requirements within LEED.
12:00
2aAAd8. Getting noise and speech privacy issues heard in design of healthcare facilities. Anjali Joseph The Center for Health
Design, 1850 Gateway Blvd., Suite 1083, Concord, CA 94520, USA, ajoseph@healthdesign.org
Hospitals are extremely noisy, and noise levels in most hospitals far exceed recommended guidelines. The high ambient noise levels,
as well as peak noise levels in hospitals, have serious impacts on patient and staff outcomes ranging from sleep loss and elevated blood
pressure among patients to emotional exhaustion and burnout among staff. Poorly designed acoustical environments can pose a serious
threat to patient condentiality if private conversations between patients and staff or between staff members can be overheard by un-
intended listeners. At the same time, a poor acoustical environment impedes effective communication between patients and staff and
between staff members by rendering speech and auditory signals less intelligible or detectable. This has serious implications for patient
safety. A well-designed acoustical environment is critical in addressing these problems related to noise and communication of
information. The purpose of this presentation is to examine how different aspects of sound - noise, speech privacy, speech intelligibility,
and music - impact patient and staff outcomes in healthcare settings and the specic environmental design strategies that can be used
to improve the acoustical environment of healthcare settings.
12:20
2aAAd9. Noise confounds in functional MRI research and potential solutions. Marc J. Kaufman McLean Hospital, 115 Mill
St., Brain Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA, kaufman@mclean.harvard.edu, Blaise D. Frederick McLean Hospital, 115
Mill St., Brain Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA, BBFrederick@mclean.harvard.edu, Eric E. Ungar Acentech Inc, 33
Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, eungar@ACENTECH.com, Jonathan D. Kemp Acentech Inc, 33 Moulton St., Cam-
bridge, MA 02138, USA, jdkemp@acentech.com, David M. Sykes ANSI S12 Workgroup 44 and the Joint ASAINCENCAC Sub-
committee on Healthcare Acoustics & Speech Privacy, 23 Buckingham Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, david.sykes@remington-
partners.com
High eld functional MRI fMRI is becoming a neuroscience research technique of choice because it is noninvasive and can reveal
brain circuitry regulating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Unfortunately, rapid scan fMRI results in high noise levels 100-140
dB that can alter auditory, visual, and pain system function, and also can induce stress, which itself modulates brain responses to
various stimuli. These effects can confound fMRI data interpretation. A number of solutions for this problem have been proposed in-
cluding modifying MRI scanner hardware to reduce noise output, an expensive proposition limited to willing manufacturers, and modi-
fying fMRI pulse sequences to reduce noise output, which is effective within certain limitations. Another approach is to develop acous-
tic noise isolating equipment that separates subjects from noise. This passive approach confers maximum exibility because it is both
hardware- and fMRI scan sequence-independent. We present initial data documenting efcacy of rst generation acoustic noise isolating
equipment for animal fMRI studies. As nearly 25% of patients referred for clinical MRIs refuse scans because they are stressful, acous-
tic noise isolating equipment scaled for clinical MRI scanner use may decrease stress and increase patient compliance, thereby decreas-
ing morbidity and mortality, and improve MRI center workow.
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12:40
2aAAd10. Experimental study on applicability of sound masking system in medical examination room. Kanako Ueno
Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan,
ueno@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Hyojin Lee Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 To-
kyo, Japan, leehj@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Shinichi Sakamoto Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-
ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan, sakamo@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Atsuko Ito Center for Advanced Sound Technologies, Yamaha, 203 Mat-
sunokijima, 4380192 Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan, atsuko1_ito@gmx.yamaha.com, Mai Fujiwara Center for Advanced Sound
Technologies, Yamaha, 203 Matsunokijima, 4380192 Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan, mai_fujiwara@gmx.yamaha.com, Yasushi Shimizu
Center for Advanced Sound Technologies, Yamaha, 203 Matsunokijima, 4380192 Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan, yasushi_shimizu@gmx
.yamaha.com
Recently, speech privacy to avoid oral information leakage in healthcare facilities has become an important issue. This study in-
vestigated effectiveness of sound masking system in regard to masking efciency, annoyance and its inuence on speech conversation
for medical examination rooms in an experimental approach. Considering actual application, two adjacent medical examination rooms
partitioned by a low sound insulation wall in a typical healthcare facility were selected as an experimental eld and sound masking
system was temporally installed. In the rooms, acoustic environment was measured and reproduced in an anechoic room with a 3-D
sound eld simulation system using a 6-ch sound recordingreproduction technique. In the simulated acoustic condition, subjective tests
were designed to quantify the masking efciency and annoyance caused by the masking sound. The annoyance test was conducted in
listening condition with high attention to the sound and in talking condition with low attention. As a result, mixed maskers composed
by water stream, synthesized speech signals, and steady state noise showed high performance in both aspect of masking efciency and
annoyance.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 252B, 10:20 A.M. TO 1:00 P.M.
Session 2aAAe
Architectural Acoustics, Musical Acoustics, Physical Acoustics, and Noise: Acoustics of Opera Houses I
Robin Glosemeyer Petrone, Cochair
918 16th St., Apt 3, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA
Roberto Pompoli, Cochair
Engineering Dept. - Univ. of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
Invited Papers
10:20
2aAAe1. Generous opera house acoustics for lyric and symphonic performances. Daniel E. Commins Commins Acoustics
Workshop, 15 rue Laurence Savart, 75020 Paris, France, d.commins@comminsacoustics.com
It is believed that a short acoustic response is needed in an opera house to guarantee good intelligibility of lyrics. Some of the best
opera houses have a relatively long reverberation time associated to good clarity. They are more suitable to symphonic concerts than
damped rooms. The recently opened 1350-seat Grand Thtre de Provence in Aix-en-Provence, France, is an example of an opera
house with a long response and good clarity. An adequate orchestra shell and proper permanent acoustical treatment of the stage tower
lead to suitable acoustical parameters in the symphony conguration. The measurements show that in an opera house of this capacity,
it is possible to create conditions compatible with opera, symphony, chamber music and recitals. The rich opera conguration sound
generates mostly positive reactions. Most concert goers consider that this room is now the reference for the region. One must note
however that this approach is risky since the values that are considered ideal for opera must be stretched far. It may lead to excessive
reverberation and even to unwanted reections. This target requires genuine investigations, from early concept to nal design, using the
most advanced prediction and modeling techniques. The design of larger rooms under the same principle requires even more care.
10:40
2aAAe2. Opera House Reverberation Times - Design Considerations. Eckhard Kahle Kahle Acoustics, 188 avenue Molire,
1050 Brussels, Belgium, kahle@kahle.be, Thomas Wulfrank Kahle Acoustics, 188 avenue Molire, 1050 Brussels, Belgium,
twulfrank@kahle.be, Yann Jurkiewicz Kahle Acoustics, 188 avenue Molire, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, yjurkiewicz@kahle.be, Brian
F. Katz LIMSI-CNRS, B.P. 133, 91403 Orsay, France, brian.katz@limsi.fr
The intimacy of many historic European Opera Houses, especially of the traditional Italian style, is highly cherished and many of
these halls are considered to be among the best halls acoustically. From an acoustical point of view the generally small dimensions -
often combined with a moderate seat count - provide excellent source presence and clarity. On the other hand, the corresponding small
volume leads to short reverberation times, and in recent decades higher reverberation times have been preferred and asked for by clients
and audiences in many countries. Ideas will be presented on how this apparent dilemma between the preference for small dimensions
for intimacy, source presence and denition and increased volume in order to create longer reverberation times can be addressed.
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11:00
2aAAe3. The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples and its smaller clone Teatro Verdi in Salerno. Raffaele Dragonetti DETEC,
University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy, dragonet@unina.it, Carmine Ianniello DETEC, Univer-
sity of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy, ianniell@unina.it, Francesco Mercogliano DETEC, University
of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy, francesco.mercogliano@unina.it, Rosario A. Romano DETEC, Uni-
versity of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy, rosroman@unina.it
The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples Italy is a well preserved baroque-type theatre. It was opened in 1737 and ourished up to a
destructive re. Nine months after the disastrous event the San Carlo was rebuilt completely as it was and reopened in 1817. It is still
praised for its sound quality for opera performance. The Teatro Verdi was conceived by the Municipality of Salerno Italy in 1843.
However, the querelles of local parties delayed much its construction so that it could be opened only in 1872. The architects who
designed the Teatro Verdi were inuenced very much by the successful Teatro di San Carlo and tried to copy the older and not-far-one
in a smaller scale. The Verdi has undergone few minor changes during its life and is used also for opera shows. The main halls of the
two are in a scale about 1:5. This paper reports a comparison of their acoustical features in terms of objective room-acoustics parameters
accepted for opera-house sound quality. Acoustic measurements were performed with the same instrumentation set. Similarities and
differences are discussed.
11:20
2aAAe4. Teatro La Fenice, Venice --- The secrets of the acoustical reconstruction of the destroyed theater according to
historical and modern requirements. Jrgen Reinhold Mller BBM GmbH, Robert Koch Strasse 11, D 82152 PlaneggMnchen,
Germany, Juergen.Reinhold@MuellerBBM.de
The reconstruction of this artistically and architecturally very important opera house that was completely destroyed by a re and
which was famous throughout the world not least for its excellent acoustical qualities, was a brilliant challenge also for an acoustician.
The historical planning requirements - complete reconstruction as it was; where it was - the latest ndings in room acoustics as well
as a huge number of modern requirements are to be brought in line. The theatre hall as heart of the Teatro La Fenice was recon-
structed in its classical horseshoe shape with ve tiers in pure wooden construction. Modern standard specications had to be met for
ventilation and air conditioning, the installation of a modern stage machinery as well as an improved safety and re prevention concept.
Furthermore the space allocation plan had to be extended by the integration of new rehearsal rooms and technical equipment rooms.
From the point of view of building and room acoustics this was a very complex task - if in addition the cramped conditions of the Teatro
La Fenice in Venice are taken into consideration. The lecture provides an insight into the building and room acoustical planning, its
realization and the achieved acoustical results.
11:40
2aAAe5. The acoustics of the Beijing National Grand Theatre of China. Isabelle Schmich CSTB, 24, Rue Joseph Fourier,
38400 Saint Martin DHres, France, isabelle.schmich@cstb.fr, Paul Chervin CSTB, 24, Rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin
DHres, France, paul.chervin@cstb.fr, Zhu Xiangdong School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Room 104, Centre Main Build-
ing, 100084 Beijing, China, zxd@abcd.edu.cn, Yan Xiang School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Room 104, Centre Main
Building, 100084 Beijing, China, yx@abcd.edu.cn, L Guo-Qi The National Grand Theatre, 2, Chang an sast street, 100031 Beijing,
China, liguoqi@fujisound.com
The National Grand Theatre of China opened in December 2007 in Beijing. It is a complex of three performance halls: the Opera
2400 seats, the Concert Hall 2000 seats and the Theatre 1100 seats. These three halls are covered by a super-ellipsoidal shell made
out of titanium and glass. The history of the acoustic design evolution from the winning of the competition in 1999 by the Architect Paul
Andreu to the nal construction will be retraced including the preliminary design, the acoustic simulations and auralisations. The acous-
tic design of each hall will be presented with its specications and detailed particularities. Final acoustic measurements have been done
in the three empty halls and in the occupied concert hall. The results and acoustic criteria will be discussed. In addition, a subjective
evaluation has been done with psychoacoustic questionnaires and the results will be presented and analysed.
Contributed Papers
12:00
2aAAe6. Acoustical design and scale model test for the opera house of
Zhongshan city. Shuo Xian Wu State Key Laboratory of Subtropical
Building Science, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan
Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China, arshxwu@scut.edu.cn, Yue Zhe
Zhao State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China
University of Technology, 381 Wushan Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China,
arzhyzh@scut.edu.cn
The opera house of Zhongshan City in Guangdong province of China is
the performing art center of the city. It was completed in Oct. 2005. It has
1400 seats including 833 stall seats and another 484 seats on two levels of
balcony. The volume of the auditorium is 12000m3 and the VN is 9.1m3
per seat. The main purpose of the building is for the performances of opera
and ballet. Some music and conference events are also to be held there.
Therefore, the occupied reverberation time at medium frequencies is set to
be 1.6s and its background noise level has to meet NR-20. During the acous-
tical design, a 3D computer simulation model established with ODEON
software and a 1:20 scale model was made to analyze the sound elds of the
auditorium with and without a music shell on the stage. After the completion
of the building, an acoustics test was taken. Several performances show that
its acoustics reaches a quite high level and has won high praises.
12:20
2aAAe7. Subjective Assessments of Acoustical Environments for
Un-assisted Traditional Peking Opera Performances. Wei-Hwa
Chiang National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, sec. 4
Keelung Rd, Taiwan, 106 Taipei, Taiwan, edchiang1224
@hotmail.com, Wei Lin National Taiwan University of Science and
Technology, 43, sec. 4 Keelung Rd, Taiwan, 106 Taipei, Taiwan,
D9313001@mail.ntust.edu.tw, Ya-Jhen Yu National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology, 43, sec. 4 Keelung Rd, Taiwan, 106 Taipei, Tai-
wan, ianmelody@hotmail.com
The prevalence of Western performing arts has impacted on how tradi-
tional Peking opera is performed. It is, however, necessary to preserve and
pass on traditional Peking opera for it integrates the essence of Chinese
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opera. The research has been conducted regarding subjective assessment of
the acoustical environment for traditional Peking opera. Recording of dry
sound sources was also performed. Sound strength and listening direction
were found to be the principle factors that determined evaluation for overall
impression while reverberation time is less important. The 6000 m3 can be
used as the upper limit for room volume when a thrust stage is used.
12:40
2aAAe8. Considerations about the acoustical properties of Teatro
Nuovo in Spoleto after the restauration works. Alessandro
Cocchi University, DIENCA Dept. Facolt di Ingegneria, Viale Risorgi-
mento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, alessandro.cocchi@mail.ing
.unibo.it, Marco Cesare Consumi University, DIENCA Dept. Facolt di
Ingegneria, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
marcocesare.consumi@mail.ing.unibo.it,Ryota ShimokuraAIST, 1-8-31
Midorigaoka, Ikeda, 563-8577 Osaka, Japan, ryota.shimokura@aist.go.jp
In 2003 the municipality of Spoleto decided to stop the performances
within the Teatro Nuovo, among the others also of Two World Annual Fes-
tival, as it was necessary to modify some material, repair the oor, refurbish
pictures and so on: the rst author was charged with all the acoustical as-
pects and he decided to perform extensive acoustical measurements. During
this measurement campaign, a utter echo was detected in the stalls, so it
became necessary to detect the origin of this problem, then to nd some
modication able to remove this problem: we have already presented our
studies on this subject, from which a new design of the orchestra pit was
derived. For re safety reasons it was necessary also to remove some elastic
panels from the boxes, and an acoustically equivalent technical solution was
adopted. Even the stalls oor was removed and a new solution was adopted
incorporating the heating plant and an acoustical solution. In this paper we
will present the results of measurements performed after the opening of the
theatre a typical Italia Opera House of the end of the Eighteen Century and
some consideration about the acoustical results so obtained.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 342B, 8:00 A.M. TO 1:20 P.M.
Session 2aAB
Animal Bioacoustics and ECUA: Animal Bioacoustic Censusing I
Marie A. Roch, Cochair
San Diego State University, Dept. of Computer Science, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA
Cdric Gervaise, Cochair
E3I2 - EA3876, 2 rue Franois Verny, Brest Cedex, 29806, France
Invited Papers
8:00
2aAB1. Passive acoustic detection of grouper sound production. David Mann University of South Florida, College of Marine
Science, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA, dmann@marine.usf.edu, James Locascio University of South Florida,
College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA, locascio@marine.usf.edu, Michelle Schrer University
of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Department of Marine Sciences, Isla Magueyes, La Parguera, 00667 Lajas, Puerto Rico,
m_scharer@hotmail.com, Chris Koenig Florida State University, Coastal and Marine Laboratory, St. Teresa Beach, FL 32358, USA,
koenig@bio.fsu.edu, Michael Nemeth University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Department of Marine Sciences, Isla Magueyes, La
Parguera, 00667 Lajas, Puerto Rico, michaelnemeth@hotmail.com, Misty Nelson University of South Florida, College of Marine
Science, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA, mnelson@marine.usf.edu, Felicia Coleman Florida State University,
Coastal and Marine Laboratory, St. Teresa Beach, FL 32358, USA, coleman@bio.fsu.edu, Richard Appeldoorn University of Puerto
Rico-Mayaguez, Department of Marine Sciences, Isla Magueyes, La Parguera, 00667 Lajas, Puerto Rico, rappeldo@uprm.edu
Passive acoustic recordings were used to study the behavior of red hind Epinephelus guttatus at spawning aggregation sites off of
Puerto Rico and Mona Island, and goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara and red grouper Epinephelus morio on the West Florida Shelf.
The sounds produced by each species were unique, low-frequency pulsed sounds and associated with reproductive-related behavior.
Male red hind produced sounds composed of a series of pulses that graded into a tonal-like sound, mostly during territorial patrolling.
Long-term acoustic recorder LARS data from the west coast of Puerto Rico and Mona Island showed similar diel periodicities of
sound production of red hind, but had different monthly peaks in sound production. Goliath grouper sounds consisted of low-frequency
individual pulses 50-100 Hz that are consistent with sounds produced by a large sh, and showed lunar periodicity in sound
production. Peaks in sound production occurred nightly after midnight, but sounds were also produced throughout the day. Sound pro-
duction and spawning by red grouper was recorded using a remotely operated vehicle ROV at depths of 80-100 m. Passive acoustic
techniques can provide synoptic, long-term time series of sound production associated with reproductive activities of soniferous species
at widely spaced sites.
8:20
2aAB2. The value of acoustic technologies for monitoring bird migration. Andrew Farnsworth Cornell Laboratory of Ornithol-
ogy, 420 E 54th St, 38J, New York, NY 10021, USA, af27@cornell.edu
Many North American species of birds give distinctive ight calls during nocturnal migration. Monitoring these calls can be a
powerful method for studying the timing and magnitude of migration, as well as for conrming the presence of individual species and
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potentially for quantifying passage rates. Recent technological advances in acoustic monitoring, such as increased processor speeds of
computers, automated detection software, increased data storage capacities, and a comprehensive identication guide, permit recording
of the vocalizations of passing migrants over entire nights for entire migration seasons, thus yielding data on species composition,
migration timing and routing, and the magnitude of migration trafc. I will discuss several recent studies that have used acoustic tech-
nologies to monitor nocturnal migration, presenting data on species composition and relative abundance. Additionally, I will present
some recent approaches to addressing quantication of passing migrants by their calls. I will also discuss wider applications of this
technology beyond the realm of North American migrant species.
Contributed Papers
8:40
2aAB3. Automatic detection of short time periodic bird calls in realistic
monitoring scenarios. Daniel Wolff Department of Computer Science
III, University of Bonn, Roemerstr. 164, 53117 Bonn, Germany,
wolffd@bonn.edu, Klaus H. Tauchert Humboldt-University Berlin, Insti-
tute of Biology, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany,
klaus.tauchert@gmx.de, Karl H. Frommolt Humboldt-University Berlin,
Museum fr Naturkunde, Tierstimmenarchiv, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin,
Germany, karl-heinz.frommolt@rz.hu-berlin.de, Rolf Bardeli Department
of Computer Science III, University of Bonn, Roemerstr. 164, 53117 Bonn,
Germany, bardeli@iai.uni-bonn.de, Frank Kurth FGAN-FKIE, Abteilung
KOM, Neuenahrer Str. 20, 53343 Wachtberg-Werthhoven, Germany,
kurth@fgan.de, Michael Clausen Department of Computer Science III,
University of Bonn, Roemerstr. 164, 53117 Bonn, Germany, clausen@iai
.uni-bonn.de
In this contribution, we propose a method for the automatic detection
and localisation of bird calls featuring simple as well as highly repetitive
structures. Reporting from a research project focused at computer aided
acoustical monitoring, a detector for Locustella luscinoides Savis Warbler
is presented, performing reliably even on highly distorted recordings. In co-
operation with the Animal Sound Archive at the Humboldt University, Ber-
lin, this detector was incorporated into a multimodal censusing method com-
bining GPS-data and automatically annotated audio recordings to perform
line mapping. An evaluation of the proposed techniques for unsupervised
monitoring purposes was also performed on 20 hours of multichannel re-
cordings from Lake Parstein, a cane brake area in Germany. Finally, exem-
plifying the discriminative potential of the underlying features, we will point
out the application to other members of the Warbler family as well as the
detection of cricket and toad sounds.
9:00
2aAB4. Animal censusing using seismic cues: techniques used for
African elephants. Jason D. Wood Beam Reach Marine Science and
Sustainability School, 7044 17th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA,
jason@beamreach.org, Caitlin E. OConnell-Rodwell Stanford Univer-
sity, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford,
94305, USA, ceoconnell@stanford.edu, Simon L. Klemperer Stanford
University, Department of Geophysics, Stanford, 94305, USA, sklemp
@stanford.edu
Counting populations of animals has proven to be difcult and inexact
for species that are difcult to detect visually. A growing number of re-
searchers have successfully turned to detecting animals by their acoustic sig-
nals in order to count their numbers. To predict the number of animals
present a regression line is generated from the relationship between such
measures as calling rate and the number of animals documented visually
during that recording by the researcher. Depending on the communication
system of the species in question, a signicant amount of the variation in
calling rate can be attributed to other factors such as group behavior rather
than the number of individuals present. For species where these other
sources of variation are high it may be more appropriate to use acoustic cues
to detect and count the number of animals. This paper will present tech-
niques used to detect and estimate elephant numbers from geophone record-
ings of their footfalls; cues that are a byproduct of their locomotion and are
thus not as dependent on group behavior.
Invited Papers
9:20
2aAB5. Species identication and measurement of activity in odontocete species of Palmyra Atoll by acoustic monitoring.
Simone Baumann Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,
sbaumann@ucsd.edu, John A. Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA, jhildebrand@ucsd.edu, Sean M. Wiggins Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La
Jolla, CA 92093, USA, swiggins@ucsd.edu, Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Eberhard-Karls-Universitt Tbingen, Zool. Institut, Abt. Tier-
physiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tbingen, Germany, hans-ulrich.schnitzler@uni-tuebingen.de
Acoustic monitoring has been used to study odontocete presence at Palmyra Atoll, a remote island in the Northern Line Islands
chain. Long-term recordings of high-frequency, broadband acoustic data have become possible with recent technological advances. A
High-frequency Autonomous Recording Package HARP has been developed which samples at 200 kHz with a duty cycle of 14 for
up to seven months. This instrument has recorded since October 2006 at Palmyra Atoll. Visual and acoustic surveys were conducted
around Palmyra Atoll using a four-element towed hydrophone array sampling real-time at 200 kHz to obtain species-specic acoustic
data. These data are used as reference for automatic detection algorithms applied on the long-term recordings. To date, acoustically and
visually detected odontocetes include bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris, melon-headed
whales Peponocephala electra and beaked whales of the genus Mesoplodon. The long-term HARP data reveal acoustic activity pri-
marily at night time and predominantely odontocete clicks. Both the beaked as well as the melon-headed whales are present year round
and show a distinct daily acoustic activity cycle.
9:40
2aAB6. Distribution patterns of delphinids in the California Current Ecosystem observed through acoustic monitoring of
species-specic echolocation clicks. Erin M. Oleson Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La Jolla,
CA 92093, USA, eoleson@ucsd.edu, Melissa S. Soldevilla Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La
Jolla, CA 92093, USA, msoldevilla@ucsd.edu, John Calambokidis Cascadia Research Collective, 218 12 W. 4th Ave., Olympia,
WA 98501, USA, calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org, Curtis Collins Naval Postgraduate School, 833 Dyer Road, Rm 328,
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Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Collins@nps.edu,Sean M. Wiggins Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205,
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, swiggins@ucsd.edu, John A. Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr.
#0205, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, jhildebrand@ucsd.edu
Visual surveys along the U.S. west coast conducted in the 1980s-90s suggested that Pacic white-sided and Rissos dolphins likely
undergo annual movement between California during winter-spring, and Oregon-Washington in the summer-fall. Using high-frequency
autonomous acoustic recordings within the southern California, central California, and Washington regions of the California Current
System, we evaluated the seasonal occurrence of these dolphin species through detection of their echolocation clicks. The clicks of
Pacic white-sided and Rissos dolphins are characterized by a unique combination of local frequency peaks for each species, providing
a statistically robust means of identication from autonomous acoustic records. Based on these unique spectral characters, we extracted
periods of clicking by each species from concurrently sampled coastal and shelfslope locations off southern California and Washington,
and a single offshore site off central California. The number of hours that each species was heard per day was quantied and compared
among seasons and regions. Both species were heard year-round at shelfslope sites off southern California and Washington; however
their patterns of occurrence at coastal sites differed somewhat. Our results indicate year-round presence of Pacic white-sided and
Rissos dolphins in some regions, suggesting that the seasonal distribution of these species may have recently changed.
10:00-10:20 Break
Contributed Papers
10:20
2aAB7. Radial distance sampling with passive acoustics: The prospect
of estimating absolute densities of cetaceans from static acoustic
datalogger data. Jakob Tougaard National Environmental Research In-
stitute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Den-
mark, jat@dmu.dk
Recording animal vocalisations with a static acoustic datalogger can be
viewed as a form of point transect sampling and results analysed within the
framework of distance sampling theory. The key element is the radial detec-
tion function, which species the probability of detecting a vocalisation as a
function of distance from the datalogger. This function can be modelled
theoretically or preferably determined experimentally and from it the ef-
cient radial detection distance can be determined. Radial detection functions
were determined for two different harbour porpoise dataloggers T-PODs,
version 1 and version 3 by means of concurrent visual tracking of
porpoises. 52% and 82% of the porpoises within 100 m from the T-PODs
were detected by the V1 and V3 T-POD, respectively and 11% and 30%,
respectively were detected between 100 and 200 m from the T-PODs. Ef-
fective detection radius EDR was 97 m and 150 m for the two T-PODs,
respectively. Porpoises echolocate almost continuously. If it is assumed that
silent periods rarely exceeds 1 minute in duration an average detection rate
on the version 3 T-POD for the study site of 2.7 detection positive minutes
per hour can be converted into a density estimate of 0.69 porpoiseskm
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10:40
2aAB8. Computer-aided detection of non-stereotyped bowhead whale
calls in the presence of seismic airgun signals. Aaron Thode Marine
Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Dr,
MC 0238, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA, athode@ucsd.edu, Delphine
Mathias Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
9500 Gilman Dr, MC 0238, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA,
delphine.mathias@gmail.com, Miles McLennan Greeneridge Sciences,
Inc., 4512 Via Huerto, Santa Barbara, CA 93110, USA, billm
@greeneridge.com, Charles R. Greene Greeneridge Sciences, Inc., 4512
Via Huerto, Santa Barbara, CA 93110, USA, cgreene@greeneridge.com
In 2007 thirty-ve autonomous recording packages were deployed over
a 150 mile swath in the Beaufort Sea to monitor the annual migration of the
bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus population during seismic exploration
activities. Over 1350 days worth of acoustic data were gathered, generating
a need for computer-aided assistance in detecting calls. Bowhead whales
produce over ten types of frequency modulated calls, and the frequency
range, duration, and ne structure of individual calls vary considerably even
within each call type, creating difculties when using simple matched-
ltering or spectrogram correlation. Numerous airgun signals also display
frequency-modulated structure, complicating the challenge. In this presenta-
tion a three-stage process is presented for detecting arbitrary bowhead whale
calls in the presence of seismic airgun signals, implemented in JAVA and
MATLAB, with components extracted from the industry-supported PAM-
GUARD software package. The rst stage runs several energy-based de-
tectors simultaneously across multiple frequency bands to capture events,
and a second stage analyzes the timing of these detections to remove regular
periodic sequences, such as those expected from airguns. The nal stage at-
tempts to trace contours on spectrograms. Both genetic algorithms and direct
optimization are used to optimize the programs 21 input parameters. Work
supported by Shell Exploration and Production Company.
Invited Papers
11:00
2aAB9. Comparison of feature extraction methods for the identication of odontocete species based upon echolocation clicks.
Marie A. Roch San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, Dept of Computer Science, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA,
marie.roch@sdsu.edu, Holger Klinck Alfred Wegener Institute, P.O. Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany,
holger.klinck@awi.de, David K. Mellinger Oregon State Univ. and NOAA, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365, USA,
David.Mellinger@oregonstate.edu, Melissa S. Soldevilla Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La
Jolla, CA 92093, USA, msoldevilla@ucsd.edu, John A. Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr.
#0205, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, jhildebrand@ucsd.edu
Recent work by several groups has shown that odontocete echolocation clicks contain information that can be used to detect or
identify specic species. In this study, we compare the relative performance of cepstral and wavelet features on various Pacic Ocean
species of odontocetes. Comparison of features within different systems is often complicated by the large number of variables unrelated
to feature extraction that change between systems. By experimenting within a proven state of the art classication framework, it is
possible to make meaningful comparisons of feature extraction performance with respect to common machine learning algorithms such
as neural networks, support vector machines, and Gaussian mixture models.
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11:20
2aAB10. Long-term Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Delphinids in the Southern California Bight. Melissa S. Soldevilla
Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, msoldevilla@ucsd.edu, John A.
Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,
jhildebrand@ucsd.edu, Sean M. Wiggins Scripps Institution of Oceanography- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0205, La Jolla, CA 92093,
USA, swiggins@ucsd.edu, Marie A. Roch San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, Dept of Computer Science, San Diego,
CA 92182-7720, USA, marie.roch@sdsu.edu
Spectral characteristics of clicks are described for ve species of delphinids in the Southern California Bight long-beaked common
dolphins, Delphinus capensis, short-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, Rissos dolphins, Grampus griseus, Pacic white-
sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Recent technological advancements allow
long-term, broadband 100 kHz bandwidth, passive acoustic monitoring from autonomous sea-oor mounted instruments. The ability
to record higher frequencies allows study of a broader range of odontocete vocalizations including echolocation clicks. To determine
whether delphinid species could be identied by their clicks, concurrent ship-based visual and acoustic surveys were conducted. We nd
that clicks from Pacic white-sided and Rissos dolphins contain spectral peaks and notches that are unique and consistent for each
species. These spectral patterns are also apparent in long-term autonomous acoustic recordings throughout the Southern California
Bight. Utilizing this spectral classication method, we examine of diel, seasonal, and habitat use patterns of acoustically active Rissos
and Pacic white-sided dolphins. The ability to monitor animals through the night provides insight into distinct diel patterns of acoustic
activity for both species while the high temporal resolution acoustic data can be used to relate oceanographic time series to dolphin
activity.
Contributed Papers
11:40
2aAB11. Sound production and spawning by black brum (Pogonias
cromis) in southwest Florida. James Locascio University of South
Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL
33701, USA, locascio@marine.usf.edu, Ernst Peebles University of
South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg,
FL 33701, USA, epeebles@marine.usf.edu, David Mann University of
South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg,
FL 33701, USA, dmann@marine.usf.edu
We used the Long Term Acoustic Recording System LARS to investi-
gate patterns of sound production in spawning aggregations of black drum
Pogonias cromis during 2004 - 2006 in southwest Florida. Our purposes
were to document trends in black drum sound production on daily and sea-
sonal time scales and to investigate the temporal and quantitative relation-
ships between egg production and sound production. Sound production was
strongly diel, beginning near dusk and lasting for several hours. Sound pro-
duction occurred from October through April and peaked in February-
March, consistent with prior descriptions of the spawning season for this
species based on the gonado-somatic index GSI. To investigate the rela-
tionship between sound production and egg production, surface plankton
tows were conducted hourly between 1600 - 0400 on two consecutive nights
while continuous underwater acoustic recordings were made. This was done
ve times between January and April, 2006. Neither the timing nor quantity
of sound production was correlated with egg production on a nightly basis.
These results indicate that patterns in sound production are not useful for
predicting patterns in egg production by black drum on a daily scale but do
provide accurate characterization of spawning behavior on a seasonal basis.
12:00
2aAB12. Nearest-neighbor techniques for automated monitoring of
nocturnal ight calls. Harold Figueroa Cornell University, Bioacoustics
Research Program, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA,
harold.gueroa@gmail.com, Andrew Farnsworth Cornell Laboratory of
Ornithology, 420 E 54th St, 38J, New York, NY 10021, USA, af27@cornell
.edu
Flight-calls are short vocalizations used primarily during nocturnal ight
. Their observation provides a means for studying the timing, location, and
composition of nocturnal migrations. As part of a three-year study the Cor-
nell Lab of Ornithology is using autonomous recorders to sample ight-calls
of nocturnal migrants in the Northeastern US. The resulting tens of thou-
sands of hours of recording, make software-assisted detection and classi-
cation essential. Automatic processing and human evaluation have yielded a
considerable collection of ight-calls, 5-1000 examples for 100 species.
The many-class classication problem, along with the availability of many
examples from most of the classes, and established condensation and
editing and recent metric-trees techniques used in prototype-based classi-
cation nearest-neighbor techniques, have led us to develop nearest-
neighbor based techniques and software to assist in the analysis of this data.
We will present classication results on two examples, a set of thrushes
genera Catharus and Hylocichla, family Turdidae consisting of six species
and wood-warblers family Parulidae consisting of 48 species. The thrush
ight-calls are visually and aurally distinctive, usually 100-400 ms in dura-
tion and occupy and the 2-5 kHz band. Wood-warbler ight-calls are typi-
cally between 20-100 ms in duration and occupy the 5-10 kHz, and are dif-
cult for many experienced observers to distinguish.
Invited Paper
12:20
2aAB13. Sperm whale monitoring with a deep acoustic platform: Results from NEMO ONDE experiment and way ahead.
Gianni Pavan CIBRA - Universit di Pavia, Via Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy, gianni.pavan@unipv.it
Within the INFN NEMO Project on the underwater detection of high energy neutrino, a deep hydrophone station, named ONDE
Ocean Noise Detection Experiment, has been deployed on the seaoor 21 km offshore Catania Sicily, Italy, at 2000 m depth. Acous-
tic data recorded in 2005 and 2006 provided long term information on the underwater noise and a huge amount of sperm whales
detections that indicate a presence of the species higher than previously believed. Only few sightings are available for the previous years
and scarce literature is available for the area. With ONDE, in year 2005 sperm whales were detected in 117 of the 231 recorded days
and in 31 of the 83 days in year 2006. Clicks were the most common vocalizations recorded. Chirrups and codas dominated by the 31
pattern were present frequently, but creaks, possibly indicating feeding actions, were seldom heard. The whales were often detected,
solitary or in groups, for time segments of only a few hours. This, with the low rate of creaks, may mean they were just in transit. Based
on these results, a new project named Listening Into the Deep Ocean has been set with INGV to create a Mediterranean wide network
by upgrading existing underwater seismic detectors with broadband acoustic sensors.
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Contributed Paper
12:40
2aAB14. Detection and classication of call types in the vocalizations of
north-east pacic blue whales. Jack McLaughlin University of Wash-
ington, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105-6698, USA,
jackm@apl.washington.edu, Nicolas Josso GIPSA-lab, dep. DIS, 961,
rue de la Houille Blanche, 38402 St Martin dHres, France,
nicolas.josso@gispa-lab.inpg.fr, Cornel Ioana GIPSA-lab, dep. DIS, 961,
rue de la Houille Blanche, 38402 St Martin dHres, France, cornel.ioana
@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr
Characterization of marine mammal vocalizations is an essential part of
any program of marine mammal monitoring as well as being of great help
for furthering understanding of subjects such as underwater communication,
sonar, etc. The vocalizations of the North-East Pacic NEPAC blue whales
are known to be made of at least three different call types: the A call, the B
call and the C call. This study aims at the development of a wholly auto-
matic process of detection and classication for the two most common call
types of the NEPAC population which are the A call and the B call. We cre-
ated one template for the A call and one for the B call in order to extract
features with matched ltering operations. We show that a simple Gaussian
Mixture Model classier can be used to accurately track and identify the call
types in 24-hour long records. The proposed methodology is applied to real
data sets recorded by seismic sensors.
Invited Paper
1:00
2aAB15. Experience with VoxNet: a rapidly-deployable acoustic monitoring system for bio-acoustic studies. Lewis Girod
MITCSAIL, 32G-918, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, girod@nms.csail.mit.edu, Michael Allen Cogent Computing
ARC, Coventry University, Coventry, UK, allenm@lecs.cs.ucla.edu, Travis Collier UCLA Dept. of Biology, 3563 Boelter Hall, Los
Angeles, CA 90095, USA, travc@taylor0.biology.ucla.edu, Daniel T. Blumstein UCLA Dept. of Biology, 3563 Boelter Hall, Los
Angeles, CA 90095, USA, marmots@ucla.edu, Deborah Estrin UCLA Dept. of Biology, 3563 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095,
USA, destrin@cs.ucla.edu, Charles Taylor UCLA Dept. of Biology, 3563 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, taylor
@biology.ucla.edu
Terrestrial bioacoustic census is a difcult problem because of propagation characteristics, obstructions, the diversity of bioacoustic
sources, and the impact of noise. To address this problem we have developed VoxNet, a complete hardware and software platform for
distributed acoustic monitoring applications. Each VoxNet node is a portable, self-contained processor with a small four-channel acous-
tic array. Using a distributed set of VoxNet nodes, a forested habitat can be monitored and the behavior of animals can be recorded and
analyzed acoustically. In this work we present our experiences applying VoxNet to bioacoustic census. This work is based on data
collected using the system during a deployment in Chiapas, Mexico at the Chajul Biological Field Station. The Chajul station is located
in a region of dense rain forest and is home to Mexicos most diverse ecosystem. Using VoxNet in this harsh environment, we obtained
census estimates based on observation of bird calls.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 342A, 8:00 TO 10:20 A.M.
Session 2aAOa
Acoustical Oceanography and ECUA: Marine Ecosystem Acoustics II
Kenneth G. Foote, Cochair
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Olav R. Godoe, Cochair
Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Bergen, 5817, Norway
Invited Papers
8:00
2aAOa1. Spawning Behaviour and Spatial Distribution of Atlantic Herring on Georges Bank Revealed by Ocean Acoustics
Waveguide Remote Sensing. Purnima Ratilal Northeastern University, 302 Stearns Center, Rm 311, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston,
MA 02115, USA, purnima@ece.neu.edu, Zheng Gong Northeastern University, 302 Stearns Center, Rm 311, 360 Huntington Ave,
Boston, MA 02115, USA, zgong@ece.neu.edu, Daniel Cocuzzo Northeastern University, 302 Stearns Center, Rm 311, 360 Hun-
tington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA, dcocuzzo@ece.neu.edu, Mark Andrews Northeastern University, 302 Stearns Center, Rm
311, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Andrews.mar@neu.edu, Srinivasan Jagannathan Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Room 5-435, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, jsrini@mit.edu, Ioannis Bertsatos Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Room 5-435, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ibertsat@mit.edu, Tianrun Chen
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 5-212, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA, trchen@mit.edu, Hector
Pena Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway, hector.pena@imr.no, Ruben Patel Institute of Marine
Research, PO Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway, ruben.patel@imr.no, Olav R. Godo Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870,
5817 Bergen, Norway, olav.rune.godoe@imr.no, J. Michael Jech NOAANortheast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street,
Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, michael.jech@noaa.gov, Thomas C. Weber University of New Hampshire, Ctr. for Coastal and
Ocean Mapping, 24 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA, weber@ccom.unh.edu, Nicholas Makris Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Room 5-212, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, makris@mit.edu
An ocean acoustics waveguide remote sensing OAWRS system was deployed in the Gulf of Maine, near Georges Bank to image
Atlantic herring and other sh populations from Sep-Oct 2006. OAWRS provides spatially unaliased imaging of herring over wide
areas, spannning over 100 km diameter. Migration and spawning behaviour of Atlantic herring was observed using OAWRS over sev-
eral diurnal periods, including massive movements on and off the bank to spawn. Measurements made simultaneously with a conven-
tional sh-nding echosounder CFFS and a multibeam sonar provide the depth distribution and local 3D morphology respectively of
the herring schools in the water column. Concurrent trawl surveys provide identication of the sh species. Measurements mades by
OAWRS and CFFS systems are highly correlated. Examples will be provided of the co-registration between the two systems over a one
week period. Calibration of the OAWRS system using CFFS estimates of sh population densities along with a full-eld scattering
model that takes into account both coherent and incoherent scattering from a sh group is discussed. The sh swimbladder is modelled
as a spheroidal bubble. Resonance scattering behaviour of herring is observed in the OAWRS system with signicant changes in scat-
tering amplitude over the 300 Hz to 1.5 kHz frequency range of the OAWRS system.
8:20
2aAOa2. Passive acoustic mapping of marine biological choruses. Gerald DSpain Marine Physical Lab, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, 291 Rosecrans St., San Diego, CA 92106, USA, gld@mpl.ucsd.edu, Heidi Batchelor Marine Physical Lab, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, 291 Rosecrans St., San Diego, CA 92106, USA, heidi@mpl.ucsd.edu, Catherine Berchok Marine
Physical Lab, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 291 Rosecrans St., San Diego, CA 92106, USA, cberchok@ucsd.edu
Since underwater sound is a critical aspect of the ocean environment for marine animals, passive acoustic recordings provide im-
portant information on marine habitats. Conversely, because biological sounds can be a dominant component of the ocean sound eld,
knowledge of their characteristics is important for assessing sonar system performance. This presentation summarizes the properties of
three biological choruses observed in experiments off the southern California coast. Measurements were made with large aperture,
well-lled hydrophone arrays, yielding highly resolved estimates of the chorus directionality. The rst chorus generated energy in the
200-800 Hz band, occurred predominantly at night in spring and summer, and displayed an unusual spatiotemporal pattern where the
region of chorusing periodically propagated upcoast over 25 km of coastline at nearly 1.5 kmsec. The other two choruses occurred in
the 1-10 kHz frequency band and come from slowly-moving, or xed, sources at, or near, the ocean bottom. One chorus was present
only on two consecutive nights during a summer experiment, whereas the second occurred at all times throughout the 10-day duration
of a late winter experiment. Numerical models predict some of the characteristics of the choruses. Work supported by the Ofce of
Naval Research.
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8:40
2aAOa3. Understanding potential effects of using active sonar to study marine ecosystems. Mardi C. Hastings Penn State
University, Applied Research Laboratory, 801 North Quincy Street, Suite 120, Arlington, VA 22203-1708, USA, mch26@psu.edu
Biological organisms can suffer various kinds of effects when exposed to high intensity sound. Active sonar systems used to in-
vestigate marine ecosystems typically have source levels exceeding 220 dB re: 1 Pa at 1 m, which are high enough to have an effect
on organisms in relatively close proximity. Although these systems operate at frequencies from the low kilohertz to megahertz ranges
that are not usually associated with potentially harmful effects in the marine environment, fundamental interactions with sound occur at
various biological scales that strongly depend on the size of the organism with respect to acoustic wavelengths. These effects range from
subtle changes in behavior to various types of trauma that can result in temporary or permanent hearing loss, or in hemorrhage or even
mortality. Examples from the literature will be used to illustrate the basic relationships between biological effects of sound and the size
and structure of marine organisms, as well as potential concerns associated with using active sonar to study the marine environment.
9:00
2aAOa4. How toothed whales echolocate to nd and capture prey in the deep ocean. Peter Tyack Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Dept., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, ptyack@whoi.edu, Mark Johnson Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Dept., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA,
majohnson@whoi.edu, Peter T. Madsen University of Aarhus, Biological Sciences, Zoophysiology, C. F. Mllers All, Building
1131, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, peter.madsen@biology.au.dk, Walter M. Zimmer NATO Undersea Research Centre, Viale San
Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy, walter@nurc.nato.int, Natacha A. Soto University of La Laguna, BIOECOMAC Depart-
ment of Animal Biology, 38207 La Laguna, Spain, naguilar@ull.es
Sperm and beaked whales dive to feed on squid and deepwater sh. We have attached sound-and-orientation recording tags to study
how these whales use echolocation to forage at depth. Tagged whales are usually silent when starting a dive, but start producing echolo-
cation clicks at a few hundred meters depth, shallower than the depth at which they feed, suggesting that descending whales scan the
deep layers where they will feed. Once sperm or beaked whales encounter prey, they switch from regular search clicks to a buzz of rapid
clicks. Tags on beaked whales not only record outgoing clicks, but also echoes from prey at ranges out to 10-20 m. Beaked whales
produce clicks every 0.2-0.4 sec when searching. Echoes from several targets are often detected after each beaked whale click. Beaked
whales will pass by many targets before selecting one. Whales may switch from the search clicks to a buzz as they close within a body
length of the prey. Sperm and beaked whales have an angular acceleration at the end of the buzz, which probably indicates turning to
catch the prey.
9:20
2aAOa5. Hypotheses regarding exploitation of bubble acoustics by cetaceans. Timothy G. Leighton Institute of Sound and
Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, T.G.Leighton@soton.ac.uk, Paul R.
White Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK,
prw@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Daniel C. Finfer Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17
1BJ Southampton, UK, d.c.nfer@soton.ac.uk
Bubbles are the most acoustically active naturally occurring entities in the ocean, and cetaceans are the most intelligent. Having
evolved over tens of millions of years to cope with the underwater acoustic environment, cetaceans may have developed extraordinary
techniques from which we could learn. This paper outlines some of the possible interactions, ranging from the exploitation of acoustics
by humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in bubble nets to trap prey, to techniques by which coastal dolphins e.g. of the genus
Cephalorhynchus could successfully echolocate in bubbly water a hypothesis which has led to the development of a man-made sonar
which can penetrate bubble clouds, and a range of possibilities for homeland security.
9:40
2aAOa6. Marine ecosystem acoustics: contributions of sonar technology. Kenneth G. Foote Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, kfoote@whoi.edu
Sonar is considered in the widest sense as an acoustic system consisting of a transmitter and receiver of underwater sound. It may
be monostatic, bistatic, or multi-static; narrowband or broadband; with one or more xed, rotating, or electronically formed beams.
Transducers may be mounted on hulls of vessels and autonomous underwater vehicles, xed structures, or seaoor; towed; or
suspended. Spatial scales may be sampled from millimeters to thousands of kilometers; corresponding temporal scales vary from a
fraction of a second, as in target-tracking, to seasons, as in observing animal migration. Several sonar types are described. Contributions
of sonar technology to ecosystem studies, both actual and potential, are noted. These include, for example, ne-scale surveying of
pelagic and semi-demersal sh by scientic echo sounder; mapping of the three-dimensional structure of sh aggregations and bathym-
etry by multibeam sonar; quantication of benthic egg beds of the squid Loligo opalescens by sidescan sonar; and large-scale surveying
of swimbladdered sh by parametric sonar. Each of these sonar systems has potential for detection, quantication, and classication of
marine organisms, as well as for characterization of the habitat, hence yielding the kind of information that is required for ecosystem
assessment and management.
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10:00
2aAOa7. Use of broadband active acoustics to study marine organisms. Timothy K. Stanton Woods Hole Oceanographic In-
stitution, Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Department, 98 Water Street, MS #11, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA,
tstanton@whoi.edu, Dezhang Chu NOAANMFSNWFSCFRAMD, Montlake Blvd., E. Seattle, WA 98112, USA, dchu@whoi
.edu
Broadband signals inherently have more information than narrowband signals. In essence, they have more channels of information
due to the wider range of frequencies spanned. It is therefore advantageous to use broadband signals in active acoustic studies of marine
organisms and to apply techniques that best exploit the broadband nature of the signals. In this presentation, a brief background on the
use of narrowband systems for studying marine organisms by these authors and other investigators is given. Limitations to those studies
are outlined, with arguments made for the use of broadband acoustics. The past twenty years of studies centered at the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution are subsequently reviewed in which broadband signals are used both in the laboratory and eld to study a
variety of organisms-- swimbladder-bearing sh and three major anatomical categories of zooplankton. The analyses are divided broadly
into two major categories-- time and frequency domain-- for various types of analyses, including pulse compression processing and
spectral analysis. Results are rst shown based on studies, one organism at a time, in the laboratory. Those laboratory approaches are
then applied to ocean studies of sh and large zooplankton using a new towed instrument spanning the frequency range 1.7 kHz - 100
kHz.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 342A, 10:40 A.M. TO 6:40 P.M.
Session 2aAOb
Acoustical Oceanography, Underwater Acoustics, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and ECUA: Geoacoustic
Characterization of the Ocean Bottom and Geoacoustic Inversion I
Peter Gerstoft, Cochair
Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 8602 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA
Dag Tollefsen, Cochair
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Box 115, Horten, 3191, Norway
Invited Papers
10:40
2aAOb1. Characterization of seabed geo-acoustic structure for a shallow water environment. David Knobles Applied Re-
search Laboratories, UT at Austin, P. O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713, USA, knobles@arlut.utexas.edu
Full-eld inversion methods over large frequency bands and spatial scales attempt to exploit the sensitivity of the frequency and
spatial dependence of the acoustic eld of the properties to the seabed. A comprehensive set of broadband impulsive and narrowband
tonal acoustic recordings in the 5-3000 Hz band from two L-arrays separated by 20 km were made in a shallow water area on the New
Jersey continental shelf during the Shallow Water 2006 SW06 experiment. In addition, surface ship of opportunity passages on both
arrays were recorded along with noise during the passage of tropical storm Ernesto. Reverberation and transmission loss data in the
25-9200 Hz band from explosive sources were also collected at a nearby site prior to the SW06 experiment. Numerous full-eld geo-
acoustic inversion methods and analyses of all these acoustic data with supporting range and azimuth-dependent geo-physical measure-
ments are employed to characterize the seabed properties. For example, the analyses of these data permit inferences about the
frequency-dependence of the seabed sound speed and attenuation to be made. The overlapping data types act to reduce the intrinsic
ambiguities associated with inversion, quantify the spatial variability, and serve as independent validation.
11:00
2aAOb2. Effect of ocean sound speed uncertainty on matched-eld geoacoustic inversion. Chen-Fen Huang Department of
Marine Environmental InformaticsNational Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, 202 Keelung, Taiwan, chenfen@mail.ntou.edu
.tw
The effect of ocean sound speed uncertainty on matched eld geoacoustic inversion is investigated using data from the SW06 ex-
periment along a nearly range-independent bathymetric track. Signicant sound speed differences were observed at the source and
receiving array and several environmental parameterizations were investigated for the inversion including representing the ocean sound
speed at both source and receivers with empirical orthogonal function EOF coefcients. A GA-based global optimization method was
applied to the candidate environmental models. Then, a Bayesian inversion technique was used to quantify uncertainty in the environ-
mental parameters for the best environmental model, which included an EOF description of the ocean sound speed.
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Contributed Papers
11:20
2aAOb3. Quantifying the uncertainty of geoacoustic parameter
estimates in a dynamic environment using oceanographic data. Ross
Chapman University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Vcitoria, BC V8W
3P6, Canada, chapman@uvic.ca, Yong-Min Jiang University of Victoria,
3800 Finnerty Rd, Vcitoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada, minj@uvic.ca
This paper presents results of Bayesian matched eld geoacoustic inver-
sion in a temporally and spatially varying shallow water environment. The
acoustic data were collected by a vertical line array at ranges of 1, 3 and 5
km in the SW06 Shallow Water 06 experiment carried out in August 2006.
The sound speed proles measured at the array and at the source positions
during the experiment showed signicant variation in the thermocline in the
middle part of the water column. The resulting uncertainty in the sound
speed prole in the water impacts the performance of matched eld inver-
sion methods in estimation of geoacoustic model parameters. In previous
work, an effective sound speed prole was estimated in the inversion, based
on empirical orthogonal functions EOFs derived from a limited number of
sound speed proles measured at the time of the experiment. This paper ex-
plores the effect of using a larger number of proles measured over several
days in the SW06 experiment to include a greater diversity of ocean condi-
tions in generating the EOFs. The inversion results for the two approaches
are compared in terms of marginal probability distributions of the estimated
geoacoustic parameters. Work supported by Ofce of Naval Research.
11:40
2aAOb4. Short range geoacoustic inversion with a vertical line array.
Yong-Min Jiang University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Vcitoria, BC
V8W 3P6, Canada, minj@uvic.ca, Ross Chapman University of Victoria,
3800 Finnerty Rd, Vcitoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada,
chapman@uvic.ca, Peter Gerstoft Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps
Institute of Oceanography, 8602 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-
0238, USA, gerstoft@ucsd.edu
During the SW06 Shallow Water 06 experiments, short range geoa-
coustic inversion experiments were carried out at a source-receiver range of
230 m to determine the sea bed properties at ne spatial scales. Acoustic
signals were collected at 16 hydrophones on a vertical line array from
source depths of 15-65 m in 10 m intervals. For this experimental geometry,
the angular coverage for reectivity versus grazing angle is 7-25. This pa-
per combines the information extracted from low-frequency 100-900 Hz
and mid-frequency 1500-4500 Hz LFM signals transmitted from the same
source position to estimate multi-layered geoacoustic models. The model pa-
rameterization was based on the number of resolved sub-bottom reections
in the data. An inversion approach using adaptive simplex differential evo-
lution was applied to the data to invert for the sub-bottom sound speeds and
layer thicknesses. The temporal variation of the water column sound speed
prole was included in the inversion. The estimated sound speeds are con-
sistent with the range-averaged prole that was estimated previously from
longer range data for the same radial path from the array. Work supported
by Ofce of Naval Research.
12:00
2aAOb5. Does a depth variable sound-speed prole matter for SW06
geoacoustic inversion? Alexandra Tolstoy ATolstoy Sciences, 1538
Hampton Hill Circle, McLean, VA 22101, USA, atolstoy@ieee.org
This work will discuss the effects of depth variability for a sound-speed
prole with regard to goeacoustic inversion on some simulated SW06 data.
First, broadband 400-800 Hz simulated data are generated using
RAM_PE by Collins in the time domain for some short range less than 1
km SW06 scenarios. Next, the rst 4 boundary reection arrivals from sur-
face, bottom, surface-bottom, bottom-surface are studied as a function of
source range and depth, phone depth, and sound-speed variability. Finally,
we examine the effects of sound-speed depth variability on geoacoustic in-
version via MFP. We note that knowledge of array phone locations has a
large impact on inversion capabilities.
12:20
2aAOb6. Three dimensional geoacoustic inversion on the New Jersey
shelf. Megan S. Ballard Penn. State University, P.O. Box 30, State Col-
lege, PA 16804, USA, msd200@psu.edu, K.m. Becker Penn. State Uni-
versity, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, kmbecker@psu.edu
Perturbative inversion, based on a linearized relationship between sound
speed in the sediment and modal eigenvalues, is applied to data from the
Shallow Water Experiment 2006. Data were collected by towing a low-
frequency sound source out and back along radials, spanning a 90 degree
angular sector, from a common receiver location. Range-dependent esti-
mates of horizontal wave numbers are obtained along each of the radials
using high-resolution signal processing techniques capable of detecting and
localizing changes in sub-bottom properties, and that are particularly sensi-
tive to changes in layer structure. Wave number estimates at each range are
used in a linearized inversion algorithm to estimate local sediment
properties. Locations of the R-reector and other layering information are
used as a priori information in the inversion algorithm. The additional in-
formation both constrains the solution of an otherwise ill-posed problem and
emphasizes the layered structure of the sediment. These methods have been
shown to yield accurate estimates of the sound speed prole deep into the
sediment using very few perturbations to the forward model. Combining the
local inversion results, a three-dimensional map of sediment sound speed
structure is obtained for a 25 km2 region of the seaoor. Supported by ND-
SEG and ONR
12:40
2aAOb7. Experimental verication of range-dependent inverse method
for geoacoustic parameters from modal dispersion data. Subramaniam
Rajan Scientic Solutions, Inc, 99 Perimeter Road, Nashua, NH 03063,
USA, srajan@scisol.com, K.m. Becker Penn. State University, P.O. Box
30, State College, PA 16804, USA, kmbecker@psu.edu
The procedure for determining the sediment compressional wave speed
prole from modal dispersion data in a range-independent case is well docu-
mented in the literature. In this paper, the procedure developed for the
range-independent case is extended to cover the range-dependent case. In
this procedure the region under investigation is divided into discrete range
intervals and the sediment characteristics at each range interval estimated
assuming that the sediment properties of each range interval are range
independent. The approach has been demonstrated to yield range-dependent
sediment properties when applied to synthetic data generated for an experi-
ment consisting of multiple sourcereceiver combinations. During the Shal-
low Water Experiment 2006, broadband data transmitted by a single source
were measured on multiple receivers. These data are used here to estimate
range-dependent properties of the sediment. The results obtained in this
manner are compared with inversion results obtained for the same region by
other investigators who employed different approaches for estimating the
geoacoustic properties. Work supported by ONR, Ocean Acoustics.
1:00-2:00 Lunch Break
3106 3106 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Invited Paper
2:00
2aAOb8. Modal inversion using the acoustic eld emitted by a moving source and measured on a vertical line array of
hydrophones. K.m. Becker Penn. State University, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, kmbecker@psu.edu, Megan S.
Ballard Penn. State University, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, msd200@psu.edu
As part of the Shallow Water Experiment 2006 SW06, a low-frequency continuous wave acoustic source was towed out and back
along radials from a xed vertical line array of hydrophones. The resulting modal pressure eld, measured on synthetic range apertures
created by the relative source motion, is used to derive input data to inversion algorithms for estimating bottom properties. The inversion
algorithms considered are based on well established relationship between modal eigenvalues and geoacoustic properties of the sediment.
In this talk, linear inversion methods based on modal input data will be reviewed for their application to the SW06 data. The rst step
in these methods is the accurate estimation of modal eigenvalues from the pressure eld data. For a moving source, theory predicts a
Doppler shift along with frequency spreading proportional to both the transmitted frequency and tow speed. Propagating modes and
their corresponding modal eigenvalues are predicted to correspond with the Doppler shifted frequencies. An emphasis of this work is on
Doppler shift as an observable in the data and properly accounting for it in inversion. Sediment sound speeds estimated from data are
consistent with sandy sediments found in the experimental area. Work supported by ONR and NDSEG
Contributed Paper
2:20
2aAOb9. Geoacoustic inversion using combustive sound source signals.
Gopu R. Potty University of Rhode Island, Department of Ocean Engineer-
ing, Narragansett Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA,
gopu@uri.edu, James H. Miller University of Rhode Island, Department
of Ocean Engineering, Narragansett Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882,
USA, miller@egr.uri.edu, Preston S. Wilson The University of Texas,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Austin, TX 78712, USA,
pswilson@mail.utexas.edu, James F. Lynch Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, 98 Water Street, Bigelow 203A, MS-11, Woods Hole, MA
02543, USA, jlynch@whoi.edu, Arthur Newhall Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, 98 Water Street, Bigelow 203A, MS-11, Woods Hole,
MA 02543, USA, anewhall@whoi.edu
In the summer of 2006, Combustive Sound Sources CSS were de-
ployed in shallow waters off New Jersey during the Shallow Water experi-
ment SW 06. The depth of these sources were 26 m in water depths of the
order of 100 m. CSS are low frequency broadband sound sources and suit-
able for modal dispersion based inversion. CSS data collected on various
receivers Single Hydrophone Receiving Units SHRU, Vertical Line Array,
etc. will be used for the inversions. The inversions are based on an iterative
scheme using a new time-frequency analysis technique dispersion based
short-time Fourier transform in which each time-frequency tiling is adap-
tively rotated in the time-frequency plane, depending on the local wave
dispersion. Data from various receivers will be used to investigate the spa-
tial variation in compressional wave speed. Compressional wave attenuation
will also be estimated using modal amplitude ratios. Inversion results will be
validated by comparing the data with model predictions. Work supported
by the Ofce of Naval Research
Invited Paper
2:40
2aAOb10. Tomographic and bottom geoacoustic inversions using Genetic Algorithms and a statistical characterization of the
acoustic signal. Michael Taroudakis University of Crete & FORTHIACM, Vassilika Vouton, P.O.Box 1385, 711 10 Heraklion,
Greece, taroud@iacm.forth.gr, Costas Smaragdakis University of Crete, Dept of Mathematics, Knossou Ave, 71409 Heraklion,
Greece, kesmarag@gmail.com
The paper deals with the problem of estimation of the parameters of the water column andor the sea bed, using measurements of
the acoustic eld due to a known source at a certain point in the water column. Following the work by Taroudakis et al. JASA 119,
1396-1405 2006 the acoustic signal is characterized using the statistics of the wavelet sub-band coefcients, which obey a certain
statistical law, described by an Alpha-Stable distribution. Thus, the signal observables are the set of the parameters of the appropriate
distributions at the various levels of the signal decomposition. In this work an inversion procedure based on a Genetic Algorithm and
the statistical characterization of the acoustic signal, is described. The quality of a certain population of candidate model parameters
properties of the water columns andor the sea-bed is evaluated using the Kullback-Leibler divergence KLD of the wavelet sub-band
coefcient distributions, between the measured and simulated acoustic signals. Following an appropriate population regeneration pro-
cedure, the nal population is described by an a-posteriori statistical distribution of the model parameters, indicating among the others
their sensitivity in the inversion procedure. Very good inversion results have been observed in simulated shallow water environments.
Contributed Paper
3:00
2aAOb11. Dispersion curve estimation with partcile lters for
geoacoustic inversion. Ivan Zorych Department of Mathematical Sci-
ences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 M L King Blvd, Newark, NJ
07102, USA, zorych@gmail.com, Zoi-Heleni Michalopoulou Depart-
ment of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 M
L King Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA, michalop@njit.edu
In this work we extend our particle ltering method for dispersion curve
extraction from spectrograms of acoustic signals that have propagated in un-
derwater environments, the goal being to obtain accurate representation of
modal dispersion for geoacoustic inversion. The approach combines particle
ltering with modeling of sound propagation in ocean environments to track
dispersion curves of multimodal signals in noisy environments. In addition
to providing connected modal trajectories that facilitate the computation of
maximum a posteriori estimates of modal arrival times, the method provides
posterior probability distributions for arrival times, quantifying errors that
are then propagated into the geoacoustic inversion process. The method,
thus, allows the calculation of posterior probability distributions of geoa-
coustic parameters. We present results from both synthetic and real data
from the Gulf of Mexico experiment. Work supported by ONR.
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Invited Paper
3:20
2aAOb12. Geoacoustic characterization of the seaoor from a subbottom proler applied to the BASE07 experiment. Gwladys
Theuillon SHOM, 13 rue du Chatellier, CS 92803, 29228 Brest cedex 2, France, gwladys.theuillon@shom.fr, Yann Stephan
SHOM, 13 rue du Chatellier, CS 92803, 29228 Brest cedex 2, France, yann.stephan@shom.fr
The most recent subbottom prolers present good performances in term of signal to noise ratio, resolution and penetration. These
devices can thus be used to infer quantitatively the geoacoustic parameters of the seaoor. We have previously developed inversion
methods which aim to estimate absorption, reection, penetration, impedance contrast and micro-roughness in sediments from the SBP
120 subbottom proler, manufactured by Kongsberg. These methods have been tested against real data and geoacoustic parameters
derived from the SBP 120 are fully coherent with in situ measurements, which tends to conrm the possibility of seaoor character-
ization with subbottom prolers. In this work, the inversion methods are applied to a set of data acquired on the Malta Plateau during
BASE07 experiment. Geoacoustic parameters results are presented and discussed. They are in good agreement with the a priori knowl-
edge of sediment properties in the area.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Paper
5:20
2aAOb13. Bayesian model parameterization selection for seabed reection-coefcient inversion. Jan Dettmer University of
Victoria, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada, jand@uvic.ca, Stan E. Dosso University of Victoria,
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada, sdosso@uvic.ca, Charles W. Holland Penn State University
Applied Research Lab, Applied Science Bldg., State College, PA 16804, USA, cwh10@psu.edu
This paper considers Bayesian inversion of seabed reection-coefcient data for multi-layer geoacoustic models; in particular, the
important issue of determining appropriate model parameterizations e.g., number of layers, sound speed and density variations within
layers. A poor model parameterization can lead to unreasonable inversion results. In particular, under-parameterization can introduce
theory error in the inversion, causing biased results. However, more complex models always t the data better. Therefore, parameter-
ization quality cannot be quantied only in terms of data mist, and Occams razor is commonly applied to prefer simple
parameterizations. In a Bayesian framework, Occams razor is inherently included through Bayesian evidence. Bayesian inversion can
be associated with two levels of inference. The rst level assumes a specic model parameterization, and quanties the data information
content. This paper focuses on the second level: using Bayesian evidence to compare different model parameterizations. To this end,
Gibbs sampling is applied, including full error covariance estimation, to sample the posterior probability density PPD for various
parameterizations. Bayesian evidence is then computed from the PPD samples by numerical integration reverse importance sampling.
Contributed Papers
5:40
2aAOb14. Combined inversion of mid-frequency propagation and
reverberation sonar data. Peter Louring Nielsen NURC, Viale S. Bar-
tolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy, nielsen@nurc.nato.int, Christopher H.
Harrison NATO Undersea Research Centre, Viale San Bartolomeo 400,
19138 La Spezia, Italy, harrison@nurc.nato.int
Sonar performance predictions in shallow-water regions are strongly de-
pendent on a good knowledge of the geoacoustic and scattering properties of
the seabed. The bottom properties are probably the most difcult parameters
to determine, but inversion of measured acoustic data to infer the geoacous-
tic and scattering properties is a feasible technique. One of these techniques
relies on inverting: 1 propagation data to estimate local bottom properties
and 2 long-range reverberation data providing effective bottom properties
over larger areas. A matched-eld inversion approach is applied to propaga-
tion and reverberation data received on a towed horizontal array during the
BASE04 experiment conducted on the Malta Plateau, Mediterranean Sea. A
total of 30 transmissions along a 10-km track were used to capture eventual
range-dependent bottom properties. The inversion algorithm is composed of
efcient prediction tools which can provide environmental parameter esti-
mates within tactical time frames for in-situ sonar performance predictions.
The experimental set-up mimics a mid-frequency active sonar system using
only the suite of sensors available on the vessel towing the sonar system;
also known as the through-the-sensor technique. The impact on sonar per-
formance utilizing the environmental characterization approach is shown for
various experimental scenarios and seasons. Research sponsored by NURC
and the BOUNDARY Partners.
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6:00
2aAOb15. Reverberation inversion for seabed properties. Stan E.
Dosso University of Victoria, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victo-
ria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada, sdosso@uvic.ca, Peter Louring
Nielsen NURC, Viale S. Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy,
nielsen@nurc.nato.int, Christopher H. Harrison NATO Undersea Re-
search Centre, Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19138 La Spezia, Italy, harrison
@nurc.nato.int
This paper applies nonlinear inversion to reverberation andor propaga-
tion data recorded on a towed horizontal array for geoacoustic and scattering
properties of the seabed. A Bayesian inversion approach is applied to esti-
mate properties of the posterior probability density, such as the maximum a
posteriori most-probable model, 1-D and 2-D marginal probability distri-
butions, and covariancecorrelation matrices, providing optimal parameter
estimates and quantifying parameter uncertainties and inter-relationships. Of
particular interest is quantifying the information content of different combi-
nations of data e.g., reverberation or propagation data; joint inversion of
reverberation and propagation data to resolve seabed parameters, and un-
derstanding strong parameter inter-relationships correlations which, in
some cases, act as the limiting factor in resolving geoacousticscattering
parameters. The inversion is also applied to shallow-water reverberation and
propagation data recorded in Mediterranean Sea.
6:20
2aAOb16. Local bottom characterization using an autonomous
underwater vehicle. Peter Louring Nielsen NURC, Viale S. Bartolomeo
400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy, nielsen@nurc.nato.int, Charles W.
Holland Penn State UniversityApplied Research Lab, Applied Science
Bldg., State College, PA 16804, USA, cwh10@psu.edu
In the past decade the usage of autonomous underwater vehicles AUV
to sample properties of the underwater environment has increased. The ad-
vantages of using platforms are their autonomy and that operations can be
performed covertly. In 2007, the CLUTTER07 experiment was conducted
on the Malta Plateau with the main aim of characterizing the underwater
environment. An AUV was deployed at a particular site on the Plateau to
demonstrate the feasibility to infer bottom properties using such an autono-
mous platform. The AUV was equipped with 2 sound sources covering a
frequency band 800-3500 Hz, and the transmitted signals were acquired on
a bottom moored vertical array. The mission of the AUV was to perform a
linear track of 1000 m passing the vertical array as close as possible while
transmitting every second from the sound sources. This experimental con-
guration is similar to the move-out or wide-angle reection measurements.
The received signals are inverted for geoacoustic properties using both
matched-eld techniques and processed for direct bottom reection
properties. The results obtained are compared to independent ndings from
different experiments using various types of equipment at different seasons
in the same area. Research sponsored by NURC, ONR OA321 and the
CLUTTER Partners
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 352B, 8:00 A.M. TO 2:40 P.M.
Session 2aBB
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration and Physical Acoustics: Ultrasound Contrast Agents for
Imaging I
Charles C. Church, Cochair
University of Mississippi, NCPA, 1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA
Ayache Bouakaz, Cochair
INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, Tours Cedex 9, 37044, France
Invited Paper
8:00
2aBB1. Ultrasound and microbubble interaction. Nico De Jong Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE
Rotterdam, Netherlands, n.dejong@erasmusmc.nl
Ultrasound contrast agent UCA bubble response to ultrasound US is still the subject of several studies, since it determines the
power of medical diagnostic imaging modalities. Generally, bubbles are studied using optical or acoustical methods, both having their
specic advantages, in an environment that mimic the clinical practice as good as possible small-diameter capillaries, red blood cells,
blood viscosity. Acoustical observations could provide a better insight in the acoustical scattering of bubbles, which determines the
nal efcacy of contrast-enhanced diagnostic US imaging, and are better suitable to determine the properties of populations of bubbles.
Optical observations allow for easier characterization of fewer bubbles and a more detailed characterisation in case where bubbles
vibrate non spherically, which is expected for bubbles nearby a wall or red blood cells. In this presentation, we show optical recordings
of the various bubble responses with the ultrahigh speed Brandaris-128 camera, and discuss the clinical implications of our ndings.
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Contributed Papers
8:20
2aBB2. Nonlinear pulsing schemes for the detection of ultrasound
contrast agents. Michalakis A. Averkiou University of CyprusDept. of
Mech. Engineering, 75 Kallipoleos Str., 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus,
maverk@ucy.ac.cy, Christophoros Mannaris University of CyprusDept.
of Mech. Engineering, 75 Kallipoleos Str., 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus,
mannaris@ucy.ac.cy, Matthew Bruce SuperSonic Imagine, Les Jardins
de la Duranne - Bt. E, 510, rue Ren Descartes, F - 13857 Aix-en-
Provence, France, matt.f.bruce@gmail.com, Jeffry Powers Philips Medi-
cal Systems, 22100 Bothell Everett Hwy, Bothell, WA 98021, USA, jeff
.powers@philips.com
Ultrasound contrast agents are used in cardiology for the assessment of
myocardial perfusion and in radiology for the detection and characterization
of tumors. One widely used approach of imaging contrast agents is to use a
low Mechanical Index MI nonlinear imaging technique to avoid bubble de-
struction and image both the macro- and micro-circulation in real-time. Vari-
ous pulsing schemes are employed for the detection of nonlinear echoes
from contrast microbubbles. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the
various pulsing schemes for low MI imaging of contrast microbubbles and
better understand their similarities and differences. The pulsing schemes
considered are pulse inversion, power modulation, and their combination.
Emphasis is placed on identifying whether nonlinearity due to propagation
in tissue may be discriminated from nonlinearity due to scattering from
bubbles. Bubble destruction use of high MI and tissue motion were not
considered in this work. The evaluation of the different pulsing schemes was
performed with numerical simulations from well established theoretical
models and experimental data from microbubbles in tissue phantoms and
human tissues.
8:40
2aBB3. Contrast agent response to chirp reversal. Anthony
Novell INSERM U930, CHRU Bretonneau, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France,
anthony.novell@etu.univ-tours.fr, Sander Van Der Meer Physics of Flu-
ids, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
s.m.vandermeer@utwente.nl, Michel Versluis Physics of Fluids, Univer-
sity of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
m.versluis@utwente.nl, Nico De Jong Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein
50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands,
n.dejong@erasmusmc.nl, Ayache Bouakaz INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Ton-
nelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France, bouakaz@med.univ-tours.fr
We investigate an excitation approach for contrast agents based on
chirps. This technique, named chirp reversal, consists in transmitting an up
sweep frequency chirp UPF followed by a down sweep frequency chirp
DNF. Simulations using a modied Rayleigh-Plesset equation were carried
out. Chirps with center frequencies from 1.4 MHz to 2 MHz, pressures from
50 kPa to 200 kPa and frequency bandwidths from 30% to 65% were
considered. High speed optical observations and acoustical measurements
were performed using individual contrast bubbles of radii from 1 m to 5
m and a diluted solution of contrast agent respectively. Simulations showed
differences between bubbles oscillations following UPF and DNF chirps in
terms of amplitude and duration. Maximal differences occurred for bubbles
that were around 80% and 140% of the resonance size. Bubbles at resonance
or far away from resonance provided identical responses to UPF and DNF
chirps. Larger bandwidths and higher acoustic pressures accentuate further
the difference between the UPF and DNF responses. These ndings were
conrmed through optical data and acoustical measurements. The results re-
veal the potential of chirp reversal for contrast agent detection.
9:00
2aBB4. Dual-frequency insonation of single microbubbles. Marcia
Emmer Erasmus MC, Ee2302, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Neth-
erlands, m.emmer@erasmusmc.nl, Hendrik J. Vos Biomedical Engineer-
ing, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands,
H.J.Vos@ErasmusMC.nl,Nico De JongErasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein
50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands, n.dejong@erasmusmc
.nl
Radial modulation imaging is a new medical imaging technique based
on dual-frequency insonation of ultrasound contrast agents. The difference
in echo between a high frequency imaging pulse transmitted at either the
compression or rarefaction phase of a low frequency modulating pulse is
detected by regular correlation techniques. Little is however known about
the contrast agent microbubble dynamics in a dual-frequency ultrasound
eld, which were investigated in this study. Using a high-speed camera sys-
tem, the radial excursions of single phospholipid-coated microbubbles were
recorded. The microbubbles were simultaneously insonied with 2.5 cycles
pulse at 0.5 MHz and 30 kPa and a 32 cycles pulse at 3.75 MHz and 80 kPa.
The microbubbles studied had diameters ranging from 1.1 - 5.2 m. Mi-
crobubbles smaller than 1.4 m frequently showed shrinkage. Microbubbles
larger than 2.6 m showed low 8 dB or no amplitude modulation of the
high frequency radial excursion. Microbubbles with diameters between 1.4
and 2.6 m showed high amplitude modulation up to 25 dB and strong
compression-only oscillation, which both may be explained by nonlinear
shell properties. The observed behaviour is benecial for the detection of
contrast agents.
9:20
2aBB5. Sub-harmonic response from polymer-shelled contrast agents
with a 40-MHz excitation. Jeffrey A. Ketterling Frederic L. Lizzi Center
for Biomedical Engineering, Riverside Research Institute, 156 William St.,
New York, NY 10038, USA, ketterling@rrinyc.org, Jonathan
Mamou Riverside Research Institute, 156 William St., 9th Floor, New
York, NY 10038, USA, mamou@rrinyc.org
There is a growing interest in using acoustic contrast agents with high-
frequency ultrasound 15 MHz in order to better visualize
microcirculation. Experiments were performed with polycaprolactone-
shelled agents POINT Biomedical, San Carlos, CA having mean diameters
of 0.56, 1.1, and 3.4 m. The agents were heavily diluted in ltered water
and injected through a 200 m channel into the focal zone of a 40-MHz
transducer that had a focal length of 12 mm and an outer diameter of 6 mm.
Backscatter signals from single agents were digitized using tone bursts of 5
to 20 cycles at peak-negative pressures of 0.6 to 6.3 MPa. 1000 valid single-
bubble backscatter events at each exposure condition were digitized and
then analyzed for 20-MHz subharmonic content. The data showed that the
subharmonic response was initiated between 5 and 10 cycles and the likeli-
hood of a subharmonic event increased as the number of cycles increased. A
subharmonic backscatter response was most likely at 3.9 MPa for the 3.4 m
agent and 1.7 MPa for the 0.56 and 1.1 m agents. The increased pressure
for subharmonic activity for larger agent was consistent with its larger size.
9:40
2aBB6. Combined optical and acoustical characterization of single
ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles. Jeroen Sijl Physics of Fluids,
University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
j.sijl@utwente.nl, Timo Rozendal Physics of Fluids, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
t.rozendal@student.utwente.nl, Hendrik J. Vos Biomedical Engineering,
Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands,
H.J.Vos@ErasmusMC.nl, Benjamin Dollet Physics of Fluids, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
benjamin.dollet@univ-rennes1.fr, Nico De Jong Erasmus MC, Dr Mole-
waterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands,
n.dejong@erasmusmc.nl, Detlef Lohse Physics of Fluids, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
d.lohse@utwente.nl, Michel Versluis Physics of Fluids, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, m.versluis
@utwente.nl
Contrast enhancement in medical ultrasound imaging is provided by the
non-linear characteristics of coated microbubbles used as Ultrasound Con-
trast Agents UCA. Optical time-resolved observations of the UCA mi-
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crobubble dynamics have revealed new non-linear bubble behavior such as
compression only and thresholding behavior. Up to now, the contribu-
tions of such behavior to the non-linear acoustic response of UCA mi-
crobubbles is not known. Theoretically, the sound emission of an oscillating
microbubble is derived from the unsteady Bernoulli equation and mass con-
servation assuming incompressible and irrotational ow. An experimental
validation of this relation between the radial dynamics and the sound emis-
sion of a microbubble is not straightforward. We present a combined optical
and acoustical setup to characterize individual BR-14 Bracco Research
S.A., Geneva, Switzerland UCA microbubbles. The bubbles were isolated
in a capillary ber by an active ow control. During insonation the radial
response of the single microbubble was recorded with the Brandaris ultra
high-speed camera while the resulting acoustic response was measured with
an accurately calibrated sensitive transducer. The sound emission calculated
from the measured radius-time curves gives excellent quantitative agree-
ment with the directly measured sound emission for both the linearly oscil-
lating microbubbles and bubbles displaying compression-only and thresh-
olding behavior, which indeed resulted in a strong non-linear sound
emission.
Invited Paper
10:00
2aBB7. Secondary Bjerknes forces between ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles. Michel Versluis Physics of Fluids, Uni-
versity of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, m.versluis@utwente.nl, Valeria Garbin Physics of Fluids, Uni-
versity of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, v.garbin@tnw.utwente.nl, Benjamin Dollet Physics of Fluids,
University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, benjamin.dollet@univ-rennes1.fr, Leen Van Wijngaarden
Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, l.vanwijngaarden@tnw.utwente.nl, Nico De
Jong Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands, n.dejong@erasmusmc.nl, Detlef Lohse
Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, d.lohse@utwente.nl
Acoustic radiation forces arise on UCA microbubbles from pressure gradients in the ultrasound pressure eld. The ultrasound wave
emitted by an oscillating UCA microbubble and experienced by a neighboring bubble results in the so-called secondary Bjerknes force.
Typically, only the time averaged value of the secondary Bjerknes force is estimated from experiments. Here, the ability to resolve in
time the radial dynamics of UCAs and the evolution of their relative distances, allows us to obtain a quantication of the instantaneous
secondary Bjerknes force. Two bubbles were selected and conned within two separate optical traps and positioned away from the
sample chamber wall prior to insonation. The radius-time curves and distance-time curves were then extracted from high-speed optical
recordings. The camera fully resolved the alternating attractive-repulsive features of the secondary Bjerknes force in time. The effect of
the time averaged secondary Bjerknes force results in a net attraction of the two bubbles, with a typical observed displacement of 1-2
m, with an instantaneous peak value of the secondary Bjerknes force of up to 10
-6
N. We predict the mutual interaction of the two
coated bubbles in their translation with an accuracy better than 10%.
10:20-10:40 Break
Contributed Paper
10:40
2aBB8. Mathematical models for contrast bubble dynamics. Charles
C. Church University of Mississippi, NCPA, 1 Coliseum Drive, University,
MS 38677, USA, cchurch@olemiss.edu, John S. Allen University of
Hawaii-Manoa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Holmes Hall Room
302, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, alleniii@hawaii.edu
Theoretical investigation of the acoustic responses of albumin-
encapsulated microspheres began over fteen years ago when Albunex, the
rst agent approved for clinical use in the US, was still in development.
Since that time, the number of potential ultrasound contrast agents has
grown considerably. Depending on the agent, the shell may comprise a layer
of proteins, synthetic polymers, surfactants, or lipids with a thickness from a
few nm to 500 mm and surrounding air, sulfur hexauoride, peruorocar-
bon, or other gas. A thorough understanding of the interaction between ul-
trasound pulses and contrast microbubbles is essential for the successful
clinical application of a particular agent. In this talk, the behavior of various
contrast agents will be discussed, and appropriate models for each will be
described. The basis for each of these theories is a free bubble model
supplemented by the effect of the encapsulating shell. The differences
among these models lie primarily in their treatment of the encapsulating
layer and, to some extent, the surrounding medium. Comparisons among
models will include predictions of radial responses, thresholds for bubble
destruction, and clinically signicant acoustic properties resonance fre-
quency, scattering strength, nonlinearity, etc.. Supported by NIH 2 RO1
EB000350-04A2 CCC and by NIH 2 G12RR003061-21 JSA.
Invited Papers
11:00
2aBB9. Ultrasound contrast agents: from concept to clinical use. Franois Tranquart INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044
Tours Cedex 9, France, tranquart@med.univ-tours.fr, Ayache Bouakaz INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9,
France, bouakaz@med.univ-tours.fr, Aurore Bleuzen INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France,
bleuzen@chu-tours.fr, Peggy Palanchon INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France,
palanchon@med.univ-tours.fr, Jean-Michel Correas Hopital Necker, 75015 Paris, France, jean-michel.correas@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr
Contrast ultrasound imaging techniques are of interest for almost every clinical application in all organs including not only liver and
kidney but also supercial organs and brain or lungs. This technique is mainly powerful in terms of lesion detection and characterization
especially for liver with diagnostic value greater than 90%. This was the case for all categories of lesions with values nearly 100% for
liver metastases, FNH but the accuracy was slightly lower for HCC. Specic recommendations were established by EFSUMB for the
use of contrast agents in liver, pancreas, kidney, trauma and brain imaging for a proper and safe use to improve diagnosis accuracy. On
the other hand, contrast-enhanced ultrasound may be used in evaluating response to therapy. The follow-up of vascularization under
specic targeted treatments offers the capacity to early diagnose positive or negative local response for an adaptation of therapeutic way
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before or in absence of tumour size changes. This non invasive method could be repeated without adverse events early after starting this
therapy in order to depict local response or recurrence for a better adaptation of dose with a strong impact on cost and limitation of
adverse events.
11:20
2aBB10. Dynamics of microbubbles targeted to surfaces: numerical and experimental modelling. Richard Manasseh CSIRO,
Fluid Dynamics Group, PO Box 56, Highett, VIC 3190 Melbourne, Australia, Richard.Manasseh@csiro.au, Edward Payne
University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Parkville, VIC 3010 Melbourne, Australia,
Edward.Payne@csiro.au, Andrew Ooi University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,
Parkville, VIC 3010 Melbourne, Australia, a.ooi@unimelb.edu.au
Numerical calculations and illustrative experiments are presented on the volumetric oscillations of microbubbles on and near
surfaces. There is a considerable theoretical and experimental literature on the acoustic interactions of bubbles. In the present study, the
surface was represented by a mirror-image bubble and the nonlinear frequency response calculated by integrating acoustically coupled
sets of Rayleigh-Plesset-like equations. A signicant shift was found in the peak nonlinear response frequency of a bubble targeted onto
a surface. This effect is increased when other bubbles are nearby on the surface. Owing to the asymmetric inuence of the surface,
experimental images were dominated by shape-mode instabilities, making optical determination of the peak nonlinear response fre-
quency difcult. Moreover, it was found that even if bubbles are separated by only a small fraction of the sound wavelength, time delays
owing to the nite speed of sound have a surprisingly signicant inuence. Calculations on the symmetric mode of mutual oscillation
showed that the introduction of time delays signicantly modied harmonics of the spectrum.
11:40
2aBB11. Echogenic liposomes for image-guided drug delivery. Christy K. Holland University of Cincinnati, Biomedical Engi-
neering, MSB, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0586, USA, Christy.Holland@uc.edu, David D. McPherson University
of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 1.252, Houston, TX 77030, USA, David.D.McPherson@uth.tmc.edu
Echogenic liposomes ELIP are under development to enable ultrasound-controlled drug delivery. Ultrasound-triggered release of
hydrophilic and lipophilic agents was assessed from circulating ELIP in vitro using color Doppler ultrasound 6 MHz. Calcein, or
recombinant tissue plasminogen activator rt-PA, both hydrophilic agents, or papaverine, a lipophilic agent, were each loaded into ELIP
and diluted in 0.5% bovine serum albumin. Ultrasound-triggered release of calcein, rt-PA or papaverine from ELIP was determined
relative to detergent and untreated controls. Calcein concentration was measured by uorimetry and release of rt-PA was assayed with
a chromogenic substrate and a spectrophotometric method. Papaverine concentration was quantied by absorbance spectrophotometry
and the amount of papaverine associated with P-ELIP was determined using a spin column ltration technique. Dynamic changes in
echogenicity were assessed with low output B-mode ultrasound 0.04 MI as mean digital intensity. Treatment with color Doppler
ultrasound resulted in a statistically signicant amount of calcein and rt-PA release from liposomes p 0.01, but did not induce
papaverine release p 0.05. The differential efciency of ultrasound-mediated pharmaceutical release from ELIP for water-soluble
and lipid-soluble compounds suggests that water-soluble drugs are better candidates for the design and development of ultrasound-
controlled drug delivery systems.
Contributed Papers
12:00
2aBB12. Ultrasound contrast agents in an in vivo murine melanoma
model. Franois Tranquart INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours
Cedex 9, France, tranquart@med.univ-tours.fr, Ayache
Bouakaz INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France,
bouakaz@med.univ-tours.fr, Sophie Serriere INSERM U930, 2, Bvd
Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France, serrie_s@med.univ-tours.fr
The purpose of the study was to test different types of microbubble con-
trast agents SonoVue, Denity and targeted microbubbles against vas-
cular endothelial growth factor receptors KDR, antiCD31 to quantify
angiogenesis. After SonoVue and Denity injections, a strong, rapid and
heterogeneous signal enhancement was detected in all tumors. According to
the tumor size, the quantication of the perfused area revealed major inter-
individual variations. Three groups of animals bearing tumors, following
SonoVue administration, were arbitrarily constituted to compare various
sonographic parameters such as AUC, mTT, etc. The tumoral size increase
seemed negatively correlated to a decrease in all quantied parameters. Non
linear acoustic signal from microbubbles targeted to the molecular site was
determined by an ultrasound-based destruction-reperfusion scheme. In
tumor-bearing mice, an increase of the retention time 10 minutes was
revealed following KDR and antiCD31 targeted microbubbles administra-
tions when compared to the retention time of non targeted microbubbles.
The amount of remaining targeted bubbles remains always lower than non
specic agents. Results showed that quantitative contrast-enhanced ultra-
sound imaging could be an effective method for monitoring angiogenesis
process in mice and so could be used for the follow-up of tumours under
specic treatment.
12:20
2aBB13. Ultrasound contrast imaging of angiogenisis in a murine
tumor model. Olivier Lucidarme CHU Piti-Salptrire, 47-83 Boule-
vard de lHpital, 75651 Paris, France,
olivier.lucidarme@psl.aphp.fr, Laurent Taillade Laboratoire dImagerie
Paramtrique, 15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
laurenttaillade2@yahoo.fr, Aymeric Guibal Laboratoire dImagerie
Paramtrique, 15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
guibala@hotmail.com, Sebastien Mule Lab dImagerie Fonctionnelle, 91
Boulevard de lHpital, 75634 Paris, France,
Sebastien.Mule@imed.jussieu.fr, Eva Comperat CHU Piti-Salptrire,
47-83 Boulevard de lHpital, 75651 Paris, France,
eva.comperat@psl.aphp.fr, Yasmina Badachi Laboratoire dImagerie
Paramtrique, 15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
yasmina.badachi@gmail.com, Erwan Jouannot Laboratoire dImagerie
Paramtrique, 15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
Erwan.Jouannot@sano-aventis.com, Olivier Rixe CHU Piti-
Salptrire, 47-83 Boulevard de lHpital, 75651 Paris, France,
olivier.rixe@psl.aphp.fr, Lori Bridal Laboratoire dImagerie
Paramtrique, 15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France, bridal
@lip.bhdc.jussieu.fr
Microvascularization modications should precede tumor size-changes
during anti-angiogenic therapy. We applied contrast functional ultrasound
imaging fUSI to detect changes in Wilms tumors with anti-angiogenic
treatment Bevacizumab. Human Wilms tumor cells was grafted in left kid-
ney of 32 mice. Once tumors had 5mm diameter, mice received : placebo,
N14; Bevacizumab for 21days, N11; and Bevacizumab for 10days fol-
lowed by placebo for 11days, N 7. On days -1, 1, 9, 14 and 21
3112 3112 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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with respect to treatment start, fUSI was performed CPS mode, SonoVue.
Linear time intensity curves were obtained from regions in kidney cortex
and matched-depth of tumor for rst bolus passage and 50s following acous-
tic destruction of contrast. Excised tumor weight decreased with increased
treatment duration: 3.7-1.8 g placebo, 2.3-1.9 g Bevacizumab-
10days, placebo-11days, 1.4-0.7 g Bevacizumab-21 days p0.05.
Area under the bolus-passage curve AUC and the plateau intensity of the
destruction-reperfusion were greater from D9 to D21 p0. 04 in the
placebo than Bevacizumab-21day. For the group treated during the rst 10
days, fUSI values were comparable to those of the treated group until
D14, then increased to become slightly superior to those of the placebo
group by D21. Noninvasive fUSI demonstrated revascularization after
suspension of anti-VEGF therapy.
12:40-1:40 Lunch Break
Invited Paper
1:40
2aBB14. Violent cavitation from optically congured microbubble pairs. Paul A. Campbell University of Dundee, Ewing 1-6,
Carnegie Physics Laboratory, Main Campus, DD1 4HN Dundee, UK, p.a.campbell@dundee.ac.uk
The mutual interaction between two cavitating microbubbles was investigated using a novel optical trapping arrangement. This
approach facilitated development of arbitrary, stable, and initial spatial congurations for two-bubble systems. Critically, exercising
optical control over such a binary system can effectively isolate it from resident bubble populations during insonation. This ensures that
any early stage dynamical evolution of the system is dominated by the mutual interaction of the two bubbles in view, rather than any
extraneous inuence arising from cross-talk. In circumstances where the bubbles are located far from a rigid boundary, we observed,
using high speed microphotography at framing rates of over 1MHz, that the action of secondary radiation forces leads to mutual bubble
attraction often followed by the development of violent microjetting. Microbubble coalescence, with subsequent fragmentation could be
observed, and the generation of short-lived anti-bubbles can often occur also. Finally, when cells are present as conuent monolayers on
rigid substrates, the statistics for microbubble outcome and dynamics are modied somewhat. I will relate statistics to the parameter
space that we interrogated, which included: inter-bubble spacing; relative bubble radii; and individual bubble stand-off parameters.
Contributed Papers
2:00
2aBB15. Nonlinear propagation in microbubble cloud, does it make the
distal myocardium appear brighter or darker? Meng-Xing
Tang Imperial College London, Dept. of Bioengineering Engineering,
South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, UK,
mengxing.tang@ic.ac.uk, Robert Eckersley Imperial College London,
Imaging Sciences Department, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, W12
0HS London, UK, r.eckersley@ic.ac.uk
A number of questions remain in contrast ultrasound imaging regarding
the complex interaction between bubbles, US and tissue. E.g. in contrast
echocardiography for perfusion imaging, it is sometimes difcult to interpret
the images for the myocardium distal to the probe. Due to US nonlinear
propagation through the bubble-lled chamber, the distal part can appear
artefactually brighter or darker in e.g. Pulse Inversion images. Although tis-
sue at target is likely to increase in brightness in contrast specic images
when nonlinear propagation happens, it is less clear for microbubbles. This
work tries to gain better understanding of this by investigating how nonlin-
ear propagation of ultrasound pulses can change the appearance of mi-
crobubbles and tissues in Pulse Inversion images by altering their acoustic
response. Aseries of specically designed simulations and experiments were
performed. The results show that nonlinear propagation can have a signi-
cant impact on the appearance of tissue containing bubbles, and this varies
with insonating frequency and pressure. These results suggest the mecha-
nism involves a balance between a reduction in nonlinear bubble scattering
after propagation against an increase in the nonlinear tissue scattering. Con-
sequently the deeper tissues containing bubbles may appear brighter or
darker depending on the relative contribution of these two effects.
2:20
2aBB16. Frequency dependence of kidney injury induced by
contrast-aided diagnostic ultrasound. Douglas Miller University of
Michigan, Department of Radiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553, USA,
douglm@umich.edu, Chunyan Dou University of Michigan, Department
of Radiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553, USA,
chunyand@umich.edu, Roger C. Wiggins University of Michigan, De-
partment of Internal Medicine Nephrology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,
rwiggins@med.umich.edu
Glomerular capillary hemorrhage GCH induced in rat kidneys by con-
trast aided diagnostic ultrasound was examined as a function of ultrasonic
frequency. The right kidneys of anesthetized rats mounted in a water bath
were exposed to image pulse sequences at 1 s intervals during intravenous
infusion of diluted ultrasound contrast agent. Diagnostic ultrasound DUS
scanners were utilized for exposure at 1.5, 2.5, 3.2, 5.0 and 7.4 MHz. Alabo-
ratory exposure system LES was used to simulate DUS exposure at 1.0,
1.5, 2.25, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.5 MHz at relatively high peak rarefactional pressure
amplitudes PRPAs. The exposed kidneys were removed and xed for
histology. GCH was measured by counting glomeruli with blood in the uri-
nary Bowmans space on histological sections. The percentage of GCH at
a xed exposure frequency showed a rapid rise with PRPA above an appar-
ent threshold. The threshold values were approximately proportional to the
ultrasound frequency, with proportionality constants of 0.5 MPaMHz for
DUS and 0.6 MPaMHz for LES exposures. The increasing thresholds with
increasing frequency limited the GCH effect for contrast aided DUS, and no
GCH was seen for DUS at 5.0 or 7.4 MHz for the highest available PRPAs.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 341, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aEAa
Engineering Acoustics, Underwater Acoustics, and ECUA: Sonar Transducer Design and Modeling II
John B. Blottman, Cochair
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport, 1176 Howell Street, Newport, RI 02841-1708, USA
Pascal Mosbah, Cochair
IEMN dpt ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, Lille, France
Invited Papers
8:00
2aEAa1. Acoustic array interactions in the time domain. George W. Benthien 511 Savoy Street, San Diego, CA 92106, USA,
benthien@cox.net
In this paper I discuss the computation of acoustic array interactions in the time domain. Acoustic array interactions in the time
domain are expressed in terms of mutual impulse response functions. The mutual impulse response between a pair of array elements is
the acoustic force on the rst element of the pair due to an acceleration impulse of the second with all other elements held rigid. The
mutual response functions are calculated in the frequency domain using the boundary element program CHIEF and then Fourier trans-
formed to the time domain. As the convergence in the frequency domain can be very slow, I introduce modied impulse response
functions that converge much faster in the frequency domain and are simply related to the desired impulse response functions. This
approach reduces the range of frequencies required in the CHIEF computations and gives better accuracy in the initial time period.
Transient results are presented for an array of simple transducer elements. The mutual impulse response functions are combined with the
transducer element equations to yield a system of differential-integral equations of delay type. A solution procedure for equations of this
type is presented.
8:20
2aEAa2. Exact model of Langevin transducers with internal losses. D. D. Ebenezer Naval Physical and Oceanographic Labo-
ratory, Thrikkakara, 682021 Kochi, India, tsonpol@vsnl.com, P. A. Nishamol Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory,
Thrikkakara, 682021 Kochi, India, dd_ebenezer@yahoo.com
An exact method is presented to analyze classical Langevin transducers with internal losses. The transducers consist of an axially
polarized piezoelectric cylinder sandwiched between two elastic cylinders. All three cylinders are of the same diameter. Exact solutions
to the exact equations of motion of the piezoelectric and elastic cylinders and the Gauss electrostatic condition are used. Complex
piezoelectric and elastic coefcients are used to model internal losses. For each cylinder, the rst set of solutions contains Bessel func-
tions that form a complete set in the radial direction. The second and third sets contain trigonometric functions that form complete sets
in the axial direction. They are used to represent elds that are symmetric and anti-symmetric with respect to the plane midway between
the ends of the cylinder, respectively. The interface and boundary conditions are satised by using the orthogonal properties of the
functions. Transducers with identical elastic cylinders at the ends as well as those with a light head mass and a heavy tail mass are
analyzed. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the input electrical admittances of transducers. They are compared with those
obtained using ATILA - a nite element package for the analysis of sonar transducers.
8:40
2aEAa3. Numerical acoustic modeling code applied to sonar transducers and arrays: review and perspectives. Gerard
Vanderborck Thales Underwater Systems SAS, Acoustic Department, 525 route des Dolines, BP 157, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex,
France, gerard.vanderborck@fr.thalesgroup.com
In this paper a review based on several examples of Thales Underwater Systems TUS design and modeling of transducers will be
presented: several examples like wide band free ooded ring extensional and bender transducers, high frequency transducers with
thermal analysis modeling included, will be discussed. An approach of the problem of the mutual impedance computation appearing in
array modeling will be also presented. Tus used since several decades FEM - BEM codes to design acoustic transducers and arrays. The
perspectives in transducer and array modeling will be indicated like the possibility to take into account the non-linearities in the ma-
terial, the time dependent problem and the use of new kind of piezoelectric material will be also discussed. Specic aspect of single
crystal transducers modeling will be presented. The increase of the computing power will also permit to take into account the complex
problem of the interaction between transducers in an array mutual impedances. We will conclude on complex ultra wide band antenna
based on strong transducers interactions optimization and the associated modeling architecture issues.
3114 3114 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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9:00
2aEAa4. Finite element analysis simulations of a piezoelectric cymbal actuator using atila software. Thomas Tremper
Micromechatronics Inc., 200 Innovation Blvd, Suite 155, State College, PA 16803, USA, ttremper@mmech.com, Alfredo Vazquez
Carazo Micromechatronics Inc., 200 Innovation Blvd, Suite 155, State College, PA 16803, USA, avc@mmech.com, Kenji Uchino
Micromechatronics Inc., 200 Innovation Blvd, Suite 155, State College, PA 16803, USA, kenjiuchino@mmech.com
The piezoelectric ultrasonic cymbal actuator is a well known extensional type actuator. Because of the actuators geometry, the
small movements of the piezoelectric ceramic are amplied by the extensional structure. Simulation of this device was performed
using Atila nite element software, which is specially suited for piezoelectric devices. This study will focus on some of the necessary
parameters to accurately simulate cymbal actuators and other piezoelectric actuators. The simulations discussed will be compared to
actual experimental data. Based on the experimental results the simulations will be reexamined and modications will be made to
increase the models accuracy. Employing this iterative process will promote increased accuracy in future simulations, which would
therefore decrease development time and increase productivity.
Contributed Papers
9:20
2aEAa5. Underwater tensor sensors based on optical ber bragg
gratings. Francois M. Guillot Georgia Institute of Technology, Mechani-
cal Engineering, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA,
francois.guillot@me.gatech.edu, David H. Trivett Georgia Institute of
Technology, Mechanical Engineering, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-
0405, USA, david.trivett@me.gatech.edu, Peter H. Rogers Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA
30332-0405, USA, peter.rogers@me.gatech.edu
This paper deals with the development a new type of low-noise under-
water tensor sensor aimed at improving the performance and the design of
directional arrays. The transducer can be congured either as a particle ve-
locity sensor dipole or as uid shear sensor quadrupole. The sensing
principle of the device relies on the interference signal from two Bragg grat-
ings written on the same ber, and illuminated by a tunable, narrowband
light source. The gratings are a few centimeters apart, and they each reect
a portion of the incident light. The ber is epoxied to two spacers separated
by a small gap situated between the gratings. This assembly is then adhered
to two plates connected by a hinge, which is located below the gap. One
plate is held rigidly and the tip of the other free plate experiences trans-
verse vibrations, when ensonied. These vibrations produce periodic gap
length changes, which modulate the interference signal from the two
gratings. The modulation is related to the amplitude of the sound wave and
is monitored with a photodetector. A noise analysis will be presented and the
performance of prototype sensors will be discussed.
9:40
2aEAa6. Beampattern optimization for a conformal projecting array of
transducers with bafe effect and mutual coupling among elements.
Yuanliang Ma Institute of Acoustic Engineering, Northwestern Polytechni-
cal University, 710072 Xian, China, ylma@nwpu.edu.cn, Zhengyao
He Institute of Acoustic Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical Univer-
sity, 710072 Xian, China, hezhengyao@163.com
Beampattern optimization for projecting arrays is much more challeng-
ing in comparison with receiving arrays, particularly for conformal project-
ing arrays. It is because the array elements have to work in resonance state
for efcient projecting and the variation of radiation impedance has strong
effect on the array performance. The radiation impedance for each element
is determined by a lot of factors, i.e, the element position, bafe property,
mutual coupling and velocity weighting vector of the array. Thus beampat-
tern optimization for a projecting conformal array must take into account all
these factors. One thing makes the topic more difcult that the mutual im-
pedance for each element is changeable along with the weighting vector
change. In this paper a global solution approach is formulated and a bound-
ary element model combined with transducer equivalent circuits is
developed. The driving voltage weighting vector is deduced through an op-
timization algorithm. Computer simulation together with experiments are
conducted for a 14-element conformal array. The results agree well. The
multiple beampatterns formed within a wide observation sector exhibit uni-
form beamwidth and low sidelobes. The source level for each beam is maxi-
mized in constraint of the maximum driving voltage of array elements being
constant.
10:00
2aEAa7. Advanced Single Crystal Piezoelectric Transducers for Naval
Sonar and Medical Ultrasound Applications. Wesley
Hackenberger TRS Technologies, Inc., 2820 East College Avenue, State
College, PA 16801, USA, wes@trstechnologies.com, Jun Luo TRS Tech-
nologies, Inc., 2820 East College Avenue, State College, PA 16801, USA,
jun@trstechnologies.com, Kevin Snook TRS Technologies, Inc., 2820
East College Avenue, State College, PA16801, USA, kevin@trstechnologies
.com
Single crystal piezoelectrics have received much attention due to their
very high piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefcients. Naval
sonar and medical ultrasound transducers, fabricated from this material, ex-
hibit unprecedented increases in bandwidth, source level, and sensitivity
compared to ceramic based devices. In this paper we report many new de-
velopments in the growth and manufacture of single crystals. These include
increased diameter 3 crystal boules, improved compositional unifor-
mity, increased thermal stability, and minimized surface damage. Manufac-
turing improvements are being applied to a broad range of crystal transducer
applications. For navy sonar systems, crystals are resulting in very high
bandwidths 100% for transducer sizes that are 1/2 the resonating length
and 1/4 the weight of ceramic counterparts with equivalent or often lower
source level. Manufacturing improvements such as high tensile strength,
achieved by precision polishing crystal surfaces, are enabling new trans-
ducer operational regimes not possible with ceramic. In particular, single
crystal 1-3 composite projectors show promise for achieving high source
level in a compact, integrated system designs. Single crystals are also en-
abling new applications in medical ultrasound including very broadband and
extremely high frequency transducers. Further improvements are expected
in the near future.
10:20-10:40 Break
10:40
2aEAa8. Design of a phase array ultrasonic sensor using vibration
decoupled concept. Chia-Yu Lin National Taiwan University, Rm.433,
Institute of Applied Mechanics, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., 10617 Taipei,
Taiwan, cylinx@mems.iam.ntu.edu.tw, Chih-Chiang Cheng National Tai-
wan University, Rm.433, Institute of Applied Mechanics, No.1, Sec.4,
Roosevelt Rd., 10617 Taipei, Taiwan, cccheng@nbm.ntu
.edu.tw, Wen-Jong Wu Department of Engineering Science and Ocean
Engineering, National Taiwan University, Rm.433, Institute of Applied Me-
chanics, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., 10617 Taipei, Taiwan,
wjwu@ntu.edu.tw, Chuin-Shan Chen Department of Civil Engineering,
National Taiwan University, Rm.433, Institute of Applied Mechanics, No.1,
Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., 10617 Taipei, Taiwan, dchen@ntu.edu.tw, Jay
Shieh Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Taiwan
University, Rm.433, Institute of Applied Mechanics, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt
Rd., 10617 Taipei, Taiwan, jayshieh@ntu.edu.tw, Chih-Kung
Lee National Taiwan University, Rm.433, Institute of Applied Mechanics,
No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., 10617 Taipei, Taiwan, cklee@mems.iam.ntu
.edu.tw
Phase array ultrasonic sensors have been used widely to generate higher
directional radiating patterns in which piezoelectric units are distributed
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sparsely in space. In this study, we present a novel design of a phase array
ultrasonic sensor based on the concept of vibration decoupling. Decoupling
is achieved by careful design of source aperture, and such design allows pi-
ezoelectric units tightly located in the same structure. The phase array sensor
is designed herein as a cylinder with a dumbbell shape groove to decouple
vibration, and nite element analysis is used to optimize the design. Two
piezoelectric discs are adhered on the bottom plate of the sensor whereby
desirable wave generation and detection are controlled adaptively. By elec-
trical steering, the sensor thus operates as a dipole mode. Finally, prototypes
of the sensor are made and experiments are conducted to verify simulation
results.
11:00
2aEAa9. Nonlinear multifrequency transmitter for seaoor
characterization. Lucilla Di Marcoberardino Institut Jean le Rond
DAlembert, UMR 7190, 2 Place de la Gare de Ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr
LEcole, France, lucilladm@hotmail.com, Jacques Marchal Institut Jean
le Rond DAlembert, UMR 7190, 2 Place de la Gare de Ceinture, 78210
Saint Cyr LEcole, France, jmarchal@ccr.jussieu.fr, Pierre
Cervenka Institut Jean le Rond DAlembert, UMR 7190, 2 Place de la
Gare de Ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr LEcole, France, cvk@ccr.jussieu.fr
In the underwater context, it is known that the frequency diversity pro-
vides essential information to derive the nature of the seaoor. This presen-
tation deals with a new concept based on a transmitter that generates simul-
taneously several harmonic frequencies. Our nal objective is to assert the
feasibility of a multi-frequency tool whose desirable characteristics could be
specied for applications such as detection of sunken oil slicks, sediment
characterization, or surveys before cable or pipe laying. The acoustic beams
are generated through the harmonic components of a shock wave radiated by
an antenna driven at a high level. The source is unique in time and space so
that the multi-frequency responses are inherently perfectly matched. A nu-
merical model based on a generalized KZK equation has been developed to
estimate the saturated elds. Measurements of the rst harmonic elds ob-
tained in our outdoor tank facility are compared with simulations.
11:20
2aEAa10. Modeling the acoustic radiation force in piezoelectrically
driven micro uidic chambers using ATILA. Karl Fisher Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 E Avenue, Brentwood, CA 94513,
USA, sher34@llnl.gov
A procedure is demonstrated to quantitatively evaluate the acoustic ra-
diation forces in micro uidic particle manipulation chambers. Typical esti-
mates of the acoustic pressure and the acoustic radiation force are based on
an analytical solution for a simple 1-dimensional standing wave pattern. The
complexities of a typical micro uidic channel limit the usefulness of this
approach. By leveraging nite element approaches, and a generalized equa-
tion for the acoustic radiation force, channel designs can be investigated in
two- and three-dimensions. Calculations and experimental observations are
in good agreement. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S.
Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore Na-
tional Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.
11:40
2aEAa11. Equivalent circuit models derived from nite element models
using structural dynamics techniques. Julien Bernard Thales Underwa-
ter Systems, 525 route des Dolines BP 157 Valbonne Parc dActivits de
Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France, julien.bernard@fr
.thalesgroup.com
Electroacoustic transducers can be divided into an active part, the driver,
and a passive part, the structure. The driver ensures electromechanical trans-
duction, while the structure performs various mechanical and acoustical
functions, such as support, shock and pressure protection, and impedance
transformation. For design purposes, one often needs an equivalent circuit
model which gives a relationship between the acoustic characteristics of the
overall device and that of its components. Transducer equivalent circuits are
usually either physical or modal. Physical equivalent circuits lend them-
selves to the treatment of a transducer as an assembly, but in general yield
frequency dependant parameters. Modal equivalent circuits are more ad-
equate for resonant transducers, but describe transducers as a whole. This
works shows how these two types of equivalent circuits can be obtained
from a full nite element model by using common structural dynamics
techniques: substructuring and modal expansion. It also shows that a third,
hybrid type of equivalent circuit can be obtained by using a component
mode synthesis technique derived from the Craig-Bampton method. This hy-
brid equivalent circuit combines the advantages of physical and modal
equivalent circuits, enabling to express transducer modal parameters in
terms of driver and structure modal parameters.
12:00
2aEAa12. Acoustic eld calculation for a compact barrel-stave
extensional transducer array. Zhengyao He Institute of Acoustic En-
gineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xian, China,
hezhengyao@163.com, Chao Sun Institute of Acoustic Engineering,
Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xian, China, csun@nwpu
.edu.cn
The boundary element method together with the nite element method is
used to calculate the radiated acoustic eld of a compact array of barrel-
stave extensional transducers. At rst, the surface vibration displacement
distribution of one barrel-stave transducer is obtained by the nite element
method using the commercial software ANSYS. The calculation results are
then imported into the boundary element calculation software SYSNOISE.
At the frequency of 1400Hz, the radiated acoustic eld and radiation imped-
ance are calculated by the boundary element method for a planar array
which is composed of three identical barrel-stave extensional transducers
uniformly distributed on a circle with spacing much less than half
wavelength. The calculation results show that the mutual interactions among
elements are signicant for the compact array. The mutual radiation resis-
tance between two transducers is close to the self-radiation resistance of the
transducers. And the transmitting source level of the 3-element array is
8.7dB higher than that of one transducer if the surface vibration velocities of
the transducers in the array are the same as that of one transducer. The pro-
posed technique can be used to predict the performance of a transmitting
transducer array at the stage of preliminary design.
12:20
2aEAa13. Finite Element Modeling of 2-D Transducer Arrays. Hind
Mestouri ISEN Brest Institut Suprieur de lElectronique et du
Numrique, 20, rue Cuirass Bretagne, C.S. 42807, 29228 Brest, France,
hind.mestouri@isen.fr, Alain Loussert ISEN Brest Institut Suprieur de
lElectronique et du Numrique, 20, rue Cuirass Bretagne, C.S. 42807,
29228 Brest, France, alain.loussert@isen.fr, Gilles Keryer ISEN Brest
Institut Suprieur de lElectronique et du Numrique, 20, rue Cuirass
Bretagne, C.S. 42807, 29228 Brest, France, gilles.keryer@isen.fr
Active sonar detects objects underwater by sending out sound waves in
pulses, scientists could measure the time it takes these pulses to travel
through the water, reect off of an object, and return to the ship. There are
a number of factors limiting the performance of low frequency transducer
arrays for active sonar systems including the crosstalk and housing interac-
tions which affects the directivity pattern and the sensitivity. Many impor-
tant issues in transducer arrays design, such as crosstalk, cannot be accu-
rately studied using analytic method due to the complexity of the partial
differential equations involved. Finite element method is the only appropri-
ate way to gain more detailed information. In this paper, a 2-D nite element
model is constructed to analyze the crosstalk and structure interactions, us-
ing ATILA code and GiD graphical interface, of transducer arrays, consists
of six active piezoceramic bars, and developed for shallow water use. The
directivity pattern strongly depends on the transducer size versus wave-
length, each transducer elements interacts directly with its neighbour and in-
directly with the other elements, and the radiated acoustic power may con-
siderably vary from one element to another. It is shown that crosstalk and
housing interactions can be reduced through the use of different inter-
element materials and housing characteristics.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 353, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:20 P.M.
Session 2aEAb
Engineering Acoustics: Acoustic Evaluation I
David Brown, Chair
BTech Acoustics, LLC and Universtity of Massachusetts Dartmouth, ATMC, Electro-Acoustics Research Laboratory and ECE
Dept., 151 Martine St, Fall River, MA 02723, USA
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aEAb1. Measurement of Sound Velocity in Water Using Optical Probe
and Acoustical Holography. Takeshi Ohbuchi University of Tsukuba,
1-1-1 Tennoudai, 305-8573 Tsukuba, Japan,
ohbuchi@aclab.esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Koichi Mizutani Tsukuba Univ.,
Tsukuba Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan,
mizutani@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Naoto Wakatsuki Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba
Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan,
wakatuki@iit.tsukuba.ac.jp, Hiroyuki Masuyama Toba National College
of Maritime Technology, 1-1 Ikegami-cho, 517-8501 Toba, Japan,
masuyama@toba-cmt.ac.jp
We propose a method for a determination of a three-dimensional sound
velocity using optical computerized tomography O-CT and near-eld
acoustical holography NAH for measuring a phase object. Ultrasonic
waves affect a phase of the light passing through radiated sound elds. The
zeroth order diffraction light including sound pressure information is ac-
quired by an avalanche photodiode. Eighteen projections are acquired by ro-
tational scanning, and each projection along the optical axis is obtained by
single linear scanning and electronically quadrature-detected as the complex
amplitude. The complex sound elds are reconstructed by O-CT in a region
of 40 40 mm
2
. Then the sound eld on another plane is propagated using
NAH from the acquired sound elds, and the sound eld on the same plane
is reconstructed by O-CT. Comparing the phase of propagated and recon-
structed sound elds in wavenumber domain, we can obtain the sound ve-
locity in three dimensional space in a region of 30 30 10 mm
3
. The
experimental results are in agreement with the reference value measured by
another mean.
8:20
2aEAb2. Inuence of a load on the nonlinear behavior of a
piezoelectric rod under high sinusoidal voltages. Denis
Parenthoine Lussi, Universit F Rabelais de Tours, 40, rue de la Chocola-
terie, 41000 Blois, France, parenthoine_denis@yahoo.fr, Lionel
Haumesser Lussi, Universit F Rabelais de Tours, 40, rue de la Chocolat-
erie, 41000 Blois, France, lionel.haumesser@univ-tours.fr, Franois
Vander Meulen Lussi, Universit F Rabelais de Tours, 40, rue de la Choco-
laterie, 41000 Blois, France, vandermeulen@univ-tours.fr, Louis-Pascal
Tran-Hhuu-Hue Lussi, Universit F Rabelais de Tours, 40, rue de la
Chocolaterie, 41000 Blois, France, tran@univ-tours.fr
At high levels of excitation, appear, in piezoelectric devices, nonlinear
phenomena which can adversely affect the quality of the applications to
which they are devoted. It is, in particular, true in non-destructive evalua-
tion, where the generation of harmonics in the ultrasonic tranducer can make
inacurrate measurements in materials. In a previous work, third-order con-
stants in a piezoceramic rod of PZT-21 under high sinusoidal electric elds
have been evaluted from the analysis of second harmonic generation in the
mechanical displacement. All these measurements have been performed un-
der condition of complete free stress. In order to allow a better understand-
ing of the nonlinear behavior of the transducer, various loads, are, now, ap-
plied at one end of the piezoceramic rod. Velocity masurements performed
by a laser probe at the free end of the active element provides then infor-
mations about the nonlinear behavior of the system. Inuence of load on the
linear and nonlinear behavior of the piezoelectric rod is then studied in the
case of an aluminium bar, and in the case of more nonlinear materials. Re-
sults are compared both experimentally and theoritically in loaded and un-
loaded congurations.
8:40
2aEAb3. Uncertainty of Acoustical Material Characteristic
Measurements. Samir N. Gerges Federal University of Santa Catarina
UFSC, Campus Universitario - Trindade, 88040-900 Florianopolis, Brazil,
samir@emc.ufsc.br, Peter K. Giesbrecht Federal University of Santa
Catarina UFSC, Campus Universitario - Trindade, 88040-900 Florianopo-
lis, Brazil, samir@emc.ufsc.br
The experimental determination of the acoustic properties of sound ab-
sorption materials depends on numerous factors. The accuracy level in the
determination of each property depends, for example, on the measurement
apparatus and the type of material. The objective of this work is to present
a study about the main sources of uncertainty in the measurement of prop-
erties such as sound absorption coefcient, acoustic impedance, ow resis-
tivity and porosity. The uncertainties of the measurement apparatus of each
property are quantied. The uncertainty of the materials heterogeneity is
also assessed and its individual contribution highlighted. Important aspects
of the Standards ASTM C 522 and ISO 10534-2, which present, respec-
tively, recommendations and a procedure for ow resistivity and sound ab-
sorption measurements, are discussed. The methodology to calculate the un-
certainty of each property is discussed with emphasis on the relevancy of
each uncertainty source.
9:00
2aEAb4. Design and implementation of a three-dimensional seven
microphone vector intensity probe with low and high frequency
compensations. Khalid Miah University of Texas, P.O. Box 7155, Austin,
TX 78713, USA, miah@mail.utexas.edu, Elmer Hixson Univ. of Texas,
ECE Dept., 1 University Station 0803, Austin, TX 78712-0240, USA,
ehixson@mail.utexas.edu
A seven microphone vector intensity probe has been designed and
implemented in this report with low and high frequency compensations.
Measurements from plane wave tube and anechoic chamber are used for
overall system calibration with corrected gain and phase mismatch errors.
Measured and calculated intensity level from both plane wave tube and
anechoic room settings showed close agreement with each other in compari-
son to separate low and high frequency components of the array. Particle
velocity vectors and pressures determined for calculating intensity were also
used to calculate sound power and total energy density components of vari-
ous sources. This microphone array vector intensity probe is then used to
explore various sound source identication and localization problems.
9:20
2aEAb5. Application of contrast optimisation autofocus to exible
ultrasonic arrays for non-destructive testing. Alan J. Hunter University
of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1SY Bristol, UK,
a.hunter@bristol.ac.uk, Bruce W. Drinkwater University of Bristol,
Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1SY Bristol, UK,
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b.drinkwater@bristol.ac.uk,Paul D. WilcoxUniversity of Bristol, Queens
Building, University Walk, BS8 1SY Bristol, UK, p.wilcox@bristol.ac.uk
Flexible ultrasonic arrays are used for imaging within objects with com-
plicated geometries for non-destructive testing and evaluation NDTNDE,
e.g., thick-walled pipes, weld caps, etc. We consider the application of au-
tofocus techniques routinely used in synthetic aperture sonar SAS to this
engineering problem. A exible ultrasonic array is functionally similar to a
wide-beam, stripmap SAS with a single transmitter and receiver. Unfortu-
nately, there are few autofocus algorithms available for this conguration.
Popular algorithms, such as echoimage correlation, PGA, DPCA, etc., are
better suited for use with a narrow-beam or multiple-receiver SAS. How-
ever, contrast optimisation is a more general technique that is well suited to
the single transmitterreceiver geometry. In this presentation, we describe
our implementation of contrast optimisation autofocus and show experimen-
tal results using a exible array prototype.
9:40
2aEAb6. Inspection of complex components with exible phased array
transducer. Olivier Casula CEALIST, bat 611, 91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France, olivier.casula@cea.fr, Gwenael Toullelan CEALIST, bat 611,
91191 Gif sur Yvette, France, gwenael.toullelan@cea.fr, Philippe
Dumas ZA, rue des Savourots, 70190 Voray-sur-lOgnon, France, philippe
.dumas@imasonic.com
Non destructive testing techniques using ultrasonic methods are often
carried out in contact. But, the inspection performances are limited to regu-
lar surfaces. Thus, surface irregularities lead to thickness variations of the
coupling layer that result in beam distortions and losses of sensitivity. In the
context, CEALIST has designed exible phased-array techniques for com-
pensating the surface irregularities and tting the surface. The independent
piezoelectric elements composing the radiating surface are mechanically as-
sembled to build an articulated structure. An embedded prolometer mea-
sures the local surface distortion allowing to compute the optimized delay
laws and to master the characteristics of the focus beam. Those delay laws
computed by the UT-acquisition system are applied in real-time to the pi-
ezoelectric elements. To evaluate inspection method capabilities, CEALIST
develops a simulation software for non destructive testing, CIVA, able to
simulate realistic congurations in particular with complex 2D and 3D
applications. Matrix exible phased-array probes have been designed and
manufactured in collaboration with IMASONIC. This paper sums up ex-
amples of inspections in complex geometries where these exible probes
have been successfully used. Moreover, the data are reconstructed thanks to
CIVA tools and allow to locate and size the aw in the part.
10:00-10:20 Break
10:20
2aEAb7. Characterization of laminated glasses by means of an
inversion method using Finite Elements. Jorge Frances Monllor
DFISTS. Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn,
03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain, jfmonllor@ua.es, Jaime Ramis
Soriano DFISTS. Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig
sn, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain, jramis@ua.es, Jess Alba
Fernandez Escola Politcnica Superior de Gandia, Universitat Politcnica
de Valncia, Crtra Natzaret-Oliva sn, 46730 Gandia, Spain, jesalba@s.upv
.es, Enrique E. Segovia Eulogio Depto Ing. Construccin. Univ. de Ali-
cante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vicente del
Raspeig, Spain, Enrique.Gonzalo@ua.es, Jenaro Vera Guarinos DFISTS.
Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vi-
cente del Raspeig, Spain, jenaro@dsts.ua.es
The experimental determination of elastic modules and loss factor in
laminated glass components is of great interest in building acoustics since at
present there are a lot of building systems using these types of devices. This
makes it necessary to predict the transmission losses in a partition. Even
though described in regulation, the process is not exempt from serious
difculties. In this work we present a method in order to obtain the param-
eters mentioned above for a laminated glass composed of a sequence of iso-
tropic layers by solving the model-based inverse problem for frequency ad-
mittance experimentally obtained. The parameter that best describes the
mechanical constants of material of the layers is obtained by minimizing the
discrepancy between the real numerically and numerically predicted
waveform. This is done using an iterative optimization. A sensitivity study
of the parameters uncertainty is performed in order to establish the feasibil-
ity of this technique.
10:40
2aEAb8. Detection of Shallow Underground Buried Object Using Air
Vibration Probe. Yuji Sato Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba Science City, 305-
8573 Ibaraki, Japan, yuji@aclab.esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Tomohiro
Okamura Univ. of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, 305-8573 Tsukuba, Japan,
mizutani@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Koichi Mizutani Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba
Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan,
mizutani@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Naoto Wakatsuki Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba
Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan, wakatuki@iit.tsukuba.ac.jp
An air vibration probe is a device to measure an acoustic impedance us-
ing acoustic delay line oscillation. The frequency is changed when the
acoustic impedance is changed. If some objects are varied, the frequency is
expected to be changed in the case of the shallow underground detection.
The advantage of this device is that it can detect the underground object eas-
ily without any contacts or destructions. Two experiments were practiced to
study the relation among the frequency, the space between the probe and the
ground, and the depth of object. The space was changed with the buried ob-
jects in various depths. The frequency became higher when the space be-
came wider. In addition, the frequency was changed more obviously when
the space was narrower. The probe scanned the buried objects in the xed
space. The objects were buried in various depths. The frequency became
high when the object was buried shallower. In conclusion, the air vibration
probe can detect the buried object because the frequency became high when
something was buried.
11:00
2aEAb9. Ultrasonic Airow Meter in Greenhouse Using Acoustic
Reection against Wall. Ikumi Saito Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba Science
City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan, saitou@aclab.esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Naoto
Wakatsuki Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan,
wakatuki@iit.tsukuba.ac.jp, Koichi Mizutani Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba
Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan, mizutani@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Limi
Okushima National Institute for Rural Engineering, 2-1-6 Kannondai, 305-
8609 Tsukuba, Japan, limi@affrc.go.jp
In this paper, we described an ultrasonic airow meter in a greenhouse
using an acoustic reection against a wall. The ultrasonic airow meter is
available for measuring the spatial mean wind velocity and direction, which
consists of two sound probes and the wall of the greenhouse. Use of sound
probes has advantage that the airow accumulated along sound paths from a
loudspeaker to a microphone is obtained in contrast to point measurements.
The wind velocity and direction are calculated from time of ights TOFs
of direct and reected signals. The wind velocity and direction were mea-
sured in a greenhouse of 7.2 m 29.0 m under factitious winds generated
from two large electric fans located at the one side of the greenhouse. In
addition, we detected air convection generated from two pairs of fans. These
were measured every 20 seconds for 120 minutes. Regarding the
measurement; by the proposed airow meter and a reference; by a conven-
tional one, their mean wind velocities were 0.12 and 0.15 ms,
respectively. The presented airow meter using the acoustic reection
against the wall is convenient to measure the wind velocity and direction in
large-size facilities such as the greenhouse.
11:20
2aEAb10. An alternative and industrial method using low frequency
ultrasound enabling to measure quickly tortuosity and viscous
characteristic length. Franois Fohr Centre de Transfert de Technologie
du Mans, 20, rue Thals de Milet, 72000 Le Mans, France,
ffohr@cttm-lemans.com, Damien Parmentier Centre de Transfert de
Technologie du Mans, 20, rue Thals de Milet, 72000 Le Mans, France,
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dparmentier@cttm-lemans.com,Bernard R. CastagnedeLaboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, bernard.castagnede@univ-lemans.fr, Michel
Henry Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier
Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, michel.henry@univ-lemans.fr
In the past, several different methods have been proposed in order to de-
termine tortuosity and characteristic lengths, using various physical
approaches. For instance, the BET from S. Brunauer, P. Emmett and E.
Teller method used the adsorption of argon molecules within the surface of
the pores to measure thermal characteristic length or the so-called specic
surface. Ultrasonic methods, during the two last decades, were efciently
implemented to measure these parameters, using large frequency bandwidth,
different gazes including helium, and varying static pressures. The most
standard and well-known method relies on phase spectrum measurements
performed over short bursts, by plotting the inverse of the squared velocity
as a function of the inverse of the square root of the angular frequency. Un-
fortunately, this method is quite sensitive on noise during the unwrapping
procedure. We here propose a much simplier and efcient method, which is
very robust with noisy signals, working at one single frequency, in most
cases around 40 kHz. Measurements have been done onto a specic bench
developped at CTTM, with some calibrated glass beads, enabling to recover
the expected values of the physicalparameters. This method is particularly
well suited for industrial and on line applications.
11:40
2aEAb11. A new impedance tube for large frequency band
measurement of absorbing materials. Jean Christophe Le Roux CTTM,
20, rue Thales de Milet, 72000 Le Mans, France,
jcleroux@cttm-lemans.com, Jean-Pierre Dalmont Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, Jean-Pierre.Dalmont@univ-lemans.fr, Bruno
Gazengel Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, bruno.gazengel@univ-lemans.fr
The standard two microphones technique does not allow the measure-
ment of absorbing materials characteristics at low frequency. Moreover, to
cover a range from 100 to 6000 Hz two experiments have to be done with
two different sample diameters. By using a sensor with a known volume ve-
locity source developed by the LAUM together with the CTTM, it is dem-
onstrated that the impedance can be obtained from 10 to 6000 Hz by per-
forming only one measurement with a single material sample. Results
showing the behaviour of some materials at low frequency are presented. On
the other hand a comparison is done with classical Kundt tube results.
12:00
2aEAb12. An experimental study of Sound Transmission Loss (STL)
measurement techniques using an impedance tube. Behrooz
Yousefzadeh Univ. of Tehran, School of Mechanical Engineering,
1439957131 Tehran, Iran, behrooz.j.y@gmail.com, Mohammad
Mahjoob Univ. of Tehran, School of Mechanical Engineering, 1439957131
Tehran, Iran, mmahjoob@ut.ac.ir, Nader Mohammadi Univ. of Tehran,
School of Mechanical Engineering, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran,
nmohamady@ut.ac.ir, Ali Shahsavari Univ. of Tehran, School of Me-
chanical Engineering, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran, shervin.shahsavari@gmail
.com
A comparison between the two sound transmission loss STL measure-
ment techniques using an impedance tube i.e. two-load method and
anechoic termination method is presented. A modied B&K type 4206 im-
pedance tube has been designed and built. STL tests have been carried out
for three homogeneous and isotropic materials with disk-type test samples
of identical diameters and different thicknesses. In addition, the results have
been compared with those of the classical and more reliable method of two-
room. For both methods, the effect of downstream tube termination bound-
ary conditions have been completely studied. The two-load method yields
results which matches with two-room measurements, especially when the
two boundary conditions are considerably different. The anechoic termina-
tion method, on the other hand, is signicantly dependant on the termination
boundary conditions.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI MAILLOT, 8:00 TO 10:40 A.M.
Session 2aMUa
Musical Acoustics and Physical Acoustics: Brass Instrument Acoustics I
Thomas Moore, Cochair
Rollins College, Department of Physics, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
Jol Gilbert, Cochair
Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans, 72085, France
Invited Paper
8:00
2aMUa1. Does mass matter? Examining a concrete didjeridu. Noam Amir Tel Aviv University, Dept. of Communications Dis-
orders, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel, noama@post.tau.ac.il
The inuence of wall material on the acoustics of musical wind instruments has been debated widely. While this has been examined
for some western instruments, it has been barely touched upon regarding the Australian didjeridu. This is very interesting, considering
that didjeridus vary enormously in materials and dimensions. Indeed, musicians and manufacturers alike often have very denite opin-
ions concerning the inuence of material type and thickness on instrument quality. As a rst step towards examining this issue, we
conducted a blind test involving three cylindrical didjeridus of identical internal dimensions: all three shared a basic structure of iden-
tical plastic tubing. However, a cement casing was cast on the exterior of one of these, bringing its weight to 17 kilograms. The three
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instruments were xed to a stationary wooden frame, then covered so that only the mouthpieces were visible. 32 players of varying
expertise were allowed to play each instrument for as long as they wished, and then asked to judge which instrument was different from
the other two. Results indicate that the responses were random, regardless of player level. Further research will be necessary to show
whether this holds for noncylindrical bores and different internal nishings.
Contributed Paper
8:20
2aMUa2. Relationships among subjective assessments and measured
physical properties in the didjeridu. John Smith University of New
South Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Aus-
tralia, john.smith@unsw.edu.au, Guillaume Rey University of New South
Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia,
guimms@free.fr, Joe Wolfe University of New South Wales, Music
Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe@unsw
.edu.au
Traditional didjeridus are unusual and ancient lip-valve instruments with
an irregular bore that is largely constructed by termites eating the interiors of
small eucalypt trees. This produces instruments with a broad range of bore
geometries with many details not immediately apparent to a player. They are
therefore well-suited for examining relationships between subjective assess-
ments by players and their measured physical properties. In this study, seven
experienced players assessed 38 didjeridus that spanned a wide range of
quality, pitch and geometry. A control group of 11 plastic cylindrical pipes
were also studied. Eight subjective parameters backpressure, clarity, reso-
nance, loudness, overtones, vocals, speed, and overall quality were assessed
and the ranking of each instrument correlated with measurements of their
geometry and acoustic input impedance spectrum. A strong result of these
experiments was the nding that the ranked quality of a didjeridu correlated
negatively with the magnitude of its acoustic input impedance, particularly
in the frequency range from 1 to 2 kHz. Maxima in the impedance of the
players vocal tract would have a greater effect on instruments with a low
impedance, thus favouring the production of the varying spectral peaks or
formants in the sound envelope that characterise this instrument.
Invited Papers
8:40
2aMUa3. A psychoacoustical investigation into the effect of wall material on the sound produced by lip-reed instruments.
James W. Whitehouse Acoustics Research Group, DDEM, MCT Faculty, Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes,
UK, j.w.whitehouse@open.ac.uk, David B. Sharp Acoustics Research Group, DDEM, MCT Faculty, Open University, Walton Hall,
MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK, d.sharp@open.ac.uk
In order to investigate whether a lip-reed instruments material of manufacture plays a signicant role in determining the timbre of
the notes it produces, tests have been conducted on ve post horns. These post horns have identical geometry but are manufactured from
different copper alloys. Using a laser Doppler vibrometer, the structural resonances of each instrument have been established and the
wall vibrations induced in each instrument when articially blown have been measured. In this paper, these measurements are compared
with ndings from a series of blindfold playing tests carried out using professional musicians and with listening tests comprising notes
produced by the different instruments.
9:00
2aMUa4. More experimental evidence favouring the hypothesis of signicant wall vibration inuence on radiated horn sound.
Wilfried Kausel Inst. f. Wiener Klangstil, Univ. f. Music, Anton von Webernplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria,
kausel@mdw.ac.at, Alexander Mayer Inst. f. Wiener Klangstil, Univ. f. Music, Anton von Webernplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria,
mayer@mdw.ac.at
The question whether wall vibrations of wind instruments do or can affect the radiated sound has not been nally answered yet.
Instrument makers and musicians make a strong claim that wall thickness, material and conditioning are crucial factors for sound quality
and response of wind instruments, while acousticians rather tend to question that claim. Recent experiments on horns are presented
favoring the hypothesis that wall vibrations do matter. Although horn sound in general appears to change quite signicantly when wall
vibrations, particularly those of the bell, are dampened during articial playing, it becomes more and more evident that more than one
single mechanism has to be considered to explain the whole phenomenon. Radiation of the bell as multi-pole will add directivity and
strengthen higher harmonics while absorption by the wall will rather weaken them. Dynamic interaction between air column and os-
cillating bore prole theoretically depends on broken symmetry. Feedback of structural resonances to the oscillating lips can be avoided
by decoupling the mouthpiece from the instrument. Experiments and statistical evaluation have been laid out in order to exclude or
identify certain mechanisms as well as possible artifacts like changes of mouthpiece position, bore or acoustical environment caused by
damping forces.
9:20
2aMUa5. Design and manufacturing of an articial marine conch by bore optimisation. Jef Petiot Ecole Centrale Nantes -
IRCCyN, 1 rue de la Noe, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes, France, jean-francois.petiot@irccyn.ec-nantes.fr, Francois Tavard Ecole Cen-
trale Nantes - IRCCyN, 1 rue de la Noe, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes, France, francois.tavard@eleves.ec-nantes.fr
The marine conch is a traditional instrument of the brass family. The resonator is made of the inner shape of the shell, with which
the lips of the player interact by the way of a hole pierced in the extremity of the shell. Several notes can be played with this instrument.
Unfortunately, the marine conch has become very rare and expensive. In order to build an articial conch by injection moulding, we
studied the acoustics property of a natural conch. This paper is dedicated to the description of the measurements we made on the conch,
and to the presentation of the method used to design the bore. Firstly, the input impedance of the natural conch was measured. Secondly,
the size of the bore of the natural conch was assessed by the way of pictures and image processing tools. An initial bore of the articial
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conch was designed with a CAD software, by taking into account manufacturing constraints. We developed next an optimisation pro-
cedure to improve the harmonicity of the articial conch. Finally, an articial conch was next manufactured by rapid prototyping. As a
result, we noticed that the articial conch manufactured can clearly be used as an interesting musical instrument.
Contributed Paper
9:40
2aMUa6. A design strategy for brass instruments. Robert W. Pyle S.
E. Shires Co., 11 Holworthy Place, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, rpyle
@post.harvard.edu
This paper describes the processes being used to design a C trumpet.
Since one size ts all is not a good approach for high-quality brass instru-
ments, one of the goals is to create a basic design that, with minor varia-
tions, can be tailored to meet the needs of a variety of players. There are
other goals, secondary to playing quality but nonetheless desirable. These
include appearance and mechanical reliability t and nish, ease of
manufacture consistent quality at minimal possible cost, and ease of repair
accidents will happen, alas!. Existing instruments provide input data to the
design process by way of physical dimensions, acoustic input impedance,
and players judgements. Computer modeling helps to predict the effect on
intonation of changes of bore contour. Feedback from top professional play-
ers is essential to rene the design, especially the black magic aspects like
brace placement and even the type of solder used to assemble the
instrument.
Invited Paper
10:00
2aMUa7. Characterisation of brass musical instrument designs using the brassiness parameter. Arnold Myers University of
Edinburgh, Reid Concert Hall, Bristo Square, EH8 9AG Edinburgh, UK, am@ed.ac.uk
Recent work has established a brassiness parameter as a measure of the support given over the sounding length of a brass instru-
ment to non-linear propagation in sound production. This parameter is a function of the geometry bore prole of an instrument, and
provides a useful means of relating the timbral characters to the designs of the various kinds of brass instrument. The geometries of over
1000 brass instruments belonging to museums worldwide and to individual musicians have been measured to determine the values of
their brassiness parameter. Comparisons of these enable not only a more precise taxonomy but also provide a tool for studying the
evolution of instrument design. This paper explores both the taxonomic analysis of the whole brasswind eld and also gives examples
of the use of brassiness in historical research.
Contributed Paper
10:20
2aMUa8. Inuence of acoustic waveguides lengths on self-sustained
oscillations: Theoretical prediction and experimental validation.
Nicolas Ruty Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue
Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France,
nicolas.ruty@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Xavier Pelorson Dpartement Parole &
Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex,
France, pelorson@icp.inpg.fr, Annemie Van Hirtum Dpartement Parole
& Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex,
France, annemie.vanhirtum@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr
Human vocal folds and lips of brass instruments players produce self-
sustained oscillations due to the interaction between airow, acoustic
waveguides and deformable tissues. This interaction is commonly modelled
as a distributed one or two mass-spring system coupled with a simple
airow and acoustic description. This study focuses on the inuence of the
acoustic waveguide length on the resulting self-sustained oscillation charac-
teristics, i.e. the minimum pressure required to sustain oscillations, the os-
cillation frequency. Both xed and varying waveguide lengths are
considered. Theoretical predictions with the simplied interaction model are
compared to experimental data obtained with a deformable in-vitro replica
suitable to produce self-sustained oscillations in presence of an upstream
12, 24 or 32cm and downstream varying from 0 up to 235cm acoustic
waveguide. The current study shows the strong inuence on the minimum
pressure regardless the waveguide length. In addition the waveguide length
is shown to impose the resonance frequency for waveguide length superior
to 40cm. A rapid change in waveguide length introduces bifurcations be-
tween different oscillation regimes.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI MAILLOT, 11:00 A.M. TO 4:00 P.M.
Session 2aMUb
Musical Acoustics: Interaction Between Instrument and Instrumentalist I
Gary Scavone, Cochair
Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada
Xavier Boutillon, Cochair
Laboratoire de Mcanique des Solides, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
Invited Papers
11:00
2aMUb1. Motor control in drumming: Inuence of movement pattern on contact force and sound characteristics. Soa Dahl
Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians Medicine, Hanover University of Music and Drama, Hohenzollernstr. 47, 30161 Han-
nover, Germany, dr.soa.dahl@gmail.com, Eckart Altenmller Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians Medicine, Hanover
University of Music and Drama, Hohenzollernstr. 47, 30161 Hannover, Germany, altenmueller@hmt-hannover.de
Whereas wind instrumentalists and string players have a continuous control of the acoustic sound parameters during playing, a
percussionists direct contact with the instrument is limited to a few milliseconds. The player has no possibilities to adjust grip or
dampening during the actual contact. Whatever timbre and sound level the player is aiming for therefore has to be integrated in the
entire striking gesture. How can the player control the complex interaction between drumstick and drumhead? In order to investigate
how the players grip and striking gestures inuence the sound characteristics of drum strokes we recorded movements, audio, contact
time and contact force during drumming. Different instructions were given with the intention to inuence how the players grip con-
trolling the drumstick. Normal strokes were allowed to freely rebound from the drumhead. For controlled strokes the player was
asked to control the ending position of the drumstick, stopping it as close as possible to the drumhead after the stroke. Preliminary
analysis showed that the instructions inuenced contact force, contact time, and perceptual ratings of the strokes. Further results and
implications will be discussed.
11:20
2aMUb2. Two dimensional nger-string interaction in the concert harp. Jean-Loic Le Carrou Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, jean-loic.le_carrou@univ-lemans.fr, Elio Wahlen LAUM,
CNRS, Universit du Maine, Lab. dAcoustique Universit du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France,
elio@elio.de, Emmanuel Brasseur LAUM, CNRS, Universit du Maine, Lab. dAcoustique Universit du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613,
72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France, emmanuel.brasseur@univ-lemans.fr, Jol Gilbert Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du
Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, joel.gilbert@univ-lemans.fr
The sound of the concert harp partly depends on the way the string is plucked. The vibrating string is brought into a state of initial
conditions by the nger-string interaction and then oscillates according to two transverse planes. In order to understand the plucking
action of the concert harp, a one-dimensional model of this interaction has been developed in a previous paper Le Carrou et al, Proc.
ISMA 2007. The parameters of this model were deduced from measurements of the strings and ngers trajectories. The aim of the
present paper is to extend this model to a more realistic one, including a two-transverse trajectory for each one of the interactions
elements. To do so, a special experiment with a high-speed camera, which lms the interaction, is set up. Specic image processing,
based on edges detection, helps to automatically track both objects positions. The results show that the nger-string interaction takes
place in two planes and permits us to obtain the parameters of the two-dimensional model for the nger-string interaction.
11:40
2aMUb3. The modern violin bow in off-string action. Knut Guettler Norwegian Academy of Music, P.O.Box 5190 Majorstuen,
0302 Oslo, Norway, knut.guettler@nmh.no
The convex camber of the modern Tourte-model bow permits off-string stroke techniques to be performed with resulting clean and
crisp attacks. This paper discusses how different bow-, string-, and bowing parameters must combine in order for this to be achieved.
Of particular interest are the geometrical changes imposed on the bow stick during bouncing strokes. A good spiccato bow is charac-
terized by a stick that feels lively, even when the bouncing is low or the hairs are not leaving the string at all. With lesser-quality bows
the player has to work harder on the lower-pitched double bass even sometimes synchronously shake the bow stick in the string-
length plane in order to induce sufcient stick oscillation. Included in this study are measurements of nger action on bow sticks of
different quality.
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Contributed Paper
12:00
2aMUb4. Observations on bow changes in violin performance.
Matthias Demoucron IRCAM, 1 Place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris,
France, demoucron@ircam.fr, Anders Askenfelt Dept. of Speech, Music
and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Lindstedtsvgen 24, SE-
100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, andersa@speech.kth.se, Ren E.
Causse IRCAM, 1 Place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, causse
@ircam.fr
Players of bowed instruments commonly separate notes by changing the
direction of the bow motion bow changes. The separation can be made
more or less pronounced detach - portato - martellato. In contrast, long
notes, requiring more than a full bow stroke, are played by making the bow
changes as inaudible as possible. Acceptable bow changes require accurate
control and coordination of a set of bowing parameters, in particular bow
speed, bow force and bow-bridge distance. Long practice is required before
optimal control is achieved. Detailed descriptions of basic bowing gestures
such as bow changes are of great interest for various elds of violin-related
studies, including realistic control of synthesis algorithms. We present recent
measurements that provide an accurate description of the evolution of bow
speed, acceleration and bow force during bow changes at the tip and the
frog, respectively. Using these data for controlling a synthesis algorithm, we
will discuss how modications of the parameters inuence the bow-string
interaction and resulting string vibrations. The simulations are used to model
efcient implementations of bow changes.
Invited Paper
12:20
2aMUb5. Extraction of lumped clarinet reed model parameters from numerically synthesised sound. Vasileios Chatziioannou
Sonic Arts Research Centre, Queens University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, UK, vchatziioannou01@qub.ac.uk, Maarten Van Walstijn
Sonic Arts Research Centre, Queens University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, UK, m.vanwalstijn@qub.ac.uk
Fluid dynamical analysis and time-domain modelling of a single reed-mouthpiece-lip system can be used to inform the formulation
of a lumped model of the woodwind excitation mechanism. Coupling this lumped model to a model of the instrument bore enables
computationally efcient generation of sustained oscillations, using a small number of physical parameters that dene the instrument
and the way the player controls them. As such, the embouchure of the player as well as the geometry of the system is taken into account.
In this paper, an attempt is carried out to use the numerically generated sound as an input to an inversion algorithm for the reed-
mouthpiece-lip system. Assuming that the reed motion is proportional to the pressure difference across it, a relationship can be estab-
lished between the pressure and the total ow inside the mouthpiece that allows a rst estimation of the physical parameters using
standard optimisation techniques. Currently we are undertaking efforts to apply the inversion to data measured under real playing con-
ditions, i.e. effectively capturing player gesture information in the form of physical control parameters.
12:40-1:40 Lunch Break
Contributed Paper
1:40
2aMUb6. How to play the rst bar of Rhapsody in Blue. Jer-Ming
Chen University of New South Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Physics,
NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, jerming@phys.unsw.edu.au, John
Smith University of New South Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Phys-
ics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, john.smith@unsw.edu.au, Joe
Wolfe University of New South Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Phys-
ics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe@unsw.edu.au
The two-and-a-half octave glissando opening Gershwins Rhapsody in
Blue is one of the great icons of 20th century music and one of the best
known bars in music. Expert clarinettists combine unusual ngerings with
even more unusual congurations of their vocal tract to achieve a nearly
continuous rise in pitch. Using a novel method 1, we incorporated an
acoustic impedance measurement head within a clarinet mouthpiece, allow-
ing us to study the players vocal tract at various stages in the glissando. We
measured and compared vocal tract impedance spectra with the correspond-
ing clarinet impedance spectra for the ngering used at that pitch. Partially
uncovering an open nger-hole raises the frequency of clarinet impedance
peaks in the lower register, thereby allowing smooth increases in the playing
pitch. In the upper register, however, resonances in the clarinettists vocal
tract are manipulated to be comparable with those in the clarinet for fre-
quencies in this range. Thus the pitch in the higher section of the glissando
is largely controlled by smoothly varying a resonance of the players vocal
tract. 1 Chen, JM. Smith, J. and Wolfe, J., 2008 Experienced saxophon-
ists learn to tune their vocal tracts. Science, in press.
Invited Papers
2:00
2aMUb7. Evaluating Vocal-Tract Inuence in the Production of Saxophone Multiphonics. Gary Scavone Schulich School of
Music, McGill University, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada, gary@music.mcgill.ca, Antoine Lefebvre
Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada,
antoine.lefebvre2@mail.mcgill.ca, Andrey R. Da Silva Schulich School of Music, McGill University, 555 Sherbrooke Street West,
Montreal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada, andrey.dasilva@mail.mcgill.ca
A new approach for the analysis of vocal-tract inuence in single-reed woodwind instruments during performance was recently
reported Scavone et. al., 2008. Two types of vocal-tract inuence were observed. When the downstream air column provides only
weak support of a given note, players can use a strong and narrow-bandwidth upstream resonance to override the reed vibrations, such
as when pitch bending or playing extended register notes. Performers can also use a more wide-bandwidth upstream resonance to affect
subtle timbre variations when playing notes over the full range of the instrument. The research reported here addresses the performance
of multiphonic tones, for which the results of the previously mentioned study were less conclusive. While it is clear that upstream
inuence is involved in the production of multiphonics, we are interested in determining whether performers must support a specic
intermodulation component or a wider bandwidth range of components for proper production. The latest results of this research will be
reported.
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2:20
2aMUb8. A study of ute control parameters. Benoit Fabre Institut Jean Le Rond dAlembert LAM UPMC CNRS Min-
istre Culture, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, fabreb@ccr.jussieu.fr, Nicolas Montgermont Institut Jean Le Rond
dAlembert LAM UPMC CNRS Ministre Culture, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, montgermont@lam
.jussieu.fr, Patricio De La Cuadra Centro de Investigacin en Tecnologias de Audio CITA, Universidad Catlica de Chile, Alameda
340, Ocina 13, Casilla 114-D Santiago, Chile, pcuadra@uc.cl
The sound of musical instruments played in self-sustained oscillations can be interpreted as a sounding transposition of the players
gesture. The playing of wind instruments requires expert control of the blowing that may be difcult to grasp and to measure because
it induces only very little motion of the player, as opposed to string or keyboard instruments. In the case of instruments of the ute
family, the player seems to control mainly the air jet velocity for mode selection. Flutes in which the air jet is formed between the lips
also allow for a control of the total jet ow by the player, through lip adjustments. We present measurements carried on several players,
in different playing conditions. The score includes technical exercises such as scales and short musical excerpts from the ute repertoire.
Time evolutions of the control parameters are analysed, based on pressure and geometrical measurement, in the framework of the
current knowledge on the sound production in utes, such as jet instability. The control over different parameters will be discussed, both
for basic technical exercises and in a musical melodical context.
Contributed Paper
2:40
2aMUb9. Acoustical analysis of timbral modulations on the ute as
controlled by phonetic gestures. Maryse Lavoie Laboratoire informa-
tique, acoustique et musique, Facult de musique, Universit de Montral,
C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montral, QC H3C 3J7, Canada,
maryse.lavoie@umontreal.ca, Caroline Traube Laboratoire informatique,
acoustique et musique, Facult de musique, Universit de Montral, C.P.
6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montral, QC H3C 3J7, Canada,
caroline.traube@umontreal.ca, Marie-Hlne Breault Observatoire inter-
national de la cration et des cultures musicales OICCM, Facult de mu-
sique, Universit de Montral, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montral,
QC H3C 3J7, Canada, mhbreault@yahoo.ca
The purpose of this project is to study the control of timbre on the ute
by varying articulatory parameters i.e. embouchure which correspond to
distinct phonetic gestures. The main goal is to compare the production of a
specic timbral modulation on the ute and its vocal reproduction
diphthong by means of acoustical analyses of these sounds. The recordings
of timbral modulations performed on the ute e.g. by increasing the mouth
opening and reproduced vocally as diphthongs e.g. u - a transition
have been analyzed acoustically for intensity as well as for the rst two for-
mant trajectories. The results of the formant analyses as presented in an
F1-F2 plane reveal the cardinal vowel triangle and conrm a correlation be-
tween the ute timbre modulations and the vocal diphthongs corresponding
to the underlying phonetic gestures. In addition, a listening test has shown
that utists are able to perceive and recognize these timbral modulations
from the sound alone.
Invited Papers
3:00
2aMUb10. Lip control of brass instruments. Donald M. Campbell Edinburgh University, 4201 JCMB, Kings Buildings, Mayeld
Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK, d.m.campbell@ed.ac.uk
Brass instruments are frequently described in the acoustics literature as lip reed instruments, emphasising the fact that the sounding
mechanism of this instrumental class is ow modulation by the vibration of the players lips. As well as providing the source of sound,
the lips act as the major interface through which the performer controls the intonation, dynamics, articulation and timbre of the
performance. Indeed, on instruments such as the natural trumpet and the alphorn, the players lips form the only control interface. This
paper reviews recent studies which have examined the vibrational properties of brass players lips, the types of motion which they
undergo when playing different instruments, and the nature of the interaction between the lips and the instrument. It also considers the
extent to which current physical models of the lips are capable of encompassing these control processes.
3:20
2aMUb11. Vocal tract interactions in saxophone performance. Jer-Ming Chen University of New South Wales, Music Acous-
tics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, jerming@phys.unsw.edu.au, John Smith University of New South Wales,
Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, john.smith@unsw.edu.au, Joe Wolfe University of New South
Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe@unsw.edu.au
Although acousticians have debated the importance of the vocal tract in reed instrument performance, expert saxophonists report
adjusting their vocal tract for advanced techniques including altissimo playing, subtone playing, bugling and multiphonics. Using a
novel method 1, we incorporated an acoustic impedance head within a saxophone mouthpiece to study the vocal tract directly during
playing. For ngerings above the rst register, the operating peak in the saxophones input impedance decreases with increasing pitch,
falling to below 20 MPa.s.m
-3
after 2.7 octaves, thus ending the standard range that is readily available to amateurs. Above this, in the
altissimo, professional saxophonists produce peaks in the impedance of their tracts of about 20 to 40 MPa.s.m
-3
, which they tune to
select the desired note. The crossover of the relative magnitudes of saxophone and tract impedance peaks coincides with the transition
from standard to altissimo register. While professionals use the vocal tract thus for other extended effects, inexperienced players do not
tune their tract resonances and are unable to produce advanced effects. 1 Chen, JM. Smith, J. and Wolfe, J., 2008 Experienced
saxophonists learn to tune their vocal tracts. Science, in press.
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Contributed Paper
3:40
2aMUb12. Reproducibility of piano playing. Nicolas
Principeaud Laboratoire dAcoustique Musicale, 11 rue de Lourmel, 75015
Paris, France, nicolas.principeaud@free.fr, Xavier Boutillon Laboratoire
de Mcanique des Solides, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex,
France, boutillon@lms.polytechnique.fr
Mechanically, piano playing consists in giving to the hammer a certain
escapement velocity at a certain time - t
e
, v
e
- by means of a traditional key-
board and piano action. Numerous replacement systems for the keyboard,
action or even for the pianists nger have been proposed. They implicitly
raise the question of the accuracy with which the t
e
, v
e
information must be
coded or reconstructed. The precision with which pianists are able to repro-
duce their playing sheds some light on this question. At this end we have
asked several concert pianists to play the same passage several times with
the highest reproducibility level they could achieve. The experiment was
done on a traditional grand piano equipped with the Yamaha Disklavier sys-
tem, used as a measurement tool for the escapement velocity of the
hammers. The beginnings of a fugue by Bach and a study by Debussy were
recorded. Results show that the reproducibility varies highly from note to
note and can be as good as approximately 1%. Additional tests on auditors
show that deviations on note amplitudes are not perceived unless they reach
a level which turns out to be signicantly higher than the reproducibility
level achieved by the pianists.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 250A, 8:00 A.M. TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2aNSa
Noise, Physical Acoustics, and EURONOISE: Aeroacoustics II
Philip J. Morris, Cochair
Penn State University, 233C Hammond Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Christophe Bailly, Cochair
Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36, avenue Guy de Collongue, LMFA, Ecully, 69134, France
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aNSa1. Source location prediction of subsonic isothermal jet ows.
Juan Battaner-Moro Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University
of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK,
jpb@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Mahdi Azarpeyvand Institute of Sound and Vibra-
tion Research, University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ
Southampton, UK, ma@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Rod Self Institute of Sound and
Vibration Research, University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ
Southampton, UK, rhs@isvr.soton.ac.uk
The location of jet noise sources is a far from trivial problem that is of
great importance for both understanding the noise production and radiation
mechanisms and also for nding new jet noise reduction strategies. This pa-
per presents comparisons of theoretical results with data for a number of
jets. The theory used is based on the MGBK method but including a novel
time scale based on the rate of energy transfer through the turbulent cascade.
This new technique has been shown to give a number of advantages over
existing models. The experimental results were obtained using the Polar
Correlation Technique and were made at QinetiQs Jet Noise Facility in the
UK as part of the EU FP6 programme CoJeN. The high resolution jet noise
images resulted from using a 64 microphone polar arc array set at two ref-
erence angles, namely 60 and 90 degrees to the jet axis. Comparisons with
experimental data are made for coplanar and short cowl nozzles at different
working conditions for predictions from different theoretical models. It is
shown that the best agreement is obtained for the prediction methodology
using the energy transfer rate timescale
8:20
2aNSa2. A hybrid method for jet noise predictions based on Large
Eddy Simulation and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations.
Guillaume Bodard Snecma Villaroche, Rond point Ren Ravaud, 77550
Moissy-Cramayel, France, guillaume.bodard@snecma.fr, Christophe
Bailly Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36, avenue Guy de Collongue, LMFA,
69134 Ecully, France, christophe.bailly@ec-lyon.fr
A hybrid jet noise prediction method combining steady and unsteady
ow calculations is discussed. The main objective is to merge advantages of
each technique to obtain a robust acoustic prediction tool, which will be able
to correctly evaluate design and installation effects such as chevron nozzles
or jet-pylon interaction for instance. The low-frequency component of
acoustic spectra is computed using large-eddy simulations and the integral
formulation derived by Ffowcs-Williams & Hawkings 1969, Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. 264. The high-frequency component associated with
ne scale turbulence is obtained thanks to Tam & Auriaults mixing noise
theory 1999, AIAA Journal, vol. 37 from Reynolds-Averaged Navier-
Stokes simulations. The oral presentation will detail the two methods, the
LES simulations for subsonic round single and coaxial jets, and the match-
ing between the two approaches to get a complete picture of the acoustic
spectra.
8:40
2aNSa3. Efciency of optimized microjets on realistic nozzles.
Alexandre Vuillemin Snecma, Etablissement de Villaroche Sud, Rond-
point Ren Ravaud - Rau, 77550 Moissy-Cramayel, France, alexandre
.vuillemin@snecma.fr
Even if chevrons nozzles are an efcient way to reduce jet noise during
take off, they also decrease performances during cruise. An innovative way
to avoid this decrease is the use of active devices that could be switch off
after take off, such as microjets nozzles. Snecma led test campaigns at Mar-
tel Facility LEACEAT to optimize microjets settings geometric and ther-
modynamic parameters and to characterize their efciency on both 2D axi-
symmetric and chevrons nozzles. Acoustic and PIV measurements were
done on a single stream hot jet with and without external ow, and on a
double stream hot jet with pylon.
9:00
2aNSa4. Numerical investigation of the effect of nonlinear propagation
distortion on helicopter noise. Penelope Menounou University of Patras,
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Rion, 26504
Patras, Greece, menounou@mech.upatras.gr, Panagiotis
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VitsasUniversity of Patras, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical En-
gineering, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece, pvitsas@upnet.gr
Nonlinear propagation distortion causes energy to be shifted to the high
frequency end of the spectrum. This leads to underestimation of the noise
levels at high frequencies. The effect has been demonstrated in the case of
aircraft noise, but less attention has been given to helicopters. In the present
work, the effect of nonlinear propagation distortion on helicopter noise is
demonstrated based on measured data for low-speed descent and numerical
calculations that predict the noise level away from the helicopter with and
without nonlinear effects. It is shown that i for some frequency bands the
difference between linear and nonlinear calculations can be as high as 8 dB,
ii frequencies between 1000 and 3000 Hz are more affected, and iii the
effect is highly directional depending on the receiver location around the
helicopter. It is further shown that nonlinear effects manifest themselves dif-
ferently than in the case of aircraft noise and that they depend on the specic
helicopter noise mechanism. More specically, the following helicopter-
specic noise source types are investigated with regards to nonlinear effects:
advancing Blade Vortex Interaction BVI noise vs retreating BVI noise,
High Speed Impulsive noise, and BVI vs Very Impulsive noise.
Invited Papers
9:20
2aNSa5. Recent developments in helicopter rotor noise prediction. Kenneth S. Brentner Penn State University, 233C Hammond
Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA, ksb16@psu.edu
Prediction of discrete frequency noise for rotorcraft in steady ight has reached a high level of sophistication and understanding. The
primary challenge in such rotor noise predictions is the accurate determination of the loading on and ow eld around the blades.
Although current rotor noise prediction tools have been demonstrated for steady ight conditions, the utility of rotorcraft comes from
their unique ability to hover and maneuver. Such maneuvers often occur near the ground in close proximity to people. This paper
describes an initial study to characterize maneuver noise. A maneuver noise prediction system has been developed, which consists of a
ight simulation code, free-vortex wake code, and a maneuver noise prediction code, loosely coupled together. One of the key aspects
of this system is the ability to investigate the additional noise caused during the transition from one ight state to another. Several
maneuvers including turns, accelerations, and pop-uppopdown maneuvers were considered. Signicant increases in the low-frequency
noise can occur, depending on how aggressive the maneuver is performed. The status of advanced research on predicting acoustic
scattering of the rotor noise by the aircraft and the rst-principles prediction of rotor broadband noise will also be presented.
9:40
2aNSa6. Aeroacoustic research complex for aircraft source noise characterization. Micah Downing Blue Ridge Research and
Consulting, 13 12 W. Walnut St., Asheville, NC 28801, USA, micah.downing@blueridgeresearch.com, Robert McKinley Air Force
Research Laboratory, AFRLRHCB, 2610 Seventh St., Bldg 441, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA,
Robert.McKinley@wpafb.af.mil, John Hall Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRLRHCB, 2610 Seventh St., Bldg 441, Wright-
Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA, John.Hall@wpafb.af.mil, Frank Mobley Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRLRHCB, 2610 Sev-
enth St., Bldg 441, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA, Frank.Mobley@wpafb.af.mil, Michael James Blue Ridge Research and
Consulting, 13 12 W. Walnut St., Asheville, NC 28801, USA, michael.james@blueridgeresearch.com
Aircraft noise has been traditionally measured with either a few ground-based microphones or a linear ground-plane array of
microphones. These techniques capture one-dimensional andor two-dimensional characteristics of aircraft ight noise. The US Air
Force Research Laboratory has started the construction of a 3-dimensional measurement facility at White Sands Missile Range in New
Mexico. This facility, the Aeroacoustic Research Complex ARC, will allow aircraft to y through the array, collecting fully 3D acous-
tic data. ARC is initially being developed in two phases The rst phase includes two 91.4 m tall towers separated by 244 m and will
focus on noise from rotary wing and UAV aircraft. The second phase will add two 366 m tall towers separated by 610 m and will focus
on large and high performance xed wing aircraft. This facility will allow more accurate characterization of in-ight noise directivity
by providing synchronized 3-dimensional magnitude & spectral acoustical signatures from 50 microphones. ARC responds to a criti-
cal need for validation of existing predictive acoustic models. Such models are used for aircraft design, survivability, nonlinear acoustic
propagation research and assessing noise exposure to residents living adjacent to airelds.
10:00-10:20 Break
Contributed Papers
10:20
2aNSa7. Lateral directivity of aircraft noise. Walter Krebs Empa, Ue-
berlandstrasse 128, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland, walter.krebs
@empa.ch, Georg Thomann Empa, Ueberlandstrasse 128, 8600 Dueben-
dorf, Switzerland, georg.thomann@empa.ch
A three-dimensional model was developed to characterise the directional
sound emission of different aircraft. The model is based on spherical har-
monics and denes the directional spectral sound pressure level at a refer-
ence distance. The parameters of the model are derived from acoustic mea-
surements on real aircraft trafc. With the help of this model different
physical effects on sound propagation and sound impact are analysed. Varia-
tions with respect to a rotational symmetric sound emission are outlined and
compared to the engine installation corrections proposed in the revised Doc
29 3rd edition. In addition the inuence of the ground effect on A-weighted
sound levels is analysed for different receiver heights and ground
impedances.
10:40
2aNSa8. Sonic booms, spectral analysis, and diffraction by buildings.
Victor W. Sparrow Penn State, Graduate Program in Acoustics, 201 Ap-
plied Science Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, USA, vws1@psu.edu
An analysis has been performed upon conventional and low-amplitude
N-wave sonic boom data taken by NASA outside two houses in June 2006
and July 2007. The buildings were one-oor residences which were care-
fully instrumented with strategically-placed, multiple microphones. The in-
cident sonic booms had a substantial variation in rise times, most likely due
to atmospheric effects. Previous work using the June 2006 data Sparrow,
Klos, and Buehrle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122 5, Pt. 2 3084 revealed maxi-
mum pressure loads near the ground and wall facing the incident boom. A
new spectral analysis of the individual booms now conrms that the diffrac-
tion of sound over the house tops is substantially affected by the spectral
content of each boom. These results indicate that the pressure loading of
homes due to conventional or low-amplitude sonic boom will be affected by
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both the spectral content of each booms rise phase and each houses exte-
rior geometry. Work supported by NASA.
11:00
2aNSa9. Identication of aerodynamic sound sources: the key problem
in noise control. Alexander Fedorchenko Independent ResearcherCon-
sultant, Dm. Ulyanov Str. 2712-1-50, 117449 Moscow, Russian Federa-
tion, fedorchenko@mail.com
Despite the recent advances in the noise control technology, the key
mechanisms of aerodynamic sound emission remained poorly studied. The
well-recognized methods of TCAAdid not lead to any breakthrough in this
topical problem, and what seems most disappointing, the family of acoustic
analogies is still used by many for denition of aerodynamic noise sources,
though the sufcient set of mathematical proofs has been given by the au-
thor that this model is wrong. Experimental approaches aimed at localization
of aerodynamic noise sources, including the method of acoustic imaging via
using a microphone array, are considered, and their inherent limitations are
pointed out. Unfortunately, no current experimental technique enables one to
measure instantly all sound sources and sound disturbances inside the zone
of generation, and so the latter is often regarded as a kind of black box.
The two-medium nonlinear theory of aerodynamic sound, based on the
original decomposition of each ow variable into two components, for un-
steady background ow and for acoustic eld, has been created, that pro-
motes better comprehension of the noise generation phenomena and opens
new ways in ownoise control. The main properties of this theory are now
indicated in comparison with the most detrimental delusions originated from
acoustic analogies.
Invited Paper
11:20
2aNSa10. Direct aeroacoustic simulations based on domain decompositions. Jens Utzmann University of Stuttgart, Institute for
Aerodynamics and Gasdynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 21, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, utzmann@iag.uni-stuttgart.de, Claus-Dieter Munz
University of Stuttgart, Institute for Aerodynamics and Gasdynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 21, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, munz@iag.uni-
stuttgart.de
For CAA, an accurate and feasible direct simulation that considers both the generation of sound within the ow and its propagation
into the far-eld is hard to realize with one numerical method in a single computational domain. On the other hand, a direct approach
contains automatically the interaction of the acoustic perturbations with the ow-eld, a property which lacks the popular acoustic
analogy models. The proposed method is basically a direct simulation, but it simplies the problem that has to be solved for individual
regions in the computational domain. The idea is to use a non-overlapping domain decomposition method where the equations, methods,
grids and even the time steps are adapted to meet the local requirements. Inside the coupling framework, high-order solvers from dif-
ferent classes of methods are available: On unstructured grids, a reconstructed ADER nite volume method ADER-FV is used for
linear and nonlinear problems, as well as a discontinuous Galerkin method. On structured grids, the ADER-FV and the ADER-FD
method are efciently implemented for nonlinear FV and linear FV, FD problems. These high-order accuracy methods ensure ex-
cellent wave propagation capabilities throughout the entire computational domain. In the subdomains, the Navier-Stokes, Euler and the
linearized Euler equations are solved.
Contributed Papers
11:40
2aNSa11. Direct Noise Computation in subsonic and transonic ows.
Frdric Daude LaMSID UMR EDFCNRS, 1 avenue du Gnral de
Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France, frederic-externe.daude@edf.fr, Thomas
Emmert LaMSID UMR EDFCNRS, 1 avenue du Gnral de Gaulle,
92141 Clamart, France, tommem@gmail.com, Philippe Lafon EDF, 1,
avenue du Gnral de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France,
Philippe.lafon@edf.fr, Fabien Crouzet EDF, 1, avenue du Gnral de
Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France, fabien.crouzet@edf.fr, Christophe
Bailly Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36, avenue Guy de Collongue, LMFA,
69134 Ecully, France, christophe.bailly@ec-lyon.fr
In order to model ow phenomena involving interactions between aero-
dynamics and acoustics, it is necessary to use Direct Noise Computation
DNC instead of hybrid methods that are not suitable to take into account
the feedback of acoustics on the ow. The methods that are now available in
the eld of Computational AeroAcoustics CAA allows us to deal with
DNC in realistic congurations. The numerical code SAFARI Simulation of
Aeroacoustics in Fluids And with Resonance and Interactions has been de-
veloped for this goal. The set of equations are the compressible 3-D Navier-
Stokes equations. High order nite difference schemes are used. Multido-
main capabilities are implemented in order to deal with complex geometries.
Block decomposition is used in order to take advantage of parallel process-
ing on large clusters Validation cases are presented: diffraction by a cylinder,
shock tube. Results on realistic congurations are also shown: ducted cavity,
transonic sudden enlargment, airfoil interactions.
12:00
2aNSa12. Asymptotic expressions for the directivity of round jets.
Ricardo E. Musar UFRJ COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Jan-
eiro, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, rem@serv.com.ufrj.br
Expressions for the directivity of round jets, in the high and low fre-
quency limits, are derived, based on solutions of Lilleys equations. Two
different forms of the equation in what concerns source terms representation
are considered, along with general point sources of the appropriate type i.e.,
equivalent stress and force sources and also, when necessary, volume
sources, which are assumed to be statistically axisymmetric. Effects of
mean shear and temperature gradients are accounted for, as well as of source
movement. The expressions are compared with earlier ones, based on a plug
ow model. The differences in the resulting expressions due to the choice of
source description, which are relevant for hot jets, are discussed and used to
derive a form consistent with both representations. Comparison with experi-
mental data is also presented.
12:20
2aNSa13. Investigations of roughness-generated TBL sound using
coupled physical-computational experiments in conjunction with
theoretical development. William Blake Naval Surface Warfare Center
Ret., 6905 Hillmead Road, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA,
hydroacoustics@aol.com, Ki-Han Kim Ofce of Naval Research, Ran-
dolph St., Arlington, VA 22202, USA, kihan.kim@navy.mil, Michael
Goody Naval Surface Warfare Center Ret., 6905 Hillmead Road, Be-
thesda, MD 20817, USA, michael.goody@navy.mil, Meng
Wang University of Notre Dame, Departmernt of Aerospace and Mechani-
cal Engineering, Notre Dame, MD 46556, USA, m.wang@nd.edu, William
J. Devenport Virginia Tech, Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, 224E Ran-
dolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, devenport@vt.edu, Stewart A.
Glegg Florida Atlantic University, Department of Ocean Engineering,
Boca Raton, VA 33431, USA, glegg@oe.fau.edu
Sound produced by turbulent-boundary layers TBL over rough walls is
being studied in a series of physical-computational experiments. At issue is
the development of a knowledge of how the wall elements generate ow
dipoles which directly determines how the sound is described in terms of
dependent variables. The considered mechanisms include dipoles at the
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roughness elements due to their shed wakes, distributed surface dipoles due
to convecting turbulence impinging onto elements, Rayleigh-like scattering
into sound of aerodynamic pressures of hydrodynamic wave numbers of
ow above the roughness. The LES of rough-wall TBL consists of numeri-
cal experiments being used to isolate the separate mechanisms. These simu-
lations are benchmarked with analysis and with matching physical experi-
ments on rough wall patches in which identical geometries of wall
roughness and identical Reynolds numbers are used. In the physical mea-
surements, array-based measurements of the radiated sound are being used
to characterize the directivity and magnitude of the sound and to relate the
sound to aerodynamic wall pressure and to classical characteristics of the
turbulent boundary layer. The LES produces comparison for both radiated
sound and detailed ow structure around the roughness elements. This
project is funded by the Ofce of Naval Research, Washington, D.C., USA.
12:40-2:00 Lunch Break
Contributed Paper
2:00
2aNSa14. Experimental investigation of sound from ow over a rough
surface. Michael Goody Naval Surface Warfare Center Ret., 6905 Hill-
mead Road, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA, michael.goody@navy.mil, Jason
Anderson Naval Surface Warfare Center Ret., 6905 Hillmead Road, Be-
thesda, MD 20817, USA, Jason.M.Anderson@navy.mil, Devin
Stewart Naval Surface Warfare Center Ret., 6905 Hillmead Road, Be-
thesda, MD 20817, USA, Devin.Stewart@navy.mil, William Blake Naval
Surface Warfare Center Ret., 6905 Hillmead Road, Bethesda, MD 20817,
USA, hydroacoustics@aol.com
Measurements of radiated noise and unsteady surface pressures have
been carried out in order to better understand the mechanism for sound pro-
duction from ow over a rough surface. In order to investigate scaling re-
lationships, the ow speed, roughness height, geometry and element distri-
bution were varied systematically. When considered in total, previous
investigations do not present a consistent picture of the scaling behavior of
roughness noise, or the underlying physical mechanism. They have reported
roughness noise levels that scale on ow velocity, roughness height, and
fetch area and have indicated that the sound production may be dipole or
quadrupole in nature. Prevailing analytical models assume that both dipole
and quadrupole sources are present. The scaling of roughness noise for large
roughness height has not been investigated previously and is part of the cur-
rent study. A recent developed scattering model dipole developed by Glegg
et al is interrogated using detailed measurements of the roughness element
height distribution, turbulent boundary layer properties, and array-based ra-
diated sound levels.
Invited Paper
2:20
2aNSa15. On the sound generated by boundary-layer vorticity. Umberto Iemma University Roma Tre, via vasca navale 79,
00146 Rome, Italy, u.iemma@uniroma3.it, Luigi Morino via vasca navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy, l.morino@uniroma3.it, Roberto
Camussi University Roma Tre, via vasca navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy, camussi@uniroma3.it, Giovanni Caputi Gennaro
University Roma Tre, via vasca navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy, gcaputi@uniroma3.it
Turbulent boundary layers generate broadband noise as the effect of vortical-disturbances scattering into acoustic waves. The paper
presents a formulation for evaluating of acoustic pressure in the eld in terms of the transpiration velocity, here dened in terms of
vorticity and closely related to Lighthill equivalent source. Specically, the formulation used allows one to obtain, in the frequency
domain, a matrix relationship between the transpiration velocity at a number of points on the body surface those arising from boundary-
element discretization and the pressure at given points in the irrotational region. From this, the relationship between the corresponding
PDF is easily obtained using the Wiener-Khintchine theorem. The paper will include the general formulation, validating numerical
results, and comparison with experimental data. The inverse problem, that is, determining the source intensity on the body surface from
eld noise in particular, the invertibility of the operator, will be also addressed.
Contributed Papers
2:40
2aNSa16. A numerical study on multimode sound propagation in lined
ducts and radiation to the far eld. Rie Sugimoto ISVR, University of
Southampton, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, rs@isvr.soton.ac.uk
, R Jeremy Astley ISVR, University of Southampton, Higheld, SO17
1BJ Southampton, UK, rja@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Claire R. McAleer ISVR,
University of Southampton, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK,
crm@soton.ac.uk, Iansteel Achunche ISVR, University of Southampton,
Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, ia1@isvr.soton.ac.uk
In previous articles, the authors developed a hybrid scheme for analysing
bypass duct noise, in which a numerical analysis using nite element
method for in-duct propagation and an analytic radiation code with fully
represented effects of bypass shear layer are coupled. Such procedure per-
mits detailed study on the interaction between duct congurations, such as
geometry and acoustic liner impedances, and modal propagation and attenu-
ation, and also the effects on the radiation pattern, within practical timescale
and at modest computational cost. The scheme has been applied to realistic
aero-engine bypass ducts and has been integrated with an optimisation
programme. The numerical results obtained so far have revealed that for
ducts with acoustic liners highly attenuated modes are not necessarily those
with high mode angles, which is contrary to general anticipation. The aim of
the study in the current paper is to understand the physics behind this phe-
nomenon and its effect on the radiation to the far eld. Detailed investiga-
tion on modal attenuation is performed by using the hybrid scheme. The ef-
fect of modal power distribution at the duct exit on the directivity pattern of
the radiated noise to the far eld is also discussed.
3:00
2aNSa17. Modeling of sound propagation in nonuniform waveguides.
Wenping Bi Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, UMR
CNRS 6613, AV. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
wenping.bi@univ-lemans.fr, Vincent Pagneux Laboratoire dAcoustique
de lUniversit du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613, AV. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, vincent.pagneux@univ-lemans.fr, Denis
Lafarge Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
denis.lafarge@univ-lemans.fr, Yves Aurgan Laboratoire dAcoustique
de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France, yves.auregan@univ-lemans.fr
Sound propagation in waveguides is modeled by a Multimodal Method.
The waveguides geometries may involve bends, variable cross-sections, or
their combinations. The waveguide boundaries may involve axially or cir-
cumferentially nonuniform impedance conditions or acoustically rigid
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conditions. Uniform ow may also be included for a simple uniform
geometry. The pressure displacement potential for uniform ow is ex-
panded in terms of the modes of acoustically rigid waveguides and an ad-
ditional function that carries the information about the impedance boundary.
The rigid waveguide modes and the additional function are known a priori
so that calculations of the true modes of waveguides with impedance bound-
ary, which are difcult, are avoided. By matching the pressure and axial ve-
locity displacement potential and axial derivative for uniform ow at the
interface between different axially uniform segments, scattering matrices are
obtained for each individual segment; these are then combined to construct
a global scattering matrix for multiple segments. After calculating the scat-
tering matrix, the transmitted and reected sound elds or intensities may be
obtained for any kind of modal sources. The method allows modeling sound
propagation in waveguides with axially and circumferentially nonuniform
impedance boundaries up to dimensionless frequency K70 in just hours on
a personal computer, which advantageously compares with other techniques.
3:20
2aNSa18. An Active Network Representation to Predict the Flow Noise
Characteristics of Corrugated Ducts. Wim De Roeck K.U.Leuven -
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300B - bus 2420, 3001
Heverlee, Belgium, wim.deroeck@mech.kuleuven.be,Vasilisa
Solntseva Andreev Acoustics Institute, Shvernik, 4, Moscow, 117036 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, mironov@akin.ru, Wim Desmet K.U.Leuven -
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300B - bus 2420, 3001
Heverlee, Belgium, Wim.Desmet@mech.kuleuven.be
In this paper, an active network representation is used to numerically
predict and gain more insight in the internally generated ow noise sources
in corrugated ducts the active bi-port component as well as to describe the
acoustic transmission characteristics of this type of application the passive
bi-port components in the presence of a non-uniform mean ow. For this
purpose a numerical approach is chosen, using compressible Large Eddy
Simulations LES to predict the noise generation mechanisms and Linear-
ized Euler Equations LEE with a plane pulse excitation to obtain the trans-
mission characteristics for these components. The accuracy of the active net-
work component determination is increased by separating the aerodynamic
and the acoustic uctuating eld of the LES using both an aerodynamica-
coustic splitting technique and multiple plane mode-matching strategies. In
this way, a numerical method is proposed to analyze the ow-acoustic be-
havior of corrugated tubes, which can be generally used for all types of duct
system applications.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of posters on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Papers
5:20
2aNSa19. Validation of a hybrid method of aeroacoustic noise
computation applied to internal ows. Mlanie Piellard Delphi Ther-
mal, Avenue de Luxembourg, 4940 Bascharage, Luxembourg,
melanie.piellard@delphi.com, Christophe Bailly Ecole Centrale de Lyon,
36, avenue Guy de Collongue, LMFA, 69134 Ecully, France, christophe
.bailly@ec-lyon.fr
A hybrid method of aeroacoustic noise computation based on Lighthills
acoustic analogy is rst validated, and then applied to investigate the noise
radiated by a low Mach number ow through a diaphragm in a duct. The
simulation method is a two-step hybrid approach relying on Lighthills
acoustic analogy, assuming the decoupling of noise generation and
propagation. The rst step consists in an incompressible Large Eddy Simu-
lation of the turbulent ow eld, during which the Lighthills source term is
recorded. In the second step, a variational formulation of Lighthills Acous-
tic Analogy using a nite element discretization is solved in the Fourier
space. The validation of this method is briey presented: a general valida-
tion is performed on the case of two corotating vortices in a medium at rest;
the exit of turbulent structures from the computational domain is accounted
for by a spatial ltering; and a study of spatial interpolation from the CFD
mesh to the acoustic mesh shows an acceptable level of error. This method
is applied to a three-dimensional diaphragm with low Mach number ow,
showing good agreement with both experimental results and Direct Noise
Computation performed by Gloerfelt & Lafon Computers & Fluids, 2007.
5:40
2aNSa20. Numerical strategies for investigation of gust-airfoil
interaction. Florent Margnat Arts et Mtiers Paris Tech - Sinumef Lab,
151 bd de lHopital, 75013 Paris, France, orent.margnat@paris
.ensam.fr, Thomas Le Garrec Arts et Mtiers Paris Tech - Sinumef Lab,
151 bd de lHopital, 75013 Paris, France, thomas.le-garrec@paris
.ensam.fr, Djaafer Fedala Lab. dEnergtique et de Mcanique des Flu-
ides Interne, Arts et Mtiers ParisTech, 151 boulevard de lHpital, 75013
Paris, France, djaafer.fedala@paris.ensam.fr,Xavier GloerfeltArts et
Mtiers Paris Tech - Sinumef Lab, 151 bd de lHopital, 75013 Paris, France,
xavier.gloerfelt@paris.ensam.fr, Smaine Kouidri LIMSI-CNRS, BP 133,
91403 Orsay Cedex, France, smaine.kouidri@limsi.fr
The noise generated by the interaction between a gust and an airfoil in a
uniform ow is investigated. This problematic is of major industrial interest,
regarding fans, turbomachinery, or wind turbine applications. A two-
dimensional symmetric Joukowski-type airfoil is immersed without inci-
dence in a ow at Mach number 0.5, disturbed by a harmonic gust at 45 of
incidence 4th CAA Workshop on Benchmark Problems, 2004. Our meth-
odology is rst to perform a high-order direct resolution of Eulers equations
of the disturbed ow over the airfoil and the associated acoustic emission,
which is taken as a reference simulation. Second, the near aerodynamic eld
is simulated with Fluent 6.3 solver based on nite volume method with
second-order schemes. The aerodynamic data thus obtained are used for far
eld acoustic prediction, based on Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings analogy.
Finally, following another hybrid approach, the noise is predicted by using
integral formulations with source eld from the DNS. The aim of the study
is to provide insight into the efciency and validity of these numerical strat-
egies commonly used. Comparisons with results of the CAA workshop are
given, covering various wavenumbers values.
6:00
2aNSa21. A stochastic source model for turbulent noise prediction
including sweeping time dynamics. Malte Siefert German Aerospace
Center, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany,
malte.siefert@dlr.de, Roland Ewert DLRInstitute of Aerodynamics and
Flow Technology, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Roland
.Ewert@dlr.de
We extend a low-cost computational aeroacoustic approach by taking
into account temporal effects of the modeled turbulent ow. As the noise
production is determined by the turbulent frequency spectrum rather than
the wavenumber spectrum, temporal properties of the turbulent ow play a
role in many cases. We focus on the most dominant temporal effect, on
sweeping, i. e. the advection of inertial range structures by the energy con-
taining large scales. By introducing a feedback-mechanism of the turbulent
eld onto itself, we are able to incorporate this effect in the fast random
particle method, which was successfully applied to different cases such as
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slat noise, jet noise and others. It is shown that sweeping reproduces impor-
tant properties of spatio-temporal correlations of the turbulent ow, which
are not grasp by most turbulence-models. The inuence on the sound gen-
eration will be discussed for aeroacoustic simulations of jet and trailing edge
noise.
6:20
2aNSa22. Aeroacoustic simulation based on linearized Euler equations
and stochastic sound source modelling. Herv Dechipre Volkswagen
AG, Brieffach 1777, 38436 Wolfsburg, Germany,
herve.dechipre@volkswagen.de, Michael Hartmann Volkswagen AG,
Brieffach 1777, 38436 Wolfsburg, Germany, michael.Hartmann2
@volkswagen.de, Jan W. Delfs DLRInstitute of Aerodynamics and Flow
Technology, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany,
jan.delfs@dlr.de, Roland Ewert DLRInstitute of Aerodynamics and
Flow Technology, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Roland
.Ewert@dlr.de
In order to continually improve passenger car acoustic comfort, effective
methods are needed to simulate the noise generated by external ows as
well as the noise produced by duct ows in HVAC systems. The present
paper illustrates the use of two methods based on the Linearized Euler equa-
tions and derivatives thereof to compute the acoustic eld. The two methods
implemented in the DLRs aeroacoustic code PIANO are the introduction of
a perturbation vortex in the ow and the stochastic sound source modelling
by Ewert. The application considered by this study is the noise produced by
a at plate in a two-dimensional duct at a thickness related Reynolds num-
ber of 1300. Different sizes and edge shapes of the at plate have been
tested. The simulations show a good agreement of the results obtained by
the two methods as well as the existence of a vortex street behind the plate
corresponding to a Strouhal number of 0.18. It could be shown computa-
tionally, that even in the absence of the classical Aeolian tone generation
pure broadband turbulence related trailing edge noise generation resonance
type phenomena occur in the duct. The computed modes for the different
congurations show encouraging correlations with the Parker-type modes or
resonance phenomena described by Koch.
6:40
2aNSa23. Active Perturbation on Vortex-Induced Acoustic Resonance.
Li Cheng Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
Hong Kong, mmlcheng@polyu.edu.hk, Y Zhou Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, mmyzhou@polyu.edu.hk
, Ming Ming Zhang Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, mingming@jhu.edu
Flow-induced acoustic resonance results from strong interactions be-
tween unsteady separated ows and the acoustic modes of a cavity. This
work explores the feasibility of using piezoelectric-actuator-based perturba-
tion technique in the control of vortex-induced noise through systematic ex-
perimental studies. A thick rectangular plate was used as the vortex genera-
tor and placed upstream of a cavity. Curved piezo-ceramic actuators were
embedded in a slot on the top side of the plate to provide a perturbation to
the ow. Uncontrolled ow-acoustic interaction was rst examined to pro-
vide a baseline for comparison. Results show that noises induced by ow
separation from the thick rectangular plate and the wall ahead of the cavity
have very different critical ow velocities so that their effects can be well
separated. Open-loop control tests indicate that vortex-induced acoustic
resonance can be successfully controlled using the proposed technique.
Analyses suggest that the convection of votices separated from the leading
edge along the plate surface was accelerated by the surface perturbation,
which interacted vigorously with the formation of the dominant trailing edge
vortex, thus weakening the vortex strength in the wake of the plate. This
weakened vortex strength substantially alters the ow-acoustic interaction,
resulting in a signicant impairment of vortex-induced acoustic resonance.
Supported by Research Grants Council of HKSAR. PolyU 513207E
7:00
2aNSa24. Sound amplication in a lined duct with ow: PIV
measurements. David Marx Laboratoire dEtudes Aerodynamiques -
CNRS, Bat K, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France,
david.marx@lea.univ-poitiers.fr, Yves Aurgan Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, yves.auregan@univ-lemans.fr, Helne Bailliet Laboratoire
dEtudes Aerodynamiques - CNRS, Bat K, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau,
86022 Poitiers, France, helene.bailliet@lea
.univ-poitiers.fr, Jean-Christophe Valire Laboratoire dEtudes Arody-
namiques LEA, Universit de Poitiers, ENSMA, CNRS, Bat K, 40 avenue
du recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France, jean-christophe.valiere@lea.univ-
poitiers.fr
An experimental investigation of the acoustic behavior of a liner in a
rectangular channel with grazing ow has been conducted. The liner is a
locally reacting structure. When increasing the velocity of the grazing ow
the transmission coefcient increases at resonance frequency. The transmis-
sion coefcient can even become larger than 1 meaning that acoustical en-
ergy is produced by the liner. This amplication of the sound wave is ac-
companied by an increase in the stationary pressure drop induced by the
liner up to 300%. This effect is attributed to a modication of the ow
induced by the acoustic wave. Thus, the ow is measured using Particle Im-
age Velocimetry PIV imaging technique and a comparison of velocity
maps with and without sound amplication is performed. Some differences
occur and will be presented.
7:20
2aNSa25. Acoustic PIV: Measurement of the acoustic particle velocity
using synchronized PIV-technique. Andr Fischer German Aerospace
Center DLR, Mueller-Breslau-Str. 8, 10623 Berlin, Germany,
andre.scher@dlr.de, Emilie Sauvage Ecole Polytechnique de lUniverit
dOrlans, 8 rue Lonard de Vinci, 45072 Orlans, France,
milie.sauvage@gmx.net, Ingo Roehle German Aerospace Center DLR,
Mueller-Breslau-Str. 8, 10623 Berlin, Germany, ingo.roehle@dlr.de
This paper outlines a technique for measuring the acoustic particle ve-
locity and the ow eld simultaneously by applying synchronized particle
image velocimetry PIV. As test set-up a squared acrylic glass chamber was
chosen. One side of the test section is connected to a loudspeaker, which
allows a sinusoidal excitation of the chamber. To point out constrains of this
method the investigation includes an analysis of excitation amplitude and
frequency as well as the effect of the mean ow magnitude. Therefore a
small PC fan can be mounted inside the test section to produce an adjustable
mean ow. It can be shown that for a low number of averaged images 80
reasonable results can be achieved up to a certain level of fan rotation speed.
Beyond this level the turbulence sensitivity increases and more images are
necessary for the calculations. However, the acoustic particle velocity can be
computed in the presence of turbulent ow. The presented method called
acoustic PIV is a non intrusive technique, applied successfully in measuring
acoustic particle velocity elds over a wide range of conditions.
7:40
2aNSa26. A nite element method for time harmonic acoustics in
arbitrary ows. Anne-Sophie Bonnet- Ben Dhia CNRS, ENSTA - 32
Boulevard Victor, 75 015 Paris, France, bonnet@ensta.fr, Jean-Francois
Mercier CNRS, ENSTA - 32 Boulevard Victor, 75 015 Paris, France,
jmercier@ensta.fr, Florence Millot CERFACS, 42 avenue Gaspard Cori-
olis, 31 057 Toulouse, France, millot@cerfacs.fr, Sebastien
Pernet CERFACS, 42 avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31 057 Toulouse, France,
pernet@cerfacs.fr
The reduction of noise in aeronautics motivates an intensive research in
aeroacoustics. In particular, there is a need for efcient tools to simulate
acoustic propagation in a mean ow. We are interested here by solving the
linearized problem in the frequency domain, by a nite element method able
to take into account general geometries and ows. To our knowledge, only
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the potential case has been completely handled. Recently, a new approach
has been developed and validated in the case of a parallel shear ow: it re-
lies on a regularized formulation of Galbruns equation, well-suited for a
discretization by Lagrange nite elements, combined with Perfectly
Matched Layers. A drawback of the method comes from the additional term
of regularization, which requires the evaluation of an oscillating integral,
coupling all degrees of freedom located on the same streamline. This dif-
culty can be avoided by replacing this non-local term by its Low-Mach ap-
proximation We show here how to extend this Low-Mach approach to the
case of a non parallel ow. Numerical experiments are done. In the case of
a potential mean ow, a good agreement with the exact approach is ob-
served, even for quite large Mach numbers.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 251, 8:00 TO 10:00 A.M.
Session 2aNSb
Noise, Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration, ASA Committee on Standards, and EURONOISE:
Session in Honor of Henning von Gierke
Paul Schomer, Cochair
Schomer and Associates, Inc., 2117 Robert Drive, Champaign, IL 61821, USA
Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp, Cochair
TU Berlin, Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Einsteinufer 25, Sekr. TA 7, Berlin, D-10587, Germany
Invited Papers
8:00
2aNSb1. Where do we stand on standards for noise? William Lang Noise Control Foundation, 29 Hornbeck Ridge, Pough-
keepsie, NY 12603, USA, lang1ww@gmail.com
Almost 40 years ago, Henning von Gierke organized and chaired a symposium at the ASA Cleveland meeting with the above title.
The chairs of nine writing groups of the ANSI-predecessor working on methods for the measurement and rating of noise presented
summaries of their tasks and their progress in 1968. If a symposium on the same theme were to be held today, there would be reports
from fty-four working groups of ANSI Accredited Standards Committees on Acoustics S1, Bioacoustics S3, and Noise S12. These
committees are cornerstones of the ASA standards program. As the rst ASA Standards Director, Henning revitalized the Societys
standards program to become the productive organization it is today. The progress in standardization in America during the past four
decades is a tribute to his foresight and participation. He also contributed to international standardization as the leader of the U.S.
delegation to ISO TC43 Acoustics and its subcommittee on noise SC1, and for three decades he chaired ISO TC108SC4 on human
exposure to mechanical shock and vibration. Trained as an engineer, Henning was a leader of national and international standardization
efforts to relate the mechanical energy in sound waves to the responses of the human organism.
8:20
2aNSb2. Henning E. von Gierke and human biodynamics. Anthony J. Brammer Ergonomic Technology Center, Univ. of Con-
necticut Health Center, 263, Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA, brammer@uchc.edu
In addition to his well-known involvement in protecting humans from exposure to excessive noise, Dr. Henning E. von Gierke was
deeply involved in protecting humans from exposure to excessive mechanical shocks, impacts and vibration. From exploring the limits
of survivability during the landing phase of space and aircraft capsules to the more everyday issues of occupational exposure to vibra-
tion, he provided scientic insight into problems and leadership in developing solutions. While most of Hennings contributions are
buried in past literature, the spirit of his efforts lives on in a review chapter published in Harris Shock and Vibration Handbook that I
have had the privilege to co-author with him through two editions, now extending back more than a decade. The challenge of encom-
passing the original content of his contribution while introducing the results of more recent research has, so far, yielded a composition
that he has endorsed. Hennings involvement and interests in human biodynamics will be illustrated by examples taken from this work.
8:40
2aNSb3. Service to his fellow men. Richard McKinley AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433-7901, USA,
richard.mckinley@wpafb.af.mil
Henning Von Gierkes life of service followed in the footsteps of his family legacy. This presentation will focus on Hennings 50
years of research at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio and the recollections of
Henning gathered from 20 hours of video interviews. Hennings life and his research were dedicated to helping mankind. Beginning
with his dissertation on noise produced by jet ow and continuing with the accomplishments of his division at the Air Force Research
Laboratory his contributions to acoustics were outstanding. His contributions include the Air Force hearing conservation program, the
EPA levels document, the BENOX report, the development of Bionics in the 1960s, car airbag research in the 60s, testing of the
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original 7 US astronauts, human limits of survival for impact, human limits of performance in vibration, pioneering work in hearing
protector modeling, bone conduction, and microwave hearing, speech communication, as well as his extensive work in American Na-
tional Standards and international standards. His contributions have in one way or another affected nearly everyone. He was a great
researcher and a great mentor. He will be missed by his colleagues at the Air Force Research Laboratory and around the world.
Contributed Paper
9:00
2aNSb4. Henning von Gierke, leader, consensus builder, mentor, and
friend. Alice H. Suter Alice Suter & Associates, 575 Dogwood Way,
Ashland, OR 97520, USA, ahsuter@charter.net
Over his long and illustrious career, Henning von Gierke has had an
enormous effect on public policy in noise and vibration, not only because he
was active in the eld for more than half a century, but because of his in-
tense dedication, his persistence, and his unique, almost legendary ability to
build consensus. EPAs Ofce of Noise Abatement and Control could not
possibly have produced its Criteria and Levels documents in response to the
timeframe imposed by Congress without Hennings leadership. Those of us
who were lucky enough to be mentored by him were able to accomplish
more than we ever could have without his guidance. In addition to his in-
valuable assistance in my doctoral program, I knew him as ASAs Standards
Director, then President of ASA, chairman of interagency task forces, chair-
man of several standards committees, and participant in numerous interna-
tional activities. He was always willing to share the burden of work and to
encourage the rest of us to forge ahead in an effort to make the world a
quieter and healthier place.
Invited Papers
9:20
2aNSb5. Dr. Henning von GierkeMy mentor, everyones mentor. Paul Schomer Schomer and Associates, Inc., 2117 Robert
Drive, Champaign, IL 61821, USA, schomer@SchomerAndAssociates.com
Dr. Henning von Gierke was a leading force in acoustics for a majority of the 20th century. He led in human response to noise AND
vibration and its assessment. He was a leading force in the US government and in the National Academy of Science NAS Committee
on Hearing and Bioacoustics CHABA. He was a leader in hearing assessment and conservation, and in Standards. And to many
working in these various areas, he was a mentor, a condant, and a friend. Mentoring did not stop at the doors of his laboratory, but
rather, his mentoring extended to the world. He was a mentor to me in my rst years after graduation when we developed the
C-weighted procedure for the assessment of large-amplitude impulse noise, and in the development of related Standards and NAS
studies. He thrust me into ISO work and CHABA studies, and, later, he chose me to succeed him as ISO delegation chair in acoustics
and noise. Not enough can be said about Hennings impact on noise and vibration research and policy in the USA and in the world, and
on the expanded reach of Hennings inuence through the many like me that he mentored.
9:40
2aNSb6. Henning von Gierkes continuing contribution: Underwater whole-body vibration. Sarah Gourlie Applied Research
Laboratories, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA, sarah.gourlie@gmail.com, Mark F. Hamilton
Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA, hamilton@mail.utexas.edu
Henning von Gierke was a leader in the characterization of human response to sound and vibration and in the development of
international standards in this area. One focus of his research was using a multidisciplinary approach to create biodynamic models for
whole-body vibration with the aim of predicting and preventing injury in vehicles. The focus of this presentation is whole-body vibra-
tion underwater with the aim of predicting discomfort or possibly injury to divers from low-frequency sonar. The frequency range of
interest is 40-80 Hz, which encompasses the resonance of human lung. For this purpose, a biodynamic model developed by von Gierke
to simulate thoracic, abdominal, and spinal responses to different vibrational excitations in air H. E. von Gierke, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
50, 1397 1971 is adapted for underwater conditions. It is assumed that the diver is neutrally buoyant and will therefore experience
whole-body acceleration equal to the particle acceleration produced by the sound eld in the absence of the diver. Emphasis is placed
on determining the appropriate source distribution on the body as well as adjusting von Gierkes model to accommodate the decrease
in lung compressibility with diver depth and mass loading on the chest. Work supported by ONR.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 252A, 8:00 TO 10:40 A.M.
Session 2aNSc
Noise and EURONOISE: Physical and Psychophysical Evaluation of Vehicle Exterior Noise I
Paul Donavan, Cochair
Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc., 505 Petaluma Blvd. South, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA
Hugo Fastl, Cochair
AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, Mnchen, 80333, Germany
Invited Papers
8:00
2aNSc1. Low speed exterior vehicle voise and the effect of pavement type. Paul Donavan Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc., 505
Petaluma Blvd. South, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA, pdonavan@illingworthrodkin.com
For operating conditions of cruise and moderate acceleration, the exterior noise emission of light vehicles is typically dominated by
tirepavement noise at speeds of 50 kmh or greater. At a test speed of 56 kmh, it has been found that pavement type can create a 10
dB or more variation in tirepavement noise. This has signicant implications for both community noise and vehicle noise emission
testing. In this paper, the results tirepavement noise measurements for over 40 different pavements in Europe and the United States are
reported. These pavements include research surfaces, existing roadways, and ISO 10844 passby test surfaces. Measurements were con-
ducted using an on-board sound intensity methodology that has been correlated to cruise-by noise levels. These results are discussed in
terms of the revisions being considered for the newly revised ISO 362 passby test procedure and the ISO 10844 test surface
specication. Additionally, a case history of community trafc noise reduction achieved by use of a quieter pavement is reviewed to
demonstrate the importance of the pavement in low speed vehicle noise emissions.
8:20
2aNSc2. Noise source mapping for trucks, part 1: development and design. Kenneth J. Plotkin Wyle Laboratories Inc., 241 18th
Street S., Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22202, USA, kenneth.plotkin@wylelabs.com, Yuriy Gurovich University of Mississippi, NCPA,
1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA, yuriy.gurovich@wylelabs.com, William Blake Naval Surface Warfare Center Ret.,
6905 Hillmead Road, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA, hydroacoustics@aol.com, Paul Donavan Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc., 505 Peta-
luma Blvd. South, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA, pdonavan@illingworthrodkin.com
Mapping and quantifying noise sources on trucks under actual operating conditions on the road are important for trafc noise mod-
eling and mitigation. The purpose of this study is to develop a practical truck noise source localization technique using acoustic beam-
forming. An experimental 70 microphone elliptical array was designed and fabricated for truck testing. Beam-forming software was
developed and implemented using a computerized data acquisition system. Proof-of-concept tests were performed at low-speed and
high-speed truck testing facilities for a representative sample of trucks with widely different characteristics to validate the measurement
system performance. The measurement system design parameters were veried experimentally, and certain improvements to the system
were recommended for future implementation based on the eld experience. The developed beam-forming measurement system pro-
vided adequate noise mapping and localization for various noise sources on trucks, stationary and moving with the speed up to 50 mph.
The results of the proof-of-concept testing presented in an accompanying paper Part 2 conrm that the developed microphone array,
data acquisition system and beam-forming software performed generally as expected and required no major adjustments. This ongoing
project is funded by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program of the Transportation Research Board of the National Acad-
emies, USA.
8:40
2aNSc3. Noise source mapping for trucks, Part 2: Experimental results. William Blake Naval Surface Warfare Center Ret.,
6905 Hillmead Road, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA, hydroacoustics@aol.com, Kenneth J. Plotkin Wyle Laboratories Inc., 241 18th
Street S., Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22202, USA, kenneth.plotkin@wylelabs.com, Yuriy Gurovich University of Mississippi, NCPA,
1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA, yuriy.gurovich@wylelabs.com, Paul Donovan 505 Petaluma Blvd, South, Petaluma,
VA 94952, USA, pdonovan@illingworthrodkin.com
The elliptical array described in the previous paper Part 1 was deployed road-side at a test track for measuring the sound emitted
from trucks during passby. Measurements were made on various truck models in various operating states with and without trailers.
Extensive spherical-source calibrations conrmed the arrays beamforming at both on-normal and steering angles to 45

; they also
disclosed the magnitudes of ground reection paths for localized sources at different elevations. In all cases, the array output was
computationally inverted to produce two-dimensional spatial maps of source levels in the side prole of the truck. In the cases of
stationary trucks, the source maps were correlated with simultaneously-obtained intensity maps. Comparisons veried that the array-
based source maps for the trucks ranked sound sources of disparate levels in the same order as did the sound power levels deduced from
the sound intensity data. Acoustic source maps obtained during truck passbys were then used to provide time-histories and spatial
distributions of sources and source paths from the engine, mufer, tires, and certain body components. This project is funded by the
National Cooperative Highway Research Program of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, USA.
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9:00
2aNSc4. Vehicle exterior noise from the view point of new experts. Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp TU Berlin, Institute of Fluid
Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Einsteinufer 25, Sekr. TA 7, D-10587 Berlin, Germany, brigitte.schulte-fortkamp@tu-berlin.de
The combination of physical and psycho- acoustical measurements with scientic evaluation of perceptual responses to environ-
mental noise, known as Soundscaping, is an essential method for assessing and actualizing environments. Empirically, the perception of
sounds and their evaluation will be explored under the premise of combining human judgment and physical factors. In a recent Sound-
scape Project, environmental noise perception and evaluation in a dened urban area were investigated in detail. Classical measurements
and open, narrative, but issue-centred interviews with residents were carried out, and those interviews allowed the interviewed persons
to set their own focus on certain aspects concerning the development of a public space in Berlin. Method and procedure will be dis-
cussed in detail to introduce to the New Expert Concept. The Soundscape Project is a module of the Project Nauener Platz - Remod-
elling for Young and Old in the framework of the research program Experimental Housing and Urban Development ExWoSt of the
Federal Ministry of Transport, Building, and Urban Affairs BMVBS by the Federal Ofce for Building and Regional Planning
BBR. It is related to the elds of research ExWoSt concerned with Innovation of Urban Neighbourhoods for Families and the
Elderly. The project executing organization is the Regional Ofce Berlin-Mitte.
9:20
2aNSc5. Signicance of Psychoacoustic Aspects for the Evaluation of Vehicle Exterior Noise. Klaus Genuit HEAD acoustics
GmbH, Ebertstrasse 30a, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany, klaus.genuit@head-acoustics.de
For 25 years acoustic engineers have been using specic measurement technologies and analyses to determine sound quality of
vehicle interior noise. However, with regard to exterior vehicle noise only standard measurements, e.g. the A-weighted sound pressure
level ISO 362, have been used and interpreted so far. Extensive knowledge and experiences concerning the evaluation of interior noise
are still unutilized for an advanced assessment of vehicle exterior noise. Within EU research projects, such as SVEN or QCity, exterior
noise was investigated, methods established and psychoacoustic analyses carried out. The relevance of vehicle exterior noise with re-
spect to perceived product quality was underestimated for a long time. Today, manufacturers recognize the importance of exterior noise
beyond the annoyance perspective. Vehicle exterior noise conveys an impression of product quality. By optimizing the product sound
quality manufacturers can compete against others and meet increased requirements. Customers prefer vehicle sounds which match their
expectations, which also applies to the exterior sound of a vehicle. The acoustical ngerprint of a vehicle - inside and outside - provides
enormous marketing opportunities. This paper shows how the knowledge of sound quality analyses with regard to interior noise can be
transferred to the evaluation of exterior vehicle noise.
9:40
2aNSc6. Rating the Dieselness of engine-sounds. Hugo Fastl AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, fastl@mmk.ei.tum.de, Bernhard Priewasser AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, bernhard@prie.de, Markus Fruhmann AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, Markus.Fruhmann@gmx.de, Herbert Finsterhlzl BMW Group, Knorrstr. 147, 80788 Mnchen, Germany,
herbert.nsterhoelzl@bmw.de
Sounds of idling Diesel engines were rated according to their Dieselness with two different psychoacoustic methods. On the one
hand, a yesno procedure was used. Subjects were presented sounds of two seconds duration and had to answer by yes or no to the
following question: Does this sound stem from a Diesel engine? Histograms were calculated and a hypothesis was put forward as
follows: The more positive answers are given to a specic sound, the larger is the Dieselness of this sound. On the other hand, the
method of paired comparison was used, applying a kind of Bradley-Terry-Luce BTL procedure. Results are discussed with respect to
the psychophysical method used and possible differences in ratings by expert versus naive listeners. Finally, psychoacoustic data are
compared to predictions of Dieselness calculated by four different algorithms.
10:00
2aNSc7. Perceptive temporal features of train passbys. Jonathan Terroir Laboratoire MRTE - UCP, 5, mail Gay-Lussac,
Neuville-sur-Oise, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, jterroir@u-cergy.fr, Catherine Lavandier Laboratoire MRTE - UCP, 5, mail
Gay-Lussac, Neuville-sur-Oise, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, catherine.lavandier@u-cergy.fr
This work deals with characterization of temporal features linked to train passages which may act upon annoyance. Two varying
parameters in the recordings have been selected: distance from the railway 7.5 meters, 50 and 100 meters and train category four
types of French trains. A rst series of psychoacoustic tests are carried out in order to mainly extract temporal aspects which could be
important for sound perception. To avoid the level saliency, a preliminary equalization has been made on L
A5
. The selection of per-
ceptive factors is carried out through a multidimensional analysis INDSCAL. Dissimilarity tests highlight several dimensions: train
category, slope of the level increase linked to train arrival and passage length. In addition to the dissimilarity between two stimuli
estimation, subjects have to choose the one they prefer and explain their answers. The verbalization task helps illustrate multidimen-
sional analysis axis. A second series of tests, designed with recordings varying on two independent parameters the level and the slope
of the temporal evolution makes it possible to compare perceptive variations on temporal effects to loudness.
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10:20
2aNSc8. Synthesis of pass-by railway noise. Shaquzzaman Khan Kungliga Tekniska Hogsklan, Department of Aeronautical and
Vehicle Engineering, SE - 10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Shak@kth.se, Mohite Ulhas Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Graduta Student, Dept. of Mech. & Ind. Engg, 247667 Roorkee, India, goelvfme@iitr.ernet.in, Virendra Goel Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Graduta Student, Dept. of Mech. & Ind. Engg, 247667 Roorkee, India, goelvfme@iitr.ernet.in
Pass-by railway noise is one of the main problems in the community. Typically pass-by railway noise is estimated using Leq or
Lden in dBA and often these methods do not reect the listener perceptual overview. It is therefore necessary to reduce the pass-by
railway noise by synthesizing the noise characters into various segments. The segments could be based on the physical properties of rail
vehicles like rolling, traction, pantograph, cooling system noise, etc. There are few other segments which are also based on the per-
ceptual view of the pass-by railway noise like squeaking, rattling or beating tadak, tadak. In this study only a few of the physical
characteristics of the railway noises are examined. The idea of synthesization is to determine what segments in the noise characters are
annoying. And thereby make a virtual pleasant pass-by railway sound. Several pass-by noises from Swedish rail vehicles were recorded
using binaural technology according to ISO 3095. Recorded noise signals were then analyzed with the help of spectrogram analysis
using Matlab. The results of the studies indicate that the rolling noise and broadband noise are most annoying for the long distance
passenger rail vehicles.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 251, 10:20 A.M. TO 4:00 P.M.
Session 2aNSd
Noise and EURONOISE: Environmental Noise Mapping II
Kenneth Cunefare, Cochair
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, The Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA
Gaetano Licitra, Cochair
ARPAT - Dept. Firenze, Via Porpora, 22, Firenze, 50144, Italy
Invited Papers
10:20
2aNSd1. Managing Risk by Utilising an Integrated Approach to Quality Assurance During Strategic Noise Mapping. Simon J.
Shilton Acustica Ltd, Trident One, Styal Road, M22 5XB Manchester, UK, simon.shilton@acustica.co.uk, Alan timac DARH2
Acoustics & Civil Eng. Ltd., Ljubicin prolaz 3, HR-10430 Samobor, Croatia, alan@darh2.hr, James Trow Hepworth Acoustics Ltd,
5 Bankside, Croseld Street, WA1 1UP Warrington, UK, james.trow@hepworth-acoustics.co.uk, Nathan Archer Hepworth Acoustics
Ltd, 5 Bankside, Croseld Street, WA1 1UP Warrington, UK, nathan.archer@hepworth-acoustics.co.uk, Vincent Hii Jiu Ta
Hepworth Acoustics Ltd, 5 Bankside, Croseld Street, WA1 1UP Warrington, UK, vincent.hii@hepworth-acoustics.co.uk, Nigel
Jones Extrium Ltd, Calverley House, 55 Calverley Road, TN1 2TU Tunbridge Wells, UK, nigel.jones@extrium.co.uk
With the proclamation of the Directive on Environmental Noise 200249, the process of noise mapping and action planning has
begun around Europe. As the development of strategic noise maps is arguably a new experience for many end-users, the rst round of
noise mapping could potentially lead to uncertainties within many aspects of the process. Noise maps represent a baseline for the imple-
mentation of noise management systems and any systematic errors within the noise maps could reduce the effective implementation of
the whole management system. The extensive range of data inputs required in strategic noise mapping are usually obtained from dif-
ferent data sources or base datasets and as such, cataloguing with the use of metadata is key. The implementation of a quality assurance
system is imperative to maintain consistency between technicians and within multi-disciplinary teams. It is also essential to ensure the
control of processes and the ability to review inputs, intermediaries and deliverables. A similar approach may also be applied to cal-
culation and post processing of noise levels. This paper presents collective experience of the implementation of quality assurance pro-
cedures used in several EU countries during the successful completion of projects within the rst round of mapping.
10:40
2aNSd2. A methodology for mapping neighbourhood impacts. Ronny Klaeboe Institute of Transport Economics, Gaustadalleen
21, 0349 Oslo, Norway, rk@toi.no, Erik Engelien Statistics Norway, Oterveien 23, N-2225, 2225 Kongsvinger, Norway,
erik.engelien@ssb.no, Margrete Steinnes Statistics Norway, Oterveien 23, N-2225, 2225 Kongsvinger, Norway, margrete.steinnes
@ssb.no
A methodology for the spatial analysis of environmental impacts in urban areas and social gradients is presented. The methodology
is computational intensive and requires access to geographically located data at the dwelling level. Neighbourhood information is har-
vested to provide contextual information, and a spatial smoothing technique used to provide powerful visualisations of residential and
neighbourhood impacts. By focussing on impacts rather than exposures, the construction of accumulative non-monetarised and mon-
etarised indicators of impacts such as disability adjusted life years DALY and health costs is facilitated. Since the residential dwelling
location is, or can be made, the focal point for social, dwelling, environment, neighbourhood, and transportation related indicators, a
rich network of information in a uniform format is available for construction of novel indicators. By focussing on neighbourhoods rather
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than individual dwellings, privacy is enhanced while maintaining useful level of detail for involving the public and politicians in local
planning. By combining information on social status and environmental exposures, questions on whether transportation related impacts
are distributed fairly and whether social inequity is increased or decreases as a result of a particular measure can be addressed. The
methodology is not applicable to rural areas and low probability events.
11:00
2aNSd3. Noise emissions at intersections: comparing microscopic and macroscopic trafc simulation approaches. Bert De
Coensel Ghent University - Department of Information Technology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium,
bert.decoensel@intec.ugent.be, Dick Botteldooren University Ghent - Department Information Technology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat
41, 9000 Gent, Belgium, dick.botteldooren@intec.ugent.be, Luc Dekoninck Ghent University - Department of Information Tech-
nology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, luc.dekoninck@intec.ugent.be, Dominique Gillis Ghent University - De-
partment of Civil Engineering, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, dominique.gillis@ugent.be, Dirk Lauwers Ghent Univer-
sity - Department of Civil Engineering, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, dirk.lauwers@ugent.be
Environmental noise mapping often involves the use of trafc simulation software. In most cases, trafc ows are simulated in a
macroscopic way, considering only trafc ow parameters averaged over road segments. This approach does not allow to correctly
account for the typical deceleration and acceleration patterns of trafc at intersections, which inuence local noise emissions. Micro-
scopic trafc simulation models, which model each vehicle individually, incorporate these dynamic effects. However, they require much
larger amounts of input data for calibration, and are therefore less suited to map large areas. In this paper, we investigate the possible
inuence of the choice of simulation detail on simulated trafc ow parameters and, as a consequence, on noise emissions near
intersections. As a case study, several types of road intersections under various trafc demand and trafc composition conditions are
considered. Simulation results are obtained using a microscopic Paramics as well as a mesoscopic MaDAM and a macroscopic
OmniTRANS trafc simulation model, and predicted trafc ow parameters and noise emission values are compared between these
approaches.
Contributed Papers
11:20
2aNSd4. Environmental Noise Directive - results of noise mapping in
Germany. Matthias Hintzsche Federal Environment Agency, Woerlitzer
Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany, matthias.hintzsche@uba.de
The Environmental Noise Directive intends the development of a con-
cept to avoid, prevent or reduce on a prioritised basis the harmful effects,
including annoyance, due to exposure to environmental noise and to inform
the public on environmental noise and its effects. In a rst step noise maps
were made for all agglomerations and for all major roads, major railways
and major airports. This noise maps are the basics for noise action plans.
These plans have the target to prevent and to reduce environmental noise
where necessary to preserve environmental noise quality where it is good.
The results of the rst round for noise mapping in Germany will be
presented.
11:40
2aNSd5. Noise mapping of public roads in Norway: New calculation
tool based on the Nord2000 Road Engineering Method. Ingunn
Milford Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Brynsengfaret 6A, P.O
.Box 8142 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway, ingunn.milford@vegvesen.no
To comply with requirements in the Directive 200249EC on environ-
mental noise END and to national guidelines on land use and transport
noise, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration has developed the calcu-
lation tool called NorStoy, which is composed of two main modules: 1. A
calculation module with the Nord2000 Road Engineering Method
algorithms. 2. An ArcGIS module to arrange the input data, delimit the cal-
culation area, locate the calculation points and report the results. Nord2000
Road Engineering Model was completed in 2006, in cooperation with the
Nordic countries. The model has very much in common with the coming
joint European Harmonoise model. The challenge in using these models is to
obtain an acceptable calculation time. To prevent NorStoy from stopping ev-
ery time insufcient data occurs, we use default values based on either a
typical mean value or the nearest registered value. At this time preparing
input data is quite time consuming. We are able to produce the noise maps
for the EC directive, but NorStoy is not yet an efcient tool for noise map-
ping in general. The development of NorStoy is still in progress.
12:00
2aNSd6. The national noise map of the Netherlands A trend in
exposure since 1990. Rik Van Haaren DHV, P.O. box 1132, 3800BC
Utrecht, Netherlands, rik.vanhaaren@dhv.com
Noise maps according to the environmental noise directive have been
provided by several actors in the Netherlands. The results of the noise maps
show the signicance of each of the source types, as well as the distribution
within and outside agglomerations. In the Netherlands 2.7 million people are
exposed to noise levels above 55 dBA. In some cases up to 4000 people
are exposed to level higher than 75 dBA. In the night period 2.3 million
people are exposed to noise levels higher than 50 dBA. Road noise is the
dominant source for annoyance and sleep disturbance. Within agglomera-
tions road noise is responsible for 88% of the highly annoyed population.
Major roads, outside agglomerations, contribute less than 10% to the total
annoyance due to road trafc. Railways are a second source in producing
annoyance and sleep disturbance. 57% of the high annoyance due to rail-
ways is produced outside agglomerations. The results of the noise maps for
road trafc noise have been compared with results for a selection of cities in
1990. The results show that the total number of exposed people has
increased. However, the exposition to the higher bands has decreased.
12:20
2aNSd7. Noise Mapping and Noise Scoring - Software Techniques and
Result Presentation. Wolfgang Probst DataKustik GmbH, Gewerbering
5, 86926 Greifenberg, Germany, wolfgang.probst@datakustik.com
Noise scoring is based on noise level maps and on exposure distribution.
Different techniques can be used to develop the areal distribution of these
values and to present them as coloured maps. Especially more complex rat-
ings that are not only based on an exposure level and on population densities
need relatively complex procedures to develop them from noise maps. It
must be taken into account that there are two important steps in this
procedure: One is the calculation of the noise score itself and the other is the
presentation as coloured map to detect and focus on Hot Spots. Different
techniques have been developed, were integrated in the software and have
been applied in the frame of the QCity project. The consequences of differ-
ent parameter settings are presented and discussed. The second step is the
assignment of colours to a given scale of result values and even this simple
process must be handled carefully to transport the needed information.
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12:40-2:00 Lunch Break
Contributed Papers
2:00
2aNSd8. The Milan agglomeration Strategic Noise Map. Giovanni
Zambon Department of Environmental Sciences of the University of Mil-
ano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy,
giovanni.zambon@unimib.it, Simone Radaelli Department of Environ-
mental Sciences of the University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza,
1, 20126 Milan, Italy, s.radaelli@unimib.it
The aim of this paper is to describe the procedure used for the Milan
agglomeration Strategic Noise Mapping, as dened by Environmental Noise
Directive 200249EC. City of Milan is a complex case study because of
the presence of a plurality of sources: road trafc, railway trafc also tram
trafc and aircraft noise Linate airport. The assessment method is based
on the guidelines contained in the Good Practice Guide for Strategic Noise
Mapping and the Production of Associated Data on Noise Exposure WG-
AEN. The study of noise generated from several sources was carried out
with the integrated use of both numerical models and Geographic Informa-
tion Systems GIS. Numerical models allow us to estimate of noise levels
in large areas near to a specic noise source and GIS enable the efcient
acquisition, management and elaboration of geo-referenced data representa-
tive of territory, sources and buildings. By means of the study of specic
GIS application it was possible to predict the global noise exposure for over-
all sources, by overlapping the noise maps of the single noise sources.
2:20
2aNSd9. Budapest Noise Mapping Project I. - Experiences. Andrs
Muntag Enviroplus Kft., Telepy u. 3., 1096 Budapest, Hungary,
muntaga@zajan.hu, Mihly Berndt Enviroplus Kft., Telepy u. 3., 1096
Budapest, Hungary, berndt@mgx.hu
The Hungarian capital Budapest, and their agglomeration have recently
nished their rst strategic noise map. According to the Hungarian noise
regulations and to the European Directive 200249EC, this is a legal
obligation. The main part of the costs was supported by the EU. The prepa-
ration of the strategic noise maps based on a computer model and describing
the present noise situation of the municipalities, should be seen as the rst
step to build a true noise information and management system, based on the
computer model initially developed. The main parameters of the project
were the planned area 1100 qkm, number of dwellings 440 thousand, length
of the mapped roads ca. 2000 km This paper based on the experience of 23
municipal noise maps - Budapest and other 22 settlements in the
agglomeration. We successfully nished the project on time - the results all
maps can be found on the internet-page: http:terkep.budapest
.huwebsitezajterkep The rst paper deals with the technical experiences of
the project.
2:40
2aNSd10. Budapest Noise Mapping Project II. - Results. Mihly
Berndt Enviroplus Kft., Telepy u. 3., 1096 Budapest, Hungary,
berndt@mgx.hu, Andrs Muntag Enviroplus Kft., Telepy u. 3., 1096
Budapest, Hungary, muntaga@zajan.hu
The Hungarian capital Budapest, and their agglomeration have recently
nished their rst strategic noise map. According to the Hungarian noise
regulations and to the European Directive 200249EC, this is a legal
obligation. The main part of the costs was supported by the EU. The prepa-
ration of the strategic noise maps based on a computer model and describing
the present noise situation of the municipalities, should be seen as the rst
step to build a true noise information and management system, based on the
computer model initially developed. The main parameters of the project
were the planned area 1100 qkm, number of dwellings 440 thousand, length
of the mapped roads ca. 2000 km This paper is based on the experience of
23 municipal noise maps - Budapest and other 22 settlements in the
agglomeration. We successfully nished the project on time - the results all
maps can be found on the internet-page: http:terkep.budapest
.huwebsitezajterkep The second paper shows the results of the project.
3:00
2aNSd11. The Port of Livorno noise mapping experience. Mario
Morretta Sintesis - Enginering and Consulting S.r.l., via Martin Luther
King, 15, 57128 Livorno, Italy, mario.morretta@sintesis.toscana.it, Andrea
Iacoponi ARPAT - Dipartimento di Livorno, via Marradi, 114, 57128
Livorno, Italy, a.iacoponi@arpat.toscana.it, Fabrizio Dolinich Sintesis -
Enginering and Consulting S.r.l., via Martin Luther King, 15, 57128
Livorno, Italy, fabrizio.dolinich@gmail.com
Livorno Municipality and its seaport are requested to produce the stra-
tegic noise map according to the European Directive only in 2012. However
Livorno Port Authority, following the principle of environmental sustain-
ability and in coherence with its EMAS status, started the investigation
about the interaction between the noise generated by port activities and the
nearby city. This analysis has been carried out within the Life funded project
NoMEPorts, whose goal is to develop and provide tools and expertise to
European ports for implementing their strategic noise maps, by means of a
collaborative mapping of 8 Port Authority technical representatives from all
around Europe. The work presented outlines in detail the process followed
in performing the noise mapping of the Livorno port area and the port-city
interface area, focusing in the problems encountered in the data collection,
in port noise model building steps and in the consequent solutions adopted.
The paper also talks about the result obtained by showing the noise maps in
six detail levels and reports about the action plan proposed. As a result this
experience emphasises the importance of noise maps as a powerful tool for
decision-makers in port planning.
3:20
2aNSd12. Strategic Noise Mapping of the City of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Alan timac DARH2 Acoustics & Civil Eng. Ltd., Ljubicin prolaz 3, HR-
10430 Samobor, Croatia, alan@darh2.hr, Ale Globevnik A-PROJEKT
Natasa Kepe-Globevnik s.p., Vinarje 110b, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia,
aprojekt@siol.net, Dinko Stipanicev DARH2 Acoustics & Civil Eng.
Ltd., Ljubicin prolaz 3, HR-10430 Samobor, Croatia,
dinko@darh2.hr, Lilijana Kuhelj Environmental Agency of the Republic
of Slovenia, Vojkova 1B, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, lilijana.kuhelj@gov
.si
Currently Ljubljana is the only agglomeration according to the denition
of the directive 200249EC in Slovenia. For this agglomeration, separate
noise maps not only for road and rail trafc but also for industrial sources
were made. As for the rst phase of preparation there is no precise method-
ology stated for representing industrial noise sources in strategic noise maps
regarding END and following the vision of other EU countries, only indus-
trial plants classied as IPPC installations were taken into consideration of
noise mapping. Short term noise measurements around industrial plants con-
ducted according to ISO 1996 during previous three years were used as re-
verse engineering techniques for the determination of sound power levels of
industrial plants. Elaboration of road and rail trafc noise maps required de-
velopment of perfect acoustical model with 3D terrain modelling including
all possible obstacles barriers, walls, bridges, viaducts, etc.. For calibration
of noise maps more then 30 measurements were performed following the
standard DIN 45642. During all stages of elaborating noise maps, quality
assurance procedures were performed with a view to estimate accuracy of
the results. Strategic noise maps of the agglomeration performed at munici-
pal level of Ljubljana will be used mainly for drawing up action plans and
spatial planning of areas with different noise levels allowed.
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3:40
2aNSd13. Mixed Industry and Trafc Noise Mapping. Cline
Boutin Acouphen Environnement, Campus de la DOUA, 66, BD Niels
Bohr, BP 52132, 69603 Villeurbanne, France, celine.boutin
@acouphen-environnement.com, Alexis Bigot Acouphen Environne-
ment, Campus de la DOUA, 66, BD Niels Bohr, BP 52132, 69603 Villeur-
banne, France, alexis.bigot@acouphen-environnement.com
The authors have a large experience on Noise Mapping of both trans-
portation sources and industrial plants. This paper provides examples of
Noise Maps for Communities of different sizes with road, railway and in-
dustrial sources. The difculties to estimate Noise Emission from industrial
sites are discussed. Recommandations are provided. A Methodology to cre-
ate the Industry data base for a Noise Map with a large number of industrial
sites in the territory is presented. It is shown how Noise Maps can be an
attractive tool to be used in the Environmental Management System of the
Plant Manager to communicate on the Plant environmental integration and
Noise Abatement Plan.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 252A, 11:00 A.M. TO 3:20 P.M.
Session 2aNSe
Noise and EURONOISE: General Topics in Noise I
Contributed Papers
11:00
2aNSe1. Comparison of International Standards for Measuring Sound
Power in Tool-Machines. Jose A. Ballesteros Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071 Cuenca, Spain,
Josea.Ballesteros@uclm.es, Marcos D. Fernandez Universidad de
Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071 Cuenca, Spain,
Marcos.Fernandez@uclm.es, Samuel Quintana Universidad de
Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071 Cuenca, Spain,
Samuel.Quintana@uclm.es, Ivan Suarez Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071 Cuenca, Spain,
ivan.suarezcasal@gmail.com, Laura Rodriguez Universidad de
Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071 Cuenca, Spain, Laura
.Rodriguez@uclm.es
Industrial noise is one of the most important contaminant agents in the
industrialised countries due to its effects on health. Sound power is used in
order to characterize the noise emitted by the machines because it does not
depend on aspects like place or distance of the measurement. These mea-
surements are handled by international standards like UNE-EN ISO 374x
and UNE-EN ISO 9614-x. The advantages and disadvantages of each one of
these standards have been evaluated after making a representative number of
measurements in several types of tool-machines and then, a set of recom-
mendations have been derived to choose the best standard depending on the
machine that is going to be measured.
11:20
2aNSe2. Activated Resonance Systems as Silencers and Sound
Absorbers. Philip Leistner Fraunhofer IBP, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stut-
tgart, Germany, philip.leistner@ibp.fraunhofer.de
A great variety of classical resonance systems is used for sound absorp-
tion and attenuation in technical systems. Apart from other requirements
such as minimum size, high reliability and low costs the acoustic efciency
can be fullled in a wide range. However, the performance is limited and
focused on a certain frequency band. These restrictions can signicantly be
overcome by activation. A very clear system comprises a membrane mass
and a rear air volume spring which can be assembled by using a conven-
tional loudspeaker in front of a cassette. Even the passive system is caus-
ing a respectable sound attenuation also at low frequencies. The activation is
based on a microphone close to the membrane the signal according to the
exciting sound pressure of which is linearly amplied and fed back to the
loudspeaker. A lot of details have to be considered prior to the real applica-
bility of such an activated resonator. But the remarkable benets can be
documented for numerous practical scenarios. Theoretical and experimental
results are based on a sophisticated model of the resonant structure and its
acoustic environment. Additionally, several practical challenges, e.g. the
presences of turbulent air ow or high temperatures, can be solved by using
specic modications.
11:40
2aNSe3. Sound radiation of the end of cylindrical duct application on
industrial stacks. Thierry Simoneau Acoustique & Conseil, 17-19 rue
des Grandes Terres, 92508 Rueil-Malmaison, France, ts@acoustique-conseil
.com
In order to determine the sound eld emitted by the top end of an in-
dustrial stack, a study of the acoustical radiation of unbafed semi-innite
cylindrical duct ends was conducted. Firstly, the main publications on the
subject were studied. A calculation model of the radiation directivity of the
end of a chimney, based on H. Levine and J. Schwingers results for the
fundamental mode and on the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction for the
modes of superior order, was established. In order to validate the model,
measurements on scaled model were made in an anechoic chamber. Tallying
between theoretical and experimental results is very good, especially at low
frequencies, where the number of radiating modes is low. Moreover, mea-
surements on a real size industrial site have been made. They also show sat-
isfying tallying between the theory and experimentation.
12:00
2aNSe4. Austrian investigation on the inuence of sound leakage in
noise reducing devices. Marco Conter Arsenal Research, Gienggasse 2,
1210 Vienna, Austria, marco.conter@arsenal.ac.at, Manfred
Haider Arsenal Research, Gienggasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria, manfred
.haider@arsenal.ac.at
Noise barriers are the most widely used means for road trafc noise
abatement. Sound absorption and sound insulation are the key properties for
noise barrier elements. The standard method of determining these properties
by reverberation room measurements has recently been complemented by an
in-situ method following CENTS 1793-5, also known as Adrienne method.
This method allows exible assessment of the acoustic performance of noise
barriers in almost arbitrary places by means of mobile measurement
equipment. Using the possibility to perform in-situ measurements the au-
thors have investigated the presence of sound leakage due to structural im-
perfections which limit the sound insulation performance of noise barriers.
This paper summarizes the results of Austrian research on different kinds of
barriers regarding the difference in sound insulation between measurements
carried out in front of the supporting post where leakage is likely to occur
and in the middle of the barrier. A statistical correlation of the data was also
performed.
3138 3138 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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12:20
2aNSe5. A study of twenty-one cases of low-frequency noise
complaints. Christian Sejer Pedersen Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fre-
drik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, cp@acoustics
.aau.dk, Henrik Mller Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej
7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, hm@acoustics.aau.dk, Kerstin Persson
Waye Dept. of Environ. Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Acad. of Gothenburg
Univ., Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden, kerstin.persson-waye@amm
.gu.se
From 203 cases of low-frequency complaints a random selection of
twenty-one previously unsolved cases were investigated. The main aim of
the investigation was to answer the question whether the annoyance is
caused by an external physical sound or by a physically non-existing sound,
i.e. low-frequency tinnitus. Noise recordings were made in the homes of the
complainants, and the complainants were exposed to these in blind test lis-
tening experiments. Furthermore, the low-frequency hearing function of the
complainants was investigated, and characteristics of the annoying sound
was matched. The results showed that some of the complainants are annoyed
by a physical sound 20-180 Hz, while others suffer from low-frequency
tinnitus perceived frequency 40-100 Hz. Physical sound at frequencies be-
low 20 Hz infrasound is not responsible for the annoyance - or at all au-
dible - in any of the investigated cases, and none of the complainants has
extraordinary hearing sensitivity at low frequencies. For comparable cases
of low-frequency noise complaints in general, it is anticipated that physical
sound is responsible in a substantial part of the cases, while low-frequency
tinnitus is responsible in another substantial part of the cases.
12:40-2:00 Lunch Break
Contributed Papers
2:00
2aNSe6. Measuring low-frequency noise indoors. Steffen
Pedersen Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220
Aalborg , Denmark, stp@acoustics.aau.dk, Henrik Mller Acoustics,
Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark,
hm@acoustics.aau.dk, Kerstin Persson Waye Dept. of Environ. Medicine,
The Sahlgrenska Acad. of Gothenburg Univ., Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg,
Sweden, kerstin.persson-waye@amm.gu.se
At low frequencies, the sound pressure level may vary 20-30 dB in a
room due to standing waves. For assessment of annoyance, mainly areas
with the highest occurring levels are relevant, since persons present in such
areas are not helped by the existence of lower levels in other areas. The level
that is exceeded in 10% of the volume of a room L
10
is proposed as a ra-
tional and objective target for a measurement method. In Sweden and Den-
mark rules exist for measuring low-frequency noise indoors. The perfor-
mance of these procedures was investigated in three rooms. The results from
the Swedish method were close to the L
10
target, but, due to a doubtful use
of C-weighting in the scanning, it may give too low results in case of com-
plex sounds. The Danish method was found to have a high risk of giving
results substantially below the target, unless complainants can precisely ap-
point measurement positions, where the sound is loudestmost annoying -
which they often cannot. An alternative method using measurements in four
three-dimensional corners of the room is proposed. This easy and straight-
forward method seems to give reliable results close to the proposed target.
2:20
2aNSe7. The use of communication device in background noise. Esko
Toppila Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O:Box 486, 33101
Tampere, Finland, esko.toppila@ttl., Pekka Airre FIOH, P.O.Box 486,
33101 Tampere, Finland, erkko.airo@ttl., Pekka Olkinuora FIOH, Tope-
liuksenkatu 41, 00250 Helsinki, Finland, pekka.olkinuora@ttl.
Communication devices are used more and more often in industrial
premises. We have evaluated how the users experience these device in a call
center N41, in a low noise warehouse N67 and in a noisy L80 dB
warehouse N25. For all subjects the same questionnaire was sent. The
questionnaire contained questions were about the quality of communications
device and self-evaluated hearing symptoms. The self-evaluated speech in-
telligibility was lowest in the high background environments. Still in the call
center ve persons and ve in the silent warehouse had great difculties
with speech intelligibility. All these persons evaluated that they have always
difculties when communicating with people. In the noisy environments this
relationship was not found. The need to rise the voice was highest in the
warehouses ad did not depend on the background noise. Tinnitus was more
frequent among process industry workers. The results suggests that lowered
hearing function cause problems in low background noise. The self-
evaluated nuisance depends on the complexity of the communication. The
quality of the communication channel may also play a vital role in the com-
munication problems especially for workers with hearing problems.
2:40
2aNSe8. Phase spectral processing for improved time-domain soft
microphone based noise estimation. Ioannis Paraskevas T.E.I. Piraeus
Department of Electronics, 250, Thivon str., GR-12244 Athens-Aigaleo,
Greece, paraskevas@env.aegean.gr, Maria Rangoussi T.E.I. Piraeus De-
partment of Electronics, 250, Thivon str., GR-12244 Athens-Aigaleo,
Greece, mariar@teipir.gr, Stylianos M. Potirakis T.E.I. Piraeus Depart-
ment of Electronics, 250, Thivon str., GR-12244 Athens-Aigaleo, Greece,
spoti@teipir.gr, Stylianos Savvaidis T.E.I. Piraeus Department of Elec-
tronics, 250, Thivon str., GR-12244 Athens-Aigaleo, Greece, ssavaid@teipir
.gr
Soft Microphones SM constitute a cost-effective, yet quality alterna-
tive to the multiple microphones measurement, in applications related to
noise mapping. SM offer a solution of great interest to real eld applica-
tions, e.g., industrial plants. The SM approach, proposed in previous work of
the authors, is based on the estimation of the noise signal and the calculation
of noise levels over a set of points within the space of interest. To this end,
a novel, frequency domain method was introduced and veried in a real
eld, textile plant experiment, with satisfactory results. However, in order to
expand the use of SM from accurate noise mapping to a full Active Noise
Control application, it is necessary to obtain accurate noise signal estimates
in the time rather than the frequency domain. Further research into the de-
convolution step of the proposed method reveals that discontinuities, appear-
ing across the phase spectrum of the estimated signals, cause ambiguities
that affect the deconvolution process. We propose here the use of the Hartley
transform phase spectrum, which conveys fewer discontinuities as compared
to its Fourier Transform counterpart, while it allows for a discontinuities
compensation scheme. Experimental results verify that phase spectrum pre-
processing provides accurate time domain signal estimates.
3:00
2aNSe9. Research into the improvement of the management of
helicopter noise in the UK. David C. Waddington Acoustics Research
Centre, School of Computing, Science & Engineering, University of Sal-
ford, M5 4WT Salford, UK, d.c.waddington@salford.ac.uk, Paul
Kendrick Acoustics Research Centre, School of Computing, Science &
Engineering, University of Salford, M5 4WT Salford, UK,
p.kendrick@salford.ac.uk, Geoff Kerry Acoustics Research Centre,
School of Computing, Science & Engineering, University of Salford, M5
4WT Salford, UK, g.kerry@salford.ac.uk, Matthew Muirhead QinetiQ
Ltd, Cody Technology Park, Ively Road, GU14 0LX Farnborough, UK,
mmuirhead@qinetiq.com, Ray Browne QinetiQ Ltd, Cody Technology
Park, Ively Road, GU14 0LX Farnborough, UK, rwbrowne@qinetiq.com
Helicopter noise has a negative impact on the quality of life for many
people. Effected populations are not just those living close to heliports, but
include those exposed to noise from helicopters used by emergency services,
the military, and commercial companies. One problem identied in the UK
is that it is often difcult to complain about helicopter noise, since it is un-
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3139 3139 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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clear which organisation is responsible for dealing with the complaint. Con-
sequently, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Defra,
UK has commissioned research to summarise the following: i. the nature
and extent of the concern about helicopter noise in the UK. ii. rules and
regulations governing operations. iii. existing procedures for handling
complaints. This stage of the project will produce a detailed report into the
improvement of the management of helicopter noise. Also to be produced is
a short non-technical guide including the means of redress for perceived
disturbance. This paper will report on the ndings of this project. Work
funded by Defra, UK
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI HAVANE, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aPAa
Physical Acoustics: Acoustics of Porous Media II
Walter Lauriks, Cochair
Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
Keith Attenborough, Cochair
Open University, Department of Design, Development, Materials and Environment, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aPAa1. Sensitivity analysis and non linear parameters estimation of
porous materials from normal sound coefcient absorption
measurements. Mohammed Garoum Ecole Suprieure de Technologie de
Sal, Laboratoire Energtique Matriaux et Environnement, Avenue du
Prince Hritier, BP 227, 10000 Sal, Morocco,
garoum1@yahoo.fr, Rachida Idchabani Ecole Suprieure de Technologie
de Sal, Avenue du Prince Hritier, BP 227, Sal, Morocco,
idchabani@mcinet.gov.ma, Mohammed Tajayouti Ecole Suprieure de
Technologie de Sal, Avenue du Prince Hritier, BP 227, Sal, Morocco,
mtajayouti@gmail.com, Mohammed Rhachi Ecole Suprieure de Tech-
nologie de Sal, Laboratoire Energtique Matriaux et Environnement, Av-
enue du Prince Hritier, BP 227, 10000 Sal, Morocco,
mrhachi@hotmail.com, Antonio Moreno Instituto de Acstica, CSIC,
144 Call Serrano, 28006 Madrid, Spain, amoreno@ia.cetef.csic.es
In literature, various models have been proposed in order to predict char-
acteristic impedance Zc and wave number kc of porous materials. To use
these models their involved nonacoustical parameters i. e. ow resistivity,
tortuosity porosity are usually measured. Unfortunately measurements re-
quire specialised equipments and are often difcult on loose porous materi-
als leading most often to erroneous values. Moreover, the inverse estimation
of theses parameters from experimental data is not an easy task as believed.
This is due to the non linearity of models and the presence of some param-
eters with weak andor linearly dependent inuences. In this work an ap-
proach based on the tradeoff between magnitude and linear independence of
the sensitivity matrix components is presented in order to achieve an ef-
cient ranking of parameters according to their inherent ease of estimation.
Next this approach is associated to Genetic Algorithms to minimize the least
squares norm between measured and modelled normal sound absorption
coefcient. For ve widely used models in literatures, the application of the
proposed inverse estimation procedure on loose granular cork and vegetable
bres, shows that, unlike classical gradient approaches methods, better esti-
mation has been obtained.
8:20
2aPAa2. Characterization of an acoustic ceramic liner in a subsonic
ow by mean of Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Romain Pethieu ONERA,
2, av. Edouard Belin - BP 4025 - Cedex 4, 31055 Toulouse, France, romain
.pethieu@onecert.fr
As aircraft trafc constantly increases, serious efforts are made to reduce
engine noise. Among them, the design of high performance absorbing ma-
terials liners placed on the nacelles internal walls is an exciting challenge.
Optimizing these media requires to know the mechanisms of acoustical
propagation near them in the conditions encountered in jet engines: high
speed hot shear ows. Particular interest is being granted to the inuence of
the grazing ow in contact with the liners. This is due to its known effects
on the liners characteristics: efciency of absorption and frequency
resonance. This inuence is remarkable for those congurations based on
perforated plates. Therefore, a testing method based on non-intrusive mea-
surements has been developed at ONERA. This technique consists in mea-
suring acoustic velocities by laser Doppler velocimetry to determine acous-
tic quantities under grazing turbulent high-speed ow, thanks to an Eulerian-
Lagrangian description of the perturbations. Experimental activity is
performed on a honeycomb material, via the achievement of acoustical pres-
sure and intensity elds, for different Mach numbers. Moreover, these mea-
surements bring into evidence a coupling between acoustical modes and hy-
drodynamic modes from Kelvin-Helmholtz instability which modify the
material acoustical behaviour.
8:40
2aPAa3. The effect of mechanical elasticity on the surface impedance of
a organicinorganic composite aerogel. Winny Dong California State
Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Chemical and Materials
Engineering, Pomona, CA 91768, USA,
winnydong@csupomona.edu, Wayland Dong Veneklasen Associates,
1711 Sixteenth Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA,
wdong@veneklasen.com, Tanya Faltens California State Polytechnic
University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Chemical and Materials Engineering,
Pomona, CA 91768, USA, tafaltens@csupomona.edu, Elizabeth
Scott California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue,
Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pomona, CA 91768, USA,
escott@csupomona.edu, Travis Thompson California State Polytechnic
University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Chemical and Materials Engineering,
Pomona, CA 91768, USA, trthompson@csupomona.edu
Previous reports on the acoustical properties of monolithic silica aero-
gels have indicated that although the materials high porosity, pore tortuos-
ity, and surface area contribute to a low sound velocity in the material, the
rigid matrix of the aerogel exhibit a high reection coefcient. Work by For-
est et al. and others have shown that using granules instead of silica aerogel
monoliths, the acoustical properties can be signicantly enhanced. We report
the acoustic properties of a polydimethylsilicate PDMSsilica composite
aerogel that has both high surface area and a mechanically elastic matrix.
Both monoliths and granules are studied. The surface impedance at normal
incidence as a function of open porosity, pore size distribution, surface area,
elasticity, and granule size will be reported.
3140 3140 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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9:00
2aPAa4. Numerical modeling of transient poroelastic waves in the low
frequency range. Guillaume Chiavassa Ecole Centrale Marseille
MSNM-GP, Technopole de Chateau-Gombert, 13013 Marseille, France,
guillaume.chiavassa@ec-marseille.fr, Bruno Lombard Laboratoire de
Mcanique et dAcoustique LMA, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402
Marseille, France, lombard@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Joel Piraux Laboratoire de
Mcanique et dAcoustique LMA, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402
Marseille, France, piraux@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr
A numerical method is proposed to simulate the propagation of transient
poroelastic waves across heterogeneous media, in the low frequency range.
A velocity-stress formulation of Biots equations is followed, leading to a
rst-order differential system. The latter is splitted in two parts: a propaga-
tive one discretized by a fourth-order ADER scheme, and a diffusive one
solved analytically. Near sources and interfaces, a space-time mesh rene-
ment is implemented to capture the small scales of evolution of the diffusive
slow compressional wave. Lastly, an immersed interface method is imple-
mented to accurately model the jump conditions at interfaces between the
different media. Numerical experiments in one and two dimensions are
shown, with porousporous or uidporous interfaces. Comparisons with
analytical solutions conrm the efciency of the approach. 1 G. Chiavassa,
B. Lombard, J. Piraux, Numerical modeling of 1-D transient poroelastic
waves in the low-frequency range, soumis au J. Comput. Appl. Math.,
2007, disponible sur http:hal.archives-ouvertes.frhal-00193103fr
9:20
2aPAa5. On the scattering of a plane wave by porous sound-absorbing
strip. Alex De Bruijn Independent Acoustical Consultant, Schonenvaard-
ersstraat 18014, 7418 CC Deventer, Netherlands, alex.bruijn@planet.nl
The analysis concerning the scattering of a plane wave by a porous
sound-absorbing strip embedded in an innite sound-hard surface is most
relevant for the evaluation of measurements with respect to absorbing ma-
terials tested in a reverberation room. This diffraction phenomenon around
the edges leads to an additional sound absorption, the so-called edge effect.
This extra absorption can be analyzed and computed - among other well-
known methods - by using a spatial Fourier eld expansion just on the ab-
sorbing strip. The eld in the space above the reecting surface can be put
into a contour integral of an angular spectrum in the complex plane or -in
other words- a superposition of plane waves with complex angles of
incidence. Matching both eld representations leads to the solution of the
unknown coefcients of the Fourier expansion and hence to the amplitudes
of the total diffracted eld. It would be interesting to compare these results
with diffraction data obtained via an alternative technique: the Finite-
Difference Time-Domain method using the direct Euler equations, also
within the porous sound-absorbing material. The paper will show the data
for the eld amplitudes obtained by both methods and will discuss the
agreement and differences.
9:40
2aPAa6. Analysis of porous platewater layered structures by means of
the transition terms method. Ferroudja Belhocine LOMC FRE CNRS
3102, Universit du Havre, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 le Havre, France,
ferroudja.belhocine@univ-lehavre.fr, Serge Derible LOMC FRE CNRS
3102, Universit du Havre, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 le Havre, France,
serge.derible@univ-lehavre.fr, Cole Franklin 1241 East dyer road, Santa
Ana, CA 92672, USA, colesfranklin@yahoo.com
This paper is devoted to the study of water-saturated porous platewater
layered structures by means of the transition terms dened from the reec-
tion and transmission coefcients R and T as follows:
TT
sym
1-RT2i , TT
asym
1-R-T2i. They are the eigenvalues of
the scattering matrix of the water-immersed structure and are directly con-
nected with its symmetric or antisymmetric vibrations. The N porous plates
associated in our structures obey Biots theory which is rst used to calcu-
late the reection and transmission coefcients of a unique water-saturated
plate. An induction on N process allows to nd the reection and transmis-
sion coefcients of a given N platewater-layer structure. The plates used in
the experiments at normal incidence are 5mm thick. The reection and
transmission coefcients of sets of 1, 2, 3, and 4 water immersed plates,
separated from each other by a 1cm water gap, are measured thanks to two
wideband transducers with central frequency 0.5MHz. There are good
agreements between the calculated and experimental transition terms which
exhibit the symmetric and antisymmetric resonances of the structures. They
obey the Breit-Wigner resonant form which characteristics can be obtained
10:00
2aPAa7. On the adsorption-desorption relaxation time of carbon in
very narrow ducts. Timothy J. Mellow Nokia, Nokia House, Summit
Avenue, GU14 0NG Farnborough, UK, tim.mellow@nokia.com, Olga
Umnova University of Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Build-
ing, M5 4WT Salford, UK, o.umnova@salford.ac.uk, Konstantinos
Drossos University of Southampton: Institute of Sound and Vibration Re-
search, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK,
kd806@soton.ac.uk, Keith Holland University of Southampton: Institute
of Sound and Vibration Research, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ
Southampton, UK, krh@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Andrew Flewitt University of
Cambridge: Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, 9, JJ Thomson
Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK, ajf@eng.cam.ac.uk, Leo
Krkkinen Nokia Research Center, Itmerenkatu 11 - 13, 00180 Helsinki,
Finland, leo.m.karkkainen@nokia.com
Loudspeakers generally have boxes to prevent rear wave cancellation at
low frequencies. However, the stiffness of the air in a small box reduces the
diaphragms excursion at low frequencies. Hence the size of the box is gen-
erally a compromise between low frequency performance and practicality.
Activated carbon has been found to increase the apparent size of a given box
through adsorption of the air molecules when the pressure increases and
likewise desorption when it decreases. However, the exact viscous effects in
the granular structure are difcult to model. Thus it is impossible determine
the high frequency limit due to the natural adsorptiondesorption relaxation
time in the absence of viscous losses. In this study, a tube model is presented
which takes into viscous and thermal losses with boundary slip together with
adsorption. Impedance measurements are performed on an array of 12 mil-
lion holes, each 2 micrometers in diameter, etched in a 0.5 mm thick silicon
wafer so that the viscous and thermal losses can be veried against the
model without adsorption. Impedance measurements are then performed on
an array of holes coated with graphite in order to create an activated carbon-
like structure, thus enabling the adsorptiondesorption relaxation time to be
evaluated.
10:20
2aPAa8. Acoustic pulse attenuation and transmission in rigid porous
media: Experimental investigation and numerical simulations. Diego
Turo University of Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Building,
M5 4WT Salford, UK, d.turo@pgr.salford.ac.uk, Olga
Umnova University of Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Build-
ing, M5 4WT Salford, UK, o.umnova@salford.ac.uk
This paper presents an investigation on acoustic pulse attenuation and
transmission in rigid porous media. Transmission measurements of acoustic
pulses through porous material with a rigid frame were performed using an
appropriate standing wave tube. A vertical tube was built to make measure-
ments on granular materials. The inuence of pulse duration, layer thickness
and material microstructure on the transmission has been investigated. Nu-
merical time domain simulations based on two different semi-empirical
models with one and two viscous relaxation times, respectively, were per-
formed to compare with existing data. First, material microstructure and
pulse durations were adapted to investigate the inuence of viscous and in-
ertial effects on pulse propagation separately. The simultaneous contribution
of both viscous and thermal effects was then investigated. In the nite dif-
ference time domain FDTD model, different approaches are used to cor-
rectly simulate the pulse transmission through a porous layer. Accuracy and
computational time required for the numerical methodologies have been
compared and their advantages and drawbacks applied to this particular case
shown.
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3141 3141 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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10:40-11:00 Break
11:00
2aPAa9. On the inuence of the micro-geometry on sound propagation
through periodic array of cylinders. Rodolfo Venegas University of
Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford,
UK, R.G.VenegasCastillo@pgr.salford.ac.uk, Olga Umnova University of
Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford,
UK, o.umnova@salford.ac.uk
Sound propagation in rigid porous media has been widely studied by us-
ing macroscopical models. These models make use of averaged quantities in
which the microscopic details of the porous media geometry are represented
by macroscopical parameters and, in a certain way, the inuence of the mi-
croscopic geometry is not directly identied. In this paper, homogenization
theory and nite element method are used for solving the full microscopic
dynamic ow and dynamic heat problems for a porous medium modelled as
an idealized geometry consisting of a periodic array of cylinders. Different
cross-section shapes of the cylinders circular, ellipsoidal and square cross-
section shapes and a wide range of porosity values are considered. The in-
uence of the microscopic features of the porous media on dynamic perme-
ability and dynamic compressibility is also studied.
11:20
2aPAa10. Acoustic emission before avalanches in granular media.
Vincent Gibiat Universit Paul Sabatier, PHASE, 118, route de Narbonne,
31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France, gibiat@cict.fr, Eric Plazza Universit
Paul Sabatier, PHASE, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9,
France, ericvpp@hotmail.com, Pierre De Guibert Universit Paul Sa-
batier, PHASE, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France,
dguibert@cict.fr
Avalanches of granular media are mainly characterized by the observa-
tion and the measurement of the main angles of avalanche corresponding
rst to the movement of isolated beads and to the whole movement of a
great part of the grains. These characterisations do not give any information
about the rearrangements of the grains inside the layer of granular beads. As
any movement of a grain produces a deformation of the structure it is quite
normal to expect for a sound that will propagate inside the granular medium.
We present an experimental study of the precursors of avalanches on spheri-
cal granular glass beads and silica aerogels in powder size of grains less
than 80 micrometers. Acoustic emission has been recorded with two piezo-
electric transducers placed on the lower part of the material layer. Our re-
sults show clearly that before any movement on the upper part of the beads
layer, so for an angle less than the rst angle of avalanche, movements in-
side the material produce pulsed sounds that can be recorded. Theses vibrat-
ing events are occurring more and more when the angle is increasing until
the rst angle of avalanche where acoustic emission becomes intense.
11:40
2aPAa11. On heterogeneous blankets: Analytical solution for the
interaction between masses and poro-elastic layers. Kamal
Idrisi Virginia Tech, Mechanical Engineering, 143 Durham 0238, Blacks-
burg, VA 24061, USA, idrisi@vt.edu, Andreas Wagner Virginia Tech,
Mechanical Engineering, 143 Durham 0238, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA,
andreasw@vt.edu, Marty Johnson Virginia Tech, Mechanical Engineer-
ing, 143 Durham 0238, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA,
martyj@vt.edu, David Bartylla Virginia Tech, Mechanical Engineering,
143 Durham 0238, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, bartylla@vt.edu
There has been substantial research over the last ve decades on control
of aircraft cabin noise. One new passive approach is the heterogeneous HG
blanket where a traditional acoustic blanket treatment is altered by adding
mass inhomogeneities into the poro-elasticviscoelastic layers. These masses
act like distributed vibration absorbers and can be used to reduce vibration
and sound transmission by targeting modes of the fuselage. The natural fre-
quency of a mass inhomogeneity is determined by the mass itself and by the
effective stiffness of the porous layer due to the massporo interaction. An
experimental 1st order approach to predict the effective stiffness based on
the shape of the mass inhomogeneities is reviewed. An analytical model for
poro-elastic media proposed by Allard et al. was simplied for low frequen-
cies and is used to validate and extend the 1st order approach. It is shown
that the effective stiffness depends on mass shape, the foam thickness and
material constants such as the modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio. Fur-
thermore the model can be used to calculate the stress and displacements
elds in the blanket in order to give further insight into the behaviour of the
HG blankets.
12:00
2aPAa12. Inuence of boundary slip on the acoustical properties of
microbrous absorbents. Olga Umnova University of Salford, Acoustics
Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK,
o.umnova@salford.ac.uk, David Tsiklauri University of Salford, Acous-
tics Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK,
d.tsiklauri@salford.ac.uk, Rodolfo Venegas University of Salford, Acous-
tics Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, R.G
.VenegasCastillo@pgr.salford.ac.uk
In the past decades a variety of new highly porous materials with un-
usually small pores have been manufactured. In aerogels, for instance, pores
can be less than 20 nm in diameter. The conventional models have to be
modied when applied to describe acoustical properties of those materials.
The non-slip condition on a pore surface is no longer valid and needs to be
replaced by the Knudsen boundary condition. In attempt to provide an in-
sight into the behaviour of microbrous materials, an analytical model has
been developed, which accounts for the boundary slip in a medium consist-
ing of rigid parallel bres assuming different directions of sound propaga-
tion with respect to bres. It has been shown that the presence of the bound-
ary slip leads to a signicant change in model predictions. For instance, in a
material with bre radius 80 nm and 95% porosity the sound speed de-
creases and attenuation increases by more than 20% compared to the values
obtained assuming no boundary slip. The effect is stronger for smaller size
bres, lower porosity values and for sound propagating parallel to bres.
Numerical computations have been performed to simulate oscillatory ow
around the cylindrical bres assuming Knudsen boundary conditions and the
results have been compared with the analytical model predictions
12:20
2aPAa13. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Water conned in Vycor.
Riccardo Cucini European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS,
Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy,
cucini@lens.uni.it, Andrea Taschin European Lab. for Non-Linear
Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto
Fiorentino Fi, Italy, taschin@lens.uni.it, Paolo Bartolini European
Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Car-
rara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy, bart@lens.uni.it, Renato
Torre European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di
Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy, torre@lens
.uni.it
We present measurements on water conned in Vycor 7930 by
heterodyne-detected transient grating experiments HD-TG 1. We studied
the acoustic wave propagation, the thermal diffusion and the liquid viscous
ow through the pores as a function of temperature -15 - 90 C and of the
exchanged q-vector 0.63 - 2.5 m
-1
. The data show interesting aspects due
partly to the connement effects and partly to the peculiarities of bulk water.
Acoustic results are compared with the predictions of the Biot theory nding
a good agreement only for the sound velocity data, while the predictions for
the acoustic wave attenuation is poor as just reported in 2. Our technique
is able to induce a thermal grating inside the sample. The analysis of the
data requires an extension of the Biot theory, that takes into account the tem-
perature variations. Surprisingly, our data show that the acoustic oscillation
are not affected by the temperature. The induced thermal grating is also used
to analyze the viscous ow of water inside the pores and the thermal
diffusion. 1 Time-resolved spectroscopy of complex liquids, edited by
Torre R. Springer, New York 2008 2 A. Taschin, R. Cucini, P. Bartolini,
R. Torre, Europhys. Lett., in press.
3142 3142 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 351, 8:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2aPAb
Physical Acoustics: Diffraction of Waves on Periodical Structures: Acoustic, Ultrasonic, and Acousto-Optical
Diffraction Phenomena I
Nico F. Declercq, Cochair
Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, Metz, 57070, France
Nataliya Polikarpova, Cochair
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
Invited Papers
8:00
2aPAb1. Spectral instruments based on acousto-optical tunable lters: advantages and prospects. Vladislav Pustovoit
Scientic Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of RAS, ul.Butlerova, 15, 117342 Moscow, Russian Federation,
np@ckbup.dol.ru, Vitold Pozhar Scientic Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of RAS, ul.Butlerova, 15, 117342 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, aoslab@ckbup.dol.ru
A review of modern spectral techniques and instruments using acousto-optical tunable lters AOTF is presented. New approaches
for spectrometers and spectral systems development are considered. The following instruments are described: a series of compact spec-
trometers and spectrophotometers of ultra-violet, visible, and infra-red ranges for Raman, uorescence, and absorption spectroscopy for
various applications, including out-of-door measurements; spectroradiometers for environment monitoring open air, Earth surface, sub-
surface and depth seawater, specialised spectral equipment for industrial monitoring microelectronics, alcoholometry, imaging spec-
tral devices, time-resolve uorescent spectrometers, and instruments for differential spectroscopy. Also some fundamental problems of
AOTF-based spectroscopy are considered: spectrogram correction of instrument function distortions, ultimate spectral resolution of
different methods, modulation techniques for instrument function synthesizing, optimization of measurement procedures, including
adaptive algorithms. Basic trends of the past 30 years of AOTF-based spectroscopy development are formulated. The most promising
ideas are discussed.
8:20
2aPAb2. Advances in acousto-optic devices based on frequency intermodulations suppression. Valeriy V. Proklov IRE RAS,
11 Mokhovaya str., build.7, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation, proklov@mail.cplire.ru, Sergey Antonov IRE RAS, 11
Mokhovaya str., build.7, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation, olga-ant@yandex.ru, Yury Rezvov IRE RAS, 11 Mokhovaya str.,
build.7, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation, rezvov@newmsk.tula.net, Alexander Vainer IRE RAS, 11 Mokhovaya str., build.7,
125009 Moscow, Russian Federation, sawashi@yandex.ru
The limitative inuence of the frequency intermodulation effect on the most important parameters in a big family of acousto-optic
AO devices is well known. The proposed presentation deals with new principles and related technical tools to perform signicant
suppression of the inherent intermodulation effects within broadband AO devices. The different AO interaction mechanisms in solids
offering the intermodulations decrease have been considered. On this basis there were theoretically established and experimentally veri-
ed facilities to design a few types of advanced AO devices for a wideband signal processing with the extended spurious free dynamic
range, as well as for a exible laser beam forming with extremely high efciency and etc.
Contributed Paper
8:40
2aPAb3. Periodically non-homogeneous acoustic beams and their
application in acousto-optics. Vladimir I. Balakshy Dept. of Physics,
M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Vorobyevy Gory, Bldg. 1, 119991
Moscow, Russian Federation, balakshy@phys.msu.ru, Bogumil B.
Linde Inst. of Exper. Physics, Univ. of Gdask, Ul. Wita Stwosza, Bldg.
57, 80-952 Gdask, Poland, zbl@univ.gda.pl
Light diffraction by ultrasonic waves is of great interest in the view of
both fundamental physics and diverse applications. Acousto-optic devices
are used for modulation of optical wave parameters, for optical information
processing in real time, etc. In the given research, basic attention has been
focused on the analysis of characteristics of anisotropic acousto-optic cells
in which acoustic waves are excited by means of a phased array of
transducers. Current technology makes it possible to create easily such
transducers with antiphase excitation of adjacent elements of the array. The
directional diagram of this composite transducer consists of several lobes
whose spatial orientation varies with frequency. This peculiarity results in
changing the Bragg condition. In the case of the anisotropic acousto-optic
diffraction, every branch of the Bragg angle frequency dependence is split
into several curves. This opens up new possibilities for optimization of
acousto-optic devices. In this work, we have analyzed amplitude, frequency
and angular characteristics of the phased transducer cells depending on crys-
tal cut and transducer parameters. In particular, it has been shown that, in
spite of a noticeable phase mismatch between interacting waves, the diffrac-
tion efciency can approach 100%.
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3143 3143 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Invited Paper
9:00
2aPAb4. Differential properties of acousto-optical tunable lters in phase-modulation mode. Vitold Pozhar Scientic Tech-
nological Center of Unique Instrumentation of RAS, ul.Butlerova, 15, 117342 Moscow, Russian Federation,
aoslab@ckbup.dol.ru, Vladislav Pustovoit Scientic Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of RAS, ul.Butlerova, 15,
117342 Moscow, Russian Federation, np@ckbup.dol.ru, Sergey Beryoza Scientic Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation
of RAS, ul.Butlerova, 15, 117342 Moscow, Russian Federation, bruce_lee_22@mail.ru
Tailoring the transmission function of acousto-optical tunable lters AOTF via acoustic waves control is one of the most chal-
lenging tasks, which is promising for optical spectroscopy applications. In our early work it was theoretically predicted and experi-
mentally demonstrated that collinear AOTF with fast periodic phase manipulation exhibits differential properties, in particular capability
of detection spectrum derivatives. In the report, the form of the instrument function of such AOTF was measured with use of Ne-lamp
linear spectrum. Comparison to theoretically calculated function shows rather good agreement. Also the form of window of equivalent
differential lter was determined and proved to be quite similar to AOTF classical window. Advantages of using this differential de-
tection technique are considered. Its applicability to uorescence spectroscopy is discussed.
Contributed Papers
9:20
2aPAb5. Quasicollinear acoustooptic tunable lters based on KDP
single crystal. Vladimir Molchanov Technological State Univ., Moscow
Steel and Alloys Institute, Leninsky prospect, 4, 119049 Moscow, Russian
Federation, v_molchanov@smtp.ru, Sergei Chizhikov Technological
State Univ., Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute, Leninsky prospect, 4,
119049 Moscow, Russian Federation, aocenter@mail.ru, Oleg
Makarov Molecular Technology GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29-31, 12489
Berlin, Germany, moltech@mt-berlin.com
The paper is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of
acoustooptical tunable lters, based on quasicollinear geometry of light-
sound interaction in KDP single crystal. This geometry uses the effect of
acoustic anisotropy in KDP, as well as peculiarities of acoustic wave reec-
tions from the free boundary of KDP crystal. The mathematical approach for
determination of optical and consructional characteristics of the lters is
elaborated. Different types of quasicollinear lters are considered. The l-
ters are intended for UV-VIS regions of optical radiation. The experimental
acoustooptical lter was designed and investigated. Typical tunable spectral
band is 220-500 nm, the spectral resolution doesnt exceed 0.1 nm in UV
region of spectra. The experimental data are in a good agreement with the
predicted one. This research is supported by RFBR grants # 07-02-12238
and # 07-02-01195.
9:40-10:00 Break
10:00
2aPAb6. Surface prole investigations by means of acousto-optic
technique. Boris S. Gurevich Scientic Instruments, Rizhsky prospekt
26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
bgurevich@mail.ru, Valentine V. Shapovalov Intelligent Software Sys-
tems, Nevsky pr. 190, 193317 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
Shapovalov@incomsys.ru, Sergey V. Andreyev Scientic Instruments,
Rizhsky prospekt 26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
svan51@mail.ru, Andrey V. Belyaev Institute for analytical instrumenta-
tion RAS, Rizhsky pr. 26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
bgurevich@mail.ru, Ilya A. Kolesov Intelligent Software Systems,
Nevsky pr. 190, 193317 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, ilkak@mail.ru
Acousto-optic tunable lters AOTF represent a very strong tool in dif-
ferent kinds of investigations where high rate light wavelength variations are
required. The rough surfaces prole investigation is among the problems
which can be solved partially by this way. Our investigations have been con-
nected with use of AOTF and lens components with strong chromatic
aberration. One of the problems was to choose the z-distance resolving
power criterion. The proposed criterion is dened by the admissible prob-
ability to miss information unit regarding the object characterization in
z-distance. In our experiments we used the specially elaborated AOTF based
on tellurium dioxide crystal with transmission bandwidth of several nm,
depending on the central wavelength position. Also we have used the lenses
fabricated with tellurium dioxide because this material provides high chro-
matic aberrations. The results of experiments are discussed from the point of
view of the AOTF possibilities to increase the z-distance resolving power in
comparison with existing systems. The 90%-probability distinguishing of
defocusing while electric frequency variation of 200 kHz, can be considered
as serious advantage. The device improvement can be attained by means of
the noise level decreasing to the level taking place for electric frequency of
94 MHz.
10:20
2aPAb7. Transformation of Acoustic Modes in Case of Arbitrary
Reection in Acousto-Optic Crystals. Nataliya Polikarpova M.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, Leninskie
gory 1 bldg. 2, Division of Oscillations, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federa-
tion, polikarp@phys.msu.ru, Vitaly Voloshinov M.V. Lomonosov Mos-
cow State University, Faculty of Physics, Vorobevy Gory, MSU, 119991
Moscow, Russian Federation, volosh@phys.msu.ru, Nico F.
Declercq Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME, UMI
Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France, nico
.declercq@me.gatech.edu
The phenomenon of unusual reection of plane elastic waves is exam-
ined in the crystalline compounds of tellurium and mercury. It is predicted
and registered in experiments that energy ow of one of the reected waves
may propagate practically in a back direction with respect to an incident en-
ergy ow. This phenomenon is observed in the materials with a strong an-
isotropy of elastic properties. In the case of inclined incidence, the reection
may take place strictly in the back direction with respect to the intrinsic en-
ergy ow. Moreover, all incident elastic energy may be reected in a form of
a back elastic wave. The analysis was carried out for all exisiting cases of
inclined incidence in the crystals. It was proved that relative intensity of the
unusually reected wave might be close to a unit in a wide variety of inci-
dence and cut angles in the crystals. A comparative analysis of the effect in
new anisotropic materials and in the well-known crystals has been carried
out. Since the crystals under investigation possess relatively high magni-
tudes of acousto-optic gure of merit, e.g. paratellurite and calomel, princi-
pal results of the research are of signicance in development of new gen-
erations of acousto-optic devices.
10:40
2aPAb8. Optimization of KDP-based acousto-optic imaging lters.
Konstantin B. Yushkov Moscow State University, Phisical Faculty, Lenin-
skie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, protonoa@mail.ru
Acousto-optic devices can perform spatial and spectral tunable ltration
of light with the use of anisotropic Bragg diffraction. In the near UV range
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of spectrum, KDP single crystals provide the highest acousto-optic gure of
merit among uniaxial crystals. The report is devoted to the problem of op-
timization of the lter parameters in order to maximize angle aperture of the
instruments. It was found that the maximum angle aperture of wide angle
tunable acousto-optic lters is equal to 3 degrees in air at output of the KDP
crystals. This magnitude of the angle aperture is limited by a narrow deec-
tion angle of light in KDP that is due to a relatively low birefringence of the
material. The investigation showed that the diffraction efciency of light de-
pends on the dimensions of the acousto-optic cell, i.e. linear aperture and
length of a piezoelectric transducer. A discussion on trade-off between trans-
mission coefcient and the spatial resolution in the lter is presented in the
report.
11:00
2aPAb9. Acousto-optic collinear diffraction of arbitrary polarized
light. Sergey Mantsevich Dept. of Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow
State Univ., Vorobyevy Gory, Bldg. 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
manboxx@mail.ru, Vladimir I. Balakshy Dept. of Physics, M.V
.Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Vorobyevy Gory, Bldg. 1, 119991 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, balakshy@phys.msu.ru
Acousto-optic collinear diffraction of light is a type of light scattering
interesting as a physical phenomenon and important from practical point of
view. This type of diffraction is used in tunable acousto-optic lters. In this
case, the incident light has to be linearly polarized along one of the acousto-
optic crystal anisotropy axes. If the incident light is not primordially polar-
ized, a polarizer should be disposed at the input of the acousto-optic cell.
Unfortunately, this leads to loss of half the light power. The present work is
devoted to theoretical and experimental investigation of collinear acousto-
optic interaction peculiarities that arise when the incident optical beam is not
polarized. It is shown that the output diffraction spectrum in the general case
contains four components which have different polarization and frequency.
Beating of these components leads to modulation of light intensity passed
through the output analyzer. In this work, dependences of modulation com-
ponents amplitudes on frequency and power of the acoustic wave are exam-
ined for different polarizer and analyzer orientations.
Invited Paper
11:20
2aPAb10. Ultrasonic diffraction grating spectroscopy: particle size measurements and investigation of the inertial model for
attenuation. Margaret Greenwood Pacic Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Mailstop K5-26, Richland, Wa, WA
99352, USA, margaret.greenwood@pnl.gov
The experimental setup consists of a unit with a grating machined on the surface of the unit. Send and receive transducers are placed
at equal angles to the grating surface that is in contact with a slurry. The transmitted beam of spectral order m 1 reaches an angle of
90 at the so-called critical frequency, where it becomes an evanescent wave that interacts with particles in the slurry. As a result of this
interaction, the signal in the receive transducer exhibits a dependence upon particle size of the slurry. Data will be presented for slurries
of polystyrene spheres, ranging in size from 45 m to 467 m, as a function of the volume fraction. The velocity of sound is also
determined from the critical frequency. The distributions will be compared with the viscous and inertial models. The results show that
larger particle sizes can be understood in terms of the inertial model, while the smaller sizes can be explained as a result of scattering.
Also, arguments will be presented to show that this technique can probe the inertial model, without the simultaneous observation of
scattering effects. Such studies can improve the theoretical interpretation of standard attenuation measurements.
Contributed Paper
11:40
2aPAb11. Non-reciprocity of acousto-optic interaction at high acoustic
frequencies. Yury Dobrolenskiy M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Univer-
sity, Faculty of Physics, Vorobevy Gory, MSU, 119991 Moscow, Russian
Federation, dobrolenskiy@phys.msu.ru, Vitaly Voloshinov M.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Vorobevy Gory,
MSU, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, volosh@phys.msu.ru, Yury
Zyuryukin Saratov State Technical University, Politechnicheskaja str., 77,
410054 Saratov, Russian Federation, phys@sstu.ru
Modern acousto-optic AO tunable lters have reached the values of
spectral resolution exceeding 104 and operate with acoustic frequencies up
to a few gigahertzes. At such high frequencies and such narrow bandwidths,
there appear effects so far neglected. Among them there is non-reciprocity of
AO interaction. It consists in the fact that acoustic frequency of light dif-
fraction by ultrasound is different when optic beams propagate in directions
opposite to each other. In the present research, the new effect has been stud-
ied theoretically and experimentally for the example of collinear AO
diffraction. Theoretical analysis and calculations related to particular AO
materials have shown that the effect is essential at acoustic frequencies
about 1 GHz and higher. The value of the non-reciprocal shift of acoustic
frequency can be as high as the frequency bandwidth of the lter. The effect
has also been registered and investigated experimentally in a sample of
lithium niobate crystal. The experimental data has totally conrmed the the-
oretical analysis. Therefore, it has been proved that the non-reciprocal effect
inuences the parameters of AO diffraction and, consequently, operation of
AO lters at high frequencies. On the other hand, one can design devices,
e.g. directional couples, exactly based on the non-reciprocity.
Invited Paper
12:00
2aPAb12. Critical cone channelling in directly bonded wafers. Evgeny Twerdowski Institute of Experimental Physics II, Uni-
versity of Leipzig, Linnstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, twerdowski@physik.uni-leipzig.de, Moritz Von Buttlar Institute of Experi-
mental Physics II, University of Leipzig, Linnstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, vbuttlar@physik.uni-leipzig.de, Reinhold
Wannemacher Institute of Experimental Physics II, University of Leipzig, Linnstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,
wannemacher@physik.uni-leipzig.de, Wolfgang Grill Institute of Experimental Physics II, University of Leipzig, Linnstr. 5, 04103
Leipzig, Germany, grill@physik.uni-leipzig.de
Directly bonded semiconductor wafers have been investigated using ultrasonic transmission tomography and imaging of the phonon
focusing patterns at ultrasonic frequencies. Beside of total disbonds, several bonded wafers contained defects that are fully transparent
to normally incident waves of longitudinal polarization, and are fully opaque to those of transverse polarization. These defects, which
are due to slip boundary conditions at the wafer-wafer interface, generate an additional acoustic mode by mode conversion at the
interface. The additional mode is clearly observable in the experimental phonon focusing patterns and is indicative of the critical cone
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channelling phenomenon, which is caused by the generation of pseudo-surface and head waves at weakly bonded solid-solid interfaces.
The effect is also expected to be present in the case of weakly-bonded isotropic materials. Since the strong pseudo-surface wave reso-
nance exists only in the case of boundary conditions that allow for the relative displacement of the two adjoining media along the
interface, the critical cone channelling effect can serve as a measure of the type and quality of the bond.
Contributed Papers
12:20
2aPAb13. Sound waves in 3D periodic granular materials. Orion
Mouraille UTwente, Multi Scale Mechanics, P.O.Box 217, 7500 AE En-
schede, Netherlands, o.j.p.mouraille@utwente.nl, Stefan
Luding UTwente, Multi Scale Mechanics, P.O.Box 217, 7500 AE En-
schede, Netherlands, s.luding@utwente.nl
The sound propagation mechanisms inside dense granular matter, even
for periodical structures, are challenging the attempts to describe it because
of the discrete nature of the material. Phenomena like dissipation, scattering,
and dispersion are hard to predict based on the material state andor prop-
erties and vice-versa. We propose here a simulation method using dynamic
discrete elements in order to get more insight in this problem. The small
perturbation created on one side of a dense, static regular packing of grains
is examined during its propagation and when it arrives at the opposite side.
Both longitudinal and shear perturbation are studied and an interesting
wave-acceleration is observed 1. Moreover the rotational degree of free-
dom permits to observe the role of rotations in the wave propagation. The
control of the inter-particle forces like, contact potential, cohesion and fric-
tion make possible to observe the effect of these micro-parameters on the
macro-behavior at the wave scale. Long term goal is to predict the large-
scale macroscopic material behavior from the microscopic structure and ma-
terial parameters. 1 O. Mouraille, WA Mulder and S. Luding: Sound wave
acceleration in granular materials, J. Stat. Mech. 2006 P07023.
12:40
2aPAb14. Bragg light diffraction in nontransparent crystals. Farkhad
Akhmedzhanov Navoi State Mine Institute, 27a Yuzhnaya Street, 210100
Navoi, Uzbekistan, farkhad2@yahoo.com
As is well known, in absolutely transparent crystals an acoustooptical
interaction is lacking. In this connections acoustooptical investigations are
presented greatest interest in optical range, in which the crystal is not
transparent. In order to carry out similar experiments, it is necessary to use
the crystal with a small light absorption coefcient at applied wavelength.
The main problem is selection of an appropriate buffer crystal that the light
beam can penetrate into sample by Bragg angle at required frequency. At
present work the acoustooptical properties of Si crystal were investigated at
light wavelength 632.8 nm. Dy
2
S
3
crystals were used as a buffer sample. It
was detected the diffracted light intensity is much more powerful in com-
parison with that for LiNbO
3
crystals. Acoustooptical efciency M2 it is
dened the acoustic-optical quality of material has been calculated from the
values of optic coefcients and elastic constants for appropriate directions of
sound and light. The results of executed investigations have shown the pos-
sibility of determination of acoustooptical properties of nontransparent crys-
tals by Bragg diffraction method. At that rate, the very high intensity of dif-
fracted light can be obtained in comparison with that in transparent crystals.
1:00-2:00 Lunch Break
Invited Paper
2:00
2aPAb15. Theory of resonant acoustic transmission through subwavelength apertures. Johan Christensen Universidad Au-
tnoma de Madrid, Departamento de Fsica Terica de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, C-V, 28049 Madrid, Spain,
johan.christensen@uam.es, Luis Martn-Moreno Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Fsica de la Materia Condensada, In-
stituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragn, C Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, lmm@unizar.es, Francisco Jose
Garca-Vidal Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Departamento de Fsica Terica de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias,
C-V, 28049 Madrid, Spain, fj.garcia@uam.es
The discovery of the phenomenon of extraordinary optical transmission through a two-dimensional array of subwavelength holes in
a metallic lm has opened a new line of research within optics. The key role played by surface plasmons in transferring light efciently
from the input side of the metal lm to the output region was soon realized. This fundamental knowledge enabled extension of this
surface-plasmon ability to achieve extraordinary optical transmission and strong collimation of light in a single hole surrounded by a
nite periodic array of indentations. Here, we show how these ideas developed for electromagnetic radiation can be transferred to other
classical waves such as acoustic waves.
Contributed Papers
2:20
2aPAb16. Theoretical and experimental ultrasonic investigation of a
thin plate with regions of different periodic double-corrugations. Sarah
W. Herbison Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME, UMI
Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France,
sherbison@gatech.edu, Nico F. Declercq Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W.
Woodruff School of ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi,
57070 Metz, France, nico.declercq@me.gatech.edu
In order to provide a qualitative measurement of the depth of periodic
double-corrugations existing on both sides of a thin plate, theoretical and
experimental ultrasonic techniques have been applied. The aesthetic galva-
nized steel sheets under investigation contain many regions of periodic
double-corrugations, each region with a different corrugation depth. An ul-
trasonic technique is investigated as a means to improve existing optical
testing techniques in quality and speed. Theoretical simulations using the
theory of diffraction from periodically corrugated surfaces have been em-
ployed to obtain reection spectra to facilitate qualitative observations re-
garding the depth of the corrugation in the different regions. Experiments to
obtain reection spectra correlate well with the theoretical simulations, and
show the application of ultrasound to the qualitative measurement of the
corrugation depth. Because the wavelengths necessary to make the investi-
gations produce Lamb waves, some difculty lies in the generation of dif-
fracted bulk waves and Lamb waves. The research shows that correlations
between theory and experiments exist, but they can only be obtained after
thorough simulations that do not produce easy to apply rules of thumb.
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2:40
2aPAb17. BEM analysis of plane waves scattered from periodic
surfaces. Mahesh Bansal Institute of Technical Acoustics, Tech. Univ.
Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, 10587 Berlin, Germany, mbansal.iitk
@gmail.com, Wolfgang Ahnert Ahnert Feistel Media Group, Arkonastr.
45-49, 13189 Berlin, Germany, wahnert@ada-acousticdesign.de, Stefan
Feistel Ahnert Feistel Media Group, Arkonastr. 45-49, 13189 Berlin, Ger-
many, sfeistel@afmg.eu
Periodic surfaces like stairs, seats and repetitive designs on walls are
very common and integral part of room acoustics. Effective simulation of
the sound eld inside enclosures requires the investigation of scattering
from such periodic surfaces. In this work, we perform BEM analysis to cal-
culate the scattering coefcients of different samples. For comparison pur-
poses we also introduce a simple point-source based model to calculate the
scattered wave fronts. Both approaches are implemented in a computational
tool called EASE Scatterer. The incident plane waves are considered at vari-
ous angles and scattered waves computed in both models are then compared
with the measured data. It is found that while the point-source model can
give reasonable asymptotic results, the BEM model matches with the mea-
surement data signicantly better in quantity and quality. Moreover, a study
by varying the number of periods for the given sample is also performed.
3:00
2aPAb18. Diffraction phenomena associated with a composite plate
containing an interior periodically corrugated interface. Sarah W.
Herbison Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME, UMI
Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France,
sherbison@gatech.edu, Nico F. Declercq Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W.
Woodruff School of ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi,
57070 Metz, France, nico.declercq@me.gatech.edu
The interest in the study and applications of phononic crystals has natu-
rally lead to the investigation of other novel periodic structures. The present
work examines the case of a plate constructed of two solid layers of differ-
ing elastic properties separated by a periodically corrugated interface. It is
shown how the dispersion curves are inuenced by the internal corrugated
interface and how they evolve as a function of the magnitude of this
corrugation. Internal diffraction effects alter the dispersion properties and
thus have an important effect on the composite when it is used as an acoustic
lter. These effects are also important for the transmission and reection of
sound when the composite is used as a panel or when it is the intention to
generate Lamb waves to investigate the composite plate nondestructively.
3:20
2aPAb19. Multiple scattering of acoustic waves from two transversely
isotropic cylinders. Sina Sodagar Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.
N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Molla Sadra Ave., Vanak Sq.,
Postal code 1999143344, 16579 Tehran, Iran,
ssodagar@alborz.kntu.ac.ir, Farhang Honarvar Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Molla Sadra
Ave., Vanak Sq., Postal code 1999143344, 16579 Tehran, Iran, honarvar
@mie.utoronto.ca, Anthony N. Sinclair Department of Mechanical Engi-
neering, University of Toronto, 5 Kings College Road, Toronto, ON M5S
1A4, Canada, sinclair@mie.utoronto.ca
The study of the interaction of acoustic waves with cylindrical structures
has numerous applications including the ultrasonic nondestructive testing of
materials. The scattered pressure eld from a submerged cylinder contains
valuable information about its physical properties. Scattering of acoustic
waves from single cylindrical components including solid cylinders, shells,
and multilayered cylinders has been of interest during the past two decades.
These studies include theoretical modeling, numerical calculations, and ex-
perimental measurements of the scattered eld of these objects. The more
complex problem of multiple scattering from a grating of cylindrical com-
ponents has also been considered during the past few years. These studies
usually deal with either rigid or isotropic cylindrical objects. In this paper,
the mathematical modeling for the scattering of plane acoustic waves from
two adjacent innite anisotropic solid cylinders will be presented. The type
of anisotropy considered is transverse isotropy hexagonal symmetry. The
mathematical model accounts for the effects of the scattered led of each
cylinder on the total resultant pressure eld. Numerical calculations are used
to verify the validity of the developed mathematical model.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Papers
5:20
2aPAb20. Phononic crystals in the diffraction regime. Vincent
Laude Institut FEMTO-STCNRS, 32 avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Be-
sanon cedex, France, vincent.laude@femto-st.fr, Sarah
Benchabane Institut FEMTO-STCNRS, 32 avenue de lObservatoire,
25044 Besanon cedex, France, sarah.benchabane@femto-st.fr, Abdelkrim
Khelif Institut FEMTO-STCNRS, 32 avenue de lObservatoire, 25044
Besanon cedex, France, abdelkrim.khelif@femto-st.fr
Phononic crystals are periodic composite materials exhibiting amazing
wave propagation properties. In many works, complete band gaps are being
looked for, i.e. the materials constituting the phononic crystal and its lattice
arrangement are chosen such that propagation for all waves within a pre-
scribed frequency range is forbidden. In other studies, the phononic crystal
is considered a metamaterial, the anisotropic spatial dispersion of which can
be tuned, and in which negative refraction can even be observed under cer-
tain circumstances. Such effects are usually considered in the sub-diffraction
regime, i.e. below some critical onset frequency. In this work, we speci-
cally examine phononic crystals in the diffraction regime. Indeed, the
boundaries of a nite size phononic crystal embedded in a host propagation
medium can be viewed as diffraction gratings, as we show. We will speci-
cally consider two cases: two-dimensional phononic crystals composed of
steel rods in water, and two-dimensional phononic crystals for surface
acoustic waves achieved by etching cylindrical holes in a solid substrate.
5:40
2aPAb21. Methods to investigate the possibilities of using a three
element periodic structure to suppress the transmission of energy in an
elastic tube. Ole Holst-Jensen Minus10dB, Stokrosevej 29, 8330 Beder,
Denmark, ole.holst@minus10db.dk, Sergey Sorokin Univ. of Aalborg, In-
stitute for mechanical engineering, Pontoppidanstraede 101, 9220 Aalborg
East, Denmark, svs@ime.aau.dk
In industrial applications, such as pump and compressor systems, pipe
vibrations can exceed an acceptable level. Periodically spaced masses added
to the piping are an appropriate method of attenuation, and investigations to
develop valid prediction models and measurement techniques has been ini-
tiated in the Danish Makunet network. The present investigation concern the
effect of three masses attached periodically to a pipe of small diameter. The
pipe is small enough that it can be treated as a beam. The masses are ec-
centric to the center of the beam, to achieve a large change in the moment of
inertia by the added elements. The theoretical model is formulated as a sys-
tem of boundary equations, which describe propagation of exural, axial
and torsion waves within each segment of a tube between periodic elements.
An exact solution of this system is obtained and the power transfer is dra-
matically reduced in some frequency stop bands regardless the excitation
conditions. Transfer impedance measurements between the force input and
the acceleration on selected positions are used to nd the insertion loss due
to the application of the periodic elements, showing good agreement with
theory.
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6:00
2aPAb22. Diffraction inuence on the SAW tag characteristics. Boris
V. Sveshnikov Lebedev Research Center in Physics, 23, Lenin Av., 119991
Moscow, Russian Federation, bvs@ieee.org
The diffraction of acoustic beams may inuence notably on the re-
sponses of the SAW based RFID systems. In order to prevent such an in-
uence one cannot increase the tag acoustic aperture too much because of
ohmic loss in a transponder. On the other hand, usually the tag length should
be large enough. There is a very specic and unique feature of the acousto-
electric scattering of SAW beam on the coding sequence of the reective
metal electrodes placed on a piezoelectric substrate. The point is that the
SAW itself is formed by two coupled sub-systems, namely: elastic displace-
ments and electric eld. Both of them are scattered on every discontinuity
because of two kinds of the boundary condition perturbation: electric short-
ing beneath electrodes and mass-loading effect. A uniform metal electrode
scatters differently from each other the elastic and electric subsystems
with non-uniform wave-front caused by diffraction. The closed form expres-
sions are found, allowing us to describe consistently the mentioned
phenomena. Their numerical analysis has been added by the analytical one
in case of parabolic approximation of the crystal slowness curve. The syn-
thesis algorithm of SAW tags with high capacity is proposed taking into ac-
count the diffraction effect in a natural way.
6:20
2aPAb23. Frequency-domain diffraction for edges of arbitrary length
with efcient numerical integration. Peter Svensson Norwegian Univ.
of Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstads plass 2B, Dept. of Electronics
and Telecommunications, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway,
svensson@iet.ntnu.no, Paul Calamia Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Greene Bldg., 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA, calamp@rpi.edu
Frequency-domain edge diffraction from an innite wedge insonied by
a point source has been widely studied, with various analytical solutions dat-
ing back nearly a century. In this talk we present an alternative frequency-
domain solution which can be used for nite as well as innite edges. The
expression, given as a line integral along the diffracting edge, is derived
from an analytical time-domain expression presented in U. P. Svensson et
al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2331-2344 1999. The new formulation is
shown to be equivalent to an exact, analytical, contour-integral formulation
for the innite wedge via a variable transformation. Results for various nite
and innite edge cases will be presented, and numerical integration using an
efcient quadrature method for highly oscillatory integrals will also be
discussed.
6:40
2aPAb24. Acoustic cloaking by two-dimensional sonic crystals. Daniel
Torrent Politechnic University of Valencia, Wave Phenomena Group. De-
partment of Electronic Engineering, C Camino Vera s.n, ES-46022 Valen-
cia, Spain, datorma1@upvnet.upv.es, Jos Sanchez-Dehesa Polytechnic
University of Valencia, Cami de Vera sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, jsdehesa
@upvnet.upv.es
It has been previously shown that a two dimensional sonic crystal made
of a periodic arrangement of solid cylinders in air behaves in the low fre-
quency limit homogenization like an acoustic metamaterials with aniso-
tropic effective density and isotropic effective bulk modulus D. Torrent and
J. Sanchez-Dehesa, New J. Phys. February 2008. Here, the homogenization
method is extended to the case of sonic crystals with two types of cylinders
in the unit cell, and analytical expressions for the anisotropic effective den-
sity are then obtained. Moreover, it will be shown how these new acoustic
metamaterials can be used to physically realize the solution for the acoustic
cloaking proposed by Cummer and Schurig New. J. Phys., vol. 9, 45, 2007
Work supported by MEC of Spain.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 352A, 8:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2aPAc
Physical Acoustics: Outdoor Sound Propagation and Uncertainties I
Keith Wilson, Cochair
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290, USA
Michel C. Berengier, Cochair
Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses, Centre de Nantes - Route de Bouaye, BP 4129, Bouguenais cedex, 44341, France
Invited Papers
8:00
2aPAc1. Expected mean in an environmental noise measurement and its related uncertainty. Marco Paviotti European Com-
mission, via e. fermi, 1, 21020 Ispra, Italy, marco.paviotti@jrc.it, Stylianos Kephalopoulos European Commission, via e. fermi, 1,
21020 Ispra, Italy, Stylianos.Kephalopoulos@jrc.it
In the context of the implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive 200249EC a study on noise measurement uncertainty
was developed. In performing any noise measurement average, there might be assumptions over the distribution and independency of
the samples. In a concrete example dealing with environmental noise, this might be the case of a series of measurements of a constant
noise source like an industrial plant or a uctuating noise source like road trafc. Using a series of 1 day Leq in the rst case, or a series
of 15 minutes samples in the second case, the average of these values is usually considered as the expected mean, however, the error
caused by the specic selection of the samples is not evaluated. Statistically speaking, before establishing an average value, at least the
lognormal distribution of the samples and the effect of adding-up several uncertainties should be evaluated. This article will focus on the
formulas to be used and will discuss differences in assessing the expected mean for normally distributed values, or for lognormally
distributed, and will suggest an approach to properly add-up all uncertainties related to an environmental noise measurement campaign.
3148 3148 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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8:20
2aPAc2. Criterion to select meteorological factors to evaluate uncertainties in sound propagation. Panu Maijala VTT, Tek-
niikankatu 1, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Panu.Maijala@vtt.
Most of the environmental factors have some effect on sound propagation outdoors. Many of these factors can be properly imple-
mented to a sound propagation model. However, it is not easy to handle sound scattering due to the turbulence, and at the same time,
the turbulence is the most important source of uncertainties. Concurrently with the studies of turbulence models we have developed a
concept to get an estimate of the excess attenuation using a state-of-the-art physical model and to evaluate the uncertainties using a
statistical model. This statistical model is based on two years continuous measurements using extensive acoustical and meteorological
measurement facilities and producing over 100 factors hourly. Many meteorological factors had a strong and signicant correlation with
the excess attenuation, but between each other too. To avoid instable model due to the collinearity many factors were abandoned. In this
paper the criterion and methods to select best explaining factors and to form this statistical model are considered.
8:40
2aPAc3. Methodological and metrological benchmarks for determining experimental values of meteorological parameters.
Benoit Gauvreau Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses, Centre de Nantes - Route de Bouaye, BP 4129, 44341 Bouguenais
cedex, France, benoit.gauvreau@lcpc.fr
Outdoor sound propagation is largely inuenced by meteorological conditions: mean refraction, intermittency and atmospheric
turbulence. Thus, acoustic engineers and scientists have to rigorously characterize those propagation conditions through several param-
eters, both for numerical predictions input data and for operational reports impact studies. One of these inuent parameters is the
well-known and widely used effective vertical sound speed gradient, which depends on spatial and temporal mean values of wind and
temperature between source and receiver. However, the experimental characterization of wind and temperature and next sound speed
vertical proles remains delicate: it requires accurate meteorological devices and adapted measuring methods. At this purpose, an ex-
perimental campaign has been carried in 2007 on a perfectly at and open ground, in order to quantify the condence, uncertainty and
spreading of such parameter values for different time scales. This campaign involved different meteorological devices: instrumented
towers, classical sensors, 3D sonic anemometers, etc. The benchmark results will be presented and next analysed in terms of metro-
logical and methodological requirements for acousticians in charge of environmental studies for standard organizations andor scientic
institutes.
9:00
2aPAc4. Sources and potential inuences of uncertainty in ground impedance measurements and estimations. Shahram
Taherzadeh The Open University, Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK,
s.taherzadeh@open.ac.uk, Keith Attenborough Open University, Department of Design, Development, Materials and Environment,
Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, UK, Keith.Attenborough@ioa.org.uk
Knowledge of acoustic impedance of ground surface is essential for determining noise levels outdoors. At distances up to a few
hundred metres from the source ground effect may be the dominant factor. The short-range measurement of sound level spectra from an
omni-directional source has been used as a standard method to deduce the acoustic impedance spectrum of ground surfaces e.g. ANSI
S1.18, 1999. However, there remain a number of uncertainties in such measurement methods. For example, at low frequencies the
difculties in tting theoretical or phenomenological models to short range data may result is a large uncertainty in predictions of sound
levels at larger distances. Another source of uncertainty is the variability of the acoustic impedance of apparently uniform ground.
Another potential inuence on predictions of long term equivalent noise levels is seasonal variation. This paper discusses the extent and
potential inuences of such uncertainties in measured and deduced ground impedance spectra.
9:20
2aPAc5. Facing the challenge of calculating outdoor sound propagation using a 3D multi domain approach based on linear euler
equations. Fabrice Junker EDF, 1, avenue du Gnral de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France, fabrice.junker@edf.fr, Fabien Crouzet
EDF, 1, avenue du Gnral de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France, fabien.crouzet@edf.fr, Philippe Lafon EDF, 1, avenue du Gnral de
Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France, Philippe.lafon@edf.fr
Solving the Linear Euler Equations LEE is the reference method that allows to take into account all the phenomena involved in
Outdoor Sound Propagation. However, the huge size of the problems to be treated is still a great limitation to the practical application
of this method. The concept of multi domain computations associated with the use of massively parallel computers now pushes the
limits away. The code SAFARI, recently developed by EDF, solves LEE with high order numerical schemes on structured grids. To deal
with complex and large geometries, a multi domain approach is used. The computational domain is composed of several partially over-
lapping grids overset grids. Computations are parallelized by domain decomposition to be runned on cluster facilities. The presentation
means to show the capability of SAFARI to deal with propagation over realistic 3D domains. The strategy used to carry out the cal-
culations is detailed. The new perspectives of this kind of method are nally given.
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9:40
2aPAc6. Computing the parameter sensitivities of outdoor sound propagation in a random environment. Chris L. Pettit U.S.
Naval Academy, Aerospace Engineering Dept., 590 Holloway Rd., MS 11-B, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, petitcl@usna.edu, Keith
Wilson U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, 03755-1290, USA, D.Keith.Wilson
@erdc.usace.army.mil
Computational forecasts of near-ground sound levels are compromised by uncertainty e.g., randomness and error e.g., grid
resolution in the atmosphere and terrain representations, and by simplied or incorrect physics. For an incompletely known environ-
ment, a models predictive power cannot be assessed without rst quantifying the sensitivity of its forecasts to the full range of every
parameter. Knowledge of these sensitivities throughout the spatial domain also is essential for effectively investing data-gathering re-
sources to support sound propagation forecasts. Sensitivity analysis therefore is central to raising the relevance of computational acous-
tics in practical applications. These considerations should motivate practitioners of computational acoustics to adopt a consistent frame-
work for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Topics to be discussed include: 1 standard uncertainty taxonomies in computational
mechanics, 2 why uncertainty about a parameter should be distinguished from sensitivity of a model to that parameter, 3 sources of
uncertainty in the near-ground acoustics, 4 a sampling-based sensitivity analysis framework that facilitates estimating typical and
extreme values of sensitivities at each point in the spatial domain i.e., full-eld sensitivities, 5 factors to be aware of when applying
sensitivity analysis to forecasts of near-ground sound propagation, and 6 ways of representing sensitivity estimates to facilitate insight.
10:00-10:20 Break
10:20
2aPAc7. Field experiments on the inuences of wind speed and direction on outdoor sound propagation over at ground.
Takatoshi Yokota Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research, 3-20-41 Higashi-Motomachi Kokubunji, 185-0022 Tokyo, Japan,
t-yokota@kobayasi-riken.or.jp, Koichi Makino Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research, 3-20-41 Higashi-Motomachi Kokubunji,
185-0022 Tokyo, Japan, makino@kobayasi-riken.or.jp, Kohei Yamamoto Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research, 3-20-41 Higashi-
Motomachi Kokubunji, 185-0022 Tokyo, Japan, yamamoto@kobayasi-riken.or.jp, Yasuaki Okada Faculty of Science and Technol-
ogy, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi Tempaku-ku, 468-8502 Nagoya, Japan, okada@ccmfs.meijo-u.ac.jp, Koichi Yoshihisa
Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi Tempaku-ku, 468-8502 Nagoya, Japan, yosihisa@ccmfs
.meijo-u.ac.jp
The inuences of wind on outdoor sound propagation are investigated both by eld experiments and numerical simulations. At rst,
measurements of sound propagation at a distance of 160 m were carried out under various wind speed and direction. The relationship
between vector wind speed and the variation of sound pressure level has been examined not only for the updown wind conditions but
also for the cross wind conditions. Secondly, the short term sound uctuations were investigated by the use of a high energy impulsive
sound generator and a loud speaker as sound sources. Sound propagation up to 300 m was examined with frequency range from 16 Hz
to 4 kHz octave band. Finally, the sound speed proles in the measurement eld were estimated by two methods; one was based on the
time interval during the sound propagation from the source to the receivers, the other was based on the wind speed at height of 0.6 m,
1.2 m, 2.4 m and 4.8m, and the temperature. By using those sound speed proles, the excess attenuation was calculated by the PE
method. The measured and the calculated values have been compared and the methods to estimate the inuences due to wind condition
have been discussed.
10:40
2aPAc8. Variation in measured sound level as a function of propagation environment and distance. Michelle E. Swearingen
Norwegian Defense Research EstablishmentUS Army, Postboks 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway, michelle.swearingen@f.no, Morten
Huseby Norwegian Defense Research EstablishmentUS Army, Postboks 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway, Morten.Huseby@f.no, Michael
J. White US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2902 Newmark Drive, Champaign, IL 61826, USA, Michael.J.White
@usace.army.mil
The propagation environment exerts a large inuence on the range of received levels of impulsive events. This talk focuses on the
variation in excess attenuation over durations of less than approximately 15 minutes. Data are presented for greatly different measure-
ment distances 25 m to 7 km and propagation environments sparse vegetation to forested, illustrating the effects of distance and
terrain cover on sounds from a propane cannon and an artillery source. Over sparse vegetation 7 km from an artillery source, the
received CSEL varied 11 dB within a 12-minute duration. In measurements up to approximately 300 m from the source, variation in
received level both peak and SEL was less than 1 dB within the forest, and much more in the open. The control of the forest canopy
on the micrometeorology seems to explain the effect.
11:00
2aPAc9. The revision of the French method for road trafc noise prediction. Guillaume Dutilleux Lab. Rgional des Ponts et
Chausses, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, BP 9, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Guillaume.Dutilleux@equipement.gouv.fr, Jrme
Defrance CSTB, 24 rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint-Martin-dHres, France, jerome.defrance@cstb.fr, Benoit Gauvreau
Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses, Centre de Nantes - Route de Bouaye, BP 4129, 44341 Bouguenais cedex, France,
benoit.gauvreau@lcpc.fr, Francis Besnard Lab. Reg. Rgional des Ponts et Chausses de lEst Parisien, Rue de lgalit prolonge,
BP 34, 93352 Le Bourget, France, francis.besnard@equipement.gouv.fr
A revision of the French method for road trafc noise prediction NMPB-Routes-2008 has been released. The major principles of
NMPB-Routes-2008 are outlined. The most important modications regarding the source are the reduction of its height and the intro-
duction of two different spectra. In this complete revision, the main change is the replacement of the ISO 9613-2 - based ground
attenuation formula in downward conditions by the formula for ground attenuation in homogeneous conditions of NMPB-Routes-1996
3150 3150 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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with corrected heights in order to take into account the mean curvature of rays refraction and its spreading turbulence. The revised
NMPB adds an attenuation term for an occasional cutting embankment. Regarding diffraction the dif formula is now suitable for low
height barriers. The validation of the revised NMPB with respect to experiment is presented. It is based on measurement campaigns on
6 sites with complex geometries and shows that the predicted noise levels obtained from the revised NMPB are signicantly closer to
experimental results than in the case of the original method.
11:20
2aPAc10. Long range propagation of high speed train noise: Sound level variations before and after the pass-bys. Benjamin
Cotte Ecole Centrale de Lyon, LMFA, UMR CNRS 5509, Universit de Lyon, Bt. KCA, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Lyon,
France, benjamin.cotte@ec-lyon.fr, Philippe Blanc-Benon Ecole Centrale de Lyon, LMFA, UMR CNRS 5509, Ecully, 69134 Lyon,
France, Philippe.Blanc-Benon@ec-lyon.fr, Franck Poisson SNCF DIR, 45, rue de Londres, 75379 Paris, France,
franck.poisson@sncf.fr, Cora Cremezi-Charlet UIC, 16,rue J. Rey, F-75015 Paris, France, cremezi@uic.asso.fr
It has been observed relatively frequently that high speed train TGV noise could be heard tens of seconds before or after the actual
train pass-bys. This study is aimed at characterizing this phenomenon and the conditions in which it occurs, both experimentally and
numerically. Acoustic measurements of TGV pass-bys have been performed under controlled conditions. A relatively strong wind was
blowing from the South during the experiment. The measurements show that the TGV noise can be heard before the pass-bys when the
TGV was coming from the South same wind and train directions, and after the pass-bys when the TGV was coming from the North
opposite wind and train directions. This noise is relatively low in frequency around 400 Hz, and corresponds to propagation distances
that can exceed 1 km. Levels associated with this phenomenon can vary signicantly over short time intervals 5-10 minutes, which
raises the issue of the representativeness of TGV measurements at long ranges. It will be shown using numerical prediction methods
parabolic equation in the frequency domain, linearized Euler equations in the time domain that these acoustic variations are mostly due
to variations in the meteorological conditions between the pass-bys.
11:40
2aPAc11. A model based monitoring system for aircraft noise. Frank Van Den Berg TNO - Science and Industry, Stieltjesweg
1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands, Frank.vandenBerg@tno.nl, Arno R. Eisses TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, P.O.Box 155, 2600 AD Delft, Neth-
erlands, Arno.Eisses@tno.nl, Pieter J. Van Beek TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, P.O.Box 155, 2600 AD Delft, Netherlands, Pieter.vanBeek
@tno.nl
Anew approach for an airport noise monitoring system is presented that comprises not only a number of measuring stations, but also
a dedicated sound propagation model and an aircraft noise emission model. This approach enables estimation of noise levels in the
whole area around the airport and not only at the location of the measuring stations. An additional advantage is that the locations of the
measuring stations can be chosen more freely. Traditionally the measuring stations must be located near residential areas where the
inuence of other noise sources such as cars or wind cannot be eliminated. Better locations can be found that yield more reliable data
and therefore more reliable noise levels. To update the sound propagation model frequently, the measuring stations not only measure
noise levels, but also other parameters, like temperature and wind prole. The sound emission of the aircraft is derived from a direc-
tional aircraft noise emission model. A tool was developed to visualize the power of combining data and models in this model-based
monitoring system. The use of models opens possibilities for interesting applications such as i short term noise forecasts, ii scenario
studies with various aircraft distributions and iii enforcement of noise limits.
Contributed Papers
12:00
2aPAc12. The variability of acoustical turbulence in the atmospheric
boundary layer. Sylvain Cheinet ISL, 5 Rue du General Cassagnou, BP
70034, 68301 Saint-Louis, France, sylvain.cheinet@isl.eu
Outside sound propagation is affected by small-scale turbulence in the
atmospheric boundary layer through refractive processes. These effects
modulate the performance of acoustical sensors, and are at the basis of the
atmospheric remote sensing by sodar. Previous studies have documented the
impact of a mean turbulence prole or a statistical distribution of turbulence.
In this study, we use a high-resolution atmospheric model called LES to re-
veal the spatial and temporal variability of the small-scale turbulence. First,
we introduce some standard results on the role of various eddy sizes on
acoustical propagation. Second, we discuss the methodology to derive the
acoustical refractive index uctuations from LES data. Third, we analyze the
LES prediction in the case of a fair-weather boundary layer, emphasizing the
impact of large-scale convective organization. Finally, we discuss some
challenges in attempting to predict the acoustical turbulence from present-
day weather forecasts.
12:20
2aPAc13. Sound propagation in areas with a complex meteorology: a
meteorological-acoustical model. Frits Van Der Eerden TNO - Science
and Industry, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands,
frits.vandereerden@tno.nl, Frank Van Den Berg TNO - Science and In-
dustry, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands, Frank.vandenBerg@tno
.nl
Long range sound propagation is largely affected by the vertical wind
and temperature gradients. These gradients are more complicated in areas
where the meteorology can be complex, such as: coastal areas, islands, and
lake districts. Furthermore, the gradients usually vary as a function of the
horizontal distance, for instance at water-land crossings near a coast or a
lake. As a result the sound propagation in these areas cannot be calculated
with standard acoustic models, such as the ISO 9613 or Harmonoise en-
gineering model. By using an advanced meso-scale meteorological model,
which is using large-scale weather forecast data, and an acoustical model,
that incorporates horizontal and vertical meteorological variations, long
range sound propagation in such complex areas is calculated. In this paper
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we present two applications of this hybrid meteorological-acoustical calcu-
lation scheme: i propagation of impulse noise in a coastal area, and ii
propagation of industrial noise in a rural area with a lake. For the coastal
area sound level contours have been calculated as a function of the meteo-
rology for a complete year. For the lake area the effect of the lake on the
sound propagation is demonstrated.
12:40-2:00 Lunch Break
Contributed Papers
2:00
2aPAc14. Horizontal wave number spectra of atmospheric acoustic
elds in range-dependent environments. Kenneth E Gilbert National
Center for Physical Acoustics, University of Mississippi, University, MS
38677, USA, kgilbert@olemiss.edu, Xiao Di National Center for Physi-
cal Acoustics, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA,
xiaodi@olemiss.edu, Santosh Parakkal National Center for Physical
Acoustics, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA, sparakka
@olemiss.edu
The parabolic equation PE is a powerful method for computing sound
propagation in range-dependent environments. However, the PE gives only
the total eld, with no information on the horizontal wave number spectrum
of the acoustic eld. In many situations, e.g., for propagation over irregular
terrain, the horizontal wave number spectrum is valuable for analyzing the
modal content of the acoustic eld. For example, one might want to know
the strength of the surface wave component at different ranges. A spectral
decomposition method developed by Gilbert and Evans for ocean acoustics
is applied here to atmospheric propagation over irregular terrain. This paper
shows that for a PE eld pz at range r, the horizontal wave number spec-
trum ,z can be obtained directly and efciently by solving a one-
dimensional elliptic equation that uses the eld pz as a source term. The
derivation of the spectral decomposition equation is given along with a nu-
merical method for solving it. Examples are presented and discussed for
propagation over irregular terrain. Research supported by the U. S. Army
TACOM-ARDEC at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey
2:20
2aPAc15. Numerical modeling of sonic boom propagation from
hypersonic aircraft. Alexandra Loubeau Institut Jean Le Rond
dAlembert, Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, Boites 161 et 162, 4 place Jus-
sieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, loubeau@lmm.jussieu.fr, Franois
Coulouvrat Institut Jean Le Rond dAlembert, Universit Pierre et Marie
Curie, Boites 161 et 162, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France,
coulouvr@ccr.jussieu.fr
Anumerical study of sonic boom propagation from hypersonic aircraft is
performed including the effects of nonlinearity, atmospheric absorption and
dispersion, and atmospheric stratication. A second-order split-step algo-
rithm, which alternates application of nonlinearity in the time domain and
complex absorption in the frequency domain, allows for a faster conver-
gence of results with fewer range steps than with conventional rst-order
algorithms. Nonlinearity is calculated using the potential, the integral of the
pressure, as proposed by Burgers and later applied to sonic booms by Hayes
et al. This method, an alternative to Landaus law of equal areas, efciently
locates the shock position by selecting the maximum potential in multival-
ued regions. Denition of atmospheric absorption at high altitudes is impor-
tant for modeling the propagation of sonic booms from hypersonic aircraft.
Some aspects of an extended absorption model by Sutherland and Bass are
adopted, therefore, which extend absorption predictions above the 20 km
limit of the current ISO and ANSI standards. The study is completed using
the meteorological conditions at two locations, Le Havre, France and Ed-
wards Air Force Base, CA, USA, over the course of a year. Work supported
by European Union through ATLLAS AST5-CT-2006-030729, meteorologi-
cal data provided by ECMWF.
2:40
2aPAc16. Road noise: characterization and estimation of uncertainty
due to meteorological effects. David Ecotiere Lab. Rgional des Ponts et
Chausses, 11, rue Jean Mentelin, BP 9, 67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France,
david.ecotiere@equipement.gouv.fr
Meteorological effects can lead to important temporal uctuations of the
sound level in outdoor sound propagation. These uctuations lead to sound
level uncertainties that are rarely estimated. A method based on the coupling
of a model of sound propagation and a temporal micrometeorological model
is used to quantify sound level uctuations only due to meteorological uc-
tuations, over a very long period typ. 10-30 years. Some statistical analysis
are presented: diary or seasonal uctuations, inuence of the duration of ob-
servation on the accuracy of the estimation of a LAeq. A semi-analytical
method is also proposed for characterizing the uncertainty of the sound level
of a distribution of punctual sources. An application to a road noise source is
presented.
3:00
2aPAc17. Anumerical study of sound propagation over urban canyons.
Martin Schiff Division of Applied Acoustics, Chalmers University of Tech-
nology, 41296 Gteborg, Sweden, schiff@student.chalmers.se, Maarten
Hornikx Applied Acoustics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven
Hultins Gata 8a, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden,
maarten.hornikx@chalmers.se, Jens Forssn Division of Applied Acous-
tics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gteborg, Sweden, jens
.forssen@chalmers.se
Because quiet areas in dense urban environments are important, there is
high interest in propagation to areas shielded from direct road trafc noise.
Sound levels in shielded areas are strongly inuenced by distant sources, so
intermediate propagation factors such as metrology, screening, and interme-
diate canyons must therefore be addressed in a realistic propagation model.
A numerical investigation of sound propagation across the open tops of in-
termediate urban canyons has been performed, using the Parabolic Equation
and Equivalent Sources methods. Results have been collected for various
canyon geometries, and the inuence of multiple canyons, canyonrooftop
absorption, variable rooftop height, and correlated versus uncorrelated
source models has been investigated. By characterizing the insertion loss
of canyons intermediate to the source and receiver, the inuence of these
intermediate canyons could be addressed simply, without the overhead of a
detailed numerical calculation.
3:20
2aPAc18. A validation test for the Acoustic Footprint Mission Planning
System. Doru Velea QinetiQ North America, Technology Solutions
Group, 12030 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 400, Reston, VA 20191, USA,
dvelea@plansys.com, Troy D. Schultz Wyle Laboratories Inc., 241 18th
Street S., Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22202, USA,
troy.schultz@wylelabs.com, Kenneth J. Plotkin Wyle Laboratories Inc.,
241 18th Street S., Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22202, USA,
kenneth.plotkin@wylelabs.com, Andy Rogers QinetiQ North America,
Technology Solutions Group, 12030 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 400, Reston,
VA 20191, USA, arogers@plansys.com
QinetiQ North America, Technology Solutions Group QNA and Wyle
Laboratories have integrated two mature, proprietary technologies into a
prototype Acoustic Footprint Mission Planning System. Wyles Noise
Model Simulation NMSim uses validated linear noise propagation routines
in combination with ray-tracing algorithms based on weather data provided
by QNAs Precision Airdrop System WindPADS to predict the time his-
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tory of spectral noise levels from a ying aircraft at any number of user-
dened receptor locations. Through interpolation over a ground-based re-
ceptor grid, the impact of noise propagated through a stratied atmosphere
may be quantied in terms of audibility at any point inside the acoustic
footprint. Weather data for the NMSim ray-tracing routines is extracted from
the WindPADS three-dimensional forecast of wind, pressure, temperature
and humidity in the atmosphere as a function of time. The three-dimensional
eld is the result of physical and dynamic assimilation of forecast and mea-
sured atmospheric data, with wind-forcing by the underlying terrain. This
paper describes the results of a validation test performed at Yuma Proving
Ground, AZ. It is shown that the noise propagation model predictions agree
satisfactorily with the measurements of a C-130 cargo plane. Work sup-
ported by Natick Soldier Center.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Papers
5:20
2aPAc19. Modal probabilistic analysis. Christophe
Heinkele ENTPEDGCB, Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin,
France, heinkele@entpe.fr, Claude-Henri Lamarque rue Maurice Audin,
69100 Vaulx-en-Velin, France, lamarque@entpe.fr
In this paper, we rst recall a method for estimating the numerical Prob-
ability Density Function PDF with Parzen-Rosenblatt estimators of experi-
mental data like the sound absorption coefcient with the Kundts tube.
Then we focus on the model of Mikki which is used as a predictive tool. We
are interested then in inversing the model and in identifying the 3 param-
eters q,, of Mikkis model. But we want to go further and to identify
from the estimated PDF directly the PDF of the 3 parameters. We explain
rst when it is possible, then we give some examples to illustrate the
method. This work allows for evaluating the robustness of a model from ex-
perimental data.
5:40
2aPAc20. An experimental evaluation of a new approach to aircraft
noise modelling. Foort De Roo TNO Science and Industry, Stieljesweg 1,
2628CK Delft, Netherlands, foort.deroo@tno.nl, Erik Salomons TNO
Science and Industry, Stieljesweg 1, 2628CK Delft, Netherlands, erik
.salomons@tno.nl
Common engineering models for aircraft noise, such as INM, yield noise
levels by interpolation of Noise Power Distance NPD tables. In the Euro-
pean project Imagine 2004 2006, a different approach was proposed: the
source is characterized by an emission spectrum and the received noise
spectrum is calculated by subtracting the propagation attenuation spectrum
from this emission spectrum. This is the usual approach for noise mapping
of most noise sources. The aircraft emission spectrum is a function of
downward emission direction, so each aircraft is represented by a hemi-
sphere of emission spectra. This has been described by Butikofer in Acta
Acustica 93 2007. As hemisphere emission data are not yet available for
all aircraft types, a reverse engineering scheme was developed within
Imagine to derive rst order estimates of hemispheres from NPD tables. To
gain experience with this approach, we have performed an experiment near
Amsterdam airport. Various types of data were collected for a set of aircraft
departures, including noise data at eleven positions and ight data. The
Imagine approach was used to calculate noise contours, and noise spectra at
the eleven positions. The differences between measured and calculated spec-
tra may be used as a basis for improving the rst order estimates of the
hemispheres.
6:00
2aPAc21. Sound propagation in a street canyon: A study by modal
decomposition. Adrien Pelat Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit
du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
adrien.pelat.etu@univ-lemans.fr, Simon Flix Laboratoire dAcoustique
de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France, simon.felix@univ-lemans.fr, Vincent Pagneux Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613, AV. O. Messi-
aen, 72085 Le Mans, France, vincent.pagneux@univ-lemans.fr, Christophe
AyraultLAUM, CNRS, Universit du Maine, Av. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, christophe.ayrault@univ-lemans.fr, Olivier
Richoux Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, olivier.richoux@univ-lemans.fr
An urban, U-shaped, street canyon being considered as an open wave-
guide in which the sound may propagate, one is interested in a multimodal
approach to describe the sound propagation within. The key point in such a
multimodal formulation is the choice of the basis of local transversal modes
on which the acoustic eld is projected. For a classical waveguide, with a
simple and bounded cross-section, a complete orthogonal basis can be ana-
lytically obtained. The case of an open waveguide is more difcult, since no
such a basis can be exhibited. However, an open resonator, as displays for
example the U-shaped cross-section of a street, presents resonant modes
with complex eigen frequencies, owing to radiative losses. This work rst
presents how to numerically obtain these modes and, then, how they can be
used as a basis for the modal decomposition of the sound eld in a street
canyon. Results are compared with experimental measurements on a scale
model.
6:20
2aPAc22. Acoustical waves propagation in rough walls street. Bertrand
Lihoreau Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
bertrand.lihoreau@univ-lemans.fr, Simon Flix Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, simon.felix@univ-lemans.fr, Claude Depollier Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, claude.depollier@univ-lemans.fr
We present a method for the numerical calculation of a sound wave
propagating in a two dimensional rough-sided street. Is this situation, the
wave is subject to multiple scattering at the two boundaries. The propagation
is governed by a parabolic equation. We show that the amplitude of a pulse
may be expressed as the fractional Fourier transform of the incident pulse,
and that the order of the transformation is related to the distance between the
source and the point of observation. Numerical simulations are proposed as
illustration of this model and are compared to experimental results.
6:40
2aPAc23. A high-density infrasound array of particle velocity sensors
in the Netherlands. Arnout Tim Van Zon Royal Netherlands Meteoro-
logical Institute KNMI, PO Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands,
zon@knmi.nl, Laeslo G. Evers Royal Netherlands Meteorological Insti-
tute KNMI, PO Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands, evers@knmi.nl
A small aperture, High-Density Infrasound Array HDIA is being oper-
ated by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute KNMI. This 80
sensor array is part of the geophysical application within LOFAR, i.e. an
astronomical low-frequency array in the Netherlands. HDIA occupies an
area of 100 by 100 meter, so about the size of a noise reducer used in in-
frasound arrays for verication purposes. HDIA will be able to estimate the
wind-noise correlation length, which has implications for noise reducer
design. Of the 80 instruments, 74 are Microowns. These measure particle
velocity and have a directional sensitivity. If two of them are closely spaced,
then the azimuth of the incoming sound wave can be calculated from the
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amplitude ratio. The eld setup has 37 elements, each containing a pair of
Microowns. Six elements also have a pressure microphone. We will
present the rst results of using the vector properties of the particle velocity
to estimate the direction of arrival DOA of events. These will be compared
with DOA-estimates from beamforming of 1 the pressure data, 2 the par-
ticle velocity data and 3 pressure data of a nearby 6-element microbarom-
eter array. Furthermore, the observed correlation length of wind will be
discussed.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 362363, 8:00 A.M. TO 1:20 P.M.
Session 2aPAd
Physical Acoustics: Photoacoustics I
Gerald Diebold, Cochair
Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
Christ Glorieux, Cochair
Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
Invited Papers
8:00
2aPAd1. On the optical generation and detection of high frequency ultrasounds: thermal and non-thermal processes. Pascal
Ruello LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France,
pascal.ruello@univ-lemans.fr, Philippe Babilotte LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085
Le Mans Cedex 09, France, philippe.babilotte.etu@univ-lemans.fr, Shuo Zhang INSP - UMR 7588 CNRS & Universit Pierre et
Marie Curie, 140 Rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, Shuo.Zhang@insp.jussieu.fr, Denis Mounier LPECUMR 6087CNRSUni-
versit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France, denis.mounier@univ-lemans.fr, Jean-Marc Breteau
LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France,
jean-marc.breteau@univ-lemans.fr, Mathieu Edely LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085
Le Mans Cedex 09, France, mathieu.edely@univ-lemans.fr, Patrick Laffez Universit Franois Rabelais, Tours, IUT Blois, 6, place
Jean Jaures, 41029 Blois, France, patrick.laffez@univ-tours.fr, Alain Bulou LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France, alain.bulou@univ-lemans.fr, Bernard Perrin INSP - UMR 7588 CNRS & Uni-
versit Pierre et Marie Curie, 140 Rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, bernard.perrin@insp.jussieu.fr, Vitali Gusev LPECUMR
6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France, vitali.goussev@univ-lemans.fr
We report on the results of the generation and detection by femtosecond laser pulses of the acoustic waves at frequencies of tens to
hundreds GHz in semiconductors and in oxides compounds exhibiting phase transition. We focus rst on the generation mechanisms
involved to achieve opto-acoustic transformations. Particular attention will be paid to the cases where classical thermal effects
thermoelastic coupling drive the mechanism of generation of acoustic phonons and those where non-thermal effects become signicant
and sometimes dominant sources of acoustic phonons eld. In the latter cases, we will especially focus on the phonons generation based
on photo-induced modications of microscopic internal electric elds potential deformation and also on the use of photoexcited car-
riers dynamics carriers recombination as a tuning parameter of the photo-generated ultrasounds spectrum. Secondly, we give the ex-
amples demonstrating that the choice of optical frequency for ultrasound detection inuences not only the amplitude of the detected
signal but provides an opportunity to detect separately high or low frequencies in the spectrum of ultrasounds. This study was supported
by CPER and ANR project No. BLAN06-3-136284.
8:20
2aPAd2. Optical detection of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves with laser picosecond acoustics. Osamu Matsuda Division
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, 060 8628 Sapporo, Japan,
omatsuda@eng.hokudai.ac.jp, Oliver B. Wright Division of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University,
060 8628 Sapporo, Japan, olly@eng.hokudai.ac.jp, David H. Hurley Materials Characterization Department, Idaho National Labo-
ratory, P.O.Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2209, USA, David.Hurley@inl.gov, Vitali Gusev LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit
du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France, vitali.goussev@univ-lemans.fr, KenIchi Shimizu
University Chemical Laboratory, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8251 Kanagawa, Japan, shimizuk@econ.keio.ac.jp
The absorption of picosecond light pulses in a medium can generate sub-THz acoustic waves. These cause a transient optical re-
ectance change that can be monitored by delayed probe light pulses. This technique, termed laser picosecond acoustics, can be used
for the nondestructive evaluation of the physical properties of thin lms and substrates. This paper describes a general method for
quantitative analysis of such reectance changes. It is applicable to multiple anisotropic layers that may be opaque or transparent.
Longitudinal or shear acoustic waves propagating along the stacking direction of the multilayers modulate the dielectric permittivity
anisotropically and inhomogeneously through the photoelastic effect, through local rotation, or through the surface and interface
displacements. We describe how the optical reectance for obliquely incident probe light can be calculated for the modulated medium.
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We then demonstrate the method with reference to experimental results for a sample consisting of a silica lm on a zinc substrate in
which both longitudinal and shear acoustic waves are generated and detected. The analysis yields the lm thickness, sound velocity, and
photoelastic tensor components, for example. The method is also applicable to various light scattering problems involving the inhomo-
geneous modulation of optical properties such as in photothermal experiments.
Contributed Papers
8:40
2aPAd3. Experimental studies of generation and propagation of high
frequency acoustic waves in various solid materials using ultraviolet
picosecond laser pulses. Eirini Tzianaki Department of Electronics,
Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Romanou 3, 73133 Chania,
Greece, i.tzianaki@mail.chania.teicrete.gr, Michael Tatarakis Department
of Electronics, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Romanou 3,
73133 Chania, Greece, m.tatarakis@chania.teicrete.gr, Makis
Bakarezos Department of Music Technology and Acoustics, Technological
Educational Institute of Crete, 1 E. Daskalaki Str., 74100 Rethymnon,
Greece, bakarezos@stef.teicrete.gr, Maria Elefteriou Department of Mu-
sic Technology and Acoustics, Technological Educational Institute of Crete,
1 E. Daskalaki Str., 74100 Rethymnon, Greece,
marel@physics.uoc.gr, Nektarios Papadogiannis Department of Music
Technology and Acoustics, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, 1
E. Daskalaki Str., 74100 Rethymnon, Greece,
npapadogiannis@stef.teicrete.gr, Spyros Kazianis Department of Physics,
University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece, skaziannis@in.gr, Costas
Kosmidis Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina,
Greece, kkosmidis@uoi.gr, Andreas Lyras Department of Physics, Uni-
versity of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece, alyras@uoi.gr
The generation of high frequency acoustic waves by picosecond laser
pulses in the ultraviolet region and their detection by optical interferometric
schemes, is presented. The two main acoustical modes, longitudinal and
shear are clearly apparent in the time resolved spectra of solid materials, for
various absorbing energies, extending from the thermoelastic to the ablative
regime. The ultraviolet light is strongly absorbed by insulator materials like
Pyrex and thus strong elastic waves are produced. From the time separation
of the longitudinal waves we have deduced values for the speed of sound in
various materials and of different thickness, that are in very good agreement
with those reported in the literature. Also the time bandwidth of the sound
waves is measured and signicant differences, originating from different
sample thickness, are apparent.
9:00
2aPAd4. Effect of photoacoustic generation mechanisms on transient
grating measurements of thin lms on silicon. Alexei A.
Maznev Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita 13
Nishi 8, Kita-ku, 060-8628 Sapporo, Japan, alexei.maznev@gmail.com
Laser induced transient gratings technique is widely used for non-
contact measurements of surface acoustic waves SAWs. One major appli-
cation of such measurements is characterization of thin lms used in
microelectronics. A peculiar phenomenon has been observed in transient
gratings measurements of thin lms on a silicon substrate: if the lm is
transparent, there is a systematic discrepancy between the measured and ex-
pected SAW velocity values that cannot be accounted for by instrumental
errors. However, as soon as the sample is coated by an opaque metal lm,
the discrepancy disappears. In this presentation, we will show that the origin
of the effect is in the competition of thermal and electronic mechanisms of
the optical generation of sound in silicon. We will also describe another ef-
fect of the same origin observed on very thin semi-transparent metal lms:
at a certain lm thickness, the SAW signal vanishes as the thermal expan-
sion of the lm and the contraction of silicon caused by photoexcited carri-
ers cancel each other.
9:20
2aPAd5. Thickness measurement of submicron metal coatings on
transparent substrate by laser optoacoustic method. Ivan
Pelivanov International Laser Center of Moscow State University,
Vorobyovy Gory, 1, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation,
pelivanov@ilc.edu.ru, Daria Kopylova International Laser Center of
Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory, 1, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, dskopylova@mail.ru, Nataliya Podimova Moscow State Uni-
versity, MSU, 1, building 2, GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Rus-
sian Federation, npodymova@mail.ru, Alexander Karabutov Moscow
State University, MSU, 1, building 2, GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992
Moscow, Russian Federation, akarabutov@gmail.com
New nondestructive method for measurement of the thickness of submi-
cron metal coatings on a transparent dielectric substrate is developed. The-
oretical background includes the consecutive solution of the thermal and
acoustic problems. The experimental part is based on the measurement of
frequency dependence of the laser-ultrasound excitation efciency on the
metal coating thickness for the system where the coating is covered by a
transparent liquid. Three chrome coatings of various thicknesses 0.2, 0.3
and 0.6 micrometers deposited on a quartz substrate were tested
experimentally. A rough estimate of their thickness was obtained from the
sputtering time. Two different experimental modes were used: forward mode
laser pulses irradiate the metal lm through the substrate, excited acoustical
transients are detected in the liquid and backward mode both laser irradia-
tion of the lm and detection of excited acoustical transients are performed
in the liquid. Spectral dependencies of the thermo-optical transformation
efciency were calculated analytically and obtained experimentally for both
signal detection modes. The values of the lm thicknesses were determined
by the least squares tting of the theoretical curves to experimental data. It
is demonstrated, that the developed optoacoustic method can be used for
metal coatings thickness measurement in the range of 50 nm - 5 microns
with inaccuracy of 50 nm.
9:40-10:00 Break
Invited Papers
10:00
2aPAd6. Acoustic phenomena in porous media studied by transient grating spectroscopy: a critical test of the Biot theory.
Riccardo Cucini European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
Fi, Italy, cucini@lens.uni.it, Andrea Taschin European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello
Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy, taschin@lens.uni.it, Paolo Bartolini European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy
LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy, bart@lens.uni.it, Renato Torre European Lab. for
Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy, torre@lens.uni.it
The propagation of sound in a porous solid lled by a liquid can be described by a phenomenological model introduced by M. A.
Biot, that is still extensively used to predict the essential acoustic properties of a wide variety of porous media. Nevertheless testing of
the Biot theory at ultrahypersonic frequencies and in porous media with nanometric scale heterogeneities remains an open issue. We
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studied the propagation of acoustic waves in two liquid-lled porous glasses by heterodyne detected transient grating experiments 1.
A test of the Biot theory is presented under two new regimes, namely, for a new frequency range up to 1.3 GHz and for porous media
with nanometric scale heterogeneities 2. We show that the Biot theory describes the sound velocity data correctly, but does not account
for the acoustic attenuation. We suggest that the acoustic damping is mainly due to the dissipation mechanisms intrinsic of the matrix
and the liquid which are not accounted for in the theory. 1 Time-resolved spectroscopy of complex liquids, edited by Torre R.
Springer, New York 2008. 2 A. Taschin, R. Cucini, P. Bartolini, R. Torre, Europhys. Lett. In press.
10:20
2aPAd7. Laser ultrasonic study of Lamb wave propagation in different lm loading congurations. Xiaodong Xu Modern
Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China, xdxu@nju.edu.cn, G. Shkerdin Laboratorium voor
Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica - Departement Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D,
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, shkerdin@yahoo.com, Christ Glorieux Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D,
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, christ.glorieux@fys.kuleuven.be
A study is performed concerning the propagation Lamb waves in technologically and scientically interesting congurations. In a
rst conguration a thin lm was loaded with different liquids on its two sides. Three experimental laser ultrasonic congurations, line
excitation with scanning detection, grating excitation with single point detection, and grating excitation with scanning probe beam, were
implemented. All experimental results were found to be consistent between experimental methods and with theoretical predictions. The
conguration can be implemented in monitoring applications where elastic properties of liquids that are kept in containers can be de-
termined via the outside container wall. In a second conguration laser excited and detected Lamb waves in a rubber-metal bi-layer
were used to determine the highly damped elastic properties of rubber.
Contributed Papers
10:40
2aPAd8. Zero-group velocity modes and local vibrations of an elastic
plate. Claire Prada Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit
Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
claire.prada-julia@espci.fr, Dominique Clorennec Laboratoire Ondes et
Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005
Paris, France, dominique.clorennec@espci.fr, Daniel Royer Laboratoire
Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin,
75005 Paris, France, daniel.royer@espci.fr
Elastic plates or cylinders can support guided modes with zero group
velocity ZGV at a nonzero value of the wave number. The conditions re-
quired for the existence of ZGV Lamb modes in isotropic plates are
discussed. It is shown that these modes appear in a range of Poissons ratio
over the value for which the cut-off frequency curves of modes belonging to
the same family intercept, i.e for a bulk wave velocity ratio equal to a ra-
tional number. An interpretation of this phenomenon in terms of a strong
repulsion between a pair of modes having a different parity in the vicinity of
the cutoff frequencies is given. Using laser-based ultrasonic techniques, we
experimentally investigate some properties of these ZGV Lamb modes:
resonance, backward wave propagation, interference between backward and
forward waves. Experiments performed with materials of various Poissons
ratio demonstrate that the resonance spectrum of an unloaded elastic plate,
locally excited by a laser pulse, is dominated by the ZGV Lamb modes.
From these local resonance frequencies, thickness variations can be mea-
sured accurately and material properties like the Poissons ratio, bulk acous-
tic wave velocities or material attenuation can be determined without any
mechanical contact.
11:00
2aPAd9. Mechanical contacts probed with picosecond ultrasonics.
Thomas Dehoux Division of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engi-
neering, Hokkaido University, 060-8628 Sapporo, Japan,
dehoux@eng.hokudai.ac.jp, Motonobu Tomoda Division of Applied
Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, 060-8628
Sapporo, Japan, mtomoda@eng.hokudai.ac.jp, Oliver B. Wright Division
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University,
060 8628 Sapporo, Japan, olly@eng.hokudai.ac.jp
We investigate the contact between a thin metal lm and a ball bearing
indented to nanometre depths using picosecond ultrasonics. The area of con-
tact is acoustically imaged to micron spatial resolution using GHz acoustic
pulses produced by ultrashort pulsed optical excitation of the lm through a
transparent substrate. In particular, acoustic echoes are detected through
transient optical reectance changes that are monitored by probe optical
pulses. In this way we image the acoustic reection coefcient at the inter-
face between the lm and the indenter. In addition, by imaging the arrival
time of the acoustic echoes we determine the penetration prole of the in-
denter to nanometre precision. Furthermore, imaging the transient thermore-
ectance gives a different means for measuring the contact area through spa-
tial variations in thermal diffusion. We thus demonstrate that picosecond
ultrasonics and thermoreectance provide powerful tools for the non-contact
evaluation of mechanical contacts. These techniques could be applied to the
in situ characterization of contact interfaces between machine elements.
Invited Paper
11:20
2aPAd10. Photoacoustic imaging and laser-ultrasonics using Fourier domain reconstruction methods. Peter Burgholzer
Upper Austrian Research, Hafenstr. 47, 4020 Linz, Austria, peter.burgholzer@uar.at, Thomas Berer Upper Austrian Research,
Hafenstr. 47, 4020 Linz, Austria, thomas.berer@uar.at, Bernhard Reitinger Upper Austrian Research, Hafenstr. 47, 4020 Linz, Aus-
tria, bernhard.reitinger@uar.at, Robert Nuster Karl-Franzens-Universitt Graz, Universittsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria,
ro.nuster@uni-graz.at, Gnther Paltauf Karl-Franzens-Universitt Graz, Universittsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria, guenther.paltauf
@uni-graz.at
Laser-ultrasonics as well as photoacoustic imaging use optically generated acoustic waves detected at the sample surface to image
its interior. In laser-ultrasonics a laser pulse is absorbed at the sample surface generating an ultrasound pulse that propagates into the
sample, is subsequently reected at internal structures, and nally detected at the surface by an interferometer. In photoacoustic imaging
ultrasound is generated by heating of light-absorbing structures inside of an optical semitransparent sample. The goal in photoacoustic
imaging is to recover the spatial distribution of the absorbed energy density inside the sample from the acoustic pressure signals mea-
sured outside the sample photoacoustic inverse problem. Fourier reconstruction is based on the decomposition into plane waves and
is a fast and efcient method used in photoacoustic imaging. Interpolation is needed when signal Fourier components are mapped to
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source Fourier components. We have shown that the synthetic aperture focusing technique SAFT in frequency domain, which needs
no interpolation, and the Fourier reconstruction method are mathematically equivalent if the step size of the spatial discretization goes
to zero. Both imaging methods are compared using simulated data and measurement data acquired with our interferometer set-up. This
work has been supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, project P18172-N02 and project L418-N20.
Contributed Papers
11:40
2aPAd11. Stroboscopic interferometric full-eld imaging of
laser-induced surface acoustic waves. Bart Sarens Laboratorium voor
Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica - Departement Natuurkunde en Sterren-
kunde - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leu-
ven, Belgium, bart.sarens@fys.kuleuven.be, Osamu Matsuda Division of
Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University,
060 8628 Sapporo, Japan, omatsuda@eng.hokudai.ac.jp, Xiaodong
Xu Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, 210093
Nanjing, China, xdxu@nju.edu.cn, Georgios
Kalogiannakis Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica - De-
partement Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
Georgios.Kalogiannakis@vub.ac.be, Robbe Salenbien Lab. ATF, Katho-
lieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
robbe.salenbien@fys.kuleuven.be, Renaud Cte Lab. ATF, Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
renaud.cote@fys.kuleuven.be, Christ Glorieux Lab. ATF, Katholieke Uni-
versiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, christ
.glorieux@fys.kuleuven.be
Surface acoustic waves SAW have the interesting property that they
specically interact with surface and sub-surface regions, rendering them
suitable for non-contact investigation of sub-surface properties and
heterogeneities. Transmission, reection and diffraction effects of SAW
propagation are analysed in order to reveal information on the region over
which they propagate. Laser excitation allows to efciently excite SAW with
short wavelengths, enhancing both the lateral and the depth resolution. Typi-
cally information on the waves is collected by scanning a part of the surface
of interest with a fast laser probe, using the surface displacement or slope as
a real time witness of the wave eld. Here we present results obtained by a
full eld imaging technique 1, in which the sample is repetitively excited
by a pulsed pump laser, and the wave displacement eld is stroboscopically
gathered by illuminating the sample surface with an electronically delayed
pulsed probe laser, whose displacement induced optical path variations are
visualized by interferometrically analyzing it. In this work, the technique is
applied on different samples, varying the geometry of the pump laser beam
pattern, the interferometric conguration, and the heterogeneities of the
sample. 1 Phase mask-based interferometer: operation principle, perfor-
mance, and application to thermo-elastic phenomena, C. Glorieux, J.D.
Beers, E.H. Bentefour, K. Van de Rostyne and K.A. Nelson, Rev. Sci.
Instrum. 759, 2906-2920 2004.
12:00
2aPAd12. Laser-ultrasonic defectoscope with focused transducer.
Alexander Karabutov Moscow State University, MSU, 1, building 2,
GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation,
akarabutov@gmail.com, Nataliya Podimova Moscow State University,
MSU, 1, building 2, GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, npodymova@mail.ru
The novel focused laser-ultrasonic transducer for ultrasonic microscopy
of constructive materials is presented. Short and sharp ultrasonic pulse is
produced by optoacoustic effect - excitation of ultrasound by absorption of
nanosecond laser pulse in special layer. Absorbing layer is integrated with
the wide-band ultrasonic receiving system into common unit - laser-
ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasound beam is focused by acoustical lens with
relatively low numerical aperture convergence angle - 15, focal distance -
20 mm. An acoustic impedance of the lens matches that of the laser-
ultrasonic transducer. The duration of the irradiated ultrasonic pulse was
0.1 s. The focused laser-ultrasonic transducer was mounted on 3-D linear
translation system. The object under control and the transducer was placed
in a tank with distilled water. The transducer was moved across the object
with 2.5 m step. The caustic of the probe ultrasonic beam was analyses by
sliding the transducer across sharp beard of a knife. The reected ultrasonic
signal was recorded by 12-bit ADC. The diameter of the focal area was 0.53
mm. The length of caustic of ultrasonic was 28 mm. The amplitude of the
probe ultrasonic pulse was 20 kPa at laser energy 0.1 mJ. The dynamic
range of ultrasonic trace measurement exceeded 90 dB.
12:20
2aPAd13. Acoustic waves generated by a laser point pulse in a
micrometric ber. Damien Segur LMP, UMR CNRS 5469, Universit
Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la Libration, 33405 Talence, France,
d.segur@lmp.u-bordeaux1.fr, Alexander Shuvalov LMP, UMR CNRS
5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la Libration, 33405 Talence,
France, a.shuvalov@lmp.u-bordeaux1.fr, Yong Dong Pan Institute of
Acoustics, Tongji University, 200092 Shangai, China,
ypan@mail.tongji.edu.cn, Nikolay Chigarev LPECUMR 6087CNR-
SUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex
09, France, Nikolay.Chigarev@univ-lemans.fr, Clment Rossignol LMP,
UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la Libration,
33405 Talence, France, c.rossignol@lmp.u-bordeaux1.fr, Bertrand
Audoin LMP, UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la
Libration, 33405 Talence, France, b.audoin@lmp.u-bordeaux1.fr
Having emerged in the 1980s, the laser ultrasonics technique with its
non-contact generation and detection process overpasses the difculties of
coupling piezoelectric transducers with curved surfaces. To date, the authors
1 have been interested in acoustic generation for cylinders opaque at a
given laser wavelength and for the acoustic source located at the cylinder
surface. In this presentation, assuming point focusing of the laser pulses, we
propose a three-dimensional 3D semi-analytical model for acoustic waves
generation and propagation in a partly transparent isotropic cylinder. First,
the radial displacement at any position on the free surface is derived, in a 3D
Fourier domain, for an inner point source. The response to a volume-source
distribution along a radius is obtained as a convolution of the above Green
function with the corresponding source distribution caused by optical
absorption. Three inverse transforms are then applied to obtain the radial
displacement at the cylinder surface. Picosecond ultrasonics experiments are
performed on different micrometric bers and compared with calculated
waveforms for different optical absorptive properties. References 1 Y.D.
Pan, C. Rossignol and B. Audoin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4379 2003.
12:40
2aPAd14. Simulations of Thermally Induced Photoacoustic Wave
Propagation Using a Pseudospectral Time-Domain Method. Yae-Lin
Sheu Dept. Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.
4, Roosevelt Road, 106 Taipei, Taiwan, b88901147@ntu.edu.tw, Pai-Chi
Li Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan
University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, 106 Taipei, Taiwan, paichi@cc.ee
.ntu.edu.tw
Physical models used to evaluate thermally induced photoacoustic
waves in biomedical applications are mostly approximations based on cer-
tain hypotheses, such as the thermal and stress connements, for the sake of
obtaining analytical results. On the other hand, using numerical methods to
solve the general photoacoustic wave equations gives detailed information
of wave phenomena without making as many assumptions. The photoacous-
tic wave generated by thermal expansion involves the heat conduction theo-
rem and the state, continuity, and Navier-Stokes equations. In this study a
numerical approach was developed in 2.5D axis-symmetric cylindrical co-
ordinates using a pseudospectral time-domain PSTD scheme. The method
is efcient for large scale simulations in that only two grids for the smallest
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wavelength are required, where in conventional methods 1020 grids are
typically needed. The numerical techniques include Berengers perfectly
matched layers PMLs for free wave simulations, and linear-perturbation
analytical solutions are used to validate the simulation results. The numeri-
cal results using 2 grids for the minimum wavelength in simulation domain
agree with theory to within an error of 710
-3
in the absolute differences.
On the other hand, conventional methods such as nite-difference time-
domain method requiring 10 grids result in an error of 1.310
-3
.
Invited Paper
1:00
2aPAd15. Laser ultrasonic study of Lamb wave propagation in different lm loading congurations. Xiaodong Xu Modern
Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China, xdxu@nju.edu.cn, G. Shkerdin Laboratorium voor
Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica - Departement Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D,
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, shkerdin@yahoo.com, Christ Glorieux Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D,
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, christ.glorieux@fys.kuleuven.be
A study is performed concerning the propagation Lamb waves in technologically and scientically interesting congurations. In a
rst conguration a thin lm was loaded with different liquids on its two sides. Three experimental laser ultrasonic congurations, line
excitation with scanning detection, grating excitation with single point detection, and grating excitation with scanning probe beam, were
implemented. All experimental results were found to be consistent between experimental methods and with theoretical predictions. The
conguration can be implemented in monitoring applications where elastic properties of liquids that are kept in containers can be de-
termined via the outside container wall. In a second conguration laser excited and detected Lamb waves in a rubber-metal bi-layer
were used to determine the highly damped elastic properties of rubber.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 241, 8:00 A.M. TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2aPPa
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics and ASA Committee on Standards: Applications of
Psychoacoustics I
Patricia Davies, Cochair
Ray W. Herrick Lab., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Univ., 140 S. Martin Jischke Drive,
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2031, USA
Hugo Fastl, Cochair
AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, Mnchen, 80333, Germany
Invited Papers
8:00
2aPPa1. Determination of ltering parameters for dichotic-listening binaural hearing aids. Yiti Suzuki R.I.E.C., Tohoku
University, 2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan, yoh@ais.riec.tohoku.ac.jp, Atsunobu Murase Panasonic Shikoku Elec-
tronics Co., Ltd, 600, Saedo-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, 224-8539 Yokohama, Japan, murase.atsunobu@jp.panasonic.com, Motokuni Itoh
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd, 600, Saedo-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, 224-8539 Yokohama, Japan,
ito.gempo@jp.panasonic.com, Shuichi Sakamoto R.I.E.C., Tohoku University, 2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan, saka
@ais.riec.tohoku.ac.jp
Sensorineural hearing-impaired people have difculty in hearing sounds not only because of the increased hearing threshold, but
also because of their reduced dynamic range of hearing loudness recruitment, as well as the large and extensive masking resulting
from the reduced frequency selectivity, especially masking by which middle-frequency and high-frequency components are masked by
the intense low-frequency component, the so-called upward spread of masking. Dichotic listening, listening to complementary ltered
speech signals given to the two ears, has been proposed to cope with these problems. We introduce a dichotic listening technique for
binaural hearing aids and the relationship between the effect of this technique and auditory characteristics of hearing-impaired people.
The results of listening tests imply that some relationship exists between the width of the auditory lter and the effect of this technique.
Moreover, intelligibility test results obtained using the low-frequency-boosted sounds suggest that this dichotic listening reduced the
upward spread of masking. We are applying this technique to hearing aid systems and have begun evaluating the performance of this
hearing aid.
3158 3158 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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8:20
2aPPa2. Binaural auralization based on spherical-harmonics beamforming. Wookeun Song Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration
Measurement AS, Skodsborgvej 307, DK-2850 Nrum, Denmark, wksong@bksv.com, Wolfgang Ellermeier Institut fr Psycholo-
gie, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Alexanderstrae 10, D-64283 Darmstadt, Germany, ellermeier@psychologie
.tu-darmstadt.de, Jrgen Hald Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement AS, Skodsborgvej 307, DK-2850 Nrum, Denmark,
JHALD@bksv.com
The binaural auralization of a 3D sound eld using spherical-harmonics beamforming SHB techniques was investigated and com-
pared with the traditional method using a dummy head. The new procedure was veried by comparing simulated room impulse re-
sponses with directly measured ones both monaurally and binaurally. The objective comparisons show that there is good agreement in
the frequency range between 0.1 to 6.4 kHz. Psychoacoustic attributes of multi-channel reproduced sounds were measured in a listening
experiment to validate the method subjectively. The results show that subjective ratings of the width, spaciousness and preference of
different audio reproduction modes auralized based on SHB were not signicantly different from those obtained for dummy head
measurements. Thus binaural synthesis using SHB may be a useful tool to reproduce a 3D sound eld binaurally while saving consid-
erably on measurement time because head rotation can be simulated based on a single recording.
8:40
2aPPa3. Simulation of wave eld synthesis. Florian Vlk AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, orian.voelk@mytum.de, Josef Konradl AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, koj@mmk.ei.tum.de, Hugo Fastl AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Mnchen,
Germany, fastl@mmk.ei.tum.de
Wave eld synthesis utilizes a large number of loudspeakers to generate a desired wave eld. It therefore is necessary to drive each
speaker with an independent signal, which requires as many amplier and soundcard channels as there are loudspeakers. These
enormeous hardware costs make research and development very expensive and time consuming. Additionally, different rooms inuence
the wave eld synthesis arrays in different ways. For this reason a simulation technique is of advantage which permits the evaluation
of the perceived properties of arbitrary wave eld synthesis congurations without the need to physically construct them. This paper
proposes a simulation system capable to simulate wave eld synthesis systems in different rooms based on physical measurements of
one loudspeaker in each room. The techniques used are presented, and possiblities as well as limits of the system are discussed.
9:00
2aPPa4. The next generation of articial heads. Janina Fels Institute of Technical Acoustics, RWTH Aachen University, Neustr.
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany, Janina.Fels@akustik.rwth-aachen.de, Michael Vorlaender Institute of Technical Acoustics, RWTH
Aachen University, Neustr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany, mvo@akustik.rwth-aachen.de
Standardised articial heads are vital means when it comes to describing the binaural transmission from the sound eld into the ear
canal or rather the eardrum. In recent years numerous elds of application were created ranging from room acoustics, to product sound
design or telecommunications, all based on the well-known KEMAR standard IEC TR 959. In the meantime, however, it has become
a well-known fact, that a specic articial heads with natural heads or replicas in hearing experiments are superior to standard articial
heads as far as the quality of spatial hearing is concerned and that b the standardised heads do not comply with the dimensions of an
average population the standard heads are too small. In this contribution rst of all todays situation will be assessed and then a
possible way will be outlined that could lead to a new future articial head standard. This includes an adequate match with adult
population for various continents, and also new approaches such as children-size articial heads to measure and t hearing aids or for
new measurement techniques for classroom acoustics.
9:20
2aPPa5. Auditory memory and evaluation of environmental sounds. Sonoko Kuwano Graduate School of Human Sciences,
Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan, kuwano@see.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp, Seiichiro Namba 2-7-5-604
Obana, 666-0015 Kawanishi, Hyogo, Japan, QZW00041@nifty.com, Tohru Kato Otemon Gakuin University, 2-1-15 Nishiai, 567-
8502 Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan, tkatou@res.otemon.ac.jp
A series of experiments were conducted concerning the memory of environmental sounds. Twelve kinds of sound were presented
with soft background noise of about 6 min to participants. They were asked to recall or recognize the sound sources and to judge the
loudness of the recalled or recognized sounds some period after they listened to the sounds. The recalled or recognized loudness was
examined in relation to the length of the period between the presentation of sounds and the judgment of loudness, the method to measure
the memory, LAeq of each sound source, etc. The results suggest that it is possible to judge the loudness of the memorized sounds and
that the judgments seems reliable.
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9:40
2aPPa6. Comparison of subjective impression of copy machine noise between Japanese, American and German participants.
Tatsuya Furukawa Ricoh Co., Ltd., 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, 224-0035 Yokohama, Japan, furukawa@rdc.ricoh.co.jp, Osamu
Takehira Ricoh Co., Ltd., 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, 224-0035 Yokohama, Japan, osamu.takehira@nts.ricoh.co.jp, Masaki
Nagamiya Ricoh Co., Ltd., 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, 224-0035 Yokohama, Japan, masaki.nagamiya@nts.ricoh.co.jp, Sonoko
Kuwano Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan,
kuwano@see.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp, Seiichoro Namba Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, 565-
0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan, namba.seiichiro@nifty.com, Hugo Fastl AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, fastl@mmk.ei.tum.de
Psychological evaluations of copy machine noise are in progress to lower acoustical noise and to avoid disturbing the ofce
environment. Psychological experiments were made for Japanese, American and German participants to examine cultural differences in
sensitivity to copy machine noise using the Semantic Differential. Seventeen copy machine and laser printer sounds were used for the
experiments. The results were analyzed statistically. The experiments revealed that, just as with Japanese, Americans and Germans were
mostly sensitive to sound pressure levels. However, the second inuential factor for Japanese participants was impulsiveness but
sharpness for Americans and Germans. Evaluation formulas for pleasing noise using physical values were decided for each country.
This suggests that copy machine noise will be evaluated without psychological experiments. The information gathered will possibly be
used to adapt copy machine noise to levels that are comfortable to users in different countries.
10:00
2aPPa7. Applications of psychoacoustics to information technology products. Willem M. Beltman Intel Corporation, 2111 NE
25th Avenue, MS JF2-86, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA, willem.m.beltman@intel.com, Rina A. Doherty Intel Corporation, 5200 NE
Elam Young Parkway, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA, rina.a.doherty@intel.com, Eric Salskov University of Twente, Dept. Mechanical
Engineering, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, eric.salskov@intel.com, Philip J. Corriveau University of Twente,
Dept. Mechanical Engineering, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, philip.j.corriveau@intel.com, Doug Gabel Intel Cor-
poration, 2111 NE 25th Avenue, MS JF2-86, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA, doug.gabel@intel.com, Eric Baugh Intel Corporation,
15400 NW Greenbrier Parkway, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA, eric.baugh@intel.com
Emerging usage models for computing devices require low acoustic noise, for example in home entertainment systems. Studies have
shown that not only the overall level, but also the psychoacoustic aspects matter. This paper provides an overview of testing techniques
that are used in the information technology industry and outlines two specic case studies. First, an extensive subjective psychoacoustic
study was designed and conducted in multiple geographies to determine the aspects of sound that best describe the annoyance to sound
from information technology products in a home type environment. Over 200 participants in four countries participated in this carefully
controlled experiment and rated typical steady state sounds on a 5 point annoyance scale. The relevant sound quality metrics were
extracted and geographical variations quantied. Second, in a paired comparison study the inuence of modulation on annoyance was
investigated by superimposing different frequency and amplitude modulated sounds onto a baseline sound. The results indicate that
modulation can have a signicant effect on subjective perception.
10:20-10:40 Break
10:40
2aPPa8. Identication of transient events from a hard disk drive using non-stationary loudness. Dave Ali Western Digital,
5863 Rue Ferrari, San Jose, CA 95127, USA, dave.ali@wdc.com
The Hard Disk Drive HDD industry has been pushed so much to lower its limits of acoustic emissions by OEMs and customers
that the levels of most HDDs irt with the threshold of hearing and in some cases go below. With these much reduced levels come
different problems and complaints from customers, namely transient events; latching, de-latching, spin up, spin down, etc. The differ-
ence in amplitude and duration of these events typically stand out to the human ear above the steady state nature of the HDD during idle
and sometimes when its active. This paper shows a method of characterizing these events with condence to help in designing a better
product for the industry.
11:00
2aPPa9. Automotive tireroad sound quality. Gabriella Cerrato Jay Sound Answers Inc, 4856 Alton Drive, Suite 100, Troy, MI
48085, USA, gabriella.cerratojay@soundanswers.net, Todd Freeman Sound Answers Inc, 4856 Alton Drive, Suite 100, Troy, MI
48085, USA, todd.freeman@soundanswers.net, Chris Raglin Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, 701 Lima Avenue, Findlay, OH
45840, USA, caraglin@coopertire.com, Timothy Carson IAC North America, 47785 W Anchor CT, Plymouth, MI 48170, USA,
tcarson@iacna.com
Tireroad noise and sound quality are increasingly important factors for customer satisfaction. As vehicle interior sound levels de-
crease, the noise from tires and their interaction with the road become more noticeable. Both tire and vehicle manufacturers need to
assess as early as possible the impact of any tire-vehicle combination on perceived interior sound quality. In this paper, we describe two
projects in which psychoacoustics concepts were applied to help, on one hand, tire manufacturers to screen for designs likely to generate
poor sound quality in vehicle, and, on the other hand, vehicle manufacturers to measure the impact of road noise and interior acoustic
treatment on speech transmission in the cabin. In both projects, the activities were driven by the understanding of the psychoacoustic
features of tireroad noise and by the need to improve customer satisfaction.
3160 3160 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Contributed Paper
11:20
2aPPa10. Acoustical aspects of travel comfort in the aircraft cabin.
Ingo Baumann Oldenburg University, Institute of Physics - Acoustics,
Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, ingo
@aku.physik.uni-oldenburg.de, Sandra Buss Oldenburg University, Insti-
tute of Physics - Acoustics, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg,
Germany, sandra@aku.physik.uni-oldenburg.de, Nils Freese Oldenburg
University, Institute of Physics - Acoustics, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11,
26111 Oldenburg, Germany, nils_f@aku.physik.uni-oldenburg.de, Volker
Mellert Oldenburg University, Institute for Physics, 26111 Oldenburg, Ger-
many, volker.mellert@uni-oldenburg.de, Reinhard Weber Oldenburg
University, Institute of Physics - Acoustics, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11,
26111 Oldenburg, Germany, Reinhard.Weber@uni-oldenburg.de
In several European projects tests were conducted during real ights and
in aircraft simulators in order to identify important parameters of travel
comfort. Physical environmental, physiological and questionnaire data were
measured and investigated with respect to human perception. Besides nu-
merous intrinsic quantities affecting health, well-being and awareness of
ambience dened measurable environmental parameters inuence ight and
cabin crews as well as passengers perception, psychology and physiology.
Sound and vibration are relevant environmental parameters with impact on
passenger and crew. Other important inuence is caused by e.g. air quality,
pressure, local climate. Statistical analysis of the collected data reveals sig-
nicant correlations between environment and human response for selected
groups of test persons. A specic acoustic comfort is not well dened but
part of common well-being and comfort. The demand for a general human
response model is discussed, which relates ambience and perception.
Invited Papers
11:40
2aPPa11. The inuence of speed bumps on perceived annoyance. Anna Preis Institute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz Univer-
sity, Unultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, apraton@amu.edu.pl, Tomasz Kaczmarek Institute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Unultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, tomek@spl.ia.amu.edu.pl, Barbara Griefahn Institute for Occupational Physi-
ology, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, griefahn@ifado.de, Truls Gjestland O.S. Bragstads plass 2, N-7464 Trondheim,
Norway, Truls.Gjestland@sintef.no
Recently, several attempts to use speed bumps as a noise reduction method have been made. Objective analyses of the effect of
speed bumps on noise have been shown to result in a rather small reduction of noise. In the present paper the inuence of speed bumps
on perceived annoyance is investigated. The annoyance rating of a situation in which a passenger car approaches with constant velocity,
then decelerates, crosses the bump, accelerates, and then recedes at a constant speed was compared with a car pass-by at a constant
velocity without a bump. Three different velocities were analyzed: 40, 50 and 60 kmh, and two types of driving conditions: normal, and
aggressive. Listeners judged their annoyance for all the investigated scenarios using the ICBEN scale 0-10 for annoyance assessment.
Objective analyses showed a signicant reduction of LAeqT in the bump situation for all tested velocities, and for both driving
conditions. The results of this psychoacoustic experiment show no effect of the bump on annoyance rating for normal driving
conditions. However, in aggressive driving conditions the bump resulted in a signicant increase in annoyance. In the light of these
results, speed bumps cannot be considered as a noise reduction method.
12:00
2aPPa12. The Adequate Sound Levels for Acoustic Signs for Visually Impaired in the Sound Environment with Ambient Musics
from shops. Katsuya Yamauchi Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, 852-8521 Nagasaki, Japan,
yamauchi@cis.nagasaki-u.ac.jp, Koji Nagahata Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, 960-
1296 Fukushima, Japan, nagahata@sss.fukushima-u.ac.jp, Mari Ueda Faculty of Human-Environment, Kyushu University, 6-19-1
Hakozaki, Higashik-ku, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan, mari-u@gsd.design.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Shin-Ichiro Iwamiya Kyushu University,
4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan, iwamiya@design.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Providing auditory signs for the visually impaired is one of the most effective ways to support their orientation and mobility. Al-
though the use of such sounds by the visually impaired has been revealed qualitatively, the acoustical properties of ideal sound-designs
for them have not known sufciently, even a basic property such as the sound level of these sounds. On the other hand, the advertising
sounds from shops such as ambient musics are the one of the typical sounds in the Japanese downtown. These sounds also disturb their
sound information listening and make their mobility difcult. Our previous studies revealed the adequate sound levels of acoustic signs
under the road trafc noise environment. This study discusses the the effect of the ambient musics from shops on the adequate sound
levels of acoustic signs through the psychoacoustical experiment. The results showed that the difference between the adequate sound
level of acoustic signs and the environmental noise levels are larger than that under the road trafc noise environment. This trend is
thought to be attributed to the frequency characteristics of the acoustical signs and the environmental noise.
12:20
2aPPa13. An algorithm modelling the Irrelevant Sound Effect (ISE). Sabine J. Schlittmeier Work, Environmental and Health
Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Ostenstr. 26-28, 85072 Eichstaett, Germany,
sabine.schlittmeier@ku-eichstaett.de, Tobias Weissgerber AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, tobias@p-weissgerber.de, Stefan Kerber AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333
Mnchen, Germany, stefan@ihr.mrc.ac.uk, Hugo Fastl AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Mnchen,
Germany, fastl@mmk.ei.tum.de, Juergen Hellbrueck Work, Environmental and Health Psychology, Catholic University of
Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Ostenstr. 26-28, 85072 Eichstaett, Germany, juergen.hellbrueck@ku-eichstaett.de
Verbal short-term memory capacity is reduced signicantly during certain background sounds. Remembering a series of digits is
signicantly impaired by speech or music with prominent staccato passages whereas, for example, music with prominent legato pas-
sages does not disturb performance in comparison to silence. This so-called Irrelevant Sound Effect ISE occurs although the back-
ground sounds are irrelevant with respect to the digit sequences to be remembered. Until now, a multitude of cognitive psychological
experiments explored the ISE and collected behavioral performance data during different sound conditions. The talk presents an algo-
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rithm which models performance data in ISE experiments, i.e. the detrimental impact of background sounds on memory performance.
The data base of this algorithm is about 50 background sounds and corresponding performance data, which have been collected in
cognitive psychological experiments at the KU Eichstaett-Ingolstadt. The algorithm is based on the instrumental measuring of the hear-
ing sensation uctuation strength and is able to reconstruct the performance results in about 90% of cases within the interquartile ranges.
The algorithm will be discussed within the scope of cognitive short-term memory models, which claim to explain the ISE and with
respect to practical implications.
12:40-2:00 Lunch Break
Invited Papers
2:00
2aPPa14. Fusion and masking threshold of a tone in narrowband noise. Hans Hansen IRCAM - Sound Perception & Design,
1 place Igor Strawinsky, 75004 Paris, France, Hans_Hansen@gmx.de, Reinhard Weber Oldenburg University, Institute of Physics -
Acoustics, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, Reinhard.Weber@uni-oldenburg.de
When comparing different pitch phenomena, it is not clear whether the expression pitch strength points towards a unique perceptive
phenomenon or object. As many studies concentrate on one special phenomenon, the question, what is actually judged, seems only
implicitly answered. Kubovy and Van Valkenburg 2001 dene a perceptual object as that what is susceptible to gure-ground
segregation. Pitch plays a major role in these grouping processes. In this context the judgment of pitch strength refers to two perceptual
cases. The rst one is the pitch strength of a tone-in-noise, i.e. the case where the pitch is linked to a separate contour within the
narrowband noise NBN, while the second is the pitch strength of tonal noise. Here, the noise evokes a pitch sensation that is not
related to a separate object. In order to explore the transition from case 1 tone-in-noise to case 2 tonal noise, the identication thresh-
old hearing a tone in NBN centered on the tone is determined in a lab experiment. This segregation or fusion threshold is compared to
the measured masking threshold for center frequencies 250-4000 Hz octave-wise at 60 dB SPL noise level. The bandwith of the NBN
is varied from 50-250 Hz accordingly.
2:20
2aPPa15. Are absolute thresholds and loudness judgements inuenced by different colours? Daniel Menzel AG Technische
Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Mnchen, Germany, menzel@tum.de, Elias Faccinelli AG Technische Akustik,
MMK, TU Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Mnchen, Germany, fac@mmk.ei.tum.de, Hugo Fastl AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU
Mnchen, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Mnchen, Germany, fastl@mmk.ei.tum.de
Previous experiments showed that images of differently colored trains and sports cars can inuence the loudness ratings given by
subjects via free magnitude estimation. Red vehicles caused subjects to rate the loudness of simultaneously presented train or car sounds
higher relative to green vehicles. To investigate whether these loudness differences correspond to shifts in absolute threshold, subjects
threshold in quiet was measured via Bksy-tracking while viewing red, green, and neutral color patches. Also, the inuence of color
on the loudness of broadband noise was measured using a method of adjustment, in which subjects had to adjust the level of a test sound
until it was perceived as loud as a reference sound. In both cases, no inuence of color on either absolute threshold or loudness per-
ception measured via adjustment could be found. These results support the hypothesis that, compared to previously used methods like
magnitude estimation, methods that require subjects to concentrate on the auditory stimulus do not seem to be as applicable for mea-
surements of audio-visual interactions.
2:40
2aPPa16. An efcient masking model for audio coding exploiting spectro-temporal masking. Steven Van De Par Philips Re-
search Europe, Digital Signal Processing MS WO02, High Tech Campus 36, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands,
steven.van.de.par@philips.com, Jeroen Koppens Philips Research Europe, Digital Signal Processing MS WO02, High Tech Cam-
pus 36, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands, jeroen.koppens@philips.com, Armin Kohlrausch Philips Research Europe, Digital Signal
Processing MS WO02, High Tech Campus 36, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands, armin.kohlrausch@philips.com, Werner Oomen
Philips Research Europe, Digital Signal Processing MS WO02, High Tech Campus 36, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands, werner
.oomen@philips.com
Perceptual audio coding achieves part of its coding efciency by spectrally shaping the quantization noise such that it is masked by
the audio signal to be encoded. In order to determine how much quantization noise is allowed within each frequency band and time
interval a masking model is used to predict a masking curve specifying the maximally allowed quantization noise level within each
frequency band. In most audio coders only spectral masking properties of the audio signal are used. The model by Dau et al. J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 99, Vol. 3615, 1996 provides an interesting approach to also model temporal masking. Since this model operates as an
articial observer it only predicts whether the quantization noise is audible or not in the presence of the audio signal. In order to
determine the most efcient quantization noise shape, the encoder needs to iteratively adapt the noise shape and evaluate each option
with the model. This implies a highly computational complex encoding algorithm. In this contribution we will present an efcient
masking model based on the Dau et al. model that only requires a single evaluation of the input signal to determine the maximally
allowed noise level within each frequency band.
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3:00
2aPPa17. Factor analyses of critical-band-ltered speech of British English and Japanese. Kazuo Ueda Perceptual Psychology
Unit, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan, ueda@design.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Yoshitaka Nakajima
Perceptual Psychology Unit, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan, nakajima@design.kyushu-u
.ac.jp
Two-hundred sentences of British English and Japanese, each uttered by 10 native speakers 5 females and 5 males in each lan-
guage, were analyzed through 20 bands of critical band lters. Smoothed power uctuations derived from the lters were submitted to
principal component analyses followed by varimax rotation. The rst three factors explained 34-37% of variance. One of the factors
exhibited two peaks along frequency axis in the standardized scores and two of the factors showed one peak for each. These three
factors divided the whole frequency range of speech sound into four bands. The structure of the factors and frequency bands was
essentially the same across the two languages. These frequency bands can be used for speech perception in general, because intelligible
noise-vocoded speech sounds can be synthesized with the frequency bands.
Contributed Paper
3:20
2aPPa18. A Structuralistic Approach to Acoustic-Auditory Functions
of Meaning. Ute Jekosch Chair of Communication Acoustics, TU Dres-
den, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany,
ute.jekosch@tu-dresden.de, Ercan Altinsoy Chair of Communication
Acoustics, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany,
ercan.altinsoy@ias.et.tu-dresden.de, Sebastian Merchel Chair of Commu-
nication Acoustics, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Ger-
many, sebastian.merchel@tu-dresden.de
In this paper we introduce a methodology of semio-acoustics to get in-
formation on how human listeners associate meaning to acoustic-auditory
events. We concentrate on identifying cues in the auditory stream listeners
base the association of meaning on as well on modelling major characteris-
tics of the reference system of meaning. The methodology we use is closely
related to structuralism, an approach that has its origins in semiotics. In prin-
ciple, structuralism differentiates between creating functions, carrying func-
tions and changing functions of systems of meaning. We concentrate on car-
rying and changing functions here using the following procedure: a sign-
carrier in our case an acoustic-auditory event the association of meaning is
based on is decomposed into sub-units. By a minimal pair analysis we in-
vestigate carrying and changing functions of acoustic-auditory features with
regard to the associated meaning. We will introduce the methodology used
and discuss rst results of a pilot study.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Papers
5:20
2aPPa19. Optimization of a dual recognition tasks for speech quality
assessment. Virginie Durin France Tlcom, 2 avenue Pierre Marzin,
22300 Lannion, France, virginie.durin@orange-ftgroup.com, Laetitia
Gros France Tlcom, 2 avenue Pierre Marzin, 22300 Lannion, France,
laetitia.gros@orange-ftgroup.com
This paper deals with perceptive test methodologies to assess speech
quality of telecommunication systems. Faced with drawbacks of typical
methodologies recommended by ITU-T, a new way to assess speech quality
is investigated. The new approach requires collecting reaction times and per-
formances when subjects are achieving tasks involving degraded speech
signals; it is shown that reactions times lengthen and performances decrease
in a specic task when quality is impaired. The proposed task is a dual task
with a digit recognition memory task and a letter recognition task. Three
different quality levels are applied to audio signals describing digits and
letters. Different experimental designs are examined to reinforce the effect
of speech quality on performances and reaction times. The results show sig-
nicant differences of performances and reaction times between the three
quality levels, depending on the experimental design.
5:40
2aPPa20. Electronic pass-through hearing protection and directional
hearing restoration integrated in a helmet. Wouter K. Vos TNO, Ka-
mpweg 5, 3769ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands, wouter.vos@tno.nl, Adelbert
W. Bronkhorst TNO, Kampweg 5, 3769ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands,
adelbert.bronkhorst@tno.nl, Jan A. Verhave TNO, Kampweg 5, 3769ZG
Soesterberg, Netherlands, jan.verhave@tno.nl
Compared to standard earplugs, electronic pass-through earplugs pro-
vide better sound localisation. Provided that the bandwidth is sufciently
wide and the earplugs do not change the shape of the pinnae. However,
when a helmet is worn that partially or completely covers the ears, the di-
rectional hearing capability is diminished. We attempt to restore directional
hearing when wearing a helmet by attaching a microphone array to the
helmet. The signals from the microphone array are ltered with Finite Im-
pulse Response FIR lters to recreate an individual or generic open-ear
Head Related Transfer Function HRTF. The lters are designed by mini-
misation of an error measure in the frequency domain. The error measure
incorporates both the log magnitude and the phase differences between the
original and the recreated HRTF. The global minimum is found using mod-
ern optimisation techniques like Particle Swarm Optimisation PSO or Dif-
ferential Evolution DE. The total system is evaluated with subject
experiments. Participants have to localise sounds and rate the quality of
sounds. Independent variables are the number of microphones that should be
used and their positions on the helmet.
6:00
2aPPa21. How many psycho-acoustic attributes are needed? Torben
Holm Pedersen Delta Acoustics & SenseLab, Venlighedsvej 4, 2970 Hr-
sholm, Denmark, thp@delta.dk, Nick Zacharov Delta Acoustics & Sense-
Lab, Venlighedsvej 4, 2970 Hrsholm, Denmark, nvz@delta.dk
Sounds may be characterized by objective perceptive attributes for
which there may exist physical metrics or by subjective affective or
connotative attributes. This paper will deal with the perceptive attributes.
Within product sound quality the metrics for classical the psycho-acoustic
attributes loudness, sharpness, roughness and uctuation strength -maybe
supplemented with tone and impulse prominence- are often used as the only
attributes to characterize the sounds. But are these 4-6 attributes or dimen-
sions sufcient to characterize a sound? Within room acoustics and repro-
duced sound many other attributes are used and in the language around 100
direct sound describing words may be found. This paper will give an over-
view over attributes used within different acoustic areas. The latter part of
the paper will discuss the role of sensory evaluation methods as a means to
systematically developing attributes for the objective qualication and quan-
tication of sound characteristics.
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6:20
2aPPa22. Noise perception of wall-hung gas boilers. Patrick
Chevret 01dB-Metravib, 200 Chemin des Ormeaux, 69578 Limonest Ce-
dex, France, patrick.chevret@01db-metravib.com, Anne
Coulon CETIAT, Domaine Scientique de la Doua, 25 avenue des Arts, BP
2042, F-69603 Villeurbanne cedex, France,
anne.coulon@cetiat.fr, Franois Bessac CETIAT, Domaine Scientique
de la Doua, 25 avenue des Arts, BP 2042, F-69603 Villeurbanne cedex,
France, francois.bessac@cetiat.fr, Etienne Parizet Laboratoire Vibrations
Acoustique, Insa Lyon, 25 bis, av. J. Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex,
France, etienne.parizet@insa-lyon.fr
The aim of this study is to assess the quality image for domestic wall-
hung gas-red boilers, based on their noise. Nine boilers were recorded us-
ing an acoustic manikin in a hemi-anechoic room, for different operating
conditions. Two of these operating conditions maximum heat input, hot wa-
ter tapping were rst studied. Five-second sequences were presented
through headphones to sixty listeners using the mixed assessment method
allowing for the comparison between signals. Analyses showed several as-
sessment strategies: according to listeners, the relevant noise parameters
could be the loudness, the sharpness or the presence of tonal components. A
second experimental phase focused on tonal components by articially
modifying some sounds to offer a relevant perceptive indicator. The results
of this second experiment will also be presented.
Invited Papers
6:40
2aPPa23. Methodological aspects in the determination of the auditory lters and critical band at low and mid-frequencies.
Carlos A. Jurado Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, cjo@es.aau.dk, Henrik Mller
Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, hm@acoustics.aau.dk, Christian Sejer Pedersen
Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, cp@acoustics.aau.dk
In order to evaluate loudness or audibility of complex sounds, knowledge of the auditory lter characteristics is necessary. At low
frequencies, where both the threshold of hearing and dynamic range become considerably frequency dependent, care must be taken to
account for this both in the psycho-acoustical model and the methodological approach. To account for variation in hearing sensitivity at
low frequencies, equal loudness contours have been used to weight the stimuli accordingly. At mid and high frequencies, threshold of
hearing curves have been used. These stimuli weightings can be applied before or after the experiment, normally being applied
afterwards. Due to the non-linear characteristics of the cochlear amplier, it is arguable whether post-experimental weighting is a proper
approach, or whether at low frequencies there will be any difference between pre or post stimuli weighting. Listening experiments are
then to be performed to test possible differences in pre or post ltering the stimuli. The most appropriate approach will then be
discussed. Measurements will be done at low and mid frequencies. To obtain accurate auditory lter estimates, individual ELC or
threshold curves will be determined. Methods such as the notched-noise method and the classical band-widening approach will be tested
with these conditions.
7:00
2aPPa24. Effect of recordingplayback technique and experimental method on assessments of noise. Emine elik-Christensen
Aalborg University Rockwool International AS, Rockwool International, Building Knowledge Center, Hovedgaden 584, Entrance C,
2640 Hedehusene, Denmark, emine.christensen@rockwool.com, Kerstin Persson Waye Dept. of Environ. Medicine, The Sahlgren-
ska Acad. of Gothenburg Univ., Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden, kerstin.persson-waye@amm.gu.se, Henrik Mller Acoustics,
Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, hm@acoustics.aau.dk
The study investigated possible effects of recordingplayback technique and experimental method on assessments of annoyance,
loudness and unpleasantness. A possible effect of exposure duration was also studied. Sounds were recorded with two different
techniques: monophonic and binaural dummy-head technique. In addition, they were reproduced with three different techniques:
monophonic recordings presented through a loudspeaker system, binaural recordings presented through closed circum-aural and com-
pletely open free-of-the-ear headphones. The study adopted three psychometric methods for collecting responses from test-subjects.
Fifty-four subjects participated, and three types of sounds were used: everyday restaurant sound, road trafc sound and ventilation sound
dominated by low frequencies. Each sound was played back at three different levels. The results show that there is no signicant main
effect of recording and playback technique for any of the three perceptual attributes; however, signicant interactions between tech-
niques and sounds were found. Since the effect of recording and playback technique differs depending on sound, this nding is of
importance for future design of experiments and interpretation of results. The results also show that long-term annoyance and unpleas-
antness are poorly predicted by short-duration methods.
Contributed Papers
7:20
2aPPa25. Relation between the overall unpleasantness of a long
duration sound and the one of its event6: application to a delivery truck.
Emilie Geissner Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon, 25 bis
avenue Jean Capelle, Btiment Saint-Exupry, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex,
France, emilie.geissner@insa-lyon.fr, Etienne Parizet Laboratoire Vibra-
tions Acoustique, Insa Lyon, 25 bis, av. J. Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Ce-
dex, France, etienne.parizet@insa-lyon.fr
The goal of this study was to investigate the link between the unpleas-
antness assessment of an unstationary long duration sound composed of sev-
eral distinct sound events and the corresponding judgments of each of those
events. For that purpose, a sound sequence of a delivery truck was evaluated
by 16 listeners during a test in laboratory: rst, subjects had to continuously
quantify the perceived unpleasantness of the sequence by moving a sliding
cursor along a ve levels graduated scale and then give a global rating by
using the same scale. In a second step, listeners had to express their overall
judgment of unpleasantness for eight samples of the delivery sequence. As
previously shown for loudness by Kuwano and Namba 1985, the global
rating of the unpleasantness of long sound could not be estimated by the
arithmetic mean of the continuous assessment. It also appeared that the over-
all judgment corresponds to the arithmetic mean on the local values of un-
pleasantness of each main sound event. This last result was similar to the
conclusions of Hellbrck et al. 2001 for the loudness scaling of trafc
noise.
7:40
2aPPa26. Just noticeable differences of loudness and sharpness for
earth moving machines. Francesca Pedrielli CNR-Imamoter, via Canal
Bianco 28, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, f.pedrielli@imamoter.cnr.it, Eleonora
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CarlettiCNR-Imamoter, via Canal Bianco 28, 44100 Ferrara, Italy,
e.carletti@imamoter.cnr.it, Camilla Casazza CNR-Imamoter, via Canal
Bianco 28, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, c.casazza@imamoter.cnr.it
This paper describes some results of a research concerning the improve-
ment of the noise climate at the operator station of construction machines
during real working conditions. Binaural noise signals were previously re-
corded and then used in subjective listening tests aimed at identifying the set
of acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters which affect the auditory percep-
tion of these signals with respect to the annoyance sensation. Results
showed that loudness and sharpness are the parameters best correlated to the
annoyance. In order to verify the efcacy of some noise control solutions in
improving the operator comfort conditions, the next necessary step is to
build a specic metrics able to show the minimum differences in these pa-
rameters which are subjectively perceived. This paper describes the results
of specic listening tests carried out in order to evaluate the differential
thresholds of loudness and sharpness by the Method of Limits. The test was
repeated at two different signal presentation levels. The loudness value of
each original stimulus was varied by interval steps of 0,3 sone, while the
Sharpness by interval steps of 0,02 acum. At this moment in time, the data
analysis is still in progress and the ultimate results will be presented in the
manuscript.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242A, 8:00 TO 11:00 A.M.
Session 2aPPb
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Auditory Perception and Signal Processing by Prostheses I
Huanping Dai, Cochair
Univ. of Arizona, Speech, Language and Hearing Science, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Birger Kollmeier, Cochair
Universitt Oldenburg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, Oldenburg, 26111, Germany
Invited Papers
8:00
2aPPb1. Advantages and disadvantages of fast and slow compression in hearing aids. Brian Moore University of Cambridge,
Department of Experimental Psychology, Downing Street, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK, bcjm@cam.ac.uk
Compression is used in hearing aids to compensate for the effects of loudness recruitment. However, there is no consensus about the
best compression speed. The theoretical advantages and disadvantages of slow and fast compression will be discussed. Studies com-
paring the relative merits of slow and fast compression have led to a great variety of outcomes. It is argued, following the work of
Gatehouse and colleagues, that this is partly the result of a failure to consider individual differences and the auditory ecology of each
individual. It is argued that listening in the dips of a uctuating background sound, such as a competing talker, depends on the ability
to process the temporal ne structure TFS of sounds, as represented in patterns of phase locking in auditory neurons. For people with
a good ability to process TFS, fast compression can amplify sounds in the dips, increasing the effectiveness of dip listening. However,
for people with a poor ability to process TFS, envelope cues may be critical for speech intelligibility and fast compression may disrupt
such cues. It is proposed that a test of the ability to process TFS might be useful for selecting compression speed for an individual.
8:20
2aPPb2. Dynamic compression in hearing aids based on an auditory model. Volker Hohmann Carl von Ossietzky Universitt
Oldenburg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae 114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, volker.hohmann@uni-oldenburg.de
A multichannel dynamic compression algorithm is proposed that uses a novel nonlinear auditory lterbank which aims at effectively
describing the basilar membrane BM response to arbitrary signals. It is based on a linear Gammatone lterbank, a subsequent instan-
taneous compression stage and a frequency-synthesis stage. In order to model the linear response to off-frequency tones and suppression
effects from signals below the characteristic frequency low-side suppression the compression characteristics is controlled in each lter
band by the deviation of the current sub-band instantaneous frequency from the bands center frequency. If the deviation is small,
on-frequency components are prominent, and full gain and compression is applied. If the deviation is large, off-frequency components
are prominent, and gain and compression is reduced. Simulations of responses to sinusoids as a function of frequency and level at a
xed BM place i.e., within a xed lter band and for all lter bands i.e., BM excitation patterns show good correspondence with
psychoacoustical excitation pattern models. Responses to two-tone stimuli quantitatively simulate psychoacoustical two-tone
suppression. Likewise, nonlinear growth of simultaneous masking is quantitatively modeled. First results show that speech reception in
modulated noise may be improved by the system for a subgroup of hearing-impaired subjects.
8:40
2aPPb3. Speech perception in uctuating noise with signals compensated for hearing loss. Joost M. Festen VU University
Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, jm.festen@vumc.nl
For speech reception in noise normal-hearing listeners gain from masker modulations up to about 12 dB depending on rate, duty
cycle, and depth of the modulations. Listeners with sensorineural hearing loss need a better signal-to-noise ratio to improve signal
quality as a compensation for their auditory decits. Generally, a larger compensation is needed for uctuating interferences leading to
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reduction or even absence of release from masking for modulated maskers. With the Speech Intelligibility Index adapted for modulated
maskers, SIImod Rhebergen and Versfeld, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 2181-92 2005 it is shown that these elevated thresholds are
needed to compensate not only reduced hearing sensitivity but also impaired auditory and non-auditory processing. After frequency-
dependent compensation for hearing loss as offered by a hearing aid, more of the speech is presented at impaired frequency regions. As
a consequence the effect of a hearing aid on speech intelligibility will be less than predicted by SIImod. Speech reception thresholds in
noise are affected by peripheral spectro-temporal processing bottom-up and by cognitive processing capabilities, like working memory
top-down. Effects of cognitive processing on speech perception are found especially in uctuating noise as this masker presents a more
complex and demanding environment than steady noise.
9:00
2aPPb4. Signal processing algorithms for speech in uctuating noise. Peggy Nelson University of Minnesota, 164 Pillsbury
Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, peggynelson@umn.edu, Janet Rutledge University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000
Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA, jrutledge@umbc.edu, Juan Carlos Tejero-Calado University of Malaga, Boulevar Louis
Pasteur 35, Campus de Teatinos - Complejo Tecnologico, 29071 Malaga, Spain, jctejero@uma.es
Fluctuating background noise is a signicant problem for listeners with sensorineural hearing loss SNHL. Data indicate that uc-
tuating noise signicantly affects both speech understanding and satisfaction with hearing aids. Listeners with SNHL do not take ad-
vantage of momentary dips in the noise and thus to not experience release from masking in uctuating noise, as normal-hearing listeners
do. Our results have shown that listeners with SNHL obtain about half of the masking release of their normal-hearing counterparts, and
that this masking release is generally related to the audibility of the speech in the noise dips. Current slow-acting amplitude compression
is based on the level of the background noise and does not improve the audibility of speech in the dips of uctuating noise. Fast-acting
multiband compression can improve audibility but may produce unwanted artifacts. Fast-acting algorithms based on spectral peaks
shows potential for maximizing the audibility of speech in uctuating noise to improve speech intelligibility, with limited artifact. Por-
tions of this work are supported by the University of Minnesota and Starkey Laboratories.
9:20
2aPPb5. Signal processing in hearing aids: results of the HEARCOM project. Jan Wouters ExpORL, Dept. Neurosciences,
K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 721, O. & N2, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, jan.wouters@med.kuleuven.be, Heleen Luts ExpORL,
Dept. Neurosciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 721, O. & N2, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, heleen.luts@med.kuleuven.be, Koen
Eneman ExpORL, Dept. Neurosciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 721, O. & N2, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium,
koen.eneman@med.kuleuven.be, Ann Spriet ESATSISTA, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
ann.spriet@esat.kuleuven.be, Marc Moonen ESATSISTA, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
marc.moonen@esat.kuleuven.be, Michael Bchler University Hospital, 8091 Zrich, Switzerland,
michael.buechler@usz.ch, Norbert Dillier University Hospital, 8091 Zrich, Switzerland, norbert.dillier@usz.ch, Wouter A.
Dreschler AMC, Clinical and Experimental Audiology, 1105 Amsterdam, Netherlands, w.a.dreschler@amc.uva.nl, Matthias
Froehlich Siemens Medical Solutions SAT, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Matthias.froehlich@siemens.com, Giso Grimm Carl von
Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae 114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, giso.grimm@vegri.net, Volker
Hohmann Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae 114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany,
volker.hohmann@uni-oldenburg.de, Rolph Houben AMC, KNO-Audiologie, 1105 Amsterdam, Netherlands,
a.c.houben@amc.uva.nl, Arne Leijon KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden,
arne.leijon@ee.kth.se, Anthony Lombard University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,
lombard@nt.e-technik.uni-erlangen.de, Dirk Mauler Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany,
dirk.mauler@ruhr-uni-bochum.de, Henning Puder Siemens Medical Solutions SAT, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,
henning.puder@siemens.com, Michael Schulte Hoerzentrum Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany,
M.Schulte@hoerzentrum-oldenburg.de, M Vormann Hoerzentrum Oldenburg, Hoerzentrum Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany,
matthias.vormann@web.de
Digital hearing aids of today allow the application of advanced signal processing strategies. In recent years a number of promising
signal processing approaches have been designed and developed. However, most of these different evolutions have been evaluated only
in a limited way. Within the framework of the HEARCOM EU-research project a number of signal enhancement techniques have been
further developed and evaluated based on a representative set of real-life recordings and physical performance measures. Different
auditory proles, representing common categories of hearing aid users, have been taken into account. A selection of 5 of these signal
enhancement techniques single-channel noise suppression, blind source separation, dereverberation, multi-microphone adaptive pro-
cessing, feedback reduction has been implemented on a single common hard- and software test platform, the Master Hearing Aid
MHA. These signal processing strategies have been evaluated perceptually based on speech reception thresholds, listening effort and
preference rating, at 5 different test-sites for a number of speech-and-noise listening scenarios. Fifty normal hearing subjects and 100
hearing aid users according to 2 auditory proles, took part in this study.
9:40
2aPPb6. Model-based objective assessment of noise reduction systems for hearing aids. Birger Kollmeier Universitt Olden-
burg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, birger.kollmeier@uni-oldenburg.de, Rainer
Huber Kompetenzzentrum HrTech, Marie-Curie-Str. 2, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany, Rainer.Huber@HoerTech.de, Thomas
Rohdenburg Universitt Oldenburg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany,
thomas.rohdenburg@uni-oldenburg.de, Rainer Beutelmann Universitt Oldenburg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str.
9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, rainer.beutelmann@uni-oldenburg.de, Volker Hohmann Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Olden-
burg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae 114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, volker.hohmann@uni-oldenburg.de
Since the ultimative goal of hearing-aid development is the subjective judgment of the individual hearing-impaired listener, time-
consuming tests with the end user are indispensable. However, time- and effort-saving objective methods to assess the potential benet
of different versions and parameter sets of hearing aid algorithms are gaining importance. This contribution reviews perception-model-
based approaches to predict the hearing-impaired judgement and speech reception performance achieved with various noise reduction
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schemes. The perceptual similarity measure PSM evaluates the similarity between a tested condition and an ideal reference condition
not on the physical level, but rather on the perceptual level at the output of a perception model for the individual hearing-impaired
listener. The binaural extention of the SII approach uses a binaural preprocessing stage followed by a speech intelligibility index SII-
based prediction scheme capable of predicting the relative benet of binaural signal presentation and signal enhancement in complex
spatial signal and noise source congurations. Both model-based schemes can be combined to assess the effect of noise reduction
algorithms such as adaptive beamformers and to optimize their respective performance for different acoustical situations.
Contributed Papers
10:00
2aPPb7. Quantifying and modeling the acoustic effects of compression
on speech in noise. Koenraad S. Rhebergen AMC - Dept. of Clinical and
Experimental Audiology, AMC, Clinical and Experimental Audiology, 1105
Amsterdam, Netherlands, k.s.rhebergen@amc.uva.nl, Niek J.
Versfeld AMC - Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Audiology, Meiberg-
dreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands, n.j.versveld@amc
.uva.nl, Wouter A. Dreschler AMC, Clinical and Experimental Audiol-
ogy, 1105 Amsterdam, Netherlands, w.a.dreschler@amc.uva.nl
In this presentation a method is proposed that is able to separate a speech
signal out of a noise signal after processing of the signal through wide-
dynamic-range compression WDRC. This technique reconstructs the
speech signal and noise signal sample by sample separately using the gain
factor of the WDRC, and can be used to quantify the acoustic effects of
WDRC in noise. It will be shown that this technique is more accurate than
a frequently used inversion technique, because the method is not affected by
phase shifts that introduce distortion products in the reconstructed speech
signal. As a result, the acoustic effects of WDRC can be measured more
accurately. In addition, this reconstruction method allows modeling the
speech intelligibility after non-linear signal processing in the Speech Intel-
ligibility Index. With the aid of Speech Reception Threshold data it will be
shown that this approach can give a good account for most existing data.
10:20
2aPPb8. Acoustical frequency discrimination and pitch matching in
bimodal and hybrid hearing. Uwe Baumann Univ. of. Frankfurt -
ZHNO - Audiologische Akustik, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 8D, 60590
Frankfurt a.M., Germany, uwe.baumann@kgu.de, Tobias Rader Univ. of.
Frankfurt - ZHNO - Audiologische Akustik, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 8D,
60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany, tobias.rader@kgu.de, Silke Helbig Univ.
of. Frankfurt - ZHNO - Audiologische Akustik, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus
8D, 60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany, silke.helbig@kgu.de, Wolfgang
Gstttner Univ. of. Frankfurt - ZHNO - Audiologische Akustik, Theodor-
Stern-Kai 7, Haus 8D, 60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany, a.jan@em.uni-
frankfurt.de
Frequency discrimination and pitch matching of implantees using com-
bined electric and acoustic stimulation in either the same ear EAS or the
opposite ear bimodal condition was assessed by means of adaptive
procedures. EAS patients received either the MED-EL standard electrode or
the recently introduced FLEX design with reduced diameter. Acoustic JNDF
in EAS patients ranged from close to normal to grossly abnormal compared
to a group of matched SNHL listeners. The median JNDF was 7.1% in the
SNHL and 7.5% in the EAS group. There was no statistically signicant dif-
ference in terms of JNDF between both groups of listeners. Frequency map-
ping was studied by means of an adjustment method where subjects were
instructed to control the pitch of an acoustically presented sinusoid in ref-
erence to electrical stimulation. The ndings demonstrate that the insertion
of an intra-cochlear electrode does not signicantly hamper the average fre-
quency discrimination ability in EAS patients.
Invited Paper
10:40
2aPPb9. Combining hearing aids and cochlear implants to solve the cocktail party problem. Fan-Gang Zeng University of
California Irvine, 364 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA, fzeng@uci.edu
The cocktail party problem refers to the difculty in speech recognition in noise that a hearing-impaired listener must face in daily
life. Combining a hearing aid with a cochlear implant can provide complementary information that may have a great potential to solve
this problem. On one hand, a hearing aid may provide low-frequency temporal ne structure cues that are not conveyed by a cochlear
implant. On the other hand, a cochlear implant can provide high-frequency temporal envelope cues that are not effectively delivered by
a hearing aid. This talk will provide psychophysical and speech recognition evidence for combining hearing aids and cochlear implants
to solve the cocktail party problem. One interesting nding along this line of research is that in many important functional tasks, the
hearing aid and cochlear implant combination provides a more effective solution than bilateral cochlear implants. Another interesting
nding is that the fundamental frequency cue alone can signicantly improve speech perception in noise, especially when the noise is
a competing voice. The latter nding suggests that combining a tactile aid and a cochlear implant can potentially achieve the same
benet as combining a hearing aid and a cochlear implant in patients with no residual acoustic hearing.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242A, 11:20 A.M. TO 3:20 P.M.
Session 2aPPc
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Binaural Perception by Hearing-Aid Wearers
Sridhar Kalluri, Cochair
Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
Michael A. Akeroyd, Cochair
MRC Institute of Hearing Research, Glasgow Royal Inrmary, 16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
Invited Paper
11:20
2aPPc1. Binaural function and its benets for wearers of hearing aids. Sridhar Kalluri Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150
Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, sridhar_kalluri@starkey.com, Brent Edwards Starkey Hearing Research Center,
2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, brent_edwards@starkey.com
Hearing-aid design has been predicated traditionally on improving the reception of speech in background noise, a goal that has, at
least in part, been successfully attained. Despite the advances, hearing-aid wearers continue to have difculty in complex acoustic
environments and in auditory tasks where normal-hearing listeners benet greatly from binaural hearing. In order to improve hearing-aid
wearers performance in such challenging conditions, recent research has begun examining the effects of hearing aids on binaural
perception. Interest in the topic is heightened by the rapidly approaching prospect of bilateral hearing aids that communicate wirelessly
and thereby allow implementation of more complex signal-processing algorithms than currently possible. This talk will review binaural
function and its benets, with particular emphasis on the aspects that hearing aids can affect. The talk will also speculate on which
hearing-aid algorithms can affect binaural perception.
Contributed Paper
11:40
2aPPc2. Auditory localization with linear and compression hearing
aids. Helen J. Simon Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fill-
more St., San Francisco, CA, CA 94115, USA, helen@ski.org, E. William
Yund VAMC, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA,
yund@ebire.org, Harry Levitt Advanced Hearing Concepts, PO Box 610,
Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA, harrylevitt@earthlink.net
The question of how well hearing-impaired individuals can localize
sound with or without amplication is still not fully resolved. This study
was designed to compare sound localization with two types of hearing-aid
HA processing, wide dynamic range multichannel compression
WDRMCC and linear amplication LA with compression limiting, dur-
ing the rst 32 weeks of HA use. HAs from two different manufacturers
were included to compare different digital signal processing implementa-
tions, 1 fast Fourier transform FFT, necessitating a 10 ms delay, and 2
non-FFT signal processing with a shorter time delay 1 ms. We found an
initial degradation of sound localization, relative to original unaided perfor-
mance, for both WDRMCC and LA in both FTT and non-FTT platforms.
We found no difference between WDRMCC and LA processing. However,
sound localization with non-FFT platform improved consistently throughout
32 weeks of HA use and was better than the original unaided measurements
at 16 and 32 weeks. In contrast, localization with the FFT platform showed
no consistent change throughout the 32-week test period and remained in-
ferior to original unaided performance. The continuing localization prob-
lems present for the FFT, but not the non-FFT, implementations of LA and
WDRMCC may be due to its 10-ms processing delay.
Invited Papers
12:00
2aPPc3. Effects of noise type and location on binaural benet in asymmetric directional ttings. Benjamin Hornsby Vanderbilt
University, Room 8310 Medical Center East, South Tower, 1215 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232-8242, USA, ben.hornsby
@vanderbilt.edu
The benets of bilateral directional processing for improving speech understanding in noise are well documented. However, these
ttings are not universally accepted by hearing aid wearers. Research suggests that an asymmetric tting omnidirectional in one ear-
directional in the other may provide benet in noise comparable to symmetric directional ttings directional in both ears. This study
evaluated factors that may affect the relative benet provided by an asymmetric directional tting. Specic factors evaluated included
noise conguration, reverberation and noise type. Twenty individuals with mild-moderate SNHL participated. Aided speech understand-
ing in cafeteria babble was assessed in bilateral omnidirectional and directional modes and in an asymmetric mode in four 4 different
noise congurations. Measures were made in both an anechoic and reverberant RT 620 ms. In a second experiment the effects of
noise type were evaluated by comparing performance in symmetric and asymmetric modes in both steady state noise and cafeteria
babble. Results suggest that noise conguration has a signicant effect on the relative benet provided by asymmetric ttings. No
signicant differences due to noise type were observed. Individual differences in bilateral directional benet also appear to have a
signicant effect on the reduction in benet resulting from an asymmetric tting.
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12:20
2aPPc4. Speech-in-noise enhancement and sound localization with improved binaural hearing instruments. Jan Wouters
ExpORL, Dept. Neurosciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 721, O. & N2, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, jan.wouters
@med.kuleuven.be, Simon Doclo ESATSISTA, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
simon.doclo@esat.kuleuven.be, Marc Moonen ESATSISTA, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
marc.moonen@esat.kuleuven.be, Tim Van Den Bogaert ExpORL, Dept. Neurosciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 721, O. &
N2, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, tim.vandenbogaert@med.kuleuven.be
Multi-microphone noise reduction schemes have become standard in commercial hearing aids and cochlear implants. Recent studies
with bilateral hearing aids have shown that common adaptive directional microphone systems tend to distort localization cues, leading
to inappropriate and reduced spatial awareness for bilateral hearing aid users. Here we show that binaural multi-microphone signal
processing based on multi-channel Wiener lter MWF are capable of combining noise reduction with the preservation of directional
hearing. Physical simulations and perceptual results from 10 listeners have been studied for different noise source scenarios, in different
reverberant conditions, and for a number of signal processing schemes using up to 4 microphone inputs 2 each side. An overview is
given of the localization performance and the speech reception benets in these different listening conditions for the different noise
reduction strategies. An adaptive directional microphone system ADM is used as a reference system. Signal processing based on MWF
does, unlike ADM, provides a combination of noise reduction and preservation of spatial awareness. Moreover, in some conditions it
even offers an improved spatial release from masking. The MWF outperforms the ADM in terms of localization and noise reduction if
signals are not arriving from the most forward eld of view.
12:40-2:00 Lunch Break
Invited Papers
2:00
2aPPc5. Interaction between stimulus and compression type in precedence situations with hearing aids. Bernhard U. Seeber
MRC Institute of Hearing Research, Science Rd University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK, seeber@ihr.mrc.ac.uk, Cheryl Eiler
Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, cheryl_eiler@starkey.com, Sridhar
Kalluri Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA,
sridhar_kalluri@starkey.com, Ervin R. Hafter University of California, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA,
CA 94720-1650, USA, hafter@berkeley.edu, Brent Edwards Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Ber-
keley, CA 94704, USA, brent_edwards@starkey.com
Multiband compression in hearing aids has the potential to interfere with binaural perception by altering binaural cues. We compared
binaural precedence in patients tted with compression hearing aids or linear hearing aids and tested one month later with a variety of
stimuli. In an open eld environment simulated in an anechoic chamber, subjects localized the direction of a leading sound accompanied
by a lagging copy played from a different direction. Precedence, dened by a strong inuence of the rst sound, was found in 67 of
the subjects when the stimulus was a sentence, but in only 47 when it was a high-pass or a wideband burst of noise. The fact that
increasing the noise-bandwidth to include low frequencies did not produce precedence in the two patients who had shown it with a
sentence may indicate a need for them to accumulate information through the successive pseudo onsets in the speech-envelope. The
choice of amplication, compressive or linear, did not signicantly affect precedence for any sound, except for one subject who showed
weak inuence of compression with the high-pass noise. We conclude that although compression might alter interaural level cues, for
most, especially with long sounds, localization dominance appears unimpaired.
2:20
2aPPc6. Effect of hearing aids on distance perception. Michael A. Akeroyd MRC Institute of Hearing Research, Glasgow Royal
Inrmary, 16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER Glasgow, UK, maa@ihr.gla.ac.uk
The two primary auditory cues to distance in rooms are the overall level of the sounds received by the listener and the ratio of the
level of the direct sound to the reverberant sounds. In previous work we have demonstrated that hearing-impaired listeners showed no
overall decits in the ability to use the overall-level cue, but they did have decits in the ability to use the direct-to-reverberant cue M.
Akeroyd, S. Gatehouse, and J. Blaschke, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 121, 1077-1089 2007. These decits would be expected to contribute
to the auditory disability suffered by the listeners. But both of these auditory cues are level cues, as they require some measurement of
intensity, and so they would be expected to be affected adversely by the amplitude compression found in most modern hearing aids.
Initial results from an experiment measuring the just-noticeable difference JND for changes in distance at 2 m and 5 m with expe-
rienced hearing-aid users suggest, however, that their JNDs are no different to those of unaided but impaired listeners. If conrmed by
the nal results, this surprising result may be interpretable if listeners have acclimatized to the effects of their aids on level.
2:40
2aPPc7. Binaural hearing abilities of bilaterally tted hearing aid users assessed using objective and subjective outcome
measures. Thomas Behrens Eriksholm Research Centre, Oticon AS, 243 Kongevejen, 3070 Snekkersten, Denmark,
tbs@oticon.dk, Tobias Neher Eriksholm Research Centre, Oticon AS, 243 Kongevejen, 3070 Snekkersten, Denmark, ton@oticon
.dk
Aided spatial hearing in the hearing impaired remains a rather sparsely explored topic. Therefore we do not know enough about the
ability of the hearing impaired to exploit auditory cues for spatial hearing. In an attempt to advance our knowledge the following
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experiment was set up. A group of 21 experienced hearing aid users took part in a test using modern completely in the canal hearing aids
in the eld for at least 7 weeks. After acclimatization to the devices they were tested on a number of outcome measures. These included
spatial unmasking, an interview administered selection of questions from the Speech Spatial and Qualities of hearing scale, and a base-
line speech in noise measure. Spatial unmasking was assessed using three concurrent female talkers, with the target talker always pre-
sented directly ahead and the maskers presented either at - 50 degrees or both at 180 degrees. This presentation will provide results
from the study described above along with possible relations to auditory and non-auditory predictors of spatial hearing performance.
Contributed Paper
3:00
2aPPc8. The effect of binaural processing techniques on speech quality
ratings of assistive listening devices in different room acoustics
conditions. Johan Odelius Lule University of Technology, Dept Human
Work Sciences, Div of Sound and Vibration, SE-97187 Lule, Sweden,
johan.odelius@ltu.se, rjan Johansson Lule University of Technology,
Dept Human Work Sciences, Div of Sound and Vibration, SE-97187 Lule,
Sweden, orjan.johansson@ltu.se
External microphone systems, referred to as assistive listening devices
ALD, are used in classrooms for hearing impaired students. The objective
is to investigate the effect of binaural processing techniques in different
room acoustic conditions. A listening experiment was conducted with 10
normal hearing adults. Response variables were judgements of clarity, pleas-
antness, listening effort and overall speech quality. Design variables were
binaural processing, room acoustics and ALD bandwidth. Stimuli were gen-
erated using the room acoustic modelling software CATT Acoustic. Three
speech sources, two male voices and one female voice, were placed at a
table in the centre of a room and one Brown noise source was placed in one
corner of the room. Microphones were placed 0.5 m in front of each speech
source. Target source was a random choice of one of the two male voices.
The binaural processing was utilized by a simple HRTF ltering. Depending
on the angle to the source from a ctitious listening position at the table,
corresponding interaural time difference ITD and the interaural level dif-
ference ILD was applied to the signal. Stimuli were presented by loud-
speakers using cross-talk cancellation. The hypothesis is that binaural pro-
cessing will give a signicant improvement in speech quality.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242B, 8:00 TO 10:40 A.M.
Session 2aSAa
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: Vibration and Radiation from Complex Structural
Systems II
David Feit, Cochair
Applied Physical Sciences Corp., Ste. 300, 2 State St., New London, CT 06320, USA
Jean-Louis Guyader, Cochair
INSA de Lyon - LVA, Btiment St. Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, Villeurbanne Cedex, F-69621, France
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aSAa1. On the comparison of symmetric and unsymmetric
formulations for experimental vibro-acoustic modal analysis. Morvan
Ouisse FEMTO-ST UMR CNRS, 23 chemin de lEpitaphe, 25000 Be-
sanon, France, morvan.ouisse@univ-fcomte.fr, Emmanuel
Foltete FEMTO-ST Applied Mechanics, 24 chemin de lpitaphe, 25000
Besanon, France, emmanuel.foltete@univ-fcomte.fr
The classical u-p formulation for vibro-acoustic problems is very con-
venient for experimental vibro-acoustic modal analysis since the physical
variables are directly those which are measured by operators. In this par-
ticular context, the objective is to identify from experimental measurements
a reduced model which has the same behaviour as the measured one. The
complex mode shapes which are identied using this technique must satisfy
a properness condition. When they do not verify it, they should be modied
to be able to represent the behaviour of a physical system. Some techniques
have been proposed in order to develop a strategy to obtain the modied
eigenshapes, but this is a quite difcult point because of the unsymmetric
topology of the equations. In this paper, a symmetric formulation is used in
order to be able to directly apply the classical methodology which has been
developed for structural modal analysis to obtain the physical reduced
system. The methodology is described and compared with the u-p formula-
tion, in terms of efciency and precision, in particular when some absorbing
devices are considered. All results are rst presented on an ideal numerical
test-case, and applications on experimental data are nally shown.
8:20
2aSAa2. Numerical modeling of Panphonicss G1 at loudspeaker.
Krisztin Gulys Budapest University of Technology and Economics,
BME Dept. of Telecommunications, Magyar tudsok krtja 2, H-1117
Budapest, Hungary, gulyas@hit.bme.hu, Flp Augusztinovicz Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, BME Dept. of Telecommunica-
tions, Magyar tudsok krtja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, fulop@hit.bme
.hu
The basic idea behind AABC Active Acoustic Barrier Control is to re-
duce the sound radiation of a structure acoustically without inuencing the
vibration behavior of the structure. The large surface acoustic polymer ma-
terial actuatorsensor systems are primarily meant to form the actuatorsen-
sor system for the AABC concept. The main component of this package is a
special active device: the rEMA - revised Elastic Mass Actuator based on
the Panphonics G1 panel loudspeaker element. This paper deals with the
modeling and the low-frequency performance issues of the G1 at
loudspeaker. The aim was to create an accurate mathematical model to un-
derstand the operational principles of the loudspeaker, and then this model
was used to optimize its low-frequency performance. Due to the special
3170 3170 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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structure and the optimization tasks, a new numerical method was developed
to model special multi-layer coupled vibro-acoustics systems based on the
Finite Difference and Boundary Element Method. The investigation focuses
on the mechanical behavior of the panel and describes the sound radiation
properties also. The performed work was a part of the research of the project
InMAR Intelligent Materials for Active Noise Reduction which was
funded by the European Union.
8:40
2aSAa3. Metrology and prediction for integrating a subsystem on a
vehicle: Application to a fan system attached to the front end of a car.
Marie-Hlne Moulet CEVAA, Technopole du Madrillet, 2 Rue Joseph
Fourier, 76800 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France,
mh.moulet@cevaa.com, Saul Mapagha CEVAA, Technopole du Madril-
let, 2 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France,
s.mapagha@cevaa.com, Vincent Martin Institut Jean Le Rond
dAlembert, UMR CNRS 7190, UPMC, 2 Place de la Gare de Ceinture,
78210 Saint-Cyr lEcole, France, vmartin@ccr.jussieu.fr
The car industry must satisfy physical acoustic and vibratory objectives
in order to comply with safety and comfort norms. Among others, efforts
entering the chassis should be limited. When a host structure is excited by a
vibratory system, called subsystem, it also vibrates and may radiate an
acoustic eld. Usually, the subsystem is rst tested on a bench and the ques-
tion is then to deduce the efforts entering the chassis from those entering the
test bench. Globalising notions of impedance already made evident via de-
formable structure congurations are used presently through measurements
in a technological conguration, the complexity of which does not allow
modelling. The case of a fan system attached to the front end of a car is
under study. Some metrological conclusions, as well as more dedicated ones
concerning the fan system itself, will be given. Finally, on the calculation
and prediction sides, expected properties that are not satised such as sym-
metry in measured matrices are seen to be of no great consequence in the
present case.
9:00
2aSAa4. Numerical study of the transition to chaos in nonlinear forced
vibrations of plates. Cdric Camier ENSTA, Chemin de la Hunire,
91761 Palaiseau cedex, France, cedric.camier@ensta.fr, Cyril
Touze ENSTA, Chemin de la Hunire, 91761 Palaiseau cedex, France,
cyril.touze@ensta.fr, Olivier Thomas CNAM, 2, rue Cont, 75003 Paris,
France, olivier.thomas@cnam.fr, Stefan Bilbao University of Edinburgh,
Room 7306B, JCMB, Kings Bldgs., Mayeld Rd., EH9 3JZ Edinburgh,
UK, sbilbao@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
Geometrically nonlinear vibrations of free edge circular plates subjected
to a harmonic excitation are discussed. Particularly, transition from periodic
to chaotic motion is observed when increasing the amplitude of the forcing.
The present work is devoted to reproduce numerically these highly nonlin-
ear behaviours. The temporal integration of such dynamics, including insta-
bilities and chaotic regimes, is not straight forward because a stiff problem
with a very large number of dofs is at hand. Consequently, numerical insta-
bilities are observed when typical Runge-Kutta schemes are applied. To
settle the matter, two methods have been tested and compared. They both
rely on a modal approach applied to the von Krmns model for large am-
plitude vibrations of plate. For the rst one, the energies of the plates are
expressed at the continuous level. The Hamiltonian of the system is then
derived and discretized using the eigenmodes. The Hamiltonian formulation
ensures the conservation of energy. An implicit time discrete scheme is then
chosen to approximate the equations of motion. For the second one, the
Gears BDF method, implemented in the IMSL Fortran library, is used to
integrate the nonlinear oscillator equations.
9:20
2aSAa5. Numerical investigations into the squeal propensity of a
railway disc brake. Olivier Chiello INRETS, Transport and Environment
Lab., 25 avenue Franois Mitterrand, 69675 Bron cedex, France,
olivier.chiello@inrets.fr, Xavier Lorang SNCF, Innovative & Research
Dept., 45 rue de Londres, 75379 Paris, France, xavier.lorang@sncf.fr
This paper comes within the scope of a research program concerning
with the reduction of the squeal noise generated by high power railway disc
brakes. It focuses on the numerical results provided by a nite element
model of the brake including unilateral contact and Coulomb friction at the
discpad interfaces. In particular, the dynamic stability of the sliding equi-
librium is investigated by performing a complex eigenvalue analysis of the
linearized equations veried by the structural displacement elds. Complex
eigenvalues and complex modes are used to estimate the squeal propensity
of the brake in a given frequency range. The effect of various mechanical
and geometrical parameters is studied in order to better understand the
mechanism leading to the system instability.
9:40
2aSAa6. Three dimensional orthogonality of the Lamb modes in
layered plates of elastic and viscoelastic materials and their
implementation to the far eld evaluation. Dmitry Zakharov LMP,
UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la Libration,
33405 Talence, France, dmitrii.zakharov@gmail.com
The 3D guided waves in the linearly viscoelastic laminates are
considered. On the plate surfaces any of the homogeneous boundary condi-
tions are allowed, e.g., the Lamb waves, waves in clamped plates, etc. are
taken into account. The fundamental property of these waves is their gener-
alized orthogonality, which is deduced and discussed. The applications of
the orthogonality relations for solving some particular boundary value prob-
lems are suggested. Amethod for the exact calculation of the far eld caused
by an acoustic source of a nite size is suggested. The only restriction is that
the distance required must exceed the longitudinal radius of the source. The
obtained results can be used for evaluating the elds radiated by ultrasonic
transducers of arbitrary aperture and by other realistic sources.
10:00
2aSAa7. Sound Radiation of a Large Truck Oil Pan: Estimation and
Experimental Investigation. Olaf Heintze German Aerospace Center
DLR, Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, Lilienthal-
platz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, olaf.heintze@dlr.de, Volker
Wittstock Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116
Braunschweig, Germany, volker.wittstock@ptb.de, Carl Fredrik
Hartung Volvo Technology Corporation, Gtaverksgatan 10, 405 08 Gte-
borg, Sweden, carl.fredrik.hartung@volvo.com
The oil pan of large diesel engine trucks has been identied as a signi-
cant contributor to their external noise radiation. This undesired broadband
noise is caused by the oil pans structural vibration and can not be treated
effectively by passive measures especially in the low frequency regime up to
500Hz. In order to address this challenge, an active structural acoustic con-
trol system consisting of structural sensors and actuators is suitable to alter
the oil pans vibrations in a sound reducing manner. A rst step is however to
classify the broadband sound radiation such that it allows for a proper and
efcient sound power estimation resulting from structural measurements.
Therefore, an acoustical model was set up based on a geometrical surface
scan of a serial production large truck oil pan mounted in a laboratory test
stand. This model served for the numerical computation of a set of principle
velocity patterns contributing independently to the active sound power,
where its hybrid estimation has been performed employing additionally the
measured structural response of the oil pan assembly due to a shaker
excitation. Finally, the sound power radiation of the test stand has been mea-
sured in a reverberation room to validate this hybrid estimation.
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10:20
2aSAa8. Sound propagation on a high pressure gas pipe. Rolf
Schirmacher Mller-BBM, Robert-Koch-Strae 11, 82110 Planegg, Ger-
many, Rolf.Schirmacher@MuellerBBM.de, Robert Baars MP raadgev-
ende ingenieurs B.V., Visserstraat 50, 1431 GJ Aalsmeer, Netherlands,
robertbaars@mp.nl
At a two stage high pressure gas compressor with intermediate cooler,
the cooler radiate a tone at the compressor rotational frequency of approx.
160 Hz. For the design of noise reduction devices, the mechanism of sound
propagation in between the compressor an the cooler on a DN 400 steel pipe
with 24 mm wall thickness and 160 Bar internal gas pressure was to be
determined. By non-invasive vibration measurements on the pipe, the domi-
nance of the uid borne sound natural gas over the structure borne sound
was found. Later, pressure measurements in the pipe clearly approved this
result. The concepts upon which the measurements and data evaluation were
based propagating modes of coupled system, wave separation, etc as well
as the results are presentend.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 243, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:20 P.M.
Session 2aSAb
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: General Topics in Structural Acoustics
and Vibration II
Wolfgang Kropp, Cochair
Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Applied Acoustics, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
Sean Wu, Cochair
Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Dr., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Contributed Papers
8:00
2aSAb1. Wavelet-based data processing for comparative study of
noncontact measurement techniques for vibroacoustics. Dan
Borza National Institute of Applied Sciences of Rouen, INSA Rouen,
LMR, Ave lUniversite, BP8 76800 Rouen, France, dan.borza
@insa-rouen.fr, Ioana Nistea Institut National des Sciences Appliques
de Rouen, BP8 avenue de lUniversit, 76801 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray,
France, ioana.nistea@insa-rouen.fr
In vibration analysis of structures complex measurement information is
required in order to perform modal analysis, therefore the choice of the mea-
surement technique to be applied is essential. Non contact measurements are
preferred to classical transducer based methods, mainly due to the absence
of inuence upon the structure under test. The various techniques available
today in vibroacoustics produce results which are quite different in terms of
spatial and temporal resolution or measured quantities and therefore a
choice has to be made of the experimental tool best adapted for different
elds of research acoustics, mechanical structures, dynamics. In this paper,
we present a comparative study of several optical, acoustical and numerical
techniques for vibration measurement or simulation, namely Digital Speckle
Interferometry, Laser Doppler Vibrometry and a FE model. The tests were
made for the free and the forced vibrations of a highly dumped, non-metallic
plate. In the data processing stage, discrete wavelet decomposition has been
applied on the experimental data in order to match up the spatial maps of
vibration amplitudes.
8:20
2aSAb2. Analysis of the acoustic signals backscattered by a tube using
the time-frequency representations. Mustapha Laaboubi Ibn Zohr Uni-
versity, FS Agadir, 80000 Agadir, Morocco, laaboubi
@gmail.com, Elhoucien Aassif Ibn Zohr University, FS Agadir, 80000
Agadir, Morocco, aassif@hotmail.com, Rachid Latif ESSI - ENSA, BP
1136, Ibn Zohr University, 80000 Agadir, Morocco,
latif@ensa-agadir.ac.ma, Gerard Maze LAUE, Universit du Havre,
Place Robert Schuman, F-76610 Le Havre, France, gerard.maze
@univ-lehavre.fr,Dominique DecultotLOMC FRE 3102 CNRS Groupes
Ondes Acoustiques, Universit du Havre IUT, Place Robert Schuman,
76610 Le Havre, France, dominique.decultot@univ-lehavre.fr, Ali
Moudden Ibn Zohr University, FS Agadir, 80000 Agadir, Morocco,
ali_moudden@yahoo.fr, Abdelilah Dariouchy LMTI, univirst ibn zohr
Facult des Sciences LMTI bp 8106, 80000 Agadir, Morocco, abdelilah
_dariouchy@yahoo.fr
The normal excitation of a tube immersed in water by the acoustic plane
wave, circumferential waves are generated inside the shell. These circum-
ferential waves, standing form stationary waves on the circumference of the
tube for some frequencies. These stationary waves, constituting resonances
of the tube which are perfectly visible on the backscattered spectrum. More-
over, the studies carried out on the diffusion of a plane acoustic wave by
target were based primarily on the use of the monodimensional methods
Temporal domain andor frequencial domain. To exceed the disadvantages
of these methods, in this work, we used the time-frequency representations
such as the Short-Term Fourier Transform STFT, Wigner-Ville Distribu-
tion WVD and Wavelet Transform method. These representations are ap-
plied to a theoretical signal backscattered by a tube of aluminium, copper
and steel with radii ratio ba 0.95 a is the external radius, and b the in-
ternal radius. From the time-frequency images obtained we have visualized
the dispersion of circumferential waves S0, A1, S1, and identied these
different waves. This analysis permits to compare between these time-
frequency representations. And also we have compared between the cut-off
frequencies of circumferential waves obtained from these representations
and those computed by the proper modes theory of the vibration.
8:40
2aSAb3. Weak radiator design using dimples. D. Chih-Chun
Cheng National Chung Cheng University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, 160, San-Hsing, Ming-Hsiung, 621 Chia-Yi, Taiwan,
imeccc@ccu.edu.tw, Wen-Nan Cheng National Chung Cheng University,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 160, San-Hsing, Ming-Hsiung, 621 Chia-
Yi, Taiwan, zzs1003@hotmail.com, Cary H. Koopmann Pennsylvania
3172 3172 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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State University, Dept. of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, 157 Ham-
mond Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA, ghk@engr.psu.edu
A design method for achieving minimum radiation of sound from a
beam by creating cylindrical dimples on its surface is presented. Two strat-
egies of determining the dimple size and its location on the beam are
presented. The rst is based on the optimization method, in which the
dimple size and its location are the design variables. The design variables
that minimize the sound power are obtained directly using an optimization
subroutine. The second is to synthesize the beams weak radiator mode us-
ing a set of dimples, in which the mode shape of the dimpled beam is a close
t to the beams weak radiator mode. As a comparison in sound power re-
duction between these strategies, numerical results for a simply supported
beam in a rigid bafe excited by a harmonic force are presented.
9:00
2aSAb4. Estimation for vibration mode of membrane by NAH method.
Nabilah Ibrahim Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku,
135-8548 Tokyo, Japan, m107068@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp, Hideo
Shibayama Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku, 135-
8548 Tokyo, Japan, sibayama@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp, Toru
Itakura Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku, 135-
8548 Tokyo, Japan, m106009@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp
Near Field Acoustic Holography NAH is the method of measuring
sound information on the radiant surface in the near eld as a hologram. By
use the technique, we can visualize the vibration of the radiant surface.
Thus, we can easily understand the object of the acoustic conditions in
acoustic image processing. We made the measurement on one side of the
drum using array microphone while the driven source is attached to the
other side. In addition, the measurement is not touched on the vibrating
membrane surface. This paper describes the estimated results of the vibra-
tion mode on the vibration membrane of a drum. And this is possible by
apply it to the vibration controlling eld for detecting the sound structure on
the membrane.
9:20
2aSAb5. Computing high frequency vibrations of polygonal plates by
the Image Source Method. Jacques Cuenca LAUM, CNRS, Universit
du Maine, Lab. dAcoustique Universit du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613,
72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France,
Jacques.Cuenca.etu@univ-lemans.fr, Franois Gautier Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, francois.gautier@univ-lemans.fr, Laurent Simon LAUM,
CNRS, Universit du Maine, Lab. dAcoustique Universit du Maine, UMR
CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France, Laurent.Simon@univ-lemans
.fr
The aim of this paper is to show that the Image Source Method ISM
can be used for predicting medium and high frequency vibrations of arbi-
trarily shaped polygonal plates with controllable precision. Modeling the vi-
brations of polygonal plates by ISM consists in superposing the contribu-
tions of elementary image sources, which allows the plate boundary
conditions to be satised. For particular plate shapes leading to a spatially
periodic pattern of image sources, it is shown that ISM allows the exact
computation of the Greens function by means of a Poisson summation
formula. For arbitrarily polygonal plates, a criterion for truncating the image
source generation process is examined and used as a control parameter for
the precision of the estimations. The given examples show that the results
are in good agreement with exact analytical solutions for simple plate shapes
and with results obtained by the nite element method for more complex
shapes. The convergence towards reference solutions as the number of im-
age sources is increased is investigated. The main advantage of the method
is that the accuracy is improved with structural damping and with frequency
for a given number of image sources.
9:40
2aSAb6. Estimation of received acoustic levels in the near-eld of a
ship. Christopher Barber Penn State University, PO Box 30, State Col-
lege, PA 16804-0030, USA, cbarber@psu.edu
Measured acoustic levels at the face of a receiver in close proximity to a
ship in shallow water can differ substantially from the levels predicted by
applying standard propagation models to a source level determined from a
far-eld radiated noise measurement. At distances typical of mine-ship en-
gagements, the dimensions of the source ship can be large with respect to
range, ocean depth and acoustic wavelength, and the ship cannot be approxi-
mated as a single point source, nor is the receiver necessarily located outside
the acoustic near eld. Direct free-eld measurements of ship radiated noise
at short range are problematic, so that the received acoustic level in the near-
eld of a ship must be estimated from other available information. Options
for generating such estimates are presented, including a hybrid approach
combining empirically-derived transfer functions, a virtual distributed-
source representation of the ship, and in-situ hull vibration measurements.
The potential for computational methods such as BEM - FEM and measure-
ments such as Neareld Acoustic Holography to provide an improved un-
derstanding of the vibration sources, structural responses, radiation mecha-
nisms and propagation paths associated with the radiated noise eld of
realistic ship structures is also explored. Work sponsored by ONR Code
331.
10:00
2aSAb7. Some notes on the sound reduction index of pax cabins panels
on cruise ships. Marco Biot DINMA, University of Trieste, Via Valerio,
10, 34100 Trieste, Italy, biot@units.it, Francesco De Lorenzo Fincantieri
SpA, Passeggio S. Andrea, 6, 34100 Trieste, Italy, Francesco.Delorenzo
@ncantieri.it
The issue of comfort of passenger ships has became in the last years of
paramount importance; in this context the noise and vibration control plays
a leading role. The concept of comfort on board is subjective and it is im-
possible to dene it with simple formula. On the other hand, a few number
of signicant parameters is commonly used to characterize the level of com-
fort on board of ships, and the sound insulation index in one of the most
important. As known, it has a paramount importance in dening the con-
tractual comfort on board of ships. The report is related with the problem of
setting up the sound insulation index for pax cabins, specically in relation
to the nature and characteristics of the panels between cabins.
10:20-10:40 Break
10:40
2aSAb8. Acoustic and vibration measurements of NASA spacesuits.
Durand R. Begault NASAAmes Research Center, Mail Stop 262-2, NASA
ARC, Moffett Field, CA94035, USA, Durand.R.Begault@nasa.gov, James
L. Hieronymus NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 262-2, NASA
ARC, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA, JimH@riacs.edu, Bernard D.
Adelstein NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 262-2, NASA ARC,
Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA, Bernard.D.Adelstein@nasa.gov
Research was conducted to examine interactions between acoustic sig-
nals and mechanical factors relevant to the design of improved auditory dis-
plays and noise mitigation for future NASA Spacesuits. Data were collected
at NASA Johnson Space Center for the current Mark III advanced prototype
surface suit during walking, walking with arm motion, and while seated.
Measurements were made using multiple microphones both head mounted
and helmet mounted and a tri-axial accelerometer to evaluate the effects of
suit-borne vibration on overall background noise. Footfall impacts were
found to create temporary depolarization of condenser microphone signals,
and microphone positioning had a strong effect on signal-noise ratio, par-
tially due to the effect of the helmet enclosure. The results indicate noise
mitigation and signal conditioning strategies for improving lunar suit audio
voice communications under extra-vehicular EVA conditions. Funded by a
directed research program of NASAs Space Human Factors Engineering
project and by NASA-JSCs Constellation EVA system audio group.
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11:00
2aSAb9. Inuence of material properties on sound radiation for at
loudspeakers. Jaime Ramis Soriano DFISTS. Univ. de Alicante, Car-
retera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig,
Spain, jramis@ua.es, Jess Alba Fernandez Escola Politcnica Superior
de Gandia, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Crtra Natzaret-Oliva sn,
46730 Gandia, Spain, jesalba@s.upv.es, Jorge Frances Monllor
DFISTS. Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn,
03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain, jfmonllor@ua.es, Jorge P. Arenas
Bermudez Universidad Austral de Chile, Institute of Acoustics, 567
Valdivia, Chile, jorgep.arenas@gmail.com
This work aims to analyze numerically, analytically and experimentally,
the inuence on sound power radiated, frequency response, and directional-
ity of different materials in at loudspeakers. Concerned experimental setup,
the excitation force consists in a shaker which his mechanical characteristics
are completely known. Finite Element Method has been used to simulate
this conguration .The analytical model used couples the electrical, me-
chanical and acoustical system of the panel. The parameters of the panel ma-
terial which we are focused are elastic modulus and loss factor. The analyti-
cal formalism serves as the basis to study the structural and vibrational
behaviour of the system that also is analyzed with experimental results. The
results obtained from different materials and different excitation position
serves as basis for optimum conguration in this type of speakers.
11:20
2aSAb10. Acoustical Effectiveness of Damping Coating. Raymond
Fischer Noise Control Engineering Inc, 799 Middlesex Tnpk, Billerica,
MA 01821, USA, rayf@noise-control.com, Leonid Boroditsky Noise
Control Engineering Inc, 799 Middlesex Tnpk, Billerica, MA 01821, USA,
leob@noise-control.com
Damping coatings have again become popular in the shipbuilding indus-
try to reduce onboard and underwater noise. Understanding of the actual ef-
fectiveness of damping tiles applied to ship structures is important for noise
prediction during the design stage and for optimizing noise control. The
commonly held opinion that energy loss is proportional to loss factor values
is not conrmed by tests conducted on actual structures. This paper dis-
cusses differences between loss factors measured on the Oberst beam and on
two-dimensional real structures. The paper shows how loss factor change
may inuence transmission loss, radiation efciency and acceptance. The
results of loss factor measurements in different conditions including water-
loaded media are demonstrated. inuences of resonant and non- resonant
modes on damping tile effectiveness is discussed. Corrections for SEA noise
prediction algorithms, taking into account results of this research, are
proposed.
11:40
2aSAb11. On the prediction of absorption coefcient of porous
materials with Finite Elements. Sabine Langer TU Braunschweig, In-
stitute of Applied Mechanics, Spielmannstr. 11, 38106 Braunschweig, Ger-
many, s.langer@tu-bs.de, Meike Wulkau TU Braunschweig, Institute of
Applied Mechanics, Spielmannstr. 11, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany,
m.wulkau@tu-bs.de
The absorption coefcient gives the relation between incited and re-
ected sound power on a surface and is a measure for the damping proper-
ties of materials. Experimentally it can be investigated by using the imped-
ance tube for perpendicular incitation and the echo chamber in the case of a
diffuse sound eld as is known. To optimize the sound absorption properties
of materials in the pre-prototype stage, numerical simulation can support the
design of materials. A detailed nite element simulation based on Biots
Theory for poroelastic-media is used to predict the absorption coefcient of
materials with open-pored surfaces. Prospects and limits of this strategy are
discussed.
12:00
2aSAb12. Ground-borne vibration case studies in residential
constructions. James Perry Cerami & Associates, 404 Fifth Avenue, New
York, NY 10018, USA, jperry@ceramiassociates.com
Case studies are examined for several new high-rise residential and hotel
buildings proposed for construction over or near underground and surface
transit systems. Baseline vibration measurements were taken on grade and
existing building structures and projected against standard functional vibra-
tion criteria ANSI S3.29 ISO 2631 2. Through post-construction testing
and client feedback, the vibration and structure-borne noise impacts were
eld veried. Study results offer insight into the correlation between these
vibration criteria and the subjective human perceptions of various
sensitivities. Further items of discussion include the relative effects of vari-
ous architectural constructions, building types, and applications as well as
mitigating sound and vibration controls.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242B, 11:00 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aSAc
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: Source Characterization in Structure Borne Noise
Problems I
Evan Davis, Cochair
The Boeing Company, P.O. Box 3707, Seattle, WA 98124, USA
Charles Pezerat, Cochair
Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, Btiment Saint-Exupry, Villeurbanne cedex,
F-69621, France
Invited Papers
11:00
2aSAc1. Structure-borne sound transmission from machines into ribbed structures. Barry M. Gibbs University of Liverpool,
School of Architecture, Abercromby Square, L693BX Liverpool, UK, bmg@liv.ac.uk, Andreas R. Mayr Stuttgart University of Ap-
plied Sciences, Schellingstrasse 24, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany, andreas.mayr@hft-stuttgart.de
The total structure-borne sound power of an installed machine is a function of the source activity and mobility, and the receiver
mobility, at each contact and for each component of excitation. The data and computational requirements for prediction therefore are
large. Manufacturers view their products as single entities and desire corresponding single values of source strength. A laboratory re-
ception plate measurement procedure has been proposed which yields single equivalent values of source strength and source mobility.
The source data, in combination with an estimate of the single equivalent value of receiver mobility, yields the approximate total in-
stalled power. The accuracy of the estimate is dependent on the spatial variation in contact conditions over the connections. In addition,
phase information has been lost in the simplication. Case studies are described for multiple contact sources on a non-homogeneous
plate a timber-joist oor where the approximate estimates of structure-borne power are compared with exact values obtained from full
mobility formulations.
11:20
2aSAc2. Time domain identication of loads on plate-like structures using an array of acoustic velocity sensors. Quentin
Leclere Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, Btiment Saint-Exupry, F-69621 Villeurbanne
cedex, France, quentin.leclere@insa-lyon.fr, Charles Pezerat Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon, 25 bis avenue Jean
Capelle, Btiment Saint-Exupry, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France, charles.pezerat@insa-lyon.fr
The FAT Force Analysis Technique method has been developped to identify loads on beams or plates from the knowledge of their
exural displacements. The method is based on a local discretisation of the differential operator of the studied structure : all derivatives
of the displacement eld are assessed at a given point from a nite difference scheme. The estimation of the operator gives as an output
the value of the force distribution. Up to now, applications of the FAT method have been made in the frequency domain, scanning the
studied structure with accelerometers or with a laser vibrometer, and using phase references to get the phase relation between different
points. The aim of the present study is to show that the FAT method allows to identify loads in the time domain. This operation requires
the simultaneous measurement of at least 13 points on the plate, that can be realized without contact using an array of acoustic velocity
sensors in the very near eld of the plate. The method has been applied on a plate excited by an acoustic diffuse eld. The identied
force distribution is compared to the parietal acoustic pressure measured in the reverberant room.
11:40
2aSAc3. Measurements of the bending moment at boundaries of a structure. Simon Chesne LaMCoS - INSA-Lyon - CNRS
UMR5259, 18-20, rue des Sciences, Btiment Jean dAlembert, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France, simon.chesne@insa-lyon.fr, Baptiste
Chomette LaMCoS - INSA-lyon - CNRS UMR5259, 18-20, rue des Sciences, Btiment Jean dAlembert, F-69621 Villeurbanne,
France, baptiste.chomette@insa-lyon.fr, Charles Pezerat Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon, 25 bis avenue Jean
Capelle, Btiment Saint-Exupry, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France, charles.pezerat@insa-lyon.fr
In the vibration transmission process, the part due to the moment excitation is often neglected, because of the difculty to measure
them, even if these terms are sometimes important. Indeed, several studies show that the inuence of the moment in structure borne
power transmission can be higher than simple force. Moment measurement or identication is an old problem especially at boundaries.
It has been mainly investigated in mobility methods. In fact, bending moment expression can be seen as spatial derivatives of
displacements. These derivatives can be approximated from measured displacements but two major difculties appear: derivatives are
highly sensitive to measurement errors and the usual methods used to obtain them nite differences, modal approach, etc. are not well
adapted at boundary points. In this paper, three different moment identication methods are investigated where the considered structure
is a beam. Both of these approaches are already developed by authors, the third method is based on the use of particular mechanical and
electric setups of piezoelectric patches. These 3 methods are numerically and experimentally implemented allowing us to compare and
discuss on results.
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12:00
2aSAc4. Characterisation of structure borne sound sources from measurement in-situ. Andrew Elliott University of Salford,
Acoustic Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, a.s.elliott@pgr.salford.ac.uk, Andy T. Moorhouse University of
Salford, Acoustic Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, a.t.moorhouse@salford.ac.uk
In-situ source characterisation methods are those which involve measurements made whilst source and receiver are coupled as they
would be in a real installation. Potentially in-situ source characterisation may account for the physical reality lost in the black box
approach. There are other potential benets such as ease of measurement. In this work a structure borne sound source is characterised
using in-situ measurements of blocked force and coupled mobility. Promising results from the method have been presented previously.
Further to this, an extension of the method allowing the use remote measurement positions has been developed. Using reciprocity, the
extended method will further ease measurement for situations where access poses a problem. The extended method is outlined and some
preliminary validation results are presented.
12:20
2aSAc5. General model of a structure-borne sound source and its application to shock vibration. Yuri Bobrovnitskii
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, 4, M. Kharitonievky Str., 101990 Moscow, Russian Federation, yuri@imash.ac.ru, Tatiana
Tomilina Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, 4, M. Kharitonievky Str., 101990 Moscow, Russian Federation, tatiana@imash
.ac.ru
One of the well-known models of structure-borne sound sources is described by the quantities dened at the source-receiving struc-
ture interface: by the matrix of the source impedances or mobilities and by the vector of the blocked forces or free velocities. Together
with the receiver impedances or mobilities it allows one to predict the vibration eld in the receiver and to develop and examine can-
didates for source characterization. In this paper, it is shown analytically that this model is valid when the sound is generated inside the
source by a kinematic excitation as well as by force excitation or their combination and, thus, it represents a rather general model with
wide range of applications. Most attention is paid to its peculiarities and limitations when applied to shock sources. Results are illus-
trated by the data measured in the shock tests of some scientic space instruments.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 240, 8:20 TO 10:40 A.M.
Session 2aSCa
Speech Communication: Speech Technology II
Indranil Dutta, Chair
Rice University, Center for the Study of Languages, MS #36, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
Contributed Papers
8:20
2aSCa1. Evaluation of acoustic environments using deteriorated
speech sound. Yoshiki Nagatani Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho,
634-8522 Kashihara, Japan, naramed-u@nagatani.ne.jp, Takefumi
Sakaguchi Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, 634-8522 Kashihara,
Japan, t-saka@naramed-u.ac.jp, Hiroshi Hosoi Nara Medical University,
840 Shijo-cho, 634-8522 Kashihara, Japan, hosoi@naramed-u.ac.jp
Aged or hearing-impaired people require better acoustical environments
for higher QOL. Many methods of evaluating the quality of speech in acous-
tical environments have been developed. However, since they mainly focus
on quality of speech in bad conditions e.g. environments with huge noise or
long reverberation, they are not suited for evaluations in generic environ-
ments such as normal houses or public facilities for aged people. For in-
stance, the scores of D value deutlichkeit or speech transmission index
STI are too high and not sensitive enough to refer to such environments.
The intelligibility test using normal speech sounds cannot clarify the differ-
ences between different room environments because the intelligibility scores
reach almost 100 percent in ordinary room environments. Therefore, we pro-
posed a new evaluation method using deteriorated speech sounds. In this
method, signal-processed speech sounds are presented to trial subjects under
target sound environments. In this study, Japanese monosyllabic speech
sounds convoluted by the impulse responses of room reverberations were
presented through a headphone in order to simulate the architectural acous-
tic environments. As a result, it was shown that this new method could de-
tect the small difference of sound environments, which the conventional
methods could hardly evaluate.
8:40
2aSCa2. Measurement of Speech Intelligibility Using Low Level
Output - Threshold Efcient SN Ratios. Christos Nestoras London
South Bank University, FESBE, Borough Road, SE1 0AA London, UK,
nestorasc@gmail.com, Stephen Dance London South Bank University,
FESBE, Borough Road, SE1 0AA London, UK, dances@lsbu.ac.uk
Excessive background noise levels or perhaps annoyance due to a high
test signal level are the main reasons for having a low signal to noise ratio
SN or low level output during a measurement session. A signicant error,
in this sense, can be introduced in the resulting data since the measurement
technique requires, among others, a minimum SN ratio for an accurate
result. A validation is presented of low level output intelligibility measure-
ments in an attempt to establish a point of reference for the verication of
data accuracy for a given space. An indication of the functions taking place
in this respect could be obtained through practical experimentation. Results
are reported here.
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9:00
2aSCa3. Vowels recognition using mellin transform and plp-based
feature extraction. Mahdi Jamaati Technical University of Shahrood,
12345 Shahrood, Iran, mahdi.jamaati@gmail.com, Hossein
Marvi Technical University of Shahrood, 12345 Shahrood, Iran,
h_marvi@shahroodut.ac.ir, Milad Lankarany Technical University of
Shahrood, 12345 Shahrood, Iran, milad.lankarany@gmail.com
Feature extraction for speech recognition is a subject of majer interest
today. Different feature have been investigated in speech recognition
systems. The scale transform is a particular restriction of the Mellin
transform. The key property of the scale transform is the scale invariance
.The mel frequencyMFCC and perceptual linear predicate PLP have usu-
ally reported to have yielded good performance. In this paper, a new method
is presented which combines feature extracted from mellin transform with
the plp features. To evaluate the performance of the proposed features the
comparative tests with the lpc features, MFCC and PLP were performed on
the vowels based speech recognition system. Preliminary experiment show
that this approach posses promissing result.
9:20
2aSCa4. A system for automatic detection and correction of detuned
singing. Micha Lech Gdansk University of Technology, Multimedia Sys-
tems Department, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Po-
land, mlech@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl, Bozena Kostek Gdansk University of
Technology, Multimedia Systems Department, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza
Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland, bozenka@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl
The aim of the paper is to show a system engineered for automatic de-
tection and correction of detuned singing. For this purpose, existing methods
of fundamental frequency detection and pitch correction are reviewed. In ad-
dition, main characteristics of some existing detuning systems are presented.
As algorithms for fundamental frequencies detection and pitch correction,
the fast autocorrelation and HPS Harmonic Product Spectrum, and the
modied phase vocoder and PSOLA Pitch-Synchronous Overlap-Add are
chosen and examined. Four possible combinations of the algorithms are re-
viewed not only in the context of fundamental frequency detection and pitch
shifting correctness but also with regard to the quality of the resulting sing-
ing signal. Experiments are performed on both male and female singing
samples consisting of a variety of tones and various articulations. Basing on
the obtained results, it is concluded that the HPS and PSOLA algorithms are
the optimum choice as means to correct detuned singing. In addition, listen-
ing tests are performed in order to conrm objective measurements of pitch
detection and correction. The system is implemented in JAVA. Conclusions
are drawn and proposals of improvements are provided.
9:40
2aSCa5. Spectrotemporal and f0 evidence for a theory of enhancement.
Indranil Dutta Rice University, Center for the Study of Languages, MS
#36, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA, indranil.dutta@rice.edu
According to Keyser & Stevens, 2006, apart from universal features that
are utilized to calculate motoric instructions, there is a second parallel and
language-specic process called enhancement, where additional motoric in-
structions are processed for the enhancement of the saliency of features that
are in danger of being obliterated. The Standard View on the distinction
between voiced stops VS and voiced aspirated stops VAS in Hindi pro-
poses that the breathy-murmured release following VAS is sufcient to
make the contrast between the VS and VAS Ladefoged & Maddieson,
1996. Hence, audible distinctions between VAS and VS during closure
CDVLT are not relevant in maintaining the contrast. Results from our
studies show that CD is a relevant cue in making a distinction between as-
pirated and unaspirated stops. Spectral intensity measures show that speak-
ers employ different glottal congurations to obtain the breathymodal voic-
ing contrast. VLT durations are inversely correlated with f0, such that longer
VLT for VAS leads to further lowering of f
0
. This evidence suggests that f
0
perturbations, differences in the durations of closure, and nature and extent
of aspiration, all contribute in making the four-way stop contrast possible in
Hindi, in support of a theory of enhancement.
10:00
2aSCa6. A Statistical Prosodic Model for Voice Conversion. Jan
Schwarz Institute for Circuit and System Theory, Christian-Albrechts-
University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany,
js@tf.uni-kiel.de, Ulrich Heute Institute for Circuit and System Theory,
Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Ger-
many, uh@tf.uni-kiel.de
Nowadays Text-to-Speech TTS systems adapt the output voice to the
user and the corresponding application. The aim is a personalisation.
Thereby, the user is set into familiar surroundings, increasing the TTS
acceptance. For example, an e-mail client that may read the incoming mes-
sages with the synthesised voice sounding like that of the sender. Such a
personalised TTS system is costly; so, voice-conversion VC techniques are
used to save resources. VC transforms the voice of a source speaker in
such a way that the converted voice sounds like that of another target
speaker. This voice sounds only natural, if it includes all features relevant
for the true target voice. Here, a main problem is the mapping of the prosody
which is one of the essential features. This contribution introduces a statis-
tical prosodic model for voice conversion. It is based on Gaussian-Mixture
Models GMM, trained for the pitch and the duration of diphones. To en-
sure sufcient data for the GMM training, seven diphone classes are sepa-
rated as related to the international phonetic alphabet. The suitability for VC
as well as limitations, necessary extensions stress and problems are
pointed out.
10:20
2aSCa7. Modelling acoustic parameters of prosody for read and
acted-speech synthesis. Milan Rusko Institute of Informatics of the Slo-
vak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 07 Bratislava, Slovakia,
milan.rusko@savba.sk, Marin Trnka Institute of Informatics of the Slo-
vak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 07 Bratislava, Slovakia,
trnka@savba.sk, Sakhia Darjaa Institute of Informatics of the Slovak
Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 07 Bratislava, Slovakia,
utrrsach@savba.sk, Richard Kov Institute of Informatics of the Slovak
Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 07 Bratislava, Slovakia,
richard.kovac@savba.sk, Juraj Hamar Philosophical Faculty, Comenius
University, Gondova 2, 818 01 Bratislava, Slovakia, juraj.hamar@chello.sk
The prosody model is one of the most important parts of every speech
synthesizer, inuencing mainly its naturalness. The intonation contour and
phoneme lengths together with speech quality bear a great deal of extra-
linguistic and paralinguistic information contained in the synthesized
speech. The features reecting personality, mood and emotions of the
speaker are in strong interaction with those reecting speech styles. Anyway
the appropriate choose of prosody model and training material can make it
possible to create special model for every speaking style. The paper presents
our approach to modelling of acoustic parameters of prosody in two differ-
ent speech styles in Slovak. Our model is based on Classication and re-
gression trees CARTs. It uses independent CART for phoneme lengths and
three CARTs for fundamental frequency F0 at the beginning, centre, and
end of every syllable. Two hours of read speech were used for training a
model of read speech. The recordings of a puppet player were used to train
a model of acted speech. The models were implemented in the Kempelen
2.2 unit selection Slovak speech synthesizer. The listening tests have shown
that the models are capable of modelling signicant amount of the differ-
ences of the two speaking styles.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 250B, 8:20 TO 10:20 A.M.
Session 2aSCb
Speech Communication: How do Physical and Motor Knowledge Matter to Speech Perception?
Carol A. Fowler, Cochair
Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St, Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
Mikko Sams, Cochair
Helsinki University of Technology, Lab. of Computational Engineering, Cognitive Science and Technology, Otakaari 5A, 02150
Espoo (Magnet house), Finland
Invited Papers
8:20
2aSCb1. Action-based multisensory integration in striking events. Bruno L. Giordano Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in
Music Media & Technology CIRMMT - Schulich School of Music - McGill Univ., 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC
H3A1E3, Canada, bruno.giordano@music.mcgill.ca, Stephen McAdams Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media &
Technology CIRMMT - Schulich School of Music - McGill Univ., 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A1E3, Canada,
smc@music.mcgill.ca, Paolo Crosato Dept. of Information Engineering, Univ. of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6A, 35131 Padova,
Italy, jimbobaus@virgilio.it, Federico Avanzini Dept. of Information Engineering, Univ. of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6A, 35131
Padova, Italy, avanzini@dei.unipd.it, Carmine Casciato Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media & Technology
CIRMMT - Schulich School of Music - McGill Univ., 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A1E3, Canada,
casciato@music.mcgill.ca, Stephen Sinclair Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media & Technology CIRMMT -
Schulich School of Music - McGill Univ., 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A1E3, Canada,
sinclair@music.mcgill.ca, Marcelo M. Wanderley Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media & Technology CIRMMT
- Schulich School of Music - McGill Univ., 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A1E3, Canada, marcelo.wanderley@mcgill
.ca
Many theories of multisensory integration focus on action-independent perception. This approach has limited ecological validity,
because under everyday conditions we frequently act upon multisensory events through motor behavior. We present a novel method-
ology for the study of multisensory integration in action-directed perception, focusing on striking events. Observers repeatedly hit a
virtual object with a target striking velocity, and are presented with various types of sensory information about the striking event:
auditory andor haptic andor visual. For each of the experimental trials, they initially receive feedback on the tracking of the target
striking velocity. In a second phase, feedback is eliminated. In a third phase, the sensory properties of the striking event are changed.
We quantify the extent to which a variation in each of the sensory modalities disrupts performance in the tracking of the target striking
velocity. Multisensory dominance hierarchies are inferred from the comparison of the patterns of performance disruption in unimodal
and multisensory contexts.
8:40
2aSCb2. Amodal specication of talker-specic motor behavior. Lawrence D. Rosenblum University of California, Riverside,
Department of Psychology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA, rosenblu@citrus.ucr.edu
There is substantial evidence that the speech perception function incorporates information for articulatory motor behavior. Research
over the last 15 years has shown that speech perception also uses information for talker-specic motor behavior. Interestingly, this
research reveals that talker information can facilitate speech perception whether it is apprehended through auditory or visual speech
lipread means. The multimodal nature of these effects could mean that the talker-specic properties used by the system are amodal and
motoric-or gestural-in nature. Evidence for this proposition-that talker-specic facilitation of speech is based on amodal specication of
gestural style-will be discussed. This evidence includes ndings that isolated talker-specic phonetic information, available both opti-
cally and acoustically, can be informative about talker identity to the degree that it supports cross-modal talker matching. Other evidence
shows that the talker familiarity gained through one modality can facilitate perception of speech in the other. Finally, recent evidence
reveals that speech perceivers will align to inadvertently imitate talker-specic properties of utterances they are asked to shadow,
whether that speech is presented auditorily or visually. These results suggest that some of the motor knowledge bearing on speech
perception takes the form of talker-specic gestural properties, amodally specied.
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9:00
2aSCb3. Cross-modal synchrony perception reveals aspects of categorical perception. Armin Kohlrausch Philips Research
Europe, Digital Signal Processing MS WO02, High Tech Campus 36, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands,
armin.kohlrausch@philips.com, Rob L. Van Eijk Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Human-Technology Interaction, P.O. Box 513,
5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands, r.l.j.v.eijk@tue.nl, Steven Van De Par Philips Research Europe, Digital Signal Processing MS
WO02, High Tech Campus 36, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands, steven.van.de.par@philips.com, James F. Juola University of
Kansas, Department of Psychology, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS KS 66045, USA, juolas@ku.edu, Michael Vitevich
University of Kansas, Department of Psychology, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS KS 66045, USA, mvitevit@ku.edu
The phenomenon of categorical perception has played an important role in speech research. When a specic combination of
features of a speech stimulus is varied along a physical dimension, categorical perception is reected by two observations: 1 the
percept of the sound changes abruptly from one category to another, e.g., from ba to da to ga for changes in formant transition
frequencies, and 2 physical changes of a given amount lead to more easily perceivable differences for stimuli close to a category
boundary, compared to stimuli in the center of a category. In this talk, I present data about audio-visual synchrony perception, which
indicate that perceived synchrony also reveals properties of categorical perception. Depending on the physical delay between the au-
ditory and visual component, the percept changes from audio rst, to synchronous to video rst. When measuring sensitivity to
changes in audio-visual delays, we observe that the thresholds are small for stimuli at the transitions between the earlier determined
categories, while they are larger for stimuli within a category.
9:20
2aSCb4. Do we perceive articulatory gestures when we listen to speech? Pierre Divenyi VA Northern Calif. Health Care Syst.
and East Bay Inst. for Research and Education, Bldg. R4, 150 Muir Rd., Martinez, CA 94553, USA, pdivenyi@ebire.org, Adam
Lammert VA Northern Calif. Health Care Syst. and East Bay Inst. for Research and Education, Bldg. R4, 150 Muir Rd., Martinez, CA
94553, USA, alammert@ebire.org
Articulatory synthesis methods, classic and contemporary, have demonstrated that it is possible to generate speech from an ensemble
of functions derived from articulatory gestures. Such gesture-to-waveform transforms suggest that, inversely, the speech signal should
be also decomposable into the same set of gesture, or gesture-like, functions. These functions vary slowly in time and their association
with the speech waveform words as well as sentences can be established by machine learning algorithms. In a recent study at our
laboratory, listeners were asked to type the word or the sentence they heard, with speech degraded in diverse ways as the stimulus. The
subjects responses were synthesized, time-aligned with the stimulus, and decomposed into a set of eight gestures, as specied by the
Haskins Laboratories TADA system http:www.haskins.yale.edutada_downloadindex.html. When the running distance between in-
put and response gesture functions is calculated, results indicate a signicant degree of gesture information transmitted even during
severely degraded speech segments, suggesting that the perceptual system may track speech via underlying functions similar to gestures.
Epochs at which this running distance estimate fails, i.e., exceeds a certain threshold, may be considered to signal periods during which
insufcient bottom-up information had to be supplemented using higher-order linguistic knowledge.
9:40
2aSCb5. Hearing the tongue and lips of vowel gestures: A new differential paradigm. Jean-Luc Schwartz ICP-GIPSA, INPG,
46 Av. Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble, France, schwartz@icp.inpg.fr, Nathalie Valle ICP-GIPSA, INPG, 46 Av. Flix Viallet, 38031
Grenoble, France, vallee@icp.inpg.fr, Sonia Kandel LPNC, Universit Pierre Mends-France - BP 47, 38040 Grenoble, France,
Sonia.Kandel@upmf-grenoble.fr
It is an old question to know to what extent a listener can recover the articulatory dimensions of a speakers gesture. In the case of
vocalic congurations, a number of experiments have been done on expert phoneticians, showing that vowel height can be reasonably
well estimated from the sound, but the front-back and lip rounding dimensions are much less well recovered. However, almost nothing
has been done on naive listeners, due to the difculty to perform absolute estimations in the lack of explicit phonetic knowledge. In the
past years, we have developed an original paradigm, exploiting differential rather than absolute estimations. We show that French lis-
teners, even nave, are able to discriminate to a certain extent which vowel in a given pair has a higher vs. lower or more front vs. more
back tongue position, or more or less rounded lips. From these data, we have elaborated an algorithm enabling to estimate what are the
internal representations of vowel height, frontness and rounding, and correlated these representations with acoustic parameters, F1,
F2-F1 and F2 in Barks appearing to play a key role in the auditory recovery of these three motor dimensions.
10:00
2aSCb6. Mathematical Evidence For Motor Theories of Speech Perception. Gordon Ramsay Haskins Laboratories, 300 George
Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, ramsay@haskins.yale.edu
Theories of speech perception have often proposed, controversially, that recovery of phonological information from the acoustic
signal necessarily requires implicit knowledge of the physical processes underlying speech production. Most of the evidence supporting
this hypothesis has been derived empirically from experiments in speech perception. In this paper, we show that many of the basic ideas
underlying motor theories of speech perception can also be derived mathematically from rst principles, using classic results in sto-
chastic nonlinear ltering theory. Two key results, the Duncan-Mortenson-Zakai and Fujisaki-Kallianpur-Kunita theorems, show that the
optimal state estimator for any partially-observed nonlinear stochastic dynamical system always takes the form of a matched lter,
which is itself a nonlinear stochastic dynamical system, the structure of which mimics, and resonates with, the structure of the original.
Interpreting this in the context of speech perception, recovery of phonological information from sound produced by a human vocal tract
necessarily involves construction of an internal model of the processes implicated in speech production. A key prediction, which we
explore, is that any such model need not reproduce all the details of these processes, but is only required to predict the lawful condi-
tional correlation between gesture and sound.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 250B, 10:40 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aSCc
Speech Communication: Speech Recognition in Noisy Environments
Olivier Siohan, Cochair
Advanced Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition, IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown, NY 10598, USA
Georges Linares, Cochair
Universit dAvignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Laboratoire Informatique dAvignon, 339, chemin des Meinajaries, Agroparc BP
1228, 84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
Contributed Paper
10:40
2aSCc1. Speech recognition with body-conducted speech using
differential acceleration. Masashi Nakayama Hiroshima City University
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1
Ozuka-Higashi, Asa-Minami-Ku, 731-3194 Hiroshima, Japan, m.nakayama
@aist.go.jp, Shunsuke Ishimitsu Hiroshima City University National In-
stitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Ozuka-
Higashi, Asa-Minami-Ku, 731-3194 Hiroshima, Japan, ishimitu
@hiroshima-cu.ac.jp, Seiji Nakagawa National Institute of Advanced In-
dustrial Science and Technology AIST, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, 563-8577
Ikeda, Osaka, Japan, s-nakagawa@aist.go.jp
Speech-recognition rates decrease in noisy environments. The body-
conducted speech, conducted in solids such as body and skins, has a noise-
robust characteristics and can be served for recognition systems even in 98
dBSPL-noise -20 dBSNR environments. However, the body-conduction
could not capture high frequency sounds. Conventional methods for the im-
provement in sound quality of body-conducted speeches needs both
speeches and body-conducted speeches. In this paper, a new body-conducted
speech retrieval technique in sound quality without a speech signal itself is
proposed. First, high-frequency components in the body-conducted speech
were emphasized using differential acceleration. Second, conventional noise
reduction method was adopted to make a clear body-conducted speech from
a retrieval speech which contains constant noise. The recognition experi-
ments using the proposed method showed that it improved recognition rate
in all speakers.
Invited Paper
11:00
2aSCc2. Exploiting condence measures for missing data speech recognition. Christophe Cerisara LORIA UMR 7503, Campus
Scientique, 54506 Vandoeuvre-ls-Nancy, France, Christophe.Cerisara@loria.fr
Automatic speech recognition in highly non-stationary noise, for instance with a competing speaker or background music, is an
extremely challenging and still unsolved problem. Missing data recognition is a robust approach that is well adapted to this kind of
noise. A standard missing data technique consists in marginalizing out, from the observation likelihoods computed during decoding, the
contribution of the spectro-temporal fragments that are dominated by noise. However, such an approach can hardly be applied to ad-
vanced parameterization domains that do not separate speech from noise frequencies, such as the cepstrum or ETSI AFE. We propose
in this work to extend this technique to such parameterization domains, and not only to spectrographic-like front-ends as it was the case
before. This is realized by masking the observations that favor erroneous decoding paths, instead of masking the features that are domi-
nated by noise. These new missing data masks are now estimated based on speech recognition condence measures, which can be
considered as indicators of the reliability of decoding paths. A rst version of this robust algorithm is evaluated on the French broadcast
news ESTER corpus.
Contributed Paper
11:20
2aSCc3. An MTF-based blind restoration of temporal power envelopes
as a front-end processor for automatic speech recognition systems in
reverberant environments. Xugang Lu Japan Advanced Institute of Sci-
ence and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292 Sendai, Japan,
xugang@jaist.ac.jp, Masashi Unoki JAIST, 1-1 Asahidai, 923-1292
Nomi, Japan, unoki@jaist.ac.jp, Masato Akagi Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292 Sendai, Japan,
akagi@jaist.ac.jp
To reduce speech degradation in reverberant environments, we previ-
ously proposed a modulation transfer function MTF based method for
speech dereverberation. It is based on the MTF relation that the sub-band
temporal power envelope of reverberant speech can be represented as the
convolution between temporal power envelopes of clean speech and the
room impulse response. Therefore, the sub-band power envelope of clean
speech can be estimated using inverse MTF ltering without measuring the
room impulse response. We tested the effectiveness of this method as a
front-end for automatic speech recognition ASR in both articial and real
reverberant environments. Reverberant speech signals were created by
simple convolution of clean speech AURORA-2J and articially-produced
or real room impulse responses. The relative spectral ltering of the
auditory-power-spectrum based method was used as a baseline. Compared
with the baseline, our proposed method had 36.64% and 21.68% improve-
ments in error reduction rate for articial reverberant environments
reverberation times from 0.2 to 2.0 s and real reverberant environments
43 reverberant impulse responses, respectively. These results indicate that
our proposed method can be used as a robust front-end for ASR. Work sup-
ported by a Grant-in-Aid for Science Research from the Japanese Ministry
of Education No. 18680017.
3180 3180 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Invited Paper
11:40
2aSCc4. Front-end processing of a distant-talking speech interface for control of an interactive TV system. Maurizio Omologo
Fondazione Bruno Kessler - IRST, Via Sommarive, 18, Povo, 38050 Trento, Italy, omologo@fbk.eu
This work addresses a research activity being conducted for the development of a user-friendly interface for the access to a virtual
smart assistant enabling the interaction with TV-related digital devices and infotainment services. In the given scenario, the users can
speak in a natural and comfortable way, not encumbered by any hand-held or head-mounted microphone. The environment is typically
a living room, equipped with digital TV, Hi-Fi audio devices, etc., and populated by a group of people e.g., family members. Among
the most challenging issues involved in this scenario are a multi-microphone front-end for an effective processing of the given acoustic
scene, an Acoustic Echo Cancellation AEC component to compensate the sound produced by loudspeakers, and a multi-modal distant-
talking spoken dialogue system. As far as the front-end is concerned, multiple speaker localization, speech activity detection, speaker
identication, and speech recognition will have to perform accurately even when AEC is applied to the given microphone array. The
paper aims to present preliminary results of this research, which is being conducted under the European Project DICIT.
Contributed Paper
12:00
2aSCc5. Speaker adaptation combined with missing data
reconstruction. Ulpu Remes Adaptive Informatics Research Centre, Hel-
sinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5400, 02015 Espoo, Finland,
ulpu.remes@tkk., Kalle J. Palomki Adaptive Informatics Research
Centre, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5400, 02015 Espoo,
Finland, kalle.palomaki@tkk., Mikko Kurimo Adaptive Informatics Re-
search Centre, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5400, 02015 Es-
poo, Finland, mikko.kurimo@tkk.
Missing data methods offer an attractive framework for automatic
speech recognition ASR under time-varying and unpredictable noise
conditions. The motivation for the methods comes from the human speech
perception and auditory scene analysis, studies on which have suggested that
the more intense sound components in an auditory scene dominate the neu-
ral response to the scene. The missing data methods developed for ASR di-
vide the noisy speech signal to speech and noise dominated regions. Speech
components in the noise dominated regions are viewed as missing but may
be reconstructed based on the observed components. Missing data methods
have performed well in previous studies with noise corrupted speech but
have not become a standard in ASR. Especially considering ASR on large
vocabularies, the methods have a disadvantage: it is not straightforward to
combine them with common speaker adaptation methods such as con-
strained maximum likelihood linear regression CMLLR. In this work, we
investigate efcient ways to combine missing data reconstruction with
speaker adaptation in large vocabulary ASR task with speech data recorded
in noisy real-world environments. The experiments show that speaker adap-
tation combined with the missing data reconstruction can improve the miss-
ing data approach in noisy large vocabulary ASR.
Invited Paper
12:20
2aSCc6. An efcient frame selection approach to variable frame rate analysis for noise robust speech recognition. Zheng-Hua
Tan Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark, zt@es.aau.dk, Brge
Lindberg Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark, bli@es.aau.dk
This paper presents a low-complexity, effective variable frame rate VFR analysis method that conducts frame selection on the basis
of a posteriori signal-to-noise ratio SNR weighted energy distance. It has two characteristics. First, energy distance instead of cepstral
distance is used to make it computationally efcient and thus enable a ner granularity in search as compared with cepstral distance
criterion. Secondly, SNR weighting is used to emphasize the reliable regions in noisy speech signals. In terms of frame selection, it is
experimentally found that the method is able to assign a higher frame rate to fast changing events such as consonants, a lower frame rate
to steady regions like vowels and no frames to silence, even for very low SNR signals. The VFR method is applied to speech recognition
in noisy environments to improve noise robustness. Being a method that takes effect in the time-domain, it is moreover combined with
spectral- and cepstral-domain techniques to gain further improvement. Experiments are conducted on the Aurora 2 database, which is
the TI digits database articially distorted by adding different noises, and very encouraging results are obtained.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 240, 11:00 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aSCd
Speech Communication: Speech Perception I
Mirjam Broersma, Chair
Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, Nijmegen, 6500 HE, Netherlands
Contributed Papers
11:00
2aSCd1. Phonological specicity of vowels and consonants in
20-month-olds word representations. Anders Hjen Univ. of Southern
Denmark, Dept. Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Den-
mark, anders@andershojen.dk, Thomas O. Madsen Univ. of Southern
Denmark, Dept. Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Den-
mark, tom@language.sdu.dk, Werner Vach Univ. of Southern Denmark,
Dept. Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark,
werner.v@stat.sdu.dk, Torkil sterbye Univ. of Southern Denmark, Dept.
Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark,
oesterbye@sdu.dk, Karina F. Christensen Univ. of Southern Denmark,
Dept. Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark,
kf@language.sdu.dk, Hans Basbll Univ. of Southern Denmark, Dept.
Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark,
hba@language.sdu.dk, Sueli Caporali Univ. of Southern Denmark, Dept.
Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark,
s.caporali@widex.com, Dorthe Bleses Univ. of Southern Denmark, Dept.
Lang. Communication, Campus Vej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark, bleses
@sdu.dk
At the onset of word learning around the age of 12 months, infants are
highly capable of perceiving native phonological distinctions. However, re-
quired to make word-object associations, infants sometimes fail to perceive
certain phonological distinctions. The present study used an inter-modal
preferential looking technique to examine Danish 20-month-olds sensitivity
to mispronunciations involving either a vowel or a consonant in familiar
words. Each mispronounced word could be reconstructed to either of two
familiar Danish words. By way of example, the English nonword bock can
be turned into either rock or book depending on whether the mispronun-
ciation is perceived to be in the rst consonant or in the vowel. The results
so far indicate that the infants were not differentially sensitive to vowel vs.
consonant mispronunciations. This result, in turn, suggests that vowels and
consonants do not differ in constraining lexical access to familiar words in
Danish 20-month-olds.
11:20
2aSCd2. Perceptual asymmetries induced by category learning.
Laurent Bonnasse-Gahot CAMS-EHESS, 54 bd Raspail, 75270 Paris Ce-
dex 06, France, lbg@ehess.fr
This paper takes an information-theoretic approach to study the percep-
tual consequences of the neural encoding of categories e.g. vowels. We fo-
cus on two well-known psychophysical phenomena: categorical perception,
characterized by greater cross-category than within-category discrimination,
and perceptual magnet effect, stating that perceptual space is wrapped
around prototypical instances of a given category, leading to a better ability
to discriminate stimuli near non-prototypical exemplars of a category than
near prototypical ones. Introducing a perceptual distance based on the
Kullback-Leibler distance between the patterns of activity evoked by two
stimuli, we show that both categorical perception and prototypical effects
emerge from maximizing information contained in the neural representation
about a set of categories. We discuss the relations between these two psy-
chophysical phenomena and show that they go in hand with another kind of
asymmetric effect. The discriminability between a category prototype and a
non-prototype is not symmetric, depending on which stimuli serves as a
referent. Non-prototypical stimuli are judged closer to prototypical exem-
plars than the reverse. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons with experi-
mental data and previous theoretical work are presented and discussed.
11:40
2aSCd3. Order effects and peripherality: a cross-linguistic perceptual
study using an [i]-[e] articulatory continuum. Charalampos
Karypidis UMR 7018, CNRS Univ. Paris III, 19, rue des Bernardins,
75005 Paris, France, ch_karypidis@yahoo.com, Antonia
Colazo-Simon UMR 7018, CNRS Univ. Paris III, 19, rue des Bernardins,
75005 Paris, France, simonantonia@hotmail.com, Angelica V.
Costagliola UMR 7018, CNRS Univ. Paris III, 19, rue des Bernardins,
75005 Paris, France, angelicacostagliola@yahoo.it, Cirineu Cecote Stein
UMR 7018, CNRS Univ. Paris III, 19, rue des Bernardins, 75005 Paris,
France, cirineustein@uol.com.br, Gilles Guglielmi ARP UFRL Univ.
Paris VII - Denis Diderot, 30, rue du Chateau des Rentiers, 75013 Paris,
France, gillesgug@yahoo.fr
This paper attempted to provide further evidence on whether peripher-
ality is a universal bias triggering stimulus order effects. Participants from
four linguistic systems - Brazilian Portuguese, Salentinian Italian, French
and Spanish - participated in the study. In Experiment 1, listeners identied
as i or e the ten stimuli of a continuum prepared with an articulatory
model. Experiment 2 consisted in an AX same-different discrimination
task including pairs of stimuli differing in one or two steps along the
continuum. Discrimination was better when the more peripheral stimulus
was presented second in a pair. However, these order effects were found
mainly within the i category and only for Italian and French. Experiment 3
was a replication of Experiment 2, except that two modications were
introduced: a. identical pairs were added, and b. one- and two-step pairs
were separately examined. Order effects were again found but, this time,
they covered a wider area of the continuum. Peripherality alone was not able
to account for order effects. The role of focalization was later discussed.
12:00
2aSCd4. Perception of an infrequent assimilation: Labial-to-alveolar
assimilation in German. Holger Mitterer Max Planck Institute for Psy-
cholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, Netherlands, holger
.mitterer@mpi.nl
In German and many languages the alveolar nasal n can assimilate to
m if followed by a labial e.g. in Berlin im Berlin. In a German
spontaneous speech corpus KielCorpus, one also nds a few cases in
which an m followed by an alveolar consonant surfaces as n e.g., sam-
stag sanstag, Engl. Saturday. Four experiments investigated whether
there is a similar pre-lexical compensation process for these labial-to-
alveolar assimilations as previous research uncovered for alveolar-to-labial
assimilations. This turns out to be the case: German and Dutch listeners-the
latter potentially unfamiliar with this type of assimilation-tend to perceive
the assimilated n in sanstag as n if presented in isolation an, but as
m if presented with minimal context ansta. For German listeners, this
context effect is larger if they hear the complete word sanstag, introducing
an additional lexical bias to perceive the n as m. Finally, phonetic detail
such as transitions of the s fricative pole are also important: If the assimi-
lated an is spliced into another s-initial syllable by the same speaker, the
context effect is reduced. Perceiving infrequent assimilations seems there-
fore similar to perceiving frequent assimilations.
3182 3182 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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12:20
2aSCd5. Nonnative listeners prefer perceptual cues they know from
their L1: Dutch listeners use vowel duration less than English listeners
for English nal v-f. Mirjam Broersma Radboud University
Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, Netherlands, mirjam
.broersma@mpi.nl
Two 2AFC experiments investigated Dutch and English listeners use of
preceding vowel duration for the English nonword-nal v-f contrast.
Like English, Dutch has a v-f contrast, but unlike English, Dutch has no
nal v. Dutch listeners therefore have no native language experience with
the use of preceding vowel duration as a nal voicing cue. Previous research
showed that Dutch listeners used preceding vowel duration less than English
listeners when it was invariable in the experiment Broersma, 2005, JASA,
117, 3890-3901. The present results show that they also used it less when it
was varied. An 11-step fricative voicing continuum from a natural v to a
natural f and a 7-step vowel duration continuum from a long originally
v-preceding to a short originally f-preceding vowel were created. In
Experiment 1, all steps of the fricative voicing continuum were combined
with one long and one short vowel. In Experiment 2, all steps of the vowel
duration continuum were combined with the v and f endpoints and with
one ambiguous fricative. In both experiments, Dutch listeners used fricative
voicing more and vowel duration less than English listeners did. Thus, the
nonnative listeners especially used the perceptual cues they knew from their
native language.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 343, 8:00 TO 10:20 A.M.
Session 2aSPa
Signal Processing in Acoustics, Physical Acoustics, Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration, and
Underwater Acoustics: Overview of Time Reversal in Acoustics I
David Chambers, Cochair
Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., L-333, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
Claire Prada, Cochair
Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
Invited Papers
8:00
2aSPa1. An overview of time-reversal acoustics. Mathias Fink Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7,
CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, mathias.nk@espci.fr
Time-reversal invariance is a very powerful concept in physics. In the eld of acoustics where time reversal invariance occurs,
time-reversal experiments may be achieved simply with arrays of transmit-receive transducers, allowing an incident wave eld to be
sampled, recorded, time-reversed and re-emitted. Time reversal mirrors TRMs may be used to study random media and chaotic re-
verberating structures. Common to these complex media is a remarkable robustness exemplied by observations that the more complex
the medium between the probe source and the TRM, the sharper the focus. TRMs open the way to new signal processings that interest
imaging, detection, telecommunications and therapy. Time reversal mirrors have plenty of applications including ultrasonic therapy and
medical imaging, non destructive testing, telecommunications, underwater acoustics, seismology, sound control, home automation. An
overview of these elds will be presented.
8:20
2aSPa2. Ocean acoustic time reversal. William A. Kuperman MPL, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Califor-
nia, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA, wkuperman@ucsd.edu
A series of ocean acoustic time experiments have been jointly conducted in the last ten years by the NATO Undersea Research
Centre and the Marine Physical Laboratory. The experiments demonstrated a robustness of the ocean acoustic time reversal mirror
process similar to that found in more controlled, ultrasonic laboratory experiments. Results from these experiments have pointed to
potential applications to SONAR signal processing methods and to acoustics communications. In addition, the experimental procedures
themselves have yielded data that provide further understanding of the ocean acoustic environment and the increased stability of time
reversal process over one way propagation in a uctuating medium.
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Contributed Paper
8:40
2aSPa3. 2004 M6.0 Parkeld earthquake characterization using Time
Reversal. Carene Larmat EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos National
Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,
carene@lanl.gov, Paul A. Johnson EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos
National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,
paj@lanl.gov, Lianjie Huang EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, ljh@lanl.gov
Time reversal has proved to be a robust source location method in acous-
tics and is now being developed for a number of seismic applications. One
problem of particular interest is locating sources where the signal-to-noise
ratio is small. These include small earthquakes M5.5 or atypical seismic
sources with a small seismic energy radiation e.g., tremor, slow
earthquakes. Time reversal has been shown to be very robust and work in
the presence of poor data, low signal to noise ratio, etc. We present a pro-
totype study showing the power of time reversal, using seismic data from
the 2004 M6.0 Parkeld earthquake, which is the worlds best recorded
event to date and thus one of the most studied. The back-propagation of re-
corded seismic data in a 3D Earth velocity model is numerically carried out.
We show that the reconstructed reverse wave-eld exhibits clear focusing at
the source point but also displays a four-lobe radiation pattern for each type
of rebroadcast waves body, surface, which is consistent with the known
source mechanism: a right-lateral strike slip along the almost-vertical San
Andrea fault.
Invited Paper
9:00
2aSPa4. Time reversal and subwalength focal spot. Julien De Rosny Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris
7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, julien.derosny@espci.fr, Arnaud Tourin Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI,
Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, arnaud.tourin@espci.fr, Geoffroy Lerosey Laboratoire Ondes et
Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, geoffroy.lerosey@espci.fr, Mathias Fink
Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, mathias.nk@espci.fr
When a wave is time-reversed inside a homogeneous medium, the focal spot width at best equals half a wavelength. This limit
comes from the loss of evanescent wave during propagation. An analysis of the time reversed eld in terms of the Greens function
formalism shows that in order to get a ner spot, not only the eld has to be time reversed but also the initial source. In such a case,
an acoustic sink is obtained. Experimental results are presented. Then we show two methods to obtain subwavelength focal spot without
time-reversed source. The rst method consists of setting the time reversal mirror in the near eld of the initial source. Despite the
evanescent wave transmission, we will see that subwavelength focusing is only observed for a special time-reversal mirror. The second
method consists of surrounding the initial source by many scatterers. In such a case, the evanescent waves emitted by the initial source
are converted into propagating ones. During the time reversal step, back-conversion occurs that leads to a sub wavelength focal spot.
Thanks to this principle, a focal spot of a thirtieth of a wavelength has been reported in the case an electromagnetic experiment.
Contributed Papers
9:20
2aSPa5. Model-based time reversal method for photoacoustic imaging
of heterogeneous media. Peter Burgholzer Upper Austrian Research,
Hafenstr. 47, 4020 Linz, Austria, peter.burgholzer@uar.at, Hubert
Gruen Upper Austrian Research, Hafenstr. 47, 4020 Linz, Austria,
huber.gruen@uar.at, Robert Nuster Karl-Franzens-Universitt Graz, Uni-
versittsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria, ro.nuster@uni-graz.at, Gnther
Paltauf Karl-Franzens-Universitt Graz, Universittsplatz 5, 8010 Graz,
Austria, guenther.paltauf@uni-graz.at, Markus Haltmeier University of
Innsbruck, Technikerst. 21a2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, markus.haltmeier
@uibk.ac.at
In photoacoustic also called optoacoustic or thermoacoustic tomogra-
phy acoustic pressure waves are generated by illumination of a semitrans-
parent sample with pulsed electromagnetic radiation. Subsequently the
waves propagate towards the detection surface enclosing the sample. The
inverse problem consists of reconstructing the initial pressure sources from
those measurements. In certain applications of photoacoustic imaging one
has to deal with media with spatially varying sound velocity, e.g. bones in
soft tissue. Image reconstruction without any compensation of this effect
leads to a poor image quality. It is therefore essential to develop reconstruc-
tion algorithms that take spatially varying sound velocity into account and
are able to reveal small structures in acoustically heterogeneous media. A
model-based time reversal reconstruction method is presented that is capable
of reconstructing the initial pressure distribution despite variations of sound
speed. This reconstruction method calculates the time reversed eld directly
with a second order embedded boundary method by retransmitting the mea-
sured pressure on the detector positions in reversed temporal order. Numeri-
cal simulations and experiments with phantoms consisting of areas with spa-
tially varying sound velocity are presented.
9:40
2aSPa6. The effects of transducers on the time reversal process in
solids. Brian E. Anderson EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos National
Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,
bea@lanl.gov, Michele Griffa EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,
mgriffa@lanl.gov, Paul A. Johnson EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos
National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, paj@lanl
.gov
Every experimental implementation of Time Reversal TR involves the
use of transducers to convert wave motion, whether mechanical or acousti-
cal, into electrical signals, and vice versa. Practical considerations of trans-
ducers are not included in the basic theory of time reversal, which is based
on idealized point-like sources. These considerations include temporal ring
down at a narrowband transducer resonance, the nite size of the transducer
giving rise to directivity, and the impedance contrast between the transducer
and the medium. The effects of these considerations on the TR process will
be characterized by presenting data from various TR experiments.
10:00
2aSPa7. Estimation of guided waves from cross-correlations of diffuse
Waveelds for passive Structural Health Monitoring. Adelaide
Duroux Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, 771 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA,
adelaide.duroux@gatech.edu, Karim G. Sabra Georgia Institute of Tech-
nology, School of Mechanical Engineering, 771 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta,
GA 30332-0405, USA, karim.sabra@me.gatech.edu, Massimo
3184 3184 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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RuzzeneGeorgia Institute of Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering,
270 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0150, USA, massimo
.ruzzene@ae.gatech.edu, Vin Sharma Georgia Institute of Technology,
School of Aerospace Engineering, 270 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA
30332-0150, USA, vin.sharma@millenniumdynamics.com, James
Ayers Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering,
270 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0150, USA, jayers3@gatech.edu
Recent theoretical and experimental studies in a wide range of applica-
tions ultrasonics, underwater acoustics, seismic have demonstrated that
Greens functions impulse responses can be extracted from cross-
correlation of diffuse elds using only passive sensors. The technique,
whose validity is supported by a physical argument based on time-reversal
invariance, effectively uses a correlation process between the point source
and points located in the focal zone. Indeed, the coherent noise source dis-
tributions can be considered as a time-reversal mirror and the cross-
correlation operations gives the eld measured at one receiver after refocus-
ing on the other receiver. Passive-only reconstruction of coherent Lamb
waves 80-200 kHz in an aluminum plate and thickness comparable to air-
craft fuselage and wing panels will be presented. In particular, the inuence
of the noise source characteristics location, frequency spectrum on the
signal-to-noise ratio the emerging coherent waveform will be investigated
using a scanning laser Doppler velocimeter. This study suggests the poten-
tial for a structural health monitoring method for aircraft panels based on
passive ultrasound imaging reconstructed from diffuse elds.
TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 343, 10:40 A.M. TO 12:40 P.M.
Session 2aSPb
Signal Processing in Acoustics, Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration, and Underwater Acoustics:
Time Reversal Methods for Array Imaging and Signal Processing I
David Chambers, Cochair
Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., L-333, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
Claire Prada, Cochair
Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
Invited Papers
10:40
2aSPb1. The detection and characterization of buried resonant targets by iterative, single-channel time reversal. Ronald A.
Roy Boston University, Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA, ronroy@bu.edu, Zachary
J. Waters Boston University, Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA,
zjwaters@bu.edu, Benjamin R. Dzikowicz Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City Division, Code HS-11, 100 Vernon Ave.,
Panama City, FL 32407, USA, benjamin.dzikowicz@navy.mil, R. Glynn Holt Boston University, Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng.,
110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA, rgholt@bu.edu
A technique for detecting buried resonant targets is described in which enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and convergence to a nar-
rowband signal is achieved using the iterative time reversal of backscattered echo returns. Waters et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 3023
2007. The center frequency of the converged-upon signal is typically a resonance frequency of the target and thus could be used for
classication and identication purposes. This technique could offer a straightforward means for enhancing target return levels in a
noisy or cluttered environment using existing SONAR systems. The procedure consists of exciting the transducer with a broadband
pulse, digitizing the echo return windowed about the target, reversing the data stream in time, and using this signal as the source wave-
form for the next interrogation pulse. We report results derived from a multi-pronged investigation that includes numerical modeling,
high-frequency 100 kHz - 2 MHz scaled tank experiments employing both free-eld and buried targets, and mid-frequency 20 kHz
-200 kHz buried target experiments run in a shallow pond. Work supported by The Ofce of Naval Research and the Center for
Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems NSF ERC Award No. EEC-9986821.
11:00
2aSPb2. Greens function estimation in speckle using the FDORT method. Jean-Luc Robert Philips Research, 345 Scarborough
Road, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, USA, jean-luc.robert@philips.com, Mathias Fink Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Uni-
versit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, mathias.nk@espci.fr
The FDORT method French acronym for Decomposition Of the Time Reversal Operator using Focused beams is a Time Reversal
based method that can detect point-scatterers in a heterogeneous medium and extract their Greens function. It is particularly useful
when focusing in a heterogeneous medium. In this presentation, the theory of the FDORT method is generalized to random media
speckle, and it is shown that it is possible to extract Greens functions from speckle signal using this method. Therefore it is possible
to achieve a good focusing even if no point scatterers are present. Moreover, a link is made between FDORT and the Van Cittert Zernike
theorem. We deduce from this interpretation that the normalized rst eigenvalue of the Focused Time Reversal Operator is a well-known
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focusing criterion. The concept of an equivalent virtual object is introduced, that allows the random problem to be replaced by an
equivalent deterministic problem and leads to an intuitive understanding of FDORT in speckle. Applications to aberration correction are
presented. The reduction of the variance of the Greens function estimate is discussed.
Contributed Papers
11:20
2aSPb3. Separation of single and multiple scatterring: Application to
the ultrasonic detection of a target embedded in a diffusive medium.
Alexandre Aubry Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit
Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
alexandre.aubry@espci.fr, Arnaud Derode Laboratoire Ondes et Acous-
tique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris,
France, arnaud.derode@ujf-grenoble.fr
We present a new imaging technique dedicated to the detection of a tar-
get embedded in a strongly scattering medium. Classical imaging techniques
such as echography fail in this kind of conguration because of multiply
scattered echoes and aberration distorsions. The experimental set up consists
in an array of programmable transducers placed in front of a collection of
steel rods randomly distributed. The slab thickness is three times the mean
free path. Behind this strongly diffusive slab, we set an echogene steel cyl-
inder that we want to detect and localize. The impulse responses between
each couple of transducers are measured and form the interelement matrix.
Our technique separates the single-scattered echoes from the multiple scat-
tering background. This is possible because of a deterministic coherence of
single-scattering signals along the antidiagonals of the array response ma-
trix, whatever the distribution of scatterers. Once this operation is per-
formed, the detection of the target is achieved by applying the DORT
method French acronym for decomposition of the time reversal operator.
The quality of detection is assessed theoretically with Random Matrix
Theory and shown to be, by far, better than what is obtained with echogra-
phy and the classical DORT method.
11:40
2aSPb4. Time reversal processing to forward scattering waves of
underwater targets. Yoshiaki Tsurugaya NEC @Corp., 1-10 @Nissin-
cho, Fuchu, 183-8501 Tokyo, Japan, y-tsurugaya@bp.jp.nec.com, Toshiaki
Kikuchi National Defence Academy, 39-21 Uhoyabe 4-chome, Yokosuka,
238-0024 Kanagawa, Japan, ADS01881@nifty.com, Koichi
Mizutani Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan,
mizutani@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp
This paper presents the detection of underwater targets using a time
reversal. When a target exists between a sound source and a time reversal
array in shallow water, the time reversal array receive the sound waves from
the sound source and the waves scattering by the target. If the time reversal
processing to them is carried out and they are re-transmitted from the time
reversal array, it will be thought that they are converged at the position of
the sound source and the target. However, since the waves converging at the
sound source have a high level, the waves converging at the target position
are usually masked by the high level sounds. Then, we cannot observe the
waves converged at the target. We eliminate only the high level sounds from
the sound elds. In each array element, the signals in case of non target are
subtracted from the signals including the target. As a result of subtraction,
the components of the scattering wave by the target are left on the array
elements. The time reversal elds of the scattering wave are constructed by
radiating the components of the scattered waves from each element again.
12:00
2aSPb5. Super-resolution imaging of active sound and vibrational
sources using a time-reversal sink. Eric Bavu Univ. de Sherbrooke, Me-
chanical Engineering Depart., 2500 Boulevard de lUniversit, Sherbrooke,
QC J1K 2R1, Canada, eric.bavu@usherbrooke.ca, Alain Berry Univ. de
Sherbrooke, Mechanical Engineering Depart., 2500 Boulevard de
lUniversit, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada, alain.berry
@usherbrooke.ca, Jean-Dominique Polack Institut Jean le Rond
dAlembert, Laboratoire dAcoustique Musicale, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015
Paris, France, polack@ccr.jussieu.fr, Vincent Gibiat Universit Paul Sa-
batier, PHASE, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France,
gibiat@cict.fr, Charles Besnainou Institut Jean le Rond dAlembert, Lab-
oratoire dAcoustique Musicale, 11, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France,
chbesnai@ccr.jussieu.fr
Theory and experiments of super-resolution focusing using a time-
reversal sink have been investigated in high-frequency regime Rosny and
Fink, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 and in audible range Bavu, Besnainou, Gibiat,
Rosny and Fink, Act. Acoust., 93. This technique, generalized to the case
acoustic and vibrational imaging of active sources, allows super-resolution
imaging and provides a new method of characterization of active sources in
a known background medium. This imaging technique involves a measure-
ment in the background medium using an array, and the simulation of the
backpropagating-eld in a ctive medium. An ideal numerical time-reversal
sink NumTRAS is then used to rene results and obtain high-contrast,
high-resolution imaging of initial sources. The algorithm has been validated
in parallel supercomputer simulations, in both vibrational and acoustics
elds and has been used to detect active vibrational sources in a clamped
Mindlin plate and active sound sources in an anechoic room. All results
show high-resolution imaging capabilities when compared with classical
time-reversal backpropagation. NumTRAS provides an alternative to other
imaging and source detection techniques, such as acoustic holography and
beamforming. Beyond the applications of acoustic and vibrational non-
destructive evaluation of industrial structures, NumTRAS has applications
in evaluation of musical structures and is being tested to detect and charac-
terize moving sources.
12:20
2aSPb6. Invariants of the time reversal operator for an elastic target in
a water waveguide. Franck D. Philippe Laboratoire Ondes et Acous-
tique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris,
France, franck.philippe@espci.fr, Claire Prada Laboratoire Ondes et
Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005
Paris, France, claire.prada-julia@espci.fr, Julien De Rosny Laboratoire
Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin,
75005 Paris, France, julien.derosny@espci.fr, Jean-Gabriel
Minonzio Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7,
CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
jean-gabriel.minonzio@espci.fr, Mathias Fink Laboratoire Ondes et
Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005
Paris, France, mathias.nk@espci.fr
Detection and characterization of a target in shallow water is an active
eld of research. In general, in a waveguide, the dispersion is such that the
frequency signature of a target cannot be extracted from a single backscat-
terd signal unless the waveguide properties as well as the targets position
are known Mignerey et al., JASA 1992 and Yang et al., JASA 1994. We
propose to apply the Decomposition of the Time-Reversal Operator method
to recover the targets signature in an unknown waveguide. Using a modal
theory, we show that provided the target is far from the boundaries of the
guide the rst singular value of the time reversal operator is proportional to
its signature. Using the same approach, the second singular value is shown
to be proportional to the second derivative of the angular dependant form
function which is a relevant parameter for target identication. Ultrasonic
laboratory experiments are presented that conrm these theoretical results.
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TUESDAY MORNING, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI BORDEAUX, 8:40 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Session 2aUW
Underwater Acoustics and ECUA: Fifty Years of Progress in Sonar Acoustic Research: The Role of
NURCSACLANTCEN
Henrik Schmidt, Cochair
MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 5-204, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Finn B. Jensen, Cochair
NATO Undersea Research Centre, Viale San Bartolomeo 400, La Spezia, 19126, Italy
8:40-9:00 Directors Welcome
Invited Papers
9:00
2aUW1. Saclant ASW Research Centre contributions to underwater acoustics during the rst sixteen years of its existence:
Personal records. Robert Laval 1 rue Emile Duclaux, 75015 Paris, France, robert-laval@wanadoo.fr
In less than one year the NATO Undersea Research Centre, previously called Saclant ASW Research Centre, will celebrate its 50th
anniversary. I had the great privilege to be one of the rst scientists joining the Centre in 1959 and to work there until 1975. The main
purpose of the research conducted in underwater acoustics was to reach a physical understanding of the different processes of sound
propagation, including multipath effects, transformations introduced by a multilayered bottom and random scattering by the volume
inhomogeneities and by the surface and bottom roughness. Experiments at sea rst conducted from the research ships Aragonese and
then Maria Paolina used explosives charges and active sonars FM pulses as sound sources. The digital analysis equipment, which had
been designed to record, process and facilitate the interpretation of the received signals, had no equivalent at the time. The Centre has
been a very active platform of intercommunications for most of the civilian and military organizations, which were involved in this
discipline. The result of this continuous exchange of ideas has facilitated the harmonization of the research programs in the different
NATO countries and has greatly contributed to the creation of a large international research community in underwater acoustics.
9:20
2aUW2. Shallow water environmental acoustics at NURCSACLANTCEN. William A. Kuperman MPL, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA, wkuperman@ucsd.edu
The Centre has a long tradition of studying shallow water acoustics. The research has been experimental and theoretical, the latter
effort often involving either using or developing models. Examples include innovations such as the concept of the optimum frequency
of an acoustic channel, rst measured and then precisely explained with modeling, to, for a recent example, the utilization of ocean
ambient noise based on its special properties. Consequently, the Centre has continued to remain at the leading-edge for a half century.
The common goals at the Centre that provided the impetus for the progression of research are presented. Then a brief historical review
of a selection of the contributions the Centre has made in shallow water acoustics is given.
9:40
2aUW3. Seaoor studies at NURCSACLANTCEN: The rst 50 years (1959-2008). Michael Richardson Naval Research Labo-
ratory, Marine Geosciences Division, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004, USA, Mike.Richardson@nrlssc.navy.mil
Characterization of the seaoor has always been one of the central research themes at NURCSACLANTCEN. These studies, re-
viewed in this presentation, generally supported acoustic measurement and modeling programs. Motivation for bottom-interacting
acoustic research began with the deep-water ASW programs of the 1960s and 1970s long-range propagation, reection, and bottom loss
measurements and slowly evolved into support for high-frequency, shallow-water MCM programs of the 1990s and 2000s acoustic
propagation within sediments, penetration into and scattering from the sediment surface. Seaoor characterization has included scales
appropriate for plate tectonics to sub-mm scale sediment microstructure used to statistically characterize sediment heterogeneity for
high-frequency acoustic studies. Although collection and analysis of sediment cores has been the dominate methods of seaoor char-
acterization, direct in situ measurements and remote acoustic characterization has often been used. Seaoor studies were rst rate,
cutting edge research as demonstrated by quality and quantity of peer-reviewed publications by NURCSACLANTCEN scientists and
their post-SACLANTCEN research careers. The excellent engineering department made possible the development of unique acoustic
and seaoor sampling equipment. Ship support for seaoor studies has always been a NURCSACLANTCEN advantage that has at-
tracted many scientists to multi-national, multi-institutional experiments and symposia.
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10:00
2aUW4. My personal perspective of sonar research at the NATO Undersea Research Centre. Peter Wille Kitzeberger Strasse
31, 24226 Heikendorf, Germany, p.c.wille@t-online.de
As the rst German Director of the NATO Undersea Research Centre I was contemporary to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November
1989 and the unication of Germany in October 1990, the breathtaking termination of the Cold War without bloodshed. NATOs Un-
dersea Research Centre, thirty years of age when the Berlin Wall fell, has been a key player and focal point of a most important and
demanding eld of defense research. It has been exemplary in combining customer oriented applied research on sonar concepts up to
system demonstrators with basic research to understand, to model and to predict the variability of the ocean environment, the most
difcult challenge of successful surveillance and reconnaissance. Some unique capabilities enable the Centre to serve the nations and the
NATO commands: Above all, the ability to attract rst class scientists to work together at the Centre for a few years and then return to
their home countries, forming an ever growing international network of intense scientic cooperation. The advanced sea trial related
technology and data treatment realized by a capable and exible technical staff is no less decisive. The many high-ranking visitors,
scientic, military and political underline the international standing of the Centre.
10:20-10:40 Break
10:40
2aUW5. 19 years in the SCNR for NURC: A recollection. Leif Bjrn UltraTech Holding, Stendiget 19, DK-2630 Taastrup,
Denmark, prof.lb@mail.dk
I joined the SCNR for NURC by January 1st 1980 and left it again by the end of 1998. This period, on which I will concentrate my
talk, includes the toughest period of the Cold War up to 1989 and the period after, when money to NURC became sparse and new ways
of funding had to be found. This presentation will emphasize some of the highlights in NURCs contributions to Underwater Acoustics,
ASW, MCM and to engineering aspects of underwater research. These highlights include for instance towed arrays, underwater acoustic
modelling, MILOC, the MCM and the REA programmes, time-reverse underwater acoustics, operations research and engineering of
underwater instruments. These important contributions over 19 years were supervised by 10 chairmen of the SCNR and by 6 directors,
all putting their special ngerprint, closely related to their personality, on the course of NURCs development. A few humoristic features
and experiences from the 19 years will briey be referred to.
11:00
2aUW6. The Centre: Its Impact on Ocean Science---Past, Present and Future. David Bradley Pennsylvania State University,
Post Ofce Box 30, State College, PA 16804-0030, USA, dlb25@psu.edu
The Centre NATO Undersea Research Centre was formed in 1959, in response to the then clear Soviet Union expansion of
submarine operations and consequent threat to the NATO Alliance. It began as an experiment to provide a water leveling of ASW
capability to the Nations of the Alliance. The combination of multi-national staff, on site for 3-5 years for the most part; together with
the resident staff, has made this experiment an incredible success. The contributions to this success come in two parts: Specic work
and scientic progress on site at the Centre and equally importantly, continued international collaboration upon return to ones Nation.
The primary purpose of this presentation is to provide some data to illustrate both the impact of the Centre on Ocean Science and its
role within the Alliance. Given the rather specic circumstances that lead to the creation of the Centre, the question should be and is
asked: Should the experiment end? The simple answer is: NO! The Centre is poised to have an even more critical international role
in the future: The knowledge and stewardship of vital marine resources.
11:20
2aUW7. NURCSACLANTCEN contributions to sonar signal processing and ASW systems research. Douglas Abraham
CausaSci LLC, PO Box 5892, Arlington, VA 22205, USA, abrahad@ieee.org
The NATO Undersea Research Centre NURC was established in 1959 as the SACLANT ASW Research Centre and tasked with
providing scientic research and technical analysis in the area of antisubmarine warfare ASW to NATO nations. This presentation will
review NURCs contributions to sonar acoustic research in the areas of sonar signal processing and ASW systems. These contributions
span at-sea testing and experimentation of novel sonar system concepts to algorithm development and theoretical advances in sonar
signal processing. The diversity of expertise across elds such as oceanography, acoustics, signal processing, systems, and operations
research brought by international scientists into the cauldron of a small, focused research centre with world-class technicians, engineers,
and at-sea capabilities produced innovative, interdisciplinary research. Supported by the Ofce of Naval Research Code 321US under
contract number N0001407C0092
11:40
2aUW8. NURCSACLANTCEN milestone experiments toward solving inverse problems in ocean acoustics. Jean-Pierre
Hermand Universit libre de Bruxelles U.L.B. - Environmental hydroacoustics lab, av. Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, CP 1945, 1050
Bruxelles, Belgium, jhermand@ulb.ac.be
This paper reviews milestone experiments conducted by Saclant Undersea Research Centre to support the development and vali-
dation of techniques for obtaining and taking into account environmental information in sonar. The experiments brought together un-
derwater acousticians, geophysicists and oceanographers with the aim to collect comprehensive acoustic and environmental ground-
truth data. Environmental-adaptive signal processing was rst demonstrated in a deep water area WESTSARDINIA89&90. From
ducted propagation measurements, a model-based matched lter MBMF receiver that fully incorporates the physics of wave propa-
gation determined a source range, depth and Doppler. For environmental inversion the broadband extension of matched-eld processing
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was investigated in a shallow water area south of Elba island YELLOWSHARK94&95. Geoacoustic properties of the sea bottom
were determined by nding the best t between predicted and observed sound elds at multiple frequencies using genetic search
algorithms. The same inversion results were obtained by MBMF processing of broadband linearly-frequency-modulated signals en-
abling the use of an array of a few hydrophones instead of a dense and large vertical array. This motivated the development of drifting
acoustic buoys which were tested successfully over the southern continental shelf off Marettimo island, Sicily ENVERSE97&98. A
recent experiment demonstrated an integrated concept of Rapid Environmental Assessment MREABP07 using sparse arrays of hy-
drophones and pressuretemperature sensors, hand-deployed from small vessels.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 202203, 2:00 TO 6:40 P.M.
Session 2pAAa
Architectural Acoustics and ASA Committee on Standards: Comparison of US and European Standards in
BuildingRoom Acoustics I
Kenneth P. Roy, Cochair
Armstrong Building Products, 2500 Columbia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
Eddy Gerretsen, Cochair
TNO Science and Industry, Stieljesweg 1, Delft, 2628CK, Netherlands
Invited Papers
2:00
2pAAa1. Building acoustics standards in the USA - ASTM and ISO. Sean D. Browne Armstrong World Industries, 2500 Co-
lumbia Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA, sdbrowne@armstrong.com, Kenneth P. Roy Armstrong Building Products, 2500 Co-
lumbia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA, kproy@armstrong.com
In the US most architectural design and acoustical performance specications are based on the ASTM International standards for
ConstructionBuilding & Environmental Acoustics. Those standards are developed as a responsibility of ASTM International committee
E 33 on Building & Environmental Acoustics. The US is of course a participating member in the development of ISO standards through
the American National Standards Institute ANSI, and this participation relative to standards in architectural acoustics is within ISO TC
43 SC2 which deals with building acoustics. The actual ISO standard development and voting responsibilities in the US rests with the
ANSI Technical Advisory Group TAG to ISO TC43 SC2 which is delegated to ASTM International committee E 33.06 International
Standards. This paper will present the process whereby international participation is involved in the development of both ASTM and
ISO standards from the US perspective.
2:20
2pAAa2. Prediction models for building performance - European need and world wide use. Eddy Gerretsen TNO Science and
Industry, Stieljesweg 1, 2628CK Delft, Netherlands, eddy.gerretsen@tno.nl
The development of the unied European market made it necessary to create CE-marking to indicate a certain performance of
products. For building products the performance had to enable the fullment of essential requirements by buildings, constructed with
those products. This made it essential for acoustic requirements to standardize predictions models: the link between acoustic product
performance and building performance. In the mean time all six parts of that standard EN 12354 have been published and are used.
Some parts have also been published as ISO standard ISO 15712 indicating the wider interest in the subject. To be of use in Europe
and elsewhere it is important that all types of building structures are covered and indeed work is going on to extend the models to lighter
building elements, even more common outside Europe than within. Furthermore, a very important aspect of prediction models is the
input data, hence an increased need of standards to determine product performance in an appropriate way. This is even more an item of
world wide interest. So the existing standards, the current developments for improvement and the identied need for product standards
will be addressed.
2:40
2pAAa3. Comparison of ASTM and ISO sound absorption test methods. Marsha S. Bischel Armstrong Building Products,
2500 Columbia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA, msbischel@armstrong.com, Kenneth P. Roy Armstrong Building Products, 2500
Columbia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA, kproy@armstrong.com, Joan V. Greenslade Armstrong Building Products, 2500 Colum-
bia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA, jvgreenslade@armstrong.com
A series of planned experiments has been conducted in which the differences between ASTM C423 and ISO 354 have been
compared. These experiments focused on the differences in the two test methods, with the goal of identifying and understanding dif-
ferences in the ultimate test results. A variety of acoustical ceiling tiles were tested in the same NVLAP-certied facility, generating data
that cover a broad range of acoustical performance. The factors examined were: the effect of sample size on absorption; the effect of
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plenum depth on measured absorption; and the differences between the SAA and
w
curves resulting from the two test methods. The
results of these experiments will then be used to identify areas in which additional research is needed if harmonization of the two
standards is to occur.
Contributed Papers
3:00
2pAAa4. Evaluation of standards for transmission loss tests. Matthew
Cassidy Queens University Belfast, School of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AH Belfast, UK,
mcassidy06@qub.ac.uk, Richard K. Cooper Queens University Belfast,
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Stran-
millis Road, BT9 5AH Belfast, UK, R.Cooper@qub.ac.uk, Richard
Gault Queens University Belfast, School of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AH Belfast, UK,
r.gault@qub.ac.uk, Jian Wang Queens University Belfast, School of Me-
chanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road,
BT9 5AH Belfast, UK, j.wang@qub.ac.uk
FG Wilson, a generator set manufacturer in Larne, UK, part of the CAT
Electric Power Division, has an acoustics facility for obtaining noise emis-
sion of current products, future developments and research. A wall between
a hemi-anechoic chamber and a reverberation room contains an aperture
which is used for testing canopy panels to determine their sound transmis-
sion loss. Two different standard procedures for transmission loss testing are
compared; the J1400, and ISO 15186. Tests were carried out on both to de-
termine which is most feasible for the company to use. The J1400 is a varia-
tion of the ASTM E90 which uses the same method but is specically for a
reverberation room to hemi-anechoic chamber. A known limp material,
chosen to be lead, is used to obtain a transmission loss correction. ISO
15186 is based on a sound intensity method. A microphone on the source
side recorded the sound pressure levels, and an intensity mapping was done
on the receiving side, from which transmission loss was calculated. Two
tests were completed; a lead sheet, and a steel plate. Both standards showed
an acceptable accuracy in relation to the mass law.
3:20
2pAAa5. Evaluation of Metrics for Field Airborne Sound Isolation.
Wayland Dong Veneklasen Associates, 1711 Sixteenth Street, Santa
Monica, CA 90404, USA, wdong@veneklasen.com, John
Loverde Veneklasen Associates, 1711 Sixteenth Street, Santa Monica, CA
90404, USA, jloverde@veneklasen.com
ASTM E336 and ISO 140 dene several metrics describing airborne
sound isolation for eld measurements of wall and oorceiling assemblies.
The current standards include provisions for the measurements of an appar-
ent sound power reduction ASTC and R
w
, a non-normalized noise reduc-
tion NIC and D
n,w
, and a normalized noise reduction NNIC and D
nT,w
. In
a previous paper LoVerde and Dong, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 3219
2006, the relationships between these metrics were reviewed. The desired
metric for isolation in residential uses is discussed, specically whether it
should be based on sound power and related to the performance of the par-
tition system ASTC and R
w
, or based on sound pressure and related to the
acoustic isolation between spaces NNIC or NIC or ISO equivalents. The
analysis indicates that the sound pressure-based metric is preferred. Since
power and pressure-based airborne sound metrics have small differences in
eld tested assemblies in most cases, it appears engineers have assumed that
ASTC and R
w
correlates with isolation. Field tests where this assumption
does not hold are presented. In these cases, the power metric provides an
inaccurate assessment of the acoustic isolation and can lead to engineering
evaluations inconsistent with actual performance.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Papers
5:20
2pAAa6. The adaptation of the faade sound insulation requirements in the Belgian standard. Bart Ingelaere BBRI, rue du
Lombard, 42, B-1000 Brussel, Belgium, bart.ingelaere@bbri.be, Lieven De Geetere Belgian Building Research Institute, Lombard-
straat 42, B-1000 Brussel, Belgium, lieven.de.geetere@bbri.be, Gerrit Vermeir Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Gerrit.Vermeir@bwk.kuleuven.be, Manuel Vandamme BBRI, rue du Lombard, 42,
B-1000 Brussel, Belgium, manuel.vandamme@bbri.be
In a previous paper, a draft of the new Belgian requirements for the sound insulation in dwellings in the prNBN S01-400-1 was
presented. During the public enquiry, there was protest of the architectural associations against the faade sound requirements and this
part of the draft had to be revised. Architects complained that it would become almost impossible to build even smaller projects without
the help of acoustical engineers, what would increase building costs. The building market for dwellings is mainly a liberal market of an
individual architect working for a single family, and only the intervention of a structural engineer is usual. The faade requirements are
expressed as a function of the outdoor noise and concern the nished building. Architects found the relation of these requirements with
the performance of the faade elements as can be calculated by EN 12 354-3:2000 too complicated. A simplied approach was devel-
oped and got the approval of the building sector and will be detailed in the presentation. Due to federal law on the obligatory use of
good craftsmanship in building, requirements in standards in Belgium are obligatory. The new standard will be of application from the
15th of February 2008.
5:40
2pAAa7. Latinoamerican perspective of acoustical standards - the Chilean approach. Kenneth P. Roy Armstrong Building
Products, 2500 Columbia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA, kproy@armstrong.com, Micaelina Campos Armstrong Building Prod-
ucts, 2500 Columbia Ave, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA, mcampos@armstrong.com
A review will be made of current acoustical standards in several countries of Latinoamrica: Brasil, Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina,
Chile, and Per. Federal standards will be discussed relative to typical end user approaches to meeting requirements. Additionally, press
articles warning of health concerns related to acoustics will be presented. Most Latinoamerican acoustical standards include measure-
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ments of exterior noise, but do not mention interior noise requirements as mandatory. Brazilian standards establish overall maximum
noise levels for different areas, but do not mention acoustical testing of materials. However, this is changing as a multi-professional
team in Mexico is working to denition the acoustical coefcients required for ceilings and walls. And, this team is also working to
establish levels of acoustical comfort in different ofce spaces. Most countries in Latinoamerica have federal institutions that deliver
technical standards for the building industry. In Chile, we have the Instituto Nacional de NormalizacionNational Standards Institute,
and they base their standards on the ISO standards. In 2006 they have delivered many acoustical standards and regulations, including
those on transmission loss for private housing including social housing parameters. They are planning to work on standards for Health-
care and School segments.
6:00
2pAAa8. Aspecial procedure to guarantee sound isolation in dwellings. Wilhelmus Beentjes Lichtveld Buis & Partners, Postbus
1475, 3430 BL Nieuwegein, Netherlands, beentjes@lbp.nl
Brochures of projects for newly build dwellings and apartments create many expectations about the various qualities of the new
buildings. This also concerns the quality of the sound isolation. But what happens if the quality is not as one expected and one cannot
come to an agreement with the contractor? Where can one get ones rights. In the Netherlands we therefore have the Guarantee Institute
Housing In Dutch GIW. This organisation guarantees that the building fullls the requirements of the Dutch Building Decree. In this
paper the procedure will be explained in a few cases . The topics can vary from airborne- and impact sound insulation between build-
ings, the sound insulation of facades to the sound levels produced by domestic installations. What are the possibilities to improve the
sound isolation if the measured values do not fulll the guaranteed values?
Contributed Paper
6:20
2pAAa9. Analysis and comparison of acoustic insulation in dwellings
and buildings, recently build. Leonardo Meza Ponticia Universidad
Catlica de Chile, Av. Vicua Mackena 4860, Macul, 7820436 Santiago,
Chile, lmezam@uc.cl
At this work the acoustic quality of new dwellings is analyzed from
acoustic insulating measurements taken in both single-family dwellings and
buildings. Through this work is intended to conduct a case study in order to
know the acoustic quality of dwellings built after the year 2001, which fulll
the in force regulations called Basic Standards for Building. Therefore,
acoustic insulation tests where realized in-situ in sitting rooms and bed-
rooms of the dwellings. We performed a total of 30 trials according to the
ISO standard measure 140-5. This work is part of an investigation that will
continue with the implementation of the Basic Document HR Code Techni-
cal Construction in Spain, which recently entered into force, so that this fu-
ture will be how to compare the real benets obtained with the implemen-
tation of this new regulation, to make a new campaign measures in
dwellings built fullling this new regulation.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242B, 2:00 TO 3:40 P.M.
Session 2pAAb
Architectural Acoustics, Musical Acoustics, Physical Acoustics, and Noise: Acoustics of Opera Houses II
Robin Glosemeyer Petrone, Cochair
918 16th St., Apt 3, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA
Roberto Pompoli, Cochair
Engineering Dept., Univ. of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
Contributed Papers
2:00
2pAAb1. Sound-focusing effects in the plan of horse-shoe shaped opera
theatres. Gino Iannace Built Environment Control Laboratory Ri.A.S.,
Second University of Naples, Abazia di S. Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy,
gino.iannace@unina2.it, Elvira Ianniello DIMEC - University of Salerno,
via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Italy, gino.iannace@unina2.it
An acoustical feature reported specically for Italian-style opera houses
is the non uniformity of early sound in the stalls. The curvature of the lower
part of the lateral walls produces a sort of partial wave-guiding effect, like
the well known whispering gallery effect, that is responsible of the con-
centration of early sound energy at seats located back in the stalls when the
sound source radiates from the foreground of the stage oor. As much of the
global room impression depends on the early part of the impulse response it
can be supposed that the perceived sound quality of singers voice and in-
strumentalists music performing on the stage will be much different if the
listener seats in the last rows with respect to different locations in the stalls.
This paper reports an objective analysis on this subject based on measure-
ments carried out in the stalls of a baroque-type theatre. Relevant computer
simulations were also implemented.
2:20
2pAAb2. Opera Performance in a Broadway Roadhouse. Dawn
Schuette Threshold Acoustics, 53 W. Jackson Blvd, Suite 1734, Chicago,
IL 60604, USA, dschuette@thresholdacoustics.com
The John A. Williams Theatre at The Cobb Energy Centre for the Per-
forming Arts is a facility that was designed to accommodate touring, large-
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scale musical theatre productions, such as presentations of off-Broadway
shows, as its primary revenue source. The 2750-seat space has recently re-
ceived rave reviews, not just for its amplied music capabilities but for non-
amplied opera presented by the Atlanta Opera, the rst resident company
in the facility. This paper discusses how the room form as well as xed and
adjustable acoustic elements in the space have allowed it to be successful for
its various uses being conscious of its construction budget limitations.
Work completed while author was employed as a Principal Consultant at
Kirkegaard Associates.
2:40
2pAAb3. Acoustics of a selection of famous 18th century opera houses:
Versailles, Markgriches, Drottningholm, Schweitzingen. Alban A.
Bassuet Arup Acoustics, 155 avenue of the americas, New York, NY
10013, USA, alban.bassuet@arup.com
This paper presents the analysis of the acoustical measurements con-
ducted in 8 renowned baroque Opera Houses located in France and
Germany. Still in authentic condition to their time of usage, and incorporat-
ing the historical changing scenery system shutter and groove, these
Houses have undergone little renovations. The acoustical analysis investi-
gates the performances of these great Houses using energy parameters, bal-
ance between stage and orchestra parameters, 3D intensity plots, new spatial
distribution parameters and timbre frequency analysis. The objective of the
study is to deduce for the Constellation Project design targets for a me-
dium size Opera House against these benchmarks and also to revisit the use
of the lateral changing scenery system as used in the Baroque era, as an
original scenery design concept for a new House. The paper presents the
unique qualities of the rooms, illustrates some of acoustical benets of the
18th century Opera House design characteristics, discusses some differences
in the design approach between the Italian and the French traditions and pro-
poses new perspectives for modern Opera Houses design.
3:00
2pAAb4. The Ellie Caulkins Opera House: A study in simplied
predictive modeling. Robert Mahoney Robert F Mahoney & Associates,
310 Balsam Avenue, Boulder, CO 80304, USA, rfm@rfma.com
Recent advances in predictive modeling and experience in understanding
and interpreting the signicance of the data provided by such models have
given rise to a spate of wonderful new performance spaces. However the
models - whether computer models or physical scale models - demand an
investment in time, money and organizational resources that are not always
available due to the funding and political climate surrounding some projects.
In order to secure public funding for the Ellie Caulkins Opera House in Den-
ver, CO USA, the architectural design team had to combine elements of
modeling from both the recent past and decades ago in order to present to
public authorities a denitive and detailed design and an equally rm esti-
mate of construction costs quickly and with little investment. This paper dis-
cusses how the predictive techniques of the last half-century were synthe-
sized to provide a condent estimate of the proposed designs acoustical
character as well as denitive construction information.
3:20
2pAAb5. Opera House Acoustics - Case Studies of Renovations. Mark
Holden JaffeHolden, 114a Washington St, Norwalk, CT 06854, USA,
mholden@jaffeholden.com
In the Unites States, there has been a rapid increase in the number and
type of perfomance halls built and renovated in the last 10 years. New Opera
Houses are few, however three signicant Opera Houses have been reno-
vated by our rm, including the Seattle Opera House, The Houston Grand
Opera House, and the Kennedy Center Opera House in Washington DC,
home of the National Opera. This paper will discuss, compare and contrast
approaches to pit design, wall shaping and ceiling shaping, materials for sur-
faces and orientation and distribution of acoustic volume. Design calcula-
tions and completed measurement data, where applicable, will be presented.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 243, 2:00 TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2pAAc
Architectural Acoustics and Noise: Acoustics and Privacy in Healthcare Facilities II: Emerging Research
Around the World I
William J. Cavanaugh, Cochair
Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc., 327F Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA
Kerstin Persson Waye, Cochair
Dept. of Environmental Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy of Gothenburg Univ., Box 414, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
Invited Papers
2:00
2pAAc1. AIAFGI interim acoustical guidelines for health care facilities. Gregory C. Tocci Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc.,
327F Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA, gtocci@cavtocci.com, William J. Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc.,
327F Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA, wcavanaugh@cavtocci.com
Currently, noise is one of, if not the most prominent complaint of hospital care by patients and staff. In response to a growing
concern for sound in hospitals and other types of healthcare facilities, the Facility Guidelines Institute FGI of the American Institute
of Architects AIA has asked for assistance in incorporating acoustical guidelines into their Guidelines for the Design and Construction
of Health Care Facilities. A group of 40 acoustical consultants and persons from the architectural and medical professions were as-
sembled to develop the resulting 32-page document entitled Interim Sound and Vibration Design Guidelines for Hospital and Health-
care Facilities. The document divides the variety of health care facility acoustical design issues into 6 sections as follows 1 site exterior
noise, 2 interior nishes, 3 room noise levels, 4 sound isolation and speech privacy, 5 electroacoustics and alarms, and 6 building
vibration. The presentation will provide an overview of the Interim Guides as they are expected to be adopted into the 2010 issue of the
AIAFGI Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities.
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2:20
2pAAc2. Relating the hospital sound environment to occupant psychological and physiological response. Kerstin Persson Waye
Dept. of Environ. Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Acad. of Gothenburg Univ., Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden,
kerstin.persson-waye@amm.gu.se, Erica Ryherd Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, At-
lanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, erica.ryherd@me.gatech.edu, Berit Lindahl School of Health and Sciences, Bors University College,
501 90 Bors, Sweden, berit.lindahl@hb.se, Ingegerd Bergbom Institute of Health and Caring Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy
at Gteborg University, PO Box 457, 405 30 Gteborg, Sweden, ingegerd.bergbom@fhs.gu.se
Examining the relationship between specic acoustical characteristics of noise and occupant response is a fundamental step in de-
termining the current hospital soundscape. Hospitals should be conducive to patient recovery and safety as well as employee health and
productivity. Therefore, the sound environment that occupants are exposed to should be attended to from a health standpoint. Previous
research on hospital patients has indicated negative effects of hospital sounds such as sleep disturbance, cardiovascular response, in-
creased incidence of rehospitalization, extended hospital stay, and increased dosages of pain medication. There is some evidence that
overall levels of hospital noise may impact staff mental efciency, short-term memory and stress. A series of studies are currently being
conducted by the authors to evaluate the modern hospital soundscape and the associated psycho-physiological responses of occupants,
incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. One phase in which detailed sound measurements, staff evaluations, and
patient physiological measurements were conducted in a general intensive care unit will be highlighted, focusing also on methodological
aspects related to physiological measurements. This phase also includes evaluation of patient ICU delirium, a condition that may nega-
tively impact patient health and length of stay in the hospital. Work supported by ASA and Swedish FAS.
2:40
2pAAc3. Quantifying the noise environment: effects of the wearers voice on body-mounted noise dosimeter measurements.
Steve Ryherd Chalmers Rm. Acoust. Group, Dept. of Appl. Acoust., Chalmers Univ. of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden,
srryherd@arpeggioacoustics.com, Kerstin Persson Waye Dept. of Environ. Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Acad. of Gothenburg Univ.,
Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden, kerstin.persson-waye@amm.gu.se, Mendel Kleiner Chalmers Rm. Acoust. Group, Dept. of
Appl. Acoust., Chalmers Univ. of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden, mendel.kleiner@chalmers.se, Erica Ryherd Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, erica.ryherd@me.gatech.edu
The purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of the wearers voice as a dominant sound source on body-mounted noise
dosimeters in medium-level acoustic environments. Noise dosimeters provide a convenient method of quantifying an occupants acous-
tical exposure. In recent years, interest in personal noise exposure has expanded beyond a necessary safety measure used in industrial
settings to be used as a means of documenting a persons exposure to sound pressure levels in lower level environments like hospitals
and schools. This study quanties the contribution of the wearers voice to the dosimeter measurement in sixteen different ofce
conditions. Statistical analysis was used to determine the effects of the following experimental variables on the measured levels: 1 the
type of room in which the measurement is taken, 2 the type of background noise present, 3 the level of background noise. Preliminary
statistical results suggest signicant main effects of the experimental variables with no signicant interaction effects. The statistical
effect of the subjects hearing level was also considered. The results of this study can improve the interpretation of dosimeter mea-
surements in medium-level environments and may provide further motivation for alternate methods of quantifying sound pressure levels
associated with body-mounted measurements.
3:00
2pAAc4. Acoustics in the Environment of Care: An Interdisciplinary Harvard Medical School Research Project. Joanne Solet
Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA, joanne_solet@hms.harvard.edu, Andrew Carballeira
Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc., 327F Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 02421, USA, acarballeira@cavtocci.com, Orfeu Buxton
Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA, orfeu@hms.harvard.edu, Grace Wyshak Harvard Medical
School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA, unknown@unknown.com
Noise in hospitals and healthcare facilities is a growing concern. Anticipating the wave of aging baby-boomers, the US healthcare
industry is committed to signicant construction and renovation over the next decade. New construction guidelines from the American
Institute of ArchitectsFacility Guidelines Institute and the LEED-based Green Guide for Healthcare recognize improved acoustical
conditions as vital to quality of care quality. To set these specic standards for acoustical performance in healthcare facilities, clinical
evidence is needed on the impact of the acoustical environment on patients. An interdisciplinary team of Harvard Medical School
faculty and acoustical engineers, in concert with public policy professionals, have designed and implemented a simulation methodology
to test acoustic disruption of sleep in human subjects. This research collaboration uses soundscapes derived from recordings made in
real healthcare environments, and then quanties the human response to them. The methodology also enables virtual design changes
with corresponding subject exposure to acoustically improved environments. Studies of the human sleep response using this method-
ology are providing objective evidence for establishing and validating design and construction standards to integrate improved acoustics
with healthcare facility design.
3:20
2pAAc5. Speech privacy in healthcare buildings:review of early studies and current procedures for analysis. William J.
Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc., 327F Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA,
wcavanaugh@cavtocci.com, Gregory C. Tocci Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc., 327F Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776,
USA, gtocci@cavtocci.com
Studies on speech privacy problems in buildings, including healthcare facilities, since the mid-1950s, have convincingly shown that
a persons sense of acoustical privacy is directly related to the intelligability of the intruding speech in adjacent spaces Cavanaugh et
al, Speech Privacy in Buildings J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 475-492 1962. Both in laboratory and in real-world settings people feel they
have adequate condential privacy when the articulation index AI of the intruding speech is 0.05 or less. Higher values of AI, up to
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about 0.15, are acceptable for less demanding tasks, i.e. normal or everyday privacy. The analysis procedure quanties each of the
signicant variables involved and compares summations of these metrics with response data from prior case histories both to predict
and, in the case of existing situations, to evaluate speech privacy conditions. In the mid-1960s independent review of the analysis
method showed that sufcient accuracy is preserved if A-scale metrics are used in place ofmore cumbersome frequency-based metrics.
later in the 1960s the method was successfully applied to open plan spaces although achieving condential levels of speech privacy in
such spaces proved difcult. Lessons leared in applying this relatively simple analysis method over the years are discussed.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Papers
5:20
2pAAc6. New Measurement Procedure and Rating Categories for Speech Privacy of Closed Rooms. John S. Bradley National
Research Council, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada, john.bradley@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca, Brad N. Gover National Re-
search Council, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada, Brad.Gover@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
A procedure for assessing the speech privacy of enclosed rooms is described based on measured level differences between room-
average levels in the room and levels at spot receivers 0.25 m from the outside boundaries of the room. The procedure is not sensitive
to the acoustics of the receiving space, assesses conditions at more sensitive listening positions, and can describe variations in speech
privacy due to weaker elements such as doors. The arithmetic average of the level differences over speech frequencies from 160 to 5k
Hz is used to determine uniform-weighted signal-to-noise ratios found to indicate the audibility and intelligibility of transmitted speech
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 6 3480-3490 2004. The degree of speech privacy is related to the speech levels in the room, the measured
transmission characteristics and ambient noise levels outside the room. The probability of transmitted speech being audible or intelli-
gible to eavesdroppers is related to the likelihood of louder speech in the meeting room. The measured statistics of speech levels in a
large number of meeting rooms have been used to describe categories of speech privacy of rooms ranging from minimal privacy to
situations where transmitted speech would be very rarely audible.
5:40
2pAAc7. Evaluation of Speech Privacy Index and Noise Isolation Class rating of medical examination rooms and comparison
with predictions. Steve Pettyjohn The Acoustics & Vibration Group, Inc., 5700 Broadway, Sacramento, CA 95820-1852, USA,
spettyjohn@acousticsandvibration.com
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 HIPAA set speech privacy requirements for medical related
information without dening speech privacy for all situations. Areas of special concern for medical organizations are examination rooms
because of the need to exchange information between patient and care giver. These rooms are usually constructed in groups with up to
three walls common to other examination rooms and a fourth wall next to a corridor. Each adjacency can pose special problems because
of construction and position of the equipment in the room. Medical groups are attempting to design and build examination rooms to
achieve what they perceive as acceptable levels of privacy while staying within budget and waiting for denitions and requirements.
This study provides results of NIC and SPI tests of examination rooms for two medical groups using several different designs. A com-
parison is given between measured and predicted values based on wall heights and construction details. The wall designs ranged from
standard products and construction to employing specialized products, but with only partial height walls. All rooms employed acoustical
tile ceilings rather than hard lids. Construction details were found to be the major factor affecting SPI.
Contributed Papers
6:00
2pAAc8. Prediction of speech privacy between rooms. Jukka S.
Kernen Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Lemminkisenkatu
14-18 B, 20520 Turku, Finland, jukka.keranen@ttl., Petra
Virjonen Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Lemminkisenkatu
14-18 B, 20520 Turku, Finland, petra.virjonen@gmail.com, Valtteri O.
Hongisto Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Lemminkisenkatu
14-18 B, 20520 Turku, Finland, valtteri.hongisto@ttl.
The main purpose of sound insulation is usually to provide an appropri-
ate level of speech privacy between rooms. However, the desired privacy is
not always reached if, e.g. the background noise level of receiving room has
not been considered or rooms are very small. This is often the case in dwell-
ings and ofce rooms. Thus, sound reduction index does not correlate well
with speech privacy. The aim of this study is to present a simple and vali-
dated model to predict the speech privacy between two arbitrary rooms
when basic room and wall parameters are known. Speech privacy was de-
scribed using Speech Transmission Index, STI. STI can be determined when
the speech effort, room dimensions, early decay times of the rooms and
background noise level of the reception room are known. The model was
validated in several cases. The model is useful when economic optimization
is appreciated. It can lead to major reductions or increments of conventional
recommendations for R
w
value, especially, when room dimensions are un-
usual or the rooms have special purposes. The optimization is very easy us-
ing a web-based software.
6:20
2pAAc9. A systematic review on the inuence of noise on patients
sleep in the Intensive Care Units. Hui Xie School of Architecture, Uni-
versity of Shefeld, Western Bank, S10 2TN Shefeld, UK,
h.xie@shefeld.ac.uk, Jian Kang School of Architecture, University of
Shefeld, Western Bank, S10 2TN Shefeld, UK, j.kang@shefeld.ac.uk
Noise level in the Intensive Care Units ICU often ranges far above the
recommended standards. Patients in the ICUs are usually critically ill, mak-
ing them more susceptible to the unfavorable environment in the hospital.
Several objective and subjective methods have been used for the sleep mea-
surement in previous intensive care studies, which showed that the sleep of
ICU patients is remarkably and extraordinarily disrupted. While a number of
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factors may affect sleep in the ICUs, many earlier studies reported that noise
is one of the most common causes for disturbed nocturnal sleep among ICU
patients, although some other studies also suggested that noise in the hos-
pital environment is not the most frequent cause of patients awakenings.
Moreover, patients would become accustomed to noise accompanied with
their hospital stay. In this paper, a systematic review is given to the inuence
of noise on patients sleep in the ICUs, and some strategies to improve the
sleep quality are also discussed.
Invited Paper
6:40
2pAAc10. Vibration effects in healthcare facilities. Anthony Nash Charles M. Salter Associates, 130 Sutter, 5th Floor, San Fran-
cisco, CA 94104, USA, anthony.nash@cmsalter.com
In the USA, the principal rating system for green buildings is named, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED.
There is now a proposed LEED rating system for healthcare facilities as described in a pilot draft document that was released for
public comment in November 2007. This document, in turn, cites the 2006 AIAAHA Draft Interim Sound and Vibration Design
Guidelines. These AIAAHAGuidelines focus on both the human perceptual effects of vibration as well as the control of structure-borne
noise. This paper addresses another aspect of vibration in healthcare facilities - the effects of vibration upon sensitive diagnostic equip-
ment installed on oors above grade. Such equipment may include magnetic resonance imagers, surgical microscopes, and computed
tomography CT scanners, some of which do not have specic vibration limits provided by the manufacturer. The obvious need for
attaining low-level building vibration may conict with other design constraints imposed on modern healthcare facilities as architects
and engineers strive for lightweight oor bays having widely-spaced support columns. This paper reviews the generic vibration design
criteria found in the AIAAHA Guidelines and discusses them in light of several case studies.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAAd
Architectural Acoustics and Noise: Acoustics of Open-Plan Spaces II (Poster Session)
Kenneth P. Roy, Cochair
Armstrong Building Products
Valtteri Hongisto, Cochair
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAAd1. Acoustic Design for Open Plan Spaces. Bjrn
Hellstrm F-Ingemansson AB, Box 47321, SE-100 74 Stockholm, Swe-
den, Bjorn.Hellstrom@afconsult.com, Erling Nilsson Saint-Gobain Eco-
phon AB, Box 500, SE-260 61 Hyllinge, Sweden, erling.nilsson
@ecophon.se, Bjrn Berthelsen Saint-Gobain Ecophon AB, Box 500, SE-
260 61 Hyllinge, Sweden, bjorn.berthelsen@ecophon.se
In an ongoing Nordic cooperation project Nordic Innovation Center -
Sound Design of Open-Plan Ofces the acoustical conditions in open-plan
spaces are investigated see also the adjacent paper Room Acoustical Mea-
sures for Open Plan Spaces. The projects starting point is that acoustic
qualities in terms of communication, orientation, comfort and privacy are
crucial for open-plan spaces. Therefore, beside acoustic parameters, the aim
is to develop methodologies in order to measure and specify such qualities.
Beside site analyses, one major methodological tool concerns the develop-
ment of a questionnaire, intended to be utilized as a compliment to acoustic
measurements, and thereby function as a tool for design measures of large
open-plan ofces. Its purpose is to aid acousticians as well as architects and
designers to identify different types of acoustic design criteria. The ques-
tionnaire covers not only the perception of the sound environment, but also
psychosocial criteria, architectural design and the furnishing of the
workplace. These qualitative criteria will be discussed and suitable param-
eters for design and evaluation of open-plan spaces will be suggested.
2pAAd2. Adaptive sound masking. Robert Chanaud Secure Sound,
3044 Chaco Circle, Prescott, AZ 86305, USA, 3044sound@cableone
.net, Ronald Zuydervliet STCSound, Drususlaan 20, 6932NS Wester-
voort, Netherlands, ronald@STIsound.com
Because activity sound levels vary widely during the day in open ofces,
xed level sound masking spectra do not keep employees free of
distractions. Programmed level control, time scheduling that permits hourly
changes in level, is considerably better, but requires pre-knowledge of the
activity. An adaptive masking system detects and responds to activity sound,
both human and nonhuman, to provide constancy of privacy as opposed to
constancy of masking level. These systems use several sound detectors in an
area, average the sound level from them, and develop a running table of per-
centile levels with a given sensitivity. Two percentile levels L10 and L99
are used to separate the masking from the activity sound. The system acts to
continually keep the difference between them constant. The advantage of
adaptive masking will be shown by comparison with other methods. The
distraction potential will be discussed in terms of dB-minutes. The overall
design of these systems will be discussed and examples of experience with
existing systems will be given.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAAf
Architectural Acoustics, Musical Acoustics, Physical Acoustics, and Noise: Acoustics of Opera Houses III
(Poster Session)
Robin Glosemeyer Petrone, Cochair
Roberto Pompoli, Cochair
Engineering Dept. - Univ. of Ferrara
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAAf1. Diagnosis of an historical performance hall: case study. Maud
Serra Peutz & Associs, 10 rue des Messageries, F75010 Paris, France,
m.serra@peutz.fr
The Opera of Vichy is an historical Italian style performance hall. Ini-
tially solely devoted to opera performance, the economical trends have
pushed towards concert and theatre. A rst major refurbishment was per-
formed in the 1990s and prior to that a diagnosis of that hall was performed
in order to characterize the acoustics of the facility prior to actual work be-
ing carried out. While the historical preservation constraints did not allow
for much acoustical work to be performed, the hall proved to be quite
decent. However, in order to improve the intelligibility for theatre purposes,
a new diagnosis was recently carried out so as to support the relevant com-
puter simulations. After a brief reminder of the historical background of the
project, this paper submits the diagnosis procedure that was followed, as
well as its main conclusions regarding the tness of the hall for the various
performances. It turns out that such a diagnosis can be a convincing tool in
order to help both the design team and the end user understand the impli-
cations - and the limitations too!- of the existing facility and its possible
developments.
2pAAf2. Acoustics of new and renovated Russian opera houses:
Decade 1998-2007. Michael Lannie MNIIP, Acoustic Lab., 2-nd
Brestskaja Str, 29a, 123056 Moscow, Russian Federation, mlannie@mail.ru
Four new opera houses have been built in Russia and two existing opera
houses have been fully renovated during the last 10 years. New chairs were
installed and new materials were used on the inner surfaces of the renovated
theatres. All the opera houses are not very large and the biggest one has
1200 seats. The plan of the two theatres has a horse-shoe form that is typical
for old classic opera houses. The other three theatres have plans which are
close to rectangular and one renovated theatre has a semicircular form of the
back walls behind the stalls and the large balcony. The subject of the pre-
sentation is the acoustic design of these theatres. The results of the acoustic
measurements which have been done in the halls are going to be discussed
as well. Acoustics of the recently opened fully renovated Moscow academic
musical theatre for 1100 seats is going to be presented in a more substantial
way.
2pAAf3. The inuence of the stage layout on the acoustics of the
auditorium of the Grand Theatre in Poznan. Anna Sygulska Poznan
University of Technology, ul. Nieszawska 13C, 60-965 Poznan, Poland,
annasygulska@wp.pl
The paper concerns the inuence of the stage layout on the acoustic
properties of the auditorium of the Grand Theatre in Poznan. An experimen-
tal investigation and a numerical calculation were carried out. During the
experimental investigation three cases were analyzed. Firstly, the stage was
prepared for a concert acoustical shell, secondly in had sets for the Wed-
ding of Figaro, and thirdly it was empty. The reverberation time and the
acoustic pressure distribution were analyzed. The research was done by the
interrupted noise method and by the true impulsive sources pistol shots.
The modied ray method was used in numerical calculations of acoustic
eld parameters. It turned out that the light weight structures materials used
in construction of stage sets and acoustical shell had only decorative func-
tion and their inuence on the acoustics of the auditorium opera theatre is
small. Moreover, the investigation proved that the distribution of the sound
pressure level in the auditorium is asymmetrical. It is because of the geo-
metrical asymmetry of the stage only one side wing. An acoustical correc-
tion of the stage was suggested i.e. applying of slided acoustics walls to
separate the stage from the background and the side wing.
2pAAf4. Resonant cavities and acoustics vases in Italian Opera
Houses; the Teatro Principal of Valencia and the eighteenth century
treatises about theatres. Arturo Barba Sevillano Grup dAcustica Arqui-
tectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia,
Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, arbarse@doctor.upv.es, Alicia
Gimnez Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I,
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain,
agimenez@s.upv.es, Radu Lacatis Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica, Am-
biental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera,
sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, rala1@doctor.upv.es, Rosa Cibrin Facultad
de Medicina, Univ. de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibez, 15, 46010 Valencia,
Spain, rosa.m.cibrian@uv.es
This paper describes the research job carried out at Polytechnic Univer-
sity of Valencia -Spain- about resonant cavities placed under the orchestra
pits of Italian Opera Houses, and others acoustics mechanisms like this one.
The Teatro Principal of Valencia was built following the project developed
by the Italian architect Felipe Fontana in 1774 and it opened its doors in
1832. Fifteen years ago, in the last architectonic intervention in this theatre,
almost a hundred of acoustic vases were found in one of those resonant
cavities. What acoustics role they accomplish? How they functioned? This
was the starting point to study this kind of artices, throughout the eigh-
teenth century European treatises about theatres and in our Teatro Principal.
2pAAf5. CARMEN in the Norwich Theatre Royal, UK. Christophe
Rougier CSTB, 24, Rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin DHres,
France, christophe.rougier@cstb.fr, Isabelle Schmich CSTB, 24, Rue Jo-
seph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin DHres, France,
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isabelle.schmich@cstb.fr,Paul ChervinCSTB, 24, Rue Joseph Fourier,
38400 Saint Martin DHres, France, paul.chervin@cstb.fr, Paul
Gillieron Paul Gillieron Acoustic Design, 130 Brixton Hill, SW2 1RS Lon-
don, UK, paul@pgacoustics.org
Since 1999 the CARMEN system has been installed in several halls in
Europe. The last installation took place in November 2007 at the Norwich
Theatre Royal. This classical stage venue has been completely refurbished
to become a multipurpose hall with 1280 seats and a single very deep
balcony. To full the different acoustic requirements for each performance
type from speech drama to symphonic music it was decided to install an
electroacoustic Reverberation Enhancement System. CARMEN is a regen-
erative one which is based upon the virtual wall principle. It can increase the
Reverberation Time RT of a hall up to 100% and adapt the acoustics to
each performance. The installed system has been tuned with 6
congurations: Theatre, Chamber Music, Opera, Concerto, Symphony, and
Chorus. The RT of the empty hall now ranges from 1.1s without CAR-
MEN to 2.2s in the Chorus preset. A brief description of the CARMEN
principle will be presented rst. Then the tuning of the different congura-
tions in the hall will be described. Empty hall measurements have been done
and the measured acoustic criteria will be analysed. The deep balcony of the
Norwich Theatre Royal separates it into two slightly coupled volumes. This
particularity will be discussed.
2pAAf6. Italian opera house Mantuas Teatro Scientico acoustical
parameters measurements comparison between Neumann KU 100 and
Schoeps KFM 6 binaural recording systems. Franco
Policardi University, DIENCA Dept. Facolt di Ingegneria, Viale Risorgi-
mento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, franz@nemail.it, Ryota Shimokura AIST,
1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, 563-8577 Osaka, Japan,
ryota.shimokura@aist.go.jp, Marco C. Consumi University, DIENCA
Dept. Facolt di Ingegneria, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
marco.cesare@mail.ing.unibo.it, Alessandro Cocchi University, DIENCA
Dept. Facolt di Ingegneria, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
alessandro.cocchi@mail.ing.unibo.it
From the dawning of modern acoustics, researchers tryed to develop
useful measurement techniques to describe acoustical eld. Sound eld
measurement improvements rst endeavours implementing microphone
capsule miniaturization technology date back to the thirtyes of the past
century. Long human perception reproduction path through recording tec-
nique came to the attempt to position transducers similarly to the human
natural hearing system, frequently obtaining as alluring results as difcult
comparison among them and reapply. This paper describes processes, rst
results and comparison between as much as possible identical acoustical
measurement sessions in Mantuas Teatro Scientico opera house using
Neumann KU 100 and Schoeps KFM 6 binaural recording systems at the
same time.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAAg
Architectural Acoustics: Acoustics of Concert Halls II (Poster Session)
Takayuki Hidaka, Cochair
Takenaka R&D Institute
Daniel Commins, Cochair
Commins Acoustics Workshop
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAAg1. Measuring absorption coefcients of open ceilings in
multi-purpose halls. Yong Hee Kim Hanyang University, Department of
Architectural Engineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea, kimyonghee
@gmail.com, Hye Mi Lee Hanyang University, 133-791 Seoul, Republic
of Korea, ymihoo@daum.net, Jin Yong Jeon Hanyang University, De-
partment of Architectural Engineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea,
jyjeon@hanyang.ac.kr
This paper investigates the acoustical characteristics of open ceilings in
multi-purpose halls using a 1:25 scale model. A steel truss, duct system, cat-
walk and opening were selected for the major components of open ceilings
from a eld survey of 17 existing halls. Absorption characteristics of the
equipped ceilings with the 1:25 scale model were measured in a reverbera-
tion chamber according to ISO 354. It was found that different volume and
materials of the ceiling spaces cause the composite decay characteristics to
be similar to those of coupled room effects. Results showed that the absorp-
tion coefcients of an empty ceiling with 50% opening and 6 m of depth are
0.2-0.3 above 500 Hz. Adding steel trusses to the ceiling increases the ab-
sorption coefcient by 0.1 at 125-2,000 Hz; ducts and catwalks with steel
trusses yield an increase in the absorption coefcient at high frequencies.
The average absorption coefcients of the various composite ceiling struc-
tures were 0.19 to 0.61.
2pAAg2. Singers preferences for acoustical characteristics of concert
halls. Kathleen Stetson Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Greene Bldg.,
110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA, kstetson@post.harvard.edu, Jonas
Braasch Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Greene Bldg., 110 8th St., Troy,
NY 12180, USA, braasj@rpi.edu
It is the goal of acousticians aiding in concert hall design to create an
ideal acoustical environment for experiencing music. To this end, param-
eters have been developed to quantify the listeners experience in a hall, and
while many contribute positively toward listener satisfaction, they only tell
part of the story. In reality, the experience of a listener is dependent on the
quality of the performance occurring in the hall in addition to the acoustics;
even great performers can only perform their best when in comfortable en-
vironments conducive to their art. Yet only one widely used parameter,
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Stage Support, considers a performers acoustical needs, and this metric
only applies to instrumentalists playing in ensemble. This study examines
the unexplored case of a solo singer in a concert hall, augmenting the little
existing research on this subject as a rst step toward a new parameter. Sub-
jective responses from a survey given to a number of experienced singers
and the preferences of singers for acoustical aspects of various virtual con-
cert halls, auralized real-time as the singers sang, are examined. The limita-
tions in using typical acoustical measurement techniques to capture data for
voice self-perception are discussed.
2pAAg3. The Temporal and Spectral characteristics of Gamelan Sunda
Music. I Gde Nyoman Merthayasa Institute of Technology Bandung,
Dept. of Engineering Physics - ITB, Jln. Ganesha no. 10, 40132 Bandung,
Indonesia, ignmerth@tf.itb.ac.id, Bayu Pratomo Institute of Technology
Bandung, Dept. of Engineering Physics - ITB, Jln. Ganesha no. 10, 40132
Bandung, Indonesia, rah_220@yahoo.com
In order to design a dedicated Concert hall for Gamelan Sunda, rst of
all, it is important to determine the temporal and spectral parameters of
Gamelan Sunda Music Degung Musics. Gamelan Sundas music compo-
sitions are strongly affected by the sound envelope and timbre. The funda-
mental frequencies of instrument keys also affect the musical scale, notes
placings and the communication between the musical ensembles. The acous-
tical parameters of the anechoic studio recorded sound waves has been ana-
lyzed to determine the acoustical parameters. The sound envelopement fac-
tors have been compared with the note conguration in the musical
composition, in order to analyze the inuence of the sound envelopement to
the music composition. In addition, the effective duration of the autocorre-
lation has also been analyzed to determine the preffered reverberation time
in the proposed Concert hall for Gamelan Sunda.
2pAAg4. Diffuser design for both auditorium and stage acoustics in
concert halls. Jae Ho Kim Hanyang University, 133-791 Seoul, Republic
of Korea, nosaer4@gmail.com, Yong Hee Kim Hanyang University, De-
partment of Architectural Engineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea,
kimyonghee@gmail.com, Jin Yong Jeon Hanyang University, Depart-
ment of Architectural Engineering, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea,
jyjeon@hanyang.ac.kr
This study investigates the effect of the shapes and the locations of dif-
fusers on acoustical characteristics, both in the audience area and on the
stage, using a 1:50 scale model. Random-incidence scattering coefcients of
the diffusers were measured in a reverberation chamber together with the
RT, EDT, C80, G and ST1 of the model hall. The results show that an ap-
propriate design of diffusers in halls affects the sound eld of both the au-
ditorium and the stage of the hall. It was also found that the effective num-
ber of surface reections at a receiver position actually quanties the sound
diffusion. Through instillation of omni-directional diffusers close to stage
walls, the number of reected rays increases not only in the audience area
but also in the stage area.
2pAAg5. New (stage) parameter for conductors acoustics? Elisabeth
W. Van Den Braak DHV Building and Industry, Larixplein 1, 5616 VB
Eindhoven, Netherlands, bertie.vandenbraak@dhv.com, Laurentius C. Van
Luxemburg LeVeL Acoustics BV, De Rondom 10, 5612 AP Eindhoven,
Netherlands, l.c.j.v.luxemburg@tue.nl
During ne-tuning of the stage acoustics of the main auditorium of Casa
da Musica, designed by the Ofce for Metropolitan Architecture, in Porto
Portugal we were confronted with conicting comments with respect to
the acoustic effect of different canopy positions. The well known stage pa-
rameters, ST and CS, did not point out a difference in results for the differ-
ent canopy positions, while the conductors experience did. So we carried
out several measurements and tried to nd a parameter that could clarify the
contradictory experiences of the musicians and the conductor. We needed a
parameter that correlated with the transversely support over the stage in-
stead of or additional to the known parameters. It was also not clear to what
degree the commonly used parameters describe the acoustics at the conduc-
tors position. This study aims at proposing a new stage parameter as well
as trying to nd out more about the conductors acoustics. In the main au-
ditorium CdM the newly dened parameter seems to describe the musi-
cians and conductors experiences on the hearing ensemble on stage even
better than the known stage parameters. The same measurements have been
carried out in other halls in order to check the validity of this new parameter.
2pAAg6. On the interaction between double basses and the stage oor.
Knut Guettler Norwegian Academy of Music, P.O.Box 5190 Majorstuen,
0302 Oslo, Norway, knut.guettler@nmh.no, Anders Askenfelt Dept. of
Speech, Music and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Lindst-
edtsvgen 24, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden,
andersa@speech.kth.se, Anders Buen Brekke & Strand akustikk as, Hov-
faret 17, 0275 Oslo, Norway, Anders.Buen@bs-akustikk.no
Double bassists unanimously claim the importance of a compliant stage
oor for producing a warm and nuanced orchestra sound. However, in the
limited number of reports studying the stage oors contribution to radiated
sound no clear conclusion has been reached. The present study, based on
measurements of three concert halls and three double basses, points at some
measurable features that should be considered when trying to settle the
question: 1 With a compliant oor the velocity transfer between the bass
bridge and oor is often higher than 0 dB in the low-frequency range. In
these cases the bass largely acts as a mass viewed from the end pin while
the oor acts like a spring. 2 The oor properties affect the bridge mobility
in the low-frequency range. 3 Below the Helmholtz resonance, around 60
Hz, the radiation of the bass corpus falls about 40 dB within one octave
while the ratio between the input power at the bridge and the power trans-
ferred to the oor via the end pin has been observed to boost from 3 to 40%
in the same range. 4 The effect of a compliant oor may be more pro-
nounced for the player than for the audience.
2pAAg7. Historical and chronological evolution of the concert hall
acoustics parameters. Radu Lacatis Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica,
Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de
Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, rala1@doctor.upv.es, Alicia
Gimnez Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I,
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain,
agimenez@s.upv.es, Arturo Barba Sevillano Grup dAcustica Arqui-
tectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia,
Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain,
arbarse@doctor.upv.es, Salvador Cerd Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica,
Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de
Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, salcerjo@mat.upv.es, Jos
Romero Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I,
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain,
romerof@s.upv.es, Rosa Cibrin Facultad de Medicina, Univ. de Valen-
cia, Av. Blasco Ibez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain, rosa.m.cibrian@uv.es
The present paper examines the historical evolution of the concert halls
acoustic parameters, in the international eld. From the beginnings of twen-
tieth century, the acoustic parameters have had a continuous evolution, cov-
ering more and more aspects of the concert hall acoustics qualication.
Since the bibliography about these is fragmented, we performed in this ar-
ticle, a global and updated presentation on the chronology and the evolution
of the studied parameters. Considering the great variety of the same, we pre-
sents the appearance of each parameter, located in decades, who has pro-
posed them and, where is possible, indicates articles or publications where
they have been presented for the rst time. Thus, the historical presentation
of the majority of the acoustic parameters of concert halls, it optimizes and
can be useful for future research as a central platform in a bibliographical
study. The presentation of the same is also grouped according to quality
criteria.
2pAAg8. Designing a desirable medium-sized multipurpose hall using
ODEON. Jason Duty Charles M Salter Associates, Inc., 130 Sutter St,
Suite 500, San Francisco, CA94104, USA, jason.duty@cmsalter.com, Hari
V. Savitala Charles M Salter Associates, Inc., 130 Sutter St, Suite 500, San
Francisco, CA 94104, USA, hari.savitala@cmsalter.com
This presentation focuses on using the room acoustics program ODEON
for modeling a desirable medium-sized multipurpose hall 400-600 seats. A
sampling of medium-sized halls was taken and impulse response measure-
ments were conducted with drapes deployed and retracted. In each hall, the
3198 3198 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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same congurations were modeled in ODEON. Acoustical parameters, such
as T20, T30, C50, C80, were used to check the agreement of the model to
the measurements. A systematic approach was then used to adjust model pa-
rameters to match the real-world measurements. These results and modi-
cations are presented to better understand how to accurately model and de-
sign medium-sized multipurpose halls.
2pAAg9. The acoustical design of rehearsal rooms for orchestra and
choir in the Teatro Lirico in Cagliari. Andrea Farnetani Engineering
Dept. - Univ. of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy,
andrea.farnetani@unife.it, Nicola Prodi Engineering Dept. - Univ. of Fer-
rara, Via Saragat, 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, nicola.prodi@unife.it, Roberto
Pompoli Engineering Dept. - Univ. of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44100 Fer-
rara, Italy, roberto.pompoli@unife.it
The acoustical conditions of rehearsal rooms are of primal importance
during the training process of an orchestra or a choir. For this reason these
spaces should be specically designed to allow the musicians to clearly ear
themselves and each other. At the same time an appropriate sound level
should be maintained to avoid extensive exposure to high levels, which is a
risk seldom lamented among musicians. Notwithstanding the peculiar role
of these rooms in the musical production process, their acoustical require-
ments are still not sufciently claried. In particular the most effective pa-
rameters to employ and the best ranges to adopt need further investigations.
This work reports the nal acoustical optimization of the orchestra and choir
rehearsal rooms in the Teatro Lirico in Cagliari Italy. The comparison be-
tween the acoustical parameters before and after the refurbishment will be
shown and discussed, with a focus on the difference between the sound level
generated by the performer himself and by the others.
2pAAg10. The inuence of the source directivity on the measurement
uncertainty. Renzo Vitale Institute of Technical Acoustics, Templergra-
ben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany, renzo.vitale@akustik
.rwth-aachen.de, Ingo Witew Institute of Technical Acoustics, Templer-
graben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany, Ingo.Witew@akustik.rwth-aachen.de
Modelling can play a key role in assessing the measurement uncertain-
ties, as specied in the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measure-
ments GUM. A model is presented that is used to quantify the inuence of
the source directivity on the measurement uncertainty. On the grounds of
image sources and radiosity methods the propagation of sound in rooms is
simulated. In this model the characteristics of dodecahedron sound sources
are implemented with their statistical properties and characteristics. In
Monte Carlo Simulations these two core concepts are combined and the re-
sults are compared with measurement results. This comparison allows a
quality assessment of the model. In a conclusion the input quantities that
affect the measurement uncertainty that is introduced by the source direc-
tivity are identied.
2pAAg11. Establishment a methodology for an objective-subjective
acoustic analysis in a multifunctional hall: Paraninfo of the Polytechnic
University of Valencia. Radu Lacatis Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica,
Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de
Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, rala1@doctor.upv.es, Alicia
Gimnez Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I,
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain,
agimenez@s.upv.es, Salvador Cerd Grup dAcustica Arquitectnica,
Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Camino de
Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, salcerjo@mat.upv.es, Rosa
Cibrin Facultad de Medicina, Univ. de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibez, 15,
46010 Valencia, Spain, rosa.m.cibrian@uv.es, Jos Romero Grup
dAcustica Arquitectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politc-
nica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain,
romerof@s.upv.es, Arturo Barba Sevillano Grup dAcustica Arqui-
tectnica, Ambiental i Industrial, E.T.S.I.I, Univ. Politcnica de Valencia,
Camino de Vera, sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, arbarse@doctor.upv.es
This study presents a methodology for the acoustic analysis, from a
comprehensive study of a multifunctional hall, of the Polytechnic University
of Valencia, as a pilot hall in a Spanish Coordinated Project. The acoustic
parameters studied were those who the most acoustics experts consider of
interest. In the objective measures were use the equipment and methods con-
forming to ISO 3382. The questionnaire used to analyze the subjective re-
sponse has been patented in Spain, by the research group that developed the
project. The correlation between objective and subjective results, along with
the accurate simulation of the hall provides a valid tool for design, restora-
tion and improvements the enclosures where the sound quality is preferred.
2pAAg12. Relationship between room shape and acoustics of
rectangular concert halls. Andrzej K. Klosak Institute of Building Ma-
terials and Structures, Faculty of Civil Eng., Cracow University of Technol-
ogy, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland, andrzej.klosak
@pk.edu.pl, Anders C. Gade Dept. of Acoustic Technology, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 352, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, acg
@oersted.dtu.dk
Extensive acoustics computer simulations have been made using Odeon
computer simulation software. In 24 rectangular rooms representing shoe-
box type concert halls with volumes of 8 000 m
3
, 12 000 m
3
and 16 000 m
3
from 300 to 850 measurements positions have been analysed. Only room
averaged objective measures are considered here, in particular Clarity C
80
,
Strength G and Early Lateral Energy Fraction LF
80
. Results from simu-
lations have been compared with regression models created based on real
hall measurements. In general, simulated results of C
80
and G are found to
be in good agreement with regression models. Divergences are found in
LF
80
behaviour; these have been associated with inuence of proportions of
rectangular halls. Updated formula for predicting of LF
80
in rectangular
halls has been proposed, which takes into the account both width and length
of hall.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAAh
Architectural Acoustics and Noise: Low Frequency Absorption: Mechanisms, Measurement Methods and
Application III (Poster Session)
Peter DAntonio, Cochair
RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc.
Christian Nocke, Cochair
Akustikbro Oldenburg
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAAh1. Sound absorption control at low frequencies in the new
symphonic concert Hall of VillaPrado Valladolid. Victoria Chavez
Thielemann University of Chile & Xu Acoustique, 17, rue Danton, 94270
Le Kremlin Bictre, France, v.chavez@yahoo.fr
In large concert halls for symphonic orchestras the sound absorption
control at low frequencies is a compromise between acoustics and
architecture. In general the architectural approach is imposed over acoustical
wills. In this way the acoustician must adapt his work to the architectural
choice of nishing materials. Commonly is the case of the wood materials
choice usage of thin wood panels in medium density, whose architectural
expression is related to orchestra instruments and to the visual warmth. To-
day the acoustical trend is to obtain in concert halls the appropriate acous-
tical warmth. As convention, this acoustical quality in a concert hall is re-
lated to the bass sound spotlessness, and an appropriate strength of the bass
tones arriving to the audience. In this context we will present the solutions
and constructive compromises realised in the auditorium of Villa Prado in
the way to obtain the desired warmness. This concert hall has a shoe box
shape, an audience capacity of 1720 seats and it was made completely -
walls, ceiling - in wood panels architect: R. Boil, acoustician: XuAcous-
tique, inaugurated in April 2007, Spain.
2pAAh2. Signal analysis in the sound absorption measurement
procedure: The importance of time subtraction and reference surface
corrections. Paolo Guidorzi DIENCA - Univ. of Bologna, Viale Risorgi-
mento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, paolo.guidorzi@mail.ing.unibo.it, Massimo
Garai DIENCA - Univ. of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna,
Italy, massimo.garai@mail.ing.unibo.it
The sound absorption coefcient measurement following ISO 13472-1
normative of highly absorbing materials, which are tipically employed in
room acoustic correction, presents some inherent difculties. These materi-
als present highly sound absorption coefcient indeed, but usually low
sound insulation index and are installed over highly reective surfaces. This
leads to some measurement problems, partially solved by means of the ref-
erence surface method. In this work some measurement examples on the
same materials but with different contour conditions are analyzed and the
improvements on the results, due to reference surface normalization and
time domain subtraction of free eld response, are discussed.
3200 3200 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAAi
Architectural Acoustics and ASA Committee on Standards: Comparison of US and European Standards in
BuildingRoom Acoustics II (Poster Session)
Kenneth P. Roy, Cochair
Armstrong Building Products
Eddy Gerretsen, Cochair
TNO Science and Industry
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pAAi1. Sound Insulation Requirements in Hospitals: Comparisons and
case studies. Simone Secchi Univ. of Florence, Via San Niccol 89a,
50125 Florence, Italy, simone.secchi@taed.uni.it, Gianfranco
Cellai Univ. of Florence, Via San Niccol 89a, 50125 Florence, Italy,
gianfranco.cellai@uni.it, Elisa Nannipieri Univ. of Florence, Via San
Niccol 89a, 50125 Florence, Italy, elisa.nannipieri@taed.uni.it, Giorgio
Raffellini Univ. of Florence, Via San Niccol 89a, 50125 Florence, Italy,
giorgio@studioraff.it
Italian and EU regulations for sound insulation of hospitals are very hard
to be satised. Especially with reference to sound insulation from outside
noise, the simultaneous presence of important sound sources refrigerating
units, fans and others and of sensitive receivers the patients imposes high
requirements for faade sound insulation. Moreover, the necessity to assure
high values of natural lighting in interiors imposes the use of large windows
on faades. By using the tabular estimation model dened by annex B of the
European Norm 14351 for the calculation of the performance of windows
and the model of EN 12354-3 for the performance of faades, it is easy to
show that the limiting values dened by the Italian Law can be achieved
only with a perfect realisation of the building construction. In the paper the
comparison between EU regulations for hospitals is shown. Moreover, dif-
ferent case studies of hospital buildings are analysed either with a theoretical
approach or with measures carried out in site.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAAj
Architectural Acoustics and Musical Acoustics: Surround Sound Acoustics II (Poster Session)
Anthony Hoover, Cochair
McKay Conant Hoover Inc.
Alexander Case, Cochair
Fermata Audio and Acoustics
Etienne Corteel, Cochair
Sonic Emotion
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAAj1. Directivity control with Wave Field Synthesis: implications for
live music performances. Terence Caulkins Arup, 155 Ave of the Ameri-
cas, New York, NY 10013, USA, terence.caulkins@arup.com, Etienne
Corteel Sonic Emotion, Eichweg, 6, CH-8154 Oberglatt, Switzerland,
etienne.corteel@sonicemotion.com, Joseph Sanson IRCAM, 1 Place Igor
Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, joseph.sanson@ircam.fr, Olivier
Warusfel IRCAM, 1 Place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, Olivier
.Warusfel@ircam.fr
Loudspeaker room interaction has a large impact on the perception of
surround sound, especially in the context of mixed concert, in which a
loudspeaker system is used to synthesize virtual instruments that share the
acoustic space of the stage with real musicians. Loudspeakers excite the lis-
tening environment in a way that differs from real instruments since, by de-
sign, they tend to exhibit constant directivity characteristics as a function of
frequency. Moreover, real instruments exhibit radiation patterns that vary ac-
cording to pitch, ngering and expressive movements. We present an ap-
proach based on Wave Field Synthesis which enables a control of radiation
properties of the loudspeaker system which can be dynamically monitored
in real time. Applications and potential perceptual impacts are discussed, fo-
cusing on the possibility of using directivity control to vary the excitation of
the concert hall in order to monitor early reections level and directrever-
berant energy ratio associated to virtual sources.
2pAAj2. Acoustic Radiation Properties of Dynamic Loudspeaker
Arrays versus Multiactuator Panels for Wave Field Synthesis. Basilio
Pueo University of Alicante, Signals, Systems and Telecommunications,
Cta San Vicente del Raspeig sn, E-03690 Alicante, Spain, basilio@ua.es
, Jos J. Lopez Tech. Univ. of Valencia, Camino de Vera SN, 46021 Va-
lencia, Spain, jjlopez@dcom.upv.es
Wave Field Synthesis WFS is a spatial sound rendering technique that
generates a true sound eld using loudspeaker arrays. Dynamic loudspeaker
arrays, that were used since the beginning of WFS, is the technology em-
ployed in most prototypes. Alternatively, Distributed Mode Loudspeakers
can be used to build arrays for WFS, also known as Multiactuator Panels
MAPs. For that purpose, multiple vibrating exciters are attached to a single
at panel of a light and stiff material, creating bending waves that are then
radiated as sound elds. An analysis of the radiation properties and spatial
performance of such loudspeaker arrays for WFS reproduction is presented
in this paper. Wave elds have been interpreted in the wavenumber domain,
where the source radiation is decomposed into plane waves for arbitrary
angles of incidence. Then, measurement and analysis of the radiation per-
formance, evaluation of the spatial aliasing frequency and associated sam-
pling artefacts for both linear loudspeaker arrays are addressed. In addition,
parameters that can modify spatial aliasing artifacts, such as truncation ef-
fects caused by the array geometry or array directivity are also discussed.
Simulations and experiment results are discussed through several case stud-
ies, comparing dynamic loudspeaker arrays and MAPs in WFS operation.
2pAAj3. Acoustical design of multichannel audio listening
environments. Timothy Gulsrud Kirkegaard Associates, 954 Pearl Street,
Boulder, CO 80302, USA, tgulsrud@kirkegaard.com
The acoustical design of spaces for surround sound music production
raises issues concerning room size and shape, loudspeaker placement, and
placement of sound-absorbing and sound-diffusing nishes that require dif-
ferent solutions than for 2-channel stereo listening environments. Design
and construction of a new room for multichannel audio, rather than reno-
vating a room originally conceived for a 2-channel stereo loudspeaker sys-
tem, presents an opportunity to address the issues from rst principles. This
paper presents a case study of the design, construction, and commissioning
of a new audio control room for multichannel classical music recording, and
discusses unique solutions to the critical issues for these listening
environments. The use of a computer model as a design tool and in situ mea-
surements in the completed room are also discussed.
2pAAj4. Effects of practical loudspeaker characteristics on virtual
acoustic imaging systems. Xiaojun Qiu Key Laboratory of Modern
Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing,
China, xjqiu@nju.edu.cn, Michael Vorlaender Institute of Technical
Acoustics, RWTH Aachen University, Neustr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany,
mvo@akustik.rwth-aachen.de
Loudspeakers used in virtual acoustic imaging systems are usually con-
sidered as monopoles in the models; however, it is only an approximation at
low frequency range, and practical loudspeaker boxes behave complex di-
rectivity in mid to high frequency range and almost only radiate in the front
direction above a certain frequency. Some studies have taken into account of
the frequency response characteristics of the loudspeakers in virtual acoustic
imaging systems, and others have considered their directivity characteristics
separately. This paper presents a complete model of a virtual acoustics im-
aging system which takes account of both the temporal and spatial charac-
teristics of the sound sources, and the effects of practical loudspeaker char-
acteristics on virtual acoustic imaging systems are studied.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242B, 5:20 TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2pAAk
Architectural Acoustics: Case Studies and Design Approaches
Bryon Harrison, Cochair
124 South Boulevard, Oak Park, IL, 60302 USA
Witew Jugo, Cochair
Institut fr Technische Akustik, RWTH Aachen University Neustrasse 50, 52066 Aachen, Germany
Contributed Papers
5:20
2pAAk1. Towards a classication of the sonic character of the
architectural space. Fausto E. Rodriguez-Manzo Departamento de Pro-
cesos y Tecnicas, CyAD, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-
Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Edicio H-PB, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas,
Delegacion Azcapotzalco, 02200 Mexico, D.F., Mexico, rfme@correo.azc
.uam.mx
Today it is well-known that an architectural space can be compared with
a musical instrument. One of the main characteristics of a musical instru-
ment is its timbre, which makes unique the sound produced by it. We can
understand this timbre as the sound quality of the instrument that is pro-
duced due to the specic physical characteristics of the instrument. In an
architectural space these concepts of timbre and sound quality could be ap-
plied through the concept of sonic character of the space. The sonic char-
acter of the architectural space is the sound personality of the space due to
the specic physical or architectural characteristics of it. Understanding this
concept in architecture could be of great importance to architectural design
purposes since this could be the way by which sound can be embodied in an
integral way of designing architectural spaces. This paper presents a pro-
posal for the classication of the sonic character of the architectural space
as an important step of a research towards a better understanding of the need
of taking into account the sound as an essential component of the architec-
tural space. The presentation includes also some architectural space ex-
amples to improve the understanding of this important concept.
5:40
2pAAk2. High Environmental Quality (HQE), the GIAcADEME
approach. Eric Gaucher Acoustique & Conseil, 17-19 rue des Grandes
Terres, 92508 Rueil-Malmaison, France, eg@acoustique-conseil.com
The Haute Qualit Environnementale HQE concept is increasingly im-
portant for French building. The French acoustics consultants association,
GIAc, has been working, with the ADEMEs support in order to dene
acoustically a building that aims to be HQE. The approach is to come back
to the analysis of a building acoustics situation: the activity developed in a
room generates a sound which can disturb activities held in surrounding
rooms. In return, this very activity requires quietness to be held in adequate
conditions. If we dene rules allowing quantication of this aggressivity and
sensitivity, we can deduce the insulation criteria corresponding to the quality
we are looking for. The main advantage of this method is the homogeneity
it induces on the different criteria, which were usually dened independently
one from the other. Many present situations show that the equilibrium be-
tween acoustic criteria is at least as important as their absolute values. Even
though this approach has not been included in the QEB reference book, it
can be used to validate the absolute values, to extend the qualication to
other kinds of rooms, and also to adapt objective criteria to different
situations.
6:00
2pAAk3. Auditory sketching as a tool in architectural design
education. Tim Frank Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Archi-
tecture, Atlanta, GA 30332-0155, USA,
timothy.frank@coa.gatech.edu, Selen Okcu Georgia Institute of Technol-
ogy, College of Architecture, Atlanta, GA 30332-0155, USA, okcuse
@yahoo.com
Architectural spaces are perceived through embodied experiences that
are made up of both visual and non-visual stimuli. However, the conven-
tional means that a designer uses to depict non -visual stimuli such as aural
phenomena contain a visual bias. We have introduced a new aural drawing
system called, Auditory Sketching as a way for design students to visual-
ize the auditory elds that structure ones perception of architectural space.
The Auditory Sketching procedure requires that the design student rst me-
diate aural perceptions linguistically through meticulous observation during
which they are encouraged to dene aural qualities within the space such as
notes, tones, clusters, bands, and pitches that would be difcult to capture
using a graphic system of notation. Using this written language as a guide
for graphic expression, they explore different ways of expressing these time
and space notations with ink pens; creating an auditory system of tones by
building up marks in different ways: hatching, layering up, scribbling, etc.
The eventual translation of aural perception into graphic patterns is crucial
because designers need to visualize the sound in order to consider it a sig-
nicant medium of architecture that they can dene and shape.
Invited Paper
6:20
2pAAk4. Concepts & Methods in Architectural Acoustics from the Classical Period to the Enlightenment. Adam Di Angelo
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Greene Bldg., 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA, diangelo@secondstation.com, Paul Calamia
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Greene Bldg., 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA, calamp@rpi.edu
Herein is presented a critical examination of the early concepts in architectural acoustics in the western world. This study suggests
that the historical extent of architectural acoustics is much more sophisticated than is generally considered. The presentation focuses on
specic contributors and their discoveries in the nascent art of architectural acoustics. Among those studied are Marcus Vitruvius Pollio,
the ancient Roman architect responsible for the tome De Architectura; German polymath Athanasius Kircher who delicately balanced
empirical science with magic to explain acoustical phenomena in his two books, the Phornugia Nova and the encyclopedic Musurgia
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Universalis; and English architects-cum-scientists Sir Samuel Morland and Sir Robert Hooke whose wide and varied research often
entered into acoustics. In the works of these gentlemen are elegant, precocious, and sometimes absurd revelations on the science of
sound and surface.
Contributed Paper
6:40
2pAAk5. Acoustic characterization of rehabilitated cloisters. Antonio
P. Carvalho FEUP - Laboratory of Acoustics, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, P-4200-
465 Porto, Portugal, carvalho@fe.up.pt, Silvia R. Vilela FEUP - Labora-
tory of Acoustics, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal,
ec01199@fe.up.pt
This paper presents the results of eld measurements in eight rehabili-
tated cloisters of old monasteries in Portugal length: 20 to 35 m and height:
3.3 to 6.3 m regarding their acoustic behavior to two objective parameters:
RT and RASTI. The goal is to characterize the acoustic effect of the reha-
bilitation done on theses spaces to adapt them to new uses. All these clois-
ters had recently their galleries openings to the central yard closed with
glass panels. Simple formulas were obtained that relate among the objective
acoustic parameters and between the acoustic and architectural parameters.
This paper also presents the variation on the RASTI and RT average values
resulting of the rehabilitation work done on these buildings.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 342B, 2:20 TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2pABa
Animal Bioacoustics, Underwater Acoustics, Acoustical Oceanography, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and
ECUA: Animal Sonar Systems I
James A. Simmons, Cochair
Brown University, Department of Neuroscience, Box G-LN, Providence, RI 02912, USA
Michel Andre, Cochair
Laboratori dAplicacions Bioacstiques, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, avda. Rambla Exposici sn, Vilanova i la
Geltr, 08800, Spain
Invited Paper
2:20
2pABa1. The echolocating bat controls the direction and distance of its acoustic gaze. Cynthia Moss University of Maryland,
Department of Psychology, Biology-Psychology 2123M, College Park, MD 20742, USA, cmoss@psyc.umd.edu, Kaushik Ghose
University of Maryland, Department of Psychology, Biology-Psychology 2123M, College Park, MD 20742, USA,
kghose@umd.edu, Annemarie Surlykke University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biology, Campusvej 55, -DK-5230 Odense,
Denmark, ams@biology.sdu.dk
Echolocation is an active sensing system that depends upon the dynamic interplay between auditory information processing and
adaptive motor control. The echolocating bat produces ultrasonic vocalizations and uses information contained in the returning echoes
to build a three-dimensional auditory representation of its surroundings. The timing, bandwidth, and duration of echolocation signals
used to probe the environment directly impact the information available to the bats acoustic imaging system. In turn, the bats auditory
representation of space guides its actions--ear movements, head aim, ight path, and the features of subsequent sonar vocalizations. This
talk will summarize the bats adaptive vocal behavior as it engaged in complex spatial tasks. The bats 3D ight path was recorded with
high-speed stereo IR video; its sonar signals were recorded with a microphone array that permitted reconstruction of the emission
pattern. The sonar emission pattern of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, is directional, but broad enough to collect echo information
from objects within a 60-90 deg cone, which would enable simultaneous inspection of objects in the frontal plane. Here, we report that
bats encountering a complex environment shifted the direction and distance of their sonar gaze to inspect closely spaced obstacles and
targets sequentially.
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Contributed Papers
2:40
2pABa2. Simulating bat sonar using vector sound intensity. Robert
Hickling Sonometrics Inc., 8306 Huntington Road, Huntington Woods, MI
48070-1643, USA, sonometrics@comcast.net
In general bats use ultrasound to determine their surroundings and to de-
tect ying insects. Generally the beam width of ultrasonic signals emitted by
bats is too wide to distinguish closely-spaced objects and the receiving pat-
tern of bats ears is similar J. A. Simmons, Directionality of biosonar
broadcasts and reception by the ears, Tutorial Lecture, ASA Spring Meet-
ing, 2002. To locate an object requires knowing both distance and direction.
Distance can be readily determined using time-of-ight. How a bat deter-
mines direction is less clear. In this presentation, an ultrasonic device is
demonstrated that measures both distance and direction R. Hickling,
Method and Apparatus for Echolocation US Patent No. 7,054,226, May
2006. This uses a combination of a pulsed ultrasonic source and a vector
sound-intensity probe. The probe has four ultrasonic receivers at the vertices
of a regular tetrahedron and determines direction from the sound-intensity
vector, using nite-difference approximations and the cross-spectral
formulation. The frequencies of the echoes received by the probe have to be
heterodyned down to lower frequencies for accuracy in the nite-difference
approximations. Echolocation data using the device are presented.
3:00
2pABa3. An autocorrelation model of bat sonar. Lutz
Wiegrebe Biocenter, University of Munich, Grohaderner Str. 2, 82152
Munich, Germany, lutzw@lmu.de
Their sonar system allows echolocating bats to navigate with high skill
through a complex, three-dimensional environment at high speed and low
light. The auditory analysis of the echoes of their ultrasonic sounds requires
a detailed comparison of the emission and echoes. Here an auditory model
of bat sonar is introduced and evaluated against a set of psychophysical
phantom-target, echo-acoustic experiments. The model consists of a rela-
tively detailed simulation of auditory peripheral processing in the bat, Phyl-
lostomus discolor, followed by a functional module consisting of a strobed,
normalised, autocorrelation in each frequency channel. The model output is
accumulated in a sonar image buffer. The model evaluation is based on the
comparison of the image-buffer contents generated in individually simulated
psychophysical trials. The model provides reasonably good predictions for
both temporal and spectral behavioural sonar processing in terms of sonar
delay, roughness, and phase sensitivity and in terms of sensitivity to the tem-
poral separations in two-front targets and the classication of spectrally di-
vergent phantom targets.
3:20
2pABa4. Object-oriented echo perception and cortical representation
in the bat Phyllostomus discolor. Uwe Firzlaff Biocenter of the Ludwig-
Maximilians University of Munich, Grohaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-
Martinsried, Germany, rzlaff@zi.biologie.uni-muenchen.de
Echolocating bats can identify three-dimensional objects exclusively
through the analysis of acoustic echoes of their ultrasonic emissions. How-
ever, objects of the same structure can differ in size and the auditory system
must achieve a size-invariant, normalized object representation for reliable
object recognition. In this talk both the neural representation in the auditory
cortex and the behavioral classication of echoes of complex virtual objects
that vary in object size are described. Electrophysiological experiments re-
vealed a population of units in the auditory cortex of the bat Phyllostomus
discolor which showed an object-size invariant response 14109 units,
13%. These units respond preferentially to echoes from objects in which
echo duration encoding object depth and echo amplitude encoding object
surface area co-varies in a meaningful manner. The electrophysiological re-
sults are corroborated by the results of a phantom-target playback experi-
ment, in which it is shown that P. discolor spontaneously classies most
scaled versions of objects according to trained standards. These results in-
dicate that at the level of the bats auditory cortex, an object-oriented rather
than a stimulus-parameter oriented representation of echoes is achieved.
This work was supported by the Volkswagen Foundation I79782
3:40-5:00 Posters
All sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Papers
5:00
2pABa5. Absolute target range and target range prole in separate computational compartments: Synthetic aperture
echolocation. James A. Simmons Brown University, Department of Neuroscience, Box G-LN, Providence, RI 02912, USA, james
_simmons@brown.edu
Echolocating big brown bats emit wideband 20-100 kHz FM sounds and perceive target range from echo delay with an accuracy
determined by echo relative bandwidth Q. They distinguish among target shapes by echo spectra, but they perceive shape in terms of
distances to different parts glints, or the targets range prole. Shape resolution based on glint delay differences extracted from target
interference spectra is in fractions of millimeters. The bats ight velocity is about 5 ms, so that echo delay changes continuously
during production of broadcasts and then again during reception of echoes, smearing and displacing delay estimates for target ranging
by several hundred microseconds. Previous workers have identied a particular distance at which smearing is minimal, but it is not
known whether this distance of focus has signicance for the bat. However, perception of target shape is based on a spectral repre-
sentation that is only slightly distorted by the bats motion, and it is kept in separate computational path from absolute delay until after
absolute delay is determined, whereupon it is attached to absolute delay to place the targets image in an approximate spatial position.
The bats system achieves synthetic aperture imaging of shape while avoiding motion-related blurring.
5:20
2pABa6. Vocal motor control in horseshoe bats - a bottom-up approach. Kota Kobayasi UCLA, Dept. Physiol. Sci., Box
951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, kobayash@ucla.edu, Steffen Hage UCLA, Dept. Physiol. Sci., Box 951606, Los Angeles,
CA 90095, USA, hage@ucla.edu, Jie Ma UCLA, Dept. Physiol. Sci., Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,
majie@ucla.edu, Walter Metzner UCLA, Dept. Physiol. Sci., Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, metzner@ucla.edu
Most animals constantly adjust the spectrotemporal composition of their vocalizations depending on the information content in-
tended to be conveyed by these signals. Whereas most studies focus on the sensory processing of spectrotemporal features of vocal-
izations in various vertebrates, it is still widely unknown how vocal motor structures in the brain adjust these call parameters. We used
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echolocation and acoustic communication behaviors in horseshoe bats to analyze the neurobiological and biomechanical basis for the
motor control of their vocalizations. Results from pharmacological studies of the vocal motor nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus, lead us to
developed a novel model for call frequency control by vocal motor neurons. Neurophysiological recordings combined with pharmaco-
logical manipulations at the single cell level in spontaneously vocalizing bats substantiated this model. Biomechanical properties of the
larynx were also found to aid in call frequency control: Altering tracheal air ow in an isolated larynx preparation resulted in two
distinct frequency bands that were non-harmonically related and reected the main frequency components of echolocation pulses and
communication signals, respectively. In addition, changes in air pressure revealed transitions from periodic to chaotic that occurred
within a single signal cycle, giving rise to spectral features observed in horseshoe bat communication signals.
5:40
2pABa7. Echolocation-like pulse emission for communication by Japanese horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
nippon. Hiroshi Riquimaroux Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha Univ., 1-3 Miyakodani Tatara, 610-0321 Kyotanabe, Japan,
hrikimar@mail.doshisha.ac.jp, Ryota Shimazawa Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha Univ., 1-3 Miyakodani Tatara, 610-0321 Kyo-
tanabe, Japan, bte0060@mail4.doshisha.ac.jp, Shizuko Hiryu Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha Univ., 1-3 Miyakodani Tatara, 610-
0321 Kyotanabe, Japan, shiryu@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
It has been reported that the bats communicate with conspecics by various types of vocalizations, which are different from echolo-
cation pulses. However, we have found pulses used for communication, which were emitted when a bat walked to another individual,
appeared to be very similar to those for echolocation. Data have shown two evidences. First, the bats never approached another one
without emitting pulses. Second, the bats emitted echolocation-like pulses whose CF2 frequency sequentially changed during the ap-
proaching behavior. Such pulses were never emitted by an isolated bat. The changes in CF2 frequency were clearly different from
Doppler-shift compensation. If this frequency shift was caused by Doppler-shift compensation, the bat should be moving as fast as 1-5
ms in the cage. Thus, we suggest that these CF2 frequency shifts may play an important role for communication during the approaching
behavior to a conspecic animal. The research supported by a grant to RCAST at Doshisha Univ. from MEXT and by the Innovative
Cluster Creation Project promoted by MEXT.
Contributed Paper
6:00
2pABa8. A model of range discrimination of multiple objects by using
the linear period modulation signal. Ikuo Matsuo Tohoku Gakuin Uni-
versity, Tenjinzawa 2-1-1, Izumi-ku, 9813193 Sendai, Japan, matsuo@cs
.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp
Using the echolocation, bats can capture moving objects in 3D space.
The big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, emit the linear period modulation
sound and can identify objects with an accuracy of less than a millimeter.
The delay separation of three or more closely spaced objects can be deter-
mined through analysis of the echo spectrum. However, delay times cannot
be properly correlated with objects using only the echo spectrum because
the sequence of delay separations cannot be determined without information
on temporal changes in the interference pattern of the echoes. We previously
proposed the model to determine delays of multiple objects from the echoes
by using the linear frequency modulation sound. In order to extract the tem-
poral changes, Gaussian chirplets with a carrier frequency compatible with
bat emission sweep rates were used. In this paper, we examined the effect of
the windows shape which was changed to extract the temporal changes de-
pendent on delays of multiple objects by using the linear period modulation
sound.
Invited Paper
6:20
2pABa9. Acoustic focussing: how ying bats control spatial distribution of Doppler-ranging errors by signal sweep rate. Marc
W. Holderied School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, BS8 1UG Bristol, UK, marc.holderied@bristol
.ac.uk
Echolocating bats obtain three-dimensional images of their surroundings in complete darkness by emitting sonar signals and evalu-
ating returning echoes. When ying close to objects, bats risk collision and therefore depend on the accuracy of images - particularly
in the perceived distance of obstacles, which is coded by the time delay between call and echo. Yet, during ight, such accuracy is
perturbed rst because bats call and receive echoes at different positions and second because echoes are modied by Doppler shifts. The
spatial distribution of such ranging errors is range dependent - objects at one particular distance from the bat have zero ranging errors,
while ranging-errors increase for closer or more distant objects. Interestingly, this distance of zero ranging error depends on signal
design, in particular sweep rate. By adjusting signal design ying bats could shift this distance adaptively to their target of interested.
Because this has similarities with focusing i.e. accommodation in vision, this distance is called distance of focus DOF. We will
present examples for actual distances of focus of different bat species in different behavioural contexts, such as search ight, obstacle
avoidance and target approach. DOF gives a novel perspective to the adaptive relevance of frequency modulated sonar signals.
3206 3206 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Contributed Paper
6:40
2pABa10. Passive acoustic localization techniques of Eastern Pacic
grey whales. Jennifer L. Wladichuk University of Bath, Dept. Mechani-
cal Engineering, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK, jlw23
@bath.ac.uk, William M. Megill University of Bath, Dept. Mechanical
Engineering, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK,
enswmm@bath.ac.uk, Philippe Blondel University of Bath, Department
of Physics, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK, pyspb@bath.ac.uk
Eastern Pacic grey whales Eschrichtius robustus apparently do not ac-
tively echolocate, yet still they thrive in shallow water environments where
visibility is much reduced. Along their migration route and in their feeding
grounds these whales are exposed to high levels of ambient noise, highly-
turbid waters and many underwater obstacles. To test possible passive
acoustic localization mechanisms e.g. Acoustic Daylight Imaging and Pas-
sive Synthetic Aperture, we made extensive acoustic measurements during
comprehensive eld studies of these whales on their summer feeding
grounds in British Columbia Canada. In combination with visual observa-
tions of the whales and their behaviours, we investigated the acoustical
sources available to the whales when navigating within a feeding bay. First,
we measured ambient noise levels to construct the acoustic landscape
around the whales. Second, we investigated how sound is altered when ob-
jects such as kelp beds and rocks are present. We also measured acoustic
changes induced by direct, controlled modications of the near-shore
environment. The aim of this research is to understand how grey whales
might be nding their way around, and what impact, if any, increased levels
of ambient noise might have on the whales ability to nd food and navigate
within the feeding grounds.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pABb
Animal Bioacoustics and ECUA: Animal Bioacoustic Censusing II (Poster Session)
Marie Roch, Cochair
San Diego State University
Cdric Gervaise, Cochair
E3I2 - EA3876
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pABb1. Acoustic detection of beaked whales from autonomous
recording buoys. Antn Arias Departamento de Zoologa y Antropologa
Fsica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040
Madrid, Spain, amarias@estumail.ucm.es, Mark Johnson Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Dept.,
Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, majohnson@whoi.edu, Natacha Aguilar
Soto Univ. de La Laguna, Department of Animal Biology, 38256 La La-
guna Tenerife, Spain, naguilar@ull.es, Peter T. Madsen University of
Aarhus, Biological Sciences, Zoophysiology, C. F. Mllers All, Building
1131, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, peter.madsen@biology.au.dk, Peter
Tyack Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics &
Engineering Dept., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA,
ptyack@whoi.edu, Bertel Mhl University of Aarhus, Biological Sci-
ences, Zoophysiology, C. F. Mllers All, Building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus,
Denmark, bertel.moehl@biology.au.dk
Beaked whales are among the least known cetaceans but may be espe-
cially vulnerable to mid-frequency sonars. Effective implementation of pas-
sive acoustic monitoring PAM of beaked whale vocalizations may help
both to study the biology of these elusive species and to mitigate human
impacts. Here we report results of a feasibility study of PAM performed off
El Hierro Canary Islands where there are coastal resident populations of
two species of beaked whales. An acoustic recording system, comprising a
GPS-equipped buoy with an archival acoustic tag Dtag suspended 200m
below, was deployed in an area with visual coverage from land. The DTAG
recorded broadband acoustic data sampled at 96 kHz along with timing and
position information from the GPS. The buoy was deployed on 6 days and
clicks were clearly detectable in all recordings. A majority of these were
conrmed to be beaked whale clicks by comparison against sounds previ-
ously recorded from the same species. Visual sightings were then compared
against acoustic detections to develop a methodology for estimating the
probability of detection as a function of distance and group size. Results
demonstrate the effectiveness of sonobuoy-type PAM systems for beaked
whales and the possibility for low-cost tests of acoustic detection models.
2pABb2. Automated real-time detection of cetaceans at the Station
ALOHA Cabled Observatory. Julie N. Oswald Univ. of Hawaii, P.O.
Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA, oswald.jn@gmail.com, Whitlow W.
Au Univ. of Hawaii, P.O. Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA,
wau@hawaii.edu, Fred K. Duennebier Univ. of Hawaii, Dept. of Geology
and Geophysics, 2525 Correa Rd., Honolulu, 96822, USA, fred@soest
.hawaii.edu
Hawaiian waters support a wide variety of cetacean species, however,
little is known about their occurrence in offshore waters. A cabled ocean
bottom observatory located at Station ALOHA Station ALOHA Cabled Ob-
servatory - ACO provides a unique opportunity to study the occurrence of
cetaceans in real-time and over long time scales at a deep ocean research site
located 100 km north of Oahu. A retired electro-optical telecommunications
cable provides power and broadband Ethernet communications capability to
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the ACO, allowing real-time continuous acoustic monitoring. The ACO has
been operational since February 2007 and includes a hydrophone with a
bandwidth of 0.01Hz to 40kHz. Automated methods for detection and iden-
tication of cetacean calls have been developed and data are processed in
nearly real-time. Several cetacean species have been detected, including:
dolphins and humpback, minke, n, and sperm whales. The relationship be-
tween the occurrence of different species and changes in the environment
has been explored using near-monthly shipboard oceanographic observa-
tions collected at Station ALOHA. In addition, seasonal trends in the occur-
rence of minke whales, a species that has been especially difcult to study
using visual methods due to their cryptic behavior, have been examined.
2pABb3. Validating passive acoustic monitoring data loggers by visual
observations. Line A. Kyhn National Environmental Research Institute,
University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark,
lky@dmu.dk, Jakob Tougaard National Environmental Research Insti-
tute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Den-
mark, jat@dmu.dk, Mats Amundin Kolmardens Djurpark & Biology
Dep., Inst. of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping University, Kol-
mardens Djurpark, SE-61892 Kolmarden, Sweden, MATS.AMUNDIN
@KOLMARDEN.COM, Joanna Stenback Kolmardens Djurpark & Biol-
ogy Dep., Inst. of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping University,
Kolmardens Djurpark, SE-61892 Kolmarden, Sweden, JOANNA
.STENBACK@GMAIL.COM, Jonas Teilmann National Environmental
Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej399, DK-4000
Roskilde, Denmark, jte@dmu.dk, Daniel Wennerberg Kolmardens Djur-
park & Biology Dep., Inst. of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping
University, Kolmardens Djurpark, SE-61892 Kolmarden, Sweden, daniel
.wennerberg@gmail.com
The use of passive acoustic monitoring PAM is increasingly used as a
monitoring tool in e.g environmental impact assessments. However, very
few studies have focused on validating PAM data against independent ob-
servations which is critical in order to compare data from different studies
and areas, and over time. In August 2007 we tested two types of odontocete
PAM equipment: version 5 T-PODs Chelonia, U.K. and PCLs Aquatec,
Lochborough, UK by comparing acoustic detections to visual theodolite
tracings of wild harbour porpoises. Eight T-PODs with known detection
thresholds and four PCLs were mounted in four clusters. Detection thresh-
olds of the T-PODs varied from 117 to 125dB re 1Papp. Based on visual
tracks of 28 porpoises it is shown that detection ranges correlated inversely
with detection threshold. However, PAM-detection also strongly depended
on the angle between the swim track of porpoises and the line to the data
logger. Some porpoises were not detected despite swimming within 20m of
the nearest data logger. It was not possible to distinguish between recordings
from one and more than one animal on the PAM-recordings, despite that the
number of animals was known from the corresponding tracks. All in all, the
results showed good correspondence between PAM recordings and visual
tracings, as well as among PAM recordings.
2pABb4. Data Handling of a Perennial Acoustic Observatory in the
Antarctic Ocean. Lars Kindermann Alfred Wegener Institute, P.O. Box
120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany, lars.kindermann@awi.de, Holger
KlinckAlfred Wegener Institute, P.O. Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven,
Germany, holger.klinck@awi.de, Ilse Catharina Van Opzeeland Alfred
Wegener Institute, P.O. Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany, Ilse
.Van.Opzeeland@awi.de
In December 2005, 4 broadband hydrophones were deployed through
boreholes under the 100m thick oating ice shelf near Atka Bay, Antarctica.
Since then, more than 10,000 hours of underwater sounds have been re-
corded, containing marine mammal vocalizations and the unique back-
ground sounds generated by ice and the occasional ship. These records from
this pristine region are analyzed in terms of the local noise budget, the be-
haviour of marine mammals and anthropogenic impacts. The observatory is
energetically self-sufcient and connected by a 15km WLAN link to the
year-round manned German Neumayer Base, where a leased satellite line
allows live streaming of highly compressed audio to http:icecast.awi.de.
While the recording device is capable of four channels 192kHz 24Bit,
this cannot be transferred continuously through the WLAN and satellite link,
so a multi-stage automatic buffering and selection scheme is implemented to
allow for both, continuous coverage and high quality recordings of selected
events. About two terabytes per year are automatically streamed into the
petabyte data storage of the World Data Centre for Marine Environmental
Data, hosted by AWI, where they are analysed and prepared for publishing
under an open access license.
2pABb5. Development of a prototype electronic tag for studying the
migratory behaviour of marine species. Prajas John Department of
Electronics, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Thrikkakara, 682
022 Ernakulam, India, prajas@cusat.ac.in, Jinto George Department of
Electronics, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Thrikkakara, 682
022 Ernakulam, India, jintokg@cusat.ac.in, Supriya M.
Hariharan Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science &
Technology, Thrikkakara, 682 022 Ernakulam, India, supriya
@cusat.ac.in, Saseendran Pillai Department of Electronics, Cochin Uni-
versity of Science & Technology, Thrikkakara, 682 022 Ernakulam, India,
prspillai@cusat.ac.in
Archival electronic tags can be used as standalone data loggers for sam-
pling the ocean for gathering the environmental parameters and studying the
migratory patterns of marine species, identifying their feeding and spawning
grounds, etc. A prototype archival electronic tag for monitoring the ocean
parameters like temperature, pressure and light intensity has been
developed. A digital temperature sensor is used to sample the temperature
from the tags surroundings, while a micro machined piezoresistive silicon
digital pressure sensor, which is capable of measuring absolute pressure lev-
els upto 14 bars, provides the depth information. One of the important pa-
rameters to be measured is the geolocation of the species, which is com-
puted from the ambient light intensities recorded by the digital light sensor
in the tag. These parameters can be sampled and recorded in the memory at
preset time intervals, as set at the time of deployment of the tag. This min-
uaturised tag provides the temperature data with 13 bit resolution, while the
pressure and light intensity values have 15 bit resolutions. When used in
sheries studies, the size of the device has to be miniaturised, so that by way
of attaching such devices, the normal behaviour of the species remain
unaffected.
3208 3208 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pABc
Animal Bioacoustics, Noise, and ECUA: Anthropogenic Noise Effects on Animals II (Poster Session)
Michael Stocker, Cochair
Ocean Conservation Research
Jonathan Gordon, Cochair
Sea Mammal Research Unit
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pABc1. Discovery of Sound in the Sea website: Educational and media
resources. Kathleen Vigness Raposa Marine Acoustics, Inc., 809 Aquid-
neck Ave., Middletown, RI 02842, USA,
kathleen.vigness@marineacoustics.com, Gail Scowcroft University of
Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882,
USA, gailscow@gso.uri.edu
The scientic community and the public have become increasingly
aware of, and concerned about, underwater sound. There is growing interest
in learning about sources and uses of underwater sound, and potential effects
of sound on the marine environment. Underlying this interest, however, is a
need to provide scientic information at a level appropriate for the general
public and for educational and media professionals that communicate with
the public. The Discovery of Sound in the Sea website http:www.dosits
.org provides scientic content introducing the physical science of under-
water sound and how people and animals use sound to accomplish various
tasks. In addition, it has recently been expanded to include three major re-
source sections: 1 Media Resources, 2 Teacher Resources, and 3 Stu-
dent Resources. The Media Resources include a Facts & Myths quiz, Fre-
quently Asked Questions, and PDF reprints of a tri-fold pamphlet and a 12-
page educational brochure highlighting the content of the website. The
Teacher and Student Resources include structured tutorials, educational
games, and PowerPoint presentations. These resource sections provide easy,
efcient access to timely information on the science of underwater sound
and the current state of knowledge of the effects of underwater sound on
marine mammals and shes.
2pABc2. The effects of noise emanating from an adjoining
architectural space on beluga whale audition in an aquarium exhibit.
Katie Starke University of Connecticut, 70 Pinney Hill Rd., #95, Willing-
ton, CT 06179, USA, kathryn.starke@uconn.edu, Peter
Scheifele University of Cincinnati, French-East 345A, Cincinnati, OH
45221, USA, scheifpr@UCMAIL.UC.EDU
Aquaria must have regulations regarding the intensity levels of anthro-
pogenic noise that make their way into their captive belugas tank, thus af-
fecting the animals ability to hear and vocalize naturally. My research fo-
cuses on the sound transmission across the acrylic and cement boundary that
separates the beluga tank from the ballroom in the Georgia Aquarium. This
ballroom hosts many social events which are often accompanied by high
levels of noise that cross the barrier into the animal enclosure. I focus on the
intensity range of 90-100dBA and experiment with a variety of frequencies,
specically those that are included in the range of beluga hearing. Though
the data will be specic to the Georgia Aquarium, the results will apply to
all aquaria that keep beluga whales, as high intensity sound will always
travel through the exhibit boundaries and affect the animals living on the
other side.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pABd
Animal Bioacoustics, Underwater Acoustics, Acoustical Oceanography, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and
ECUA: Animal Sonar Systems II (Poster Session)
James Simmons, Cochair
Brown University
Michel Andre, Cochair
Laboratori dAplicacions Bioacstiques, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pABd1. An area sensitive to apparent acoustic motion in the auditory
cortex of the bat Phyllostomus discolor. Susanne Hoffmann Biocenter
of the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Grohaderner Str. 2,
82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, hoffmann@zi.biologie
.uni-muenchen.de, Uwe Firzlaff Biocenter of the Ludwig-Maximilians
University of Munich, Grohaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried,
Germany, rzlaff@zi.biologie.uni-muenchen.de, Gerd Schuller Biocenter
of the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Grohaderner Str. 2,
82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, gschuller@lmu.de
The processing of apparent acoustic motion was investigated in neurons
in the auditory cortex of anaesthetized bats Phyllostomus discolor. Appar-
ent motion in the horizontal plane was generated by presenting pairs of pure
tones with different interaural intensity differences IIDs and temporal
separations, i.e. inter-pulse intervals IPIs. Thus the spatial extent, motion
direction and velocity of motion changed for each stimulus pair. A complete
stimulus matrix consisted of 81 IID-combinations in the range between -40
to 40 dB IID and was randomly presented via earphones with ten repeti-
tions for up to ve different IPIs 6.25 to 150 ms. Thirty percent 71 of the
236 extracellularly recorded cortical single cells or small neuronal clusters
showed facilitatory responses to acoustic motion compared to static stimu-
lation and were classied as motion sensitive. With decreasing IPI, all mo-
tion sensitive neurons changed their azimuthal receptive eld in size or spa-
tial position. Twenty two percent 15 of them preferred small movements in
the frontal area at very short IPIs. Most interestingly, the motion sensitive
neurons were almost exclusively 97 % found in the dorsal area of the cau-
dal part of the auditory cortex indicating that this cortical area is specically
involved in the processing of acoustic motion.
3210 3210 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAOa
Acoustical Oceanography and ECUA: Marine Ecosystem Acoustics III (Poster Session)
Kenneth Foote, Cochair
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Olav Godoe, Cochair
Institute of Marine Research
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAOa1. An acoustic nite-element model to study sonar interactions
with marine mammals. Gonzalo R. Feijoo Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, gfeijoo@whoi.edu, Kenneth G.
Foote Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543,
USA, kfoote@whoi.edu
A computer model based on the nite-element method FEM is being
developed to study the interaction of sonar signals with marine mammals.
This model solves the Helmholtz equation in a computational box that in-
cludes the animal and the surrounding medium, water. The FEM code has
been validated with analytical solutions for scattering of a plane wave by a
uid sphere over a range of parameters and frequencies of interest. The
same FEM code has been applied to a 142-cm-long specimen of the com-
mon dolphin Delphinus delphis; internal pressure and displacement elds
have been computed. The animal is represented in the computer model by a
set of tissue groups whose acoustic properties, density and sound speed, are
taken from the literature. The geometry of each tissue group was constructed
from segmented computerized tomography images. Results are presented for
harmonic signals in the 1-10 kHz frequency range. Work supported by
NOPP through ONR award N000140710992.
2pAOa2. Mid-frequency pelagic imaging multi-beam sonar.
Christopher D. Jones Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washing-
ton, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA, cjones@apl.washington
.edu
A unique circular array multi-beam sonar is used to investigate volumet-
ric imaging of pelagic marine environments. Imaging of a radial volume of
the ocean up to a kilometer in range and at 8-12kHz will be discussed, fo-
cusing mainly on the imaging of large aggregations of sh in shallow water.
Several imaging geometries are presented including backscatter imaging in a
shallow water waveguide used to resolve the two-dimensional horizontal
structure of large sh schools, and the autonomous deployment of the sonar
in a xed location to create a time series of images and observations of vari-
ability over a 24 hour period. The potential for new imaging geometries will
be explored including vertical proling to create volumetric images of dif-
ferent pelagic zones in the ocean. Operational issues related to specic sci-
entic question, and signal processing issues related to circular arrays will
be discussed. Preliminary eld data will be presented.
2pAOa3. Using multi-angle reections to enhance ecosystem
characterization. Jules S. Jaffe Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ma-
rine Physical Laboratory, 8820 Shellback Way, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,
jules@mpl.ucsd.edu,Olav R. GodoInstitute of Marine Research, PO Box
1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway, olav.rune.godoe@imr.no, Hector
Pena Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway,
hector.pena@imr.no, Ben Maurer Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
Marine Physical Laboratory, 8820 Shellback Way, La Jolla, CA 92093,
USA, bmaurer@ucsd.edu
Improved knowledge about target tilt can be used to improve acoustic
estimates of abundance and to gain insights into the behavioural patterns of
exploited marine species. This is because tilt angle strongly affects back-
scatter, especially at high frequencies. In order to estimate tilt, a dual-
transducer system for synchronous observation of marine organisms at two
angles 0o and 9o at 38 kHz was tested. Data was characterized via the
angle response; the area backscatter from one transducer divided by the
sum of both. This metric was computed for layers of small planktonic or-
ganisms as well as sh. While the angle response is almost negligible for
small organisms at night and slightly in favour of the tilted transducer during
day, there is a signicant angle response from sh in layers. A theoretical
model supports the idea that this effect is due swimbladder tilt. Backscatter
from 13 schools of horse mackerel was also analyzed. Although no statisti-
cally signicant difference was observed, the variability indicate that the
angle response is highly dynamic and dependent on the actual behaviour of
the school at time of observation. Further studies are planned to improve
upon data collection as well as the theoretical aspects of interpretation.
2pAOa4. Application of multiple angle acoustic scatter to remote sh
classication. Paul L. Roberts University of California San Diego, Elec-
trical and Computer Engineering Department, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla,
CA 92093, USA, plrobert@ucsd.edu, Jules S. Jaffe Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, Marine Physical Laboratory, 8820 Shellback Way, La Jolla,
CA 92093, USA, jules@mpl.ucsd.edu
Observation of broadband acoustic scatter from sh at multiple angles
has the potential to offer advantages for remote classication in cases where
the species exhibit differences in size and or body shape, and animal orien-
tation is unknown or difcult to estimate. However, the total angular cover-
age of the observations, available bandwidth, and the inter- and intra-species
variability in size can signicantly inuence classication accuracy. These
parameters are investigated using laboratory data collected from ten differ-
ent sh species using a linear array of receivers and a single transmitter with
an effective angular coverage of up to 25 degrees with a 3 degree sampling
increment. Results indicate that when the species exhibit signicant differ-
ences in length, even two observations covering only 10 degrees are suf-
cient to obtain an 80 percent improvement in classication accuracy over a
single observation angle. This holds true for a wide range of animal
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orientations. As inter-species size similarity increases, and intra-species size
variability increases, more observations covering a larger range of angles are
required to maintain a similar improvement in classication accuracy.
2pAOa5. Simultaneous acoustic observations of turbulence and
zooplankton. Tetjana Ross Dalhousie University, Department of Ocean-
ography, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4JI, Canada,
tetjana.ross@dal.ca, Isabelle Gaboury Jasco Research, Suite 432 - 1496
Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS B3J 1R9, Canada,
isabelle.gaboury@gmail.com, Rolf Lueck Rockland Scientic Interna-
tional Inc., 520 Dupplin Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1C1, Canada, rolf
@rocklandscientic.com
Models and laboratory experiments show that zooplankton may locate
food more easily in turbulent waters, but whether plankton seek or avoid
turbulence in the ocean is an open question. It is difcult to measure turbu-
lence and plankton simultaneously and with the necessary spatial resolution
using traditional methods nets and airfoil shear sensors. Acoustics is com-
monly used to survey zooplankton abundance and recent studies have shown
that stratied turbulence can also be a signicant source of sound scatter.
This may seem like more of a complication than a boon for those aiming to
use acoustics to observe plankton in turbulence. We present acoustic data,
however, that show that at least under certain circumstances, zooplankton
and turbulence can be observed simultaneously with a single 307 kHz
sounder. The different natures of the two targets discrete targets versus a
volume effect allow them to be distinguished. The key is sampling the same
targets at multiple ranges and having low enough concentrations that there is
no more than one animal within the beam at the closest ranges.
2pAOa6. Potential inuence of shells on multibeam backscatter
imagery within the Te Matuku Marine Reserve, New Zealand.
Alexandre C. Schimel Univ. of Waikato - Coastal Marine Group, Ruakura
Satellite Campus, PB3105 Hamilton, New Zealand,
alex.schimel@gmail.com, David Johnson MetOcean Solutions Ltd, 317
Nobs Line, PO Box 441 New Plymouth, New Zealand,
d.johnson@metocean.co.nz, Terry Healy Univ. of Waikato - Coastal Ma-
rine Group, Ruakura Satellite Campus, PB3105 Hamilton, New Zealand,
t.healy@waikato.ac.nz, Peter J. McComb MetOcean Solutions Ltd, 317
Nobs Line, PO Box 441 New Plymouth, New Zealand,
p.mccomb@metocean.co.nz, Brett Beamsley MetOcean Solutions Ltd,
317 Nobs Line, PO Box 441 New Plymouth, New Zealand,
b.beamsley@metocean.co.nz, Dirk Immenga Univ. of Waikato - Coastal
Marine Group, Ruakura Satellite Campus, PB3105 Hamilton, New Zealand,
d.immenga@waikato.ac.nz
Backscatter imagery from a KONGSBERG EM3000 multibeam echo-
sounder 300kHz has been analyzed to investigate its potential for benthic
habitat mapping. A MATLAB code has been developed to process both
bathymetry and coregistered echo-strength, which includes a simple correc-
tion to remove the typical multibeam echo strength swathe contrast intro-
duced by the backscatter incident-angle dependence. Although the correc-
tion algorithm does completely remove the effect, it is sufcient to generate
maps of suitable quality for further analysis. The processing code was ap-
plied to a dataset from a survey performed on two sites in the Tamaki Strait,
New Zealand, in August 2007, including a section of the Te Matuku marine
reserve. Within the marine reserve, a 400m2 area displays a strong reec-
tivity that contrasts with its surroundings while a past ground-truth data col-
lection shows the full area is dominated by mud with only some differences
in shell fragments distribution. Hypotheses to explain the origin of this re-
ectivity contrast are formulated and veried against past sediment and
benthic survey results with emphasis on the potential inuence of shells on
multibeam backscatter. The potential of multibeam surveying for detecting
the coverage of shells patches in benthic habitat mapping is discussed.
2pAOa7. Acoustic methods for water mass delineation in coastal
marine ecosystems. John Proni AOMLNOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker
Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA, john.proni@noaa.gov, Jack
Stamates AOMLNOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149,
USA, Jack.Stamates@noaa.gov, Thomas Carsey AOMLNOAA, 4301
Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA,
thomas.p.carsey@noaa.gov, Jia-Zhong Zhang AOMLNOAA, 4301
Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA,
Jia-Zhong.Zhang@noaa.gov, Chris Sinigalliano AOMLNOAA, 4301
Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA,
Christopher.Sinigalliano@noaa.gov, Kevin Sullivan AOMLNOAA,
4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA, Kevin.Sullivan@noaa
.gov
Acoustical methods play an important role in the in the study of nutrient
sources for coral reef ecosystems in the south Florida coastal ocean. Many
nutrients released into the coastal ocean are released in distinct water masses
such as inlet discharge plumes, wastewater outfall discharge plumes, and
hurricane-induced re-suspensions. Using water column acoustic backscatter
proles, obtained via either ship-borne instrumentation or in-situ instrumen-
tation, multidimensional images of nutrient bearing water masses are
derived. Said images are of assistance in the design of chemical and bio-
logical sampling efforts. Examples of water mass imaging will be presented
as well as the use of such images in the design of water quality sampling
programs. Using a combination of acoustic backscatter, Doppler current pro-
lers, nutrient nitrate, nitrite, silica, phosphate, ammonia samples and mi-
crobiological fecal, protozoa, viruses samples, ux estimates of said quan-
tities may be made for inlet discharges. Results will be presented for a south
Florida inlet having an average net seaward discharge of approximately 200
million gallons per day. Selected acoustic images of treated waste water ef-
uent plumes will be presented and compared with plume spatial distribu-
tions inferred from conservative plume tracer studies.
2pAOa8. Acoustic data from platforms of opportunity as fuel for
ecosystem models. Nils Olav Handegard Institute of Marine Research, C.
Sundtsgt 64, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway, nilsolav@imr.no, Olav Rune
Godoe Institute of Marine Research, C. Sundtsgt 64, Nordnes, 5817 Ber-
gen, Norway, olavrune@imr.no, Patrick Lehodey Collecte Localisation
Satellites, 8-10, rue Herms, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramon-
ville Saint-Agne, France, plehodey@cls.fr
Echo sounders are a widely used tool for observing marine ecosystems.
Traditionally, rigid designed surveys are used to integrate biomass to a glo-
bal estimate, which is coupled to traditional stock assessment models. More
recently, the focus has shifted from single species assessment to an ecosys-
tem approach, taking into account ecosystem function and dynamics. As a
response, several ecosystem models have been developed. The data require-
ments for these models are different than for the traditional models, and new
sensors and platforms have been developed as a response to this need. How-
ever, examples on how to integrate these observations with these new mod-
els are scarce. We propose a state-space observation-space approach, and
compare the results from a vertically structured eco-system model with ob-
servations from an echo sounder positioned at the Mid Atlantic ridge. We
argue that this approach is less vulnerable to assumptions in the data analy-
sis process, and discuss adequate observations regimes for these models.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAOb
Acoustical Oceanography and ECUA: Acoustical Oceanography of Polar Environments II (Poster Session)
Peter N. Mikhalevsky, Cochair
Science Applications International Corporation
Hanne Sagen, Cochair
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAOb1. The factors that inuence the design of an underwater acoustic
modem for Arctic missions. Andrew M. Smerdon Aquatec Group Ltd,
High Street, RG27 8NY Hartley Wintney, UK, asmerdon@aquatecgroup
.com
As summer Arctic sea ice cover continues to reduce, there is a growing
need to monitor the ice-ocean interface to aid in understanding and quanti-
fying Arctic climate change. As part of the DAMOCLES EU 6th Framework
programme, several subsea elements of a new Arctic Ocean observing sys-
tem will be deployed in the Arctic Ocean during 2008. To ensure that the
observing system is effective, it is essential that measured data from the
ocean environment be delivered in a timely fashion for assimilation with
data sets from the ice surface and atmosphere. As several of the observing
platforms are drifting freely in the water below the ice, there is a need to
communicate data to the surface using underwater acoustic techniques. We
discuss the factors that inuence the specication of an acoustic modem to
achieve this data transfer. These include development of standards for data
transfer and storage processes, standby power considerations, logistics of es-
tablishing a communication link, and under-ice acoustics.
2pAOb2. High-frequency broadband acoustic scattering for
investigating double- diffusive convection. Tetjana Ross Dalhousie Uni-
versity, Department of Oceanography, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H
4JI, Canada, tetjana.ross@dal.ca, Andone Lavery Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Department, 98
Water Street, MS #11, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, alavery@whoi.edu
Polar regions, with their supercooled and relatively fresh surface water,
are highly susceptible to the diffusive regime of double-diffusive convection
DDDC. The uxes associated with DDDC can play a signicant role in
their heatbuoyancy budgets. The use of high-frequency acoustics as a tool
to map the extent and evolution of DDDC in the ocean is explored through
a series of laboratory 200-300 kHz broadband acoustic backscattering
measurements. Pulse compression signal processing allows centimeter-scale
interface thicknesses to be rapidly and remotely measured, and the evolu-
tion, and ultimate merging, of multiple centimeter-scale interfaces to be
observed. Combining the acoustically measured interface thicknesses with
knowledge of the relatively-constant temperatures within the surrounding
layers allows the estimation of DDDC uxes. Thus, broadband acoustics of-
fers a rapid and remote method to infer uxes, without the need for time-
consuming microstructure measurements, suggesting that this technique
could benet eld studies of DDDC. Using simple models to extrapolate to
the thermohaline steps typically found associated with DDDC in polar re-
gions, diffusive-convection interfaces are predicted to scatter at measurable
levels in many areas. Narrowband 120 and 200 kHz acoustic backscatter-
ing observations of two scattering layers in the Western Antarctic Peninsula
support this prediction.
2pAOb3. Acoustic contributions to marine ecosystem studies. Andrzej
J. Orlowski Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Kollataja 1, 81-332 Gdynia,
Poland, orlov@mir.gdynia.pl
Since the early 1970s, acoustic data collected in a form of calibrated
measurements of integrated echo energy have been applied by the Sea Fish-
ery Institute in Gdynia to observe the relationships among sh distribution
and marine environment. Measurements were collected primarily with sci-
entic echo sounders operating at 38kHz, 24h a day, and stored in the form
of standardized intervals of sailed distance and depth for comparison with
values of selected environmental parameters, measured concurrently. Acous-
tic, biological, and hydrological data were transferred to the complex data
base, enabling spatial correlation and four-dimensional analyses of relation-
ships characterising a wide range of the marine organism behaviour. Se-
lected methods and standards of comparison are described to explain how to
improve the recognition of relationships between three-dimensional spatial
environmental gradients and sh distribution. Results of several case stud-
ies, including the inuence of hydrologic and seabed characteristics, illus-
trate the practical application and validity of the methods. Particular atten-
tion is given to indicators of the dependence of local sh biomass density on
temperature structure in the sea and diel cycles of sh behaviour. Anima-
tions of time-dependent processes, modelled on the collected data, will be
included as a new tool for marine ecosystem analysis.
2pAOb4. Estimation of macrophytes using single-beam and multibeam
echosounding for environmental monitoring of arctic fjords
(Kongsfjord, West Svalbard Island). Aleksandra Kruss Institute of
Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-
712 Sopot, Poland, kruss@iopan.gda.pl, Philippe Blondel University of
Bath, Department of Physics, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK,
pyspb@bath.ac.uk, Jaroslaw Tegowski Institute of Oceanology Polish
Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland,
tegowski@iopan.gda.pl, Jozef Wiktor Institute of Oceanology Polish
Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland,
wiktor@iopan.gda.pl, Agnieszka Tatarek Institute of Oceanology Polish
Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland,
derianna@iopan.gda.pl
This paper presents results of a study on the spatial distribution and bio-
mass of macrophytobentos in a fjord of Arctic Svalbard. Kongsfjord repre-
sents a periglacial environment with intense morphodynamic processes and
rapidly progressing changes in the biotic environment, making it one of the
most promising areas to research climate impact on ecosystems. The main
objective was to provide an acoustic tool for the evaluation of benthic
habitats. The 2007 eld survey included systematic, co-registered, single-
beam and multibeam echosounder measurements. Acoustic observations
were veried by biological samplings and observations for the classication
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algorithm development and verication. Analyses of acoustic signals scat-
tered on bottoms covered by algae indicate the good quality of the data re-
corded, providing a map of phytobenthos distribution and biomass estima-
tion in Kongsfjord. The algorithms designed and tested for processing
single- and multibeam data allow extracting the morphological forms of the
bottom and determine the areas covered by algae. This survey was the rst
instance where a multibeam imager was used to map macrophytes in an Arc-
tic environment, in a wide variety of depths and ranges. Comparing the two
types of echosounders was a great opportunity to understand the visualisa-
tion of macrophytes by multibeam systems and their identication.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pAOc
Acoustical Oceanography, Underwater Acoustics, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and ECUA: Geoacoustic
Characterization of the Ocean Bottom and Geoacoustic Inversion II (Poster Session)
Peter Gerstoft, Cochair
Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Dag Tollefsen, Cochair
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pAOc1. Extracting Greens functions from noise correlation of SW06
data. Laura Brooks Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institute of
Oceanography, 8602 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA,
lbrook02@gmail.com, Peter Gerstoft Marine Physical Laboratory,
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 8602 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA
92093-0238, USA, gerstoft@ucsd.edu
Ambient noise was recorded on an L-shaped array during the SW06
Shallow Water 2006 sea trials. The data were cross-correlated in order to
approximate the Greens function, and subsequently the acoustic travel time,
between hydrophone pairs. Examination of the individual noise spectra and
their mutual coherence revealed that the coherently propagating noise is
dominated by frequencies less than 100 Hz. Both time and frequency do-
main preprocessing techniques, and their effect upon the resulting correla-
tion, were investigated. Times corresponding to the envelope peak of the
noise cross-correlation time-derivative are in agreement with both the ex-
pected direct, and surface reected, inter-hydrophone travel times.
2pAOc2. Single parameter description of seaoors for shallow oceans.
Adrian D. Jones Defence Science and Technology Organisation, P.O Box
1500, 5111 Edinburgh, Australia, bearjones@chariot.net.au, Graham J.
Day Defence Science and Technology Organisation, P.O Box 1500, 5111
Edinburgh, Australia, Graham.Day@dsto.defence.gov.au, Paul A.
Clarke Defence Science and Technology Organisation, P.O Box 1500, 5111
Edinburgh, Australia, Paul.Clarke@dsto.defence.gov.au
For a shallow ocean, sound transmission beyond short range is domi-
nated by seaoor interactions at small grazing angles, for which the loss in
dB on each bottom reection may be approximated by a function F dBra-
dian which is linear with grazing angle. Acoustic inversion techniques have
been shown to be able to obtain the value of F for a particular frequency.
The suitability of this single parameter F as a seaoor descriptor has now
been studied for an extensive range of seaoor types. It is shown that the
phase-incoherent transmission loss TL obtained using the parameter F is
not greatly different to TL predicted using complete knowledge of a particu-
lar seaoor, for a shallow ocean. Further, if the phase angle for a seaoor
reection is linked to the parameter F via a simple approximation, the phase-
coherent properties of the shallow water interference eld may be estimated
to an accuracy which is surprising. This paper reviews the relevant theory
and presents comparisons between TL predicted using full geoacoustic pa-
rameters versus TL based on the single parameter, for both uniform half-
space and layered seaoor types.
2pAOc3. On some possibilities and properties of matched-eld
geoacoustic inversion in shallow water. Alexander Zharikov M.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Alexander
Zharikov, ul. Simonovskiy val 14, kv. 58, 115088 Moscow, Russian Federa-
tion, alexandr-j@yandex.ru, Pavel Kravchun Moscow State University,
Faculty of Physics, Department of Acoustics, Box 15, 125130 Moscow,
Russian Federation, gedackt@mail.ru
The aim of this paper is to estimate possibilities of matched-eld geoa-
coustic inversion MFI in shallow water, and to recommend optimal ar-
rangements of signal source and hydrophone array in variety of particular
environments. We assumed ocean to be range independent with bottom con-
sisting of homogeneous liquid layers. Sound elds were calculated as super-
position of normal modes and continuous spectrum for tonal point source
and vertical line array. MFI based on Bartlett processor was used. Possibili-
ties of MFI were characterized by MFI penetration depth, sensitivity to vari-
ous bottom parameters and non-uniqueness of inverted data. These charac-
teristics were analysed as functions of frequency and the source depth and
range for different values of sound attenuation in sediments and for various
sound-speed proles. To estimate possibilities of MFI in real ocean condi-
tions, inuence of array tilt and inadequacy of geoacoustic model were
analysed. The inuence of continuous spectrum was also discussed. Among
the major results, optimal source ranges corresponding to the maximum pen-
etration depth of MFI were calculated, and high inuence of attenuation in
sediments on possibilities of MFI was revealed.
2pAOc4. A mixin algorithm for geoacoustic inversion. Hefeng
Dong Dept. of Electron. & Teleco., Norwegian Univ. of Science and Tech-
nology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway, dong@iet.ntnu.no, Arne Johannes
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JenssenNorwegian Defense Research Establishment, NO-3191 Horten,
Norway, Arne-Johannes.Jenssen@f.no
Shear wave velocities in the sediment can be inverted by using the dis-
persion curves of interface wave. It can be done by use of an algorithm
based on singular value decomposition SVD. This method can only invert
the shear wave velocities and requires knowledge of the thicknesses and
densities of the sediment layers. This paper presents a new algorithm for
inversion of geoacoustic parameters based on dispersion curves that we have
coined mixin inversion. Mixin inversion combines SVD and global search
using genetic algorithm GA. The GA searches the depths and densities by
doing a shear wave velocity inversion with SVD for each of its parameter
values. This algorithm can be applied on cases where the depths, densities
and shear wave velocities of the sediments are unknown. The advantage is
that it is faster than pure GA since the search space is much smaller and it
can be applied on cases where pure SVD inversion fails because necessary
information about depths and densities is not known.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 352B, 2:40 TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2pBBa
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration: Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Therapy I
Tyrone Porter, Cochair
Boston University, 110 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Eleanor Stride, Cochair
University College London, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
Invited Papers
2:40
2pBBa1. Acceleration of ultrasonic tissue heating by microbubble agent. Shin-Ichiro Umemura Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-
05, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan, sumemura@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp, Shin Yoshizawa Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-05,
Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan, syoshi@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp, Kazuaki Sasaki Tokyo University of Agriculture and Tech-
nology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, 183-0054 Tokyo, Japan, skazuaki@cc.tuat.ac.jp, Ken-Ichi Kawabata Hitachi Central Research
Laboratory, 1-280, Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji, 185-8601 Tokyo, Japan, kenichi.kawabata.ap@hitachi.com
Ultrasound in the existence of microbubbles, whether they have been generated by acoustic cavitation or administered into the body,
is known to induce bioeffects normally through mechanical or sonochemical mechanisms. Recently, it is reported that ultrasonic tissue
heating can be accelerated several times by an administered microbubble agent. A microbubble, subjected to ultrasonic pressurein the
frequency range of its resonanance converts the acoustic energy to heat through its volume oscillation. The acoustic power converted to
heat by a microbubble through viscous heating was numerically calculated, and it was predicted that tissue ultrasonic absorption would
be doubled if a microbubble agent is delivered to the tissue at a concentration in the order of 100 microbubbles mg. Exteriorized murine
kidneys were exposed to focused ultrasound at 3.2 MHz in degassed saline and the tissue temperature change was measured. Optison
at a dose of 0.2 ml kg multiplied the temperature elevation induced by ultrasonic exposure by several times. In order to use this effect
to treat a deep-seated tumor, microbubbles should be somehow delivered to the tumor selectively. A novel method of selective delivery,
in which nano liquid particles are administered and converted into microbubbles by ultrasonic stimulation, will also be discussed.
3:00
2pBBa2. Ultrasound contrast agents pushing drug delivery: high speed optical observations. Annemieke Van Wamel Erasmus
MC, Dr Molewaterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands, Annemieke@ieee.org, Klazina Kooiman Erasmus MC,
Dr Molewaterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands, k.kooiman@erasmusmc.nl, Nico De Jong Erasmus MC, Dr
Molewaterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands, n.dejong@erasmusmc.nl
Ultrasound-activated-microbubbles can cause transient non-lethal sonoporation of cells. Studies of inux of cell-membrane
impermeable-dye, genetic materials, and nanoparticles have conrmed that the action of ultrasound-microbubbles on the cell-membrane
is to alter both the cell-permeability. The sonoporation action of ultrasound-contrast-agent on cells lies in the fact that microbubbles
oscillate while irradiated with ultrasound resulting in a mechanical-deformation of the cells. Oscillation microbubbles nearby cells have
been optically recorded using a microscope and a high-speed camera. This camera is able to record the MHz oscillation microbubbles
and therefore the interaction between oscillation microbubbles and cells. Micro-mechanical forces generated by the oscillating mi-
crobubble may also be used to locally push the drugs into the cells. Ultrasound-activated-microbubbles are able to transiently increase
the vascular-endothelial-layer permeability. These features may be used for future ultrasound-guided drug-delivery-systems. Next to
increasing the drugs internalization, microbubbles can also be used as drugparticle carrier. Drug-loaded contrast-agents can be inten-
tionally ruptured by diagnostic ultrasound. Using microbubbles to carry drugs to targets sites and rupturing the microbubbles by local-
ized ultrasound energy, will result in a high local concentration of drugs. High-speed-optical-recordings of ultrasound-contrast-agent
induced cell and vascular-endothelial-layer permeability will be demonstrated. Furthermore, recordings of ultrasound-controlled drug-
delivery using pay-loaded ultrasound-contrast-agents will be shown.
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3:20
2pBBa3. Characterization and Optimization of Ultrasound-induced Molecular Delivery In Vivo. Elisa Konofagou Dept. of
Biomedical Engineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA,
ek2191@columbia.edu, James Choi Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210
AmsterdamAve., New York, NY 10027, USA, jjc2132@columbia.edu, Shougang Wang Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia
Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA, sw2401@columbia.edu, Barclay
Morrison Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., New York,
NY 10027, USA, bm2119@columbia.edu, Mark Borden Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Ter-
race MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA, mb2910@columbia.edu
Current treatments of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are limited due to the lack of a truly noninvasive, transient, and
regionally selective brain drug delivery method. The brain is particularly difcult to deliver drugs to because of the blood-brain barrier
BBB. Over the past few years, we have been developing methods that combine Focused Ultrasound FUS and microbubbles in order
to noninvasively, locally and transiently open the BBB so as to treat neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we will focus on the
characterization of the type of molecular delivery that can be induced through the opened BBB. More specically, we willl characterize
important properties of the BBB opening such as its size and permeability using uorescence and MR imaging techniques, respectively.
The role of the microbubble type, size and concentration on the BBB diffusion properties, its reversibility and the pressure threshold for
the opening will also be described in vivo. Finally, results will be shown in both non-transgenic normal and transgenic Alzheimers
mice in order to determine the variability of the properties of the opened BBB in the presence and absence of disease.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Papers
5:20
2pBBa4. Echogenic liposomes for vasoactive gas delivery and inhibition of intima hyperplasia in atheroproliferative disease.
Huang Shaoling Huang MSB 1.246, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA, Shaoling.Huang@uth.tmc.edu, David D.
McPherson University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 1.252, Houston, TX 77030, USA,
David.D.McPherson@uth.tmc.edu, Christy K. Holland University of Cincinnati, Biomedical Engineering, MSB, 231 Albert Sabin
Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0586, USA, Christy.Holland@uc.edu
Our group has developed targeted echogenic liposomes ELIP for targeted ultrasound enhancement of atheroma as well as targeted
therapeutic delivery. Nitric oxide NO has potent biological activities but is too labile for in-vivo vascular delivery. We have developed
a methodology to entrap NO, cause local prolonged release and retain NO effect. NO-loaded ELIP were injected into the common
carotid artery after balloon injury. Fourteen days later, the carotids were removed. Administration of NO-ELIP resulted in 516%
inhibition of intimal thickening when compared with controls. Using a 6.0 MHz clinical Doppler diagnostic ultrasound system, we
Smith et al have identied the optimal pressure threshold MI 0.08 for NO diffusion from ELIP. Using these parameters we have
enhanced vascular permeability of drugs and stem cells to help stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. We have developed a novel method for
encapsulating NO into ELIP demonstrating their capacity for NO delivery, inhibition of intimal hyperplasia and controlled gas diffusion
with ultrasound. This methodology provides a new approach for delivering a variety of bioactive gases to target tissues, which otherwise
would have negligible effects when administered systemically.
5:40
2pBBa5. Echogenic liposomes for molecular targeted therapeutic delivery. David D. McPherson University of Texas Health
Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 1.252, Houston, TX 77030, USA, David.D.McPherson@uth.tmc.edu, Shaoling Huang
University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 1.252, Houston, TX 77030, USA,
Shaoling.Huang@uth.tmc.edu, Christy K. Holland University of Cincinnati, Biomedical Engineering, MSB, 231 Albert Sabin Way,
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0586, USA, Christy.Holland@uc.edu
Our group has developed targeted echogenic liposomes ELIP that can entrap therapeutics and release them at the target site. A key
therapeutic is t-PA tissue plasminogen activator. We have demonstrated entrapment and release following ultrasound application with
t-PA effect on clot dissolution. We have demonstrated that t-PA can act as a targeting agent. Thus this drug can be both a targeting agent
and a lytic agent minimizing the development of complicated formulations required for targeting and lysis. We have entrapped glita-
zones and demonstrated release following ultrasound application with drug effect by suppressing vascular hyperplasia. We have dem-
onstrated that ultrasound with our ELIP can enhance delivery of agents into all areas of the atheroma, including the intima, media, the
loose and dense adventitia. Heretofore these regions close to the arterial media have been impenetrable using standard intravenous drug
therapy. These projects are helping to develop our echogenic immunoliposomes to; optimize targeted contrast delivery into vascular
beds that are poorly penetrable by standard imaging agents; and optimize local release and concentration of therapeutics at the site of
interest. This will ultimately help to direct therapeutic delivery, increase local effect, while minimizing the systemic effects of drugs and
genes.
3216 3216 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Contributed Papers
6:00
2pBBa6. Enhancement of microbubble mediated gene delivery by
simultaneous exposure to ultrasonic and magnetic elds. Eleanor
Stride University College London, Department of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, UK,
e_stride@meng.ucl.ac.uk, Colin Porter The Institute of Cancer Research,
Gene Therapy Group, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, 237 Fulham
Road, SW3 6JB London, UK, colin.porter@icr.ac.uk, Ana-Garcia
Prieto University College London, London Centre for Nanotechnology,
17-19 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH London, UK,
a.prieto@ucl.ac.uk, Quentin Pankhurst University College London, Lon-
don Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH London,
UK, q.pankhurst@ucl.ac.uk
It has been shown in previous studies that ultrasound mediated gene de-
livery can be greatly enhanced by the presence of contrast agent mi-
crobubbles and that transfection efciency is highly dependent upon both
bubblecell separation and the ultrasound eld parameters. It has also been
shown that gene delivery can be promoted by exposing cells to a magnetic
eld in the presence of DNA conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles. The aim
of this work was to investigate whether it was possible to combine the ad-
vantages of both these techniques. It was found that transfection of Chinese
hamster ovary cells by naked plasmid DNA was enhanced by simultaneous
exposure to ultrasound 40-cycle sinusoidal pulses, centre frequency 0.5-
3MHz, peak negative pressure 0.25-1.5MPa, repetition frequency 1kHz for
10s and a uniform magnetic eld 3-5Nm-3 in the presence of two differ-
ent microbubblenanoparticle preparations. The rst consisted of
phospholipid-coated microbubbles mixed with micelles containing magnetic
nanoparticles; the second of microbubbles which were themselves magneti-
cally active. These preparations were found to be much more effective than
either magnetic micelles or phospholipid-coated microbubbles alone. The
mechanisms underlying these observations in terms of microbubble dynam-
ics, the sensitivity to the ultrasound parameters and their signicance for po-
tential therapeutic applications will be discussed.
6:20
2pBBa7. Acoustic properties of multifunctional nanomicrobubbles
used in ultrasonography and ultrasound-mediated chemotherapy.
Natalia Rapoport University of Utah, 72 S. Central Campus Dr. room
2646, Department of Bioengineering, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA,
natasha.rapoport@utah.edu, Kwon-Ho Nam University of Utah, 72 S.
Central Campus Dr. room 2646, Department of Bioengineering, Salt Lake
City, UT 84112, USA, kwonho@gmail.com, Zhonggao Gao University
of Utah, 72 S. Central Campus Dr. room 2646, Department of Bioengineer-
ing, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, zggao@yahoo.com, Douglas A.
Cristensen University of Utah, 72 S. Central Campus Dr. room 2646, De-
partment of Bioengineering, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA,
christen@ee.utah.edu, Anne M. Kennedy University of Utah, 72 S. Cen-
tral Campus Dr. room 2646, Department of Bioengineering, Salt Lake City,
UT 84112, USA, Anne.Kennedy@hsc.utah.edu
Multifunctional nanomicrobubbles were developed that combine prop-
erties of drug carriers, ultrasound imaging contrast agents, and enhancers of
ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. At room temperature, the formulations
comprised peruoropentane PFP nanodroplets stabilized by biodegradable
diblock copolymers. The nanodroplets converted into nanomicrobubbles
upon heating or ultrasound irradiation. The acoustic properties of the drop-
lets and corresponding bubbles depended on the type of the bubble stabiliz-
ing copolymer. Two different copolymers were tested, polyethylene oxide-
co-polyL-lactide PEG-PLLA and polyethylene oxide-co-
polycaprolactone PEG-PCL. For the same quantitative composition, the
PEG-PLLA-stabilized bubbles demonstrated higher inertial cavitation
threshold and coalescence propensity than PEG-PCL-stabilized bubbles.
Nanobubble tendency to coalescence is advantageous for using PEG-PLLA
bubbles as tumor-targeted contrast agents.On the other hand, a lower cavi-
tation threshold for PEG-PCL-stabilized bubbles is useful for ultrasound-
mediated drug delivery. The drug doxorubicin DOX was localized in the
bubble walls; it was released from the bubbles in response to sonication by
therapeutic ultrasound, which resulted in a signicant degree of drug tumor-
targeting and effective tumor chemotherapy.
6:40
2pBBa8. Trans-blood-brain barrier delivery of compounds at
pharmacologically relevant molecular weights in the hippocampus of
mice using Focused Ultrasound. James Choi Dept. of Biomedical Engi-
neering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amster-
dam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA, jjc2132@columbia.edu, Shougang
Wang Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering
Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA,
sw2401@columbia.edu, Yao-Sheng Tung Dept. of Biomedical Engineer-
ing, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam
Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA, yt2235@columbia.edu, Barclay
Morrison Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engi-
neering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027,
USA, bm2119@columbia.edu, Elisa Konofagou Dept. of Biomedical En-
gineering, Columbia Univ., 351 Engineering Terrace MC 8904, 1210 Am-
sterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA, ek2191@columbia.edu
Molecular engineering has recently contributed immensely to the devel-
opment of neuropharmaceuticals. However, most of these compounds are
greater than 400 Da, which are too large to traverse the brains natural de-
fense, the blood-brain barrier BBB. In this study, molecular delivery at
pharmacologically relevant molecular weights through a Focused Ultra-
sound FUS induced BBB opening was investigated. The left hippocampus
of mice n13 was sonicated frequency: 1.525MHz, pressure: 0.64MPa,
duty cycle: 20%, duration: 1-min in vivo through the intact skin and skull
following intravenous injection of microbubbles SonoVue; 25l. After
sonication, otherwise BBB-impermeable uorescent-tagged dextrans at vari-
ous molecular weights were administered intravenously. Ex vivo uorescent
microscopy determined BBB opening by a signicant increase in uores-
cence in the left over the right hippocampus. The threshold for the molecular
weights allowed through the hippocampal BBB was between 70k and
2,000k Da. Smaller compounds i.e., 3k Da were more spatially uniformly
deposited throughout the hippocampus than larger i.e., 70k Da compounds.
In conclusion, dextrans at neuropharmaceutically-relevant sizes were depos-
ited in the left hippocampus of mice. This study thus demonstrates that FUS-
induced BBB opening could allow neuropharmaceuticals previously imper-
meable to the BBB, such as inhibitors and antibodies, to target tissue they
were designed to treat.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-B, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pBBb
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration: Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Therapy II
(Poster Session)
Tyrone Porter, Cochair
Boston University
Eleanor Stride, Cochair
University College London, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Torrington Place, London WC/E 7JE, UK
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pBBb1. Comparison of Spectral and Temporal Criteria for Inertial
Cavitation Collapse. Mathieu Santin Laboratoire dImagerie
Paramtrique, 15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
santin@lip.bhdc.jussieu.fr, Alexander Haak University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA, ahaak@uiuc.edu, Lori Bridal Laboratoire dImagerie Paramtrique,
15 rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
bridal@lip.bhdc.jussieu.fr, William D. OBrien, Jr. University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews, Urbana, IL
61801, USA, wdo@uiuc.edu
Dilute solutions of Optison and Denity were studied using a passive
cavitation detector PCD with a 2.8-MHz transmitter and 13-MHz receiver.
The dilution was such that each received signal should, on average, arise
from a single microbubble. Several hundred microbubble responses were ac-
quired at each of three rarefactional pressures 1.6-0.2, 2.00.2 and
2.4-0.2 MPa. Each microbubble response was grouped with signals pre-
senting post-excitation emissions 100% Inertial Cavitation-Collapse or
those with no evidence of post-excitation emission 0% IC-Collapse. For
each incident pressure, we compared discrimination of 100% and 0% IC-
Collapse groups with peak-voltage, broadband noise 12-17.6 MHz and
power at the fundamental, 2
nd
, 3
rd
, and 4
th
harmonic peaks. In addition to
increased peak-voltage and broadband noise, spectra from 100% IC-
Collapse groups consistently presented increased 2
nd
, 3
rd
and 4
th
harmonics
compared to the 0% IC-Collapse group. Throughout the studied pressure
range, best separation between 0% and 100% IC-Collapse groups was ob-
tained with peak-voltage 4.7-1.8dB, broadband noise 4.4-1.8dB
and 4
th
harmonic 5.6-2.2dB for Optison. For Denity, all harmonics 2
nd
to 4
th
increased strongly for the 100% IC-Collapse group on the order of 6
dB as well as peak-voltage 5.3-1.2dB and broadband noise 5.8-
2dB. Results should contribute to relating PCD criteria and IC activity.
2pBBb2. Extraction of green uorescent proteins with sonoporation.
Kadija Kaddur INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9,
France, kadija.kaddur@etu.univ-tours.fr, Anthony
Delalande CNRS-UPR4301, Centre de Biophysique Molculaire, 45071
Orlans Cedex 2, France, anthony.delalande@cnrs-orleans.fr, Franois
Tranquart INSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France,
tranquart@med.univ-tours.fr, Patrick Midoux CNRS-UPR4301, Centre
de Biophysique Molculaire, 45071 Orlans Cedex 2, France,
patrick.midoux@cnrs-orleans.fr, Chantal Pichon CNRS-UPR4301, Cen-
tre de Biophysique Molculaire, 45071 Orlans Cedex 2, France,
pichon@cnrs-orleans.fr,Ayache BouakazINSERM U930, 2, Bvd Tonnelle,
37044 Tours Cedex 9, France, bouakaz@med.univ-tours.fr
The mechanism of permeabilization with sonoporation is not understood
but the recurrent hypothesis assumes the formation of pores in the cell
membrane. The aim of our study is to comfort this assumption by investi-
gating whether ultrasound US and microbubbles could also facilitate out-
ward transport of molecules across the plasma membrane through these
probable pore formations. Stably transfected Hela-GFP cells were used and
insonied with a 1 MHz unfocused transducer in presence of BR14 mi-
crobubbles Bracco Research, Geneva at different acoustic parameters. The
percentage of Hela-GFP cells and the mean cell uorescence intensity FI
were measured by ow cytometry to evaluate the GFP release. While US
alone did not affect the cells, the addition of BR14 microbubbles induced a
signicant decrease of FI and the percentage of Hela-GFP cells. A reduction
of more than 50% of FI and GFP cells was achieved between 400-600
kPa and 40-75 % of duty cycle during 2 minutes insonation. However a pro-
gressive recovery of Hela-GFP cells percentage and FI post-insonation has
been observed which indicates a viable situation of Hela-GFP permeabilized
cells allowing a restoration of GFP cell content. These results comfort pore
formation hypothesis allowing transmembrane transport following molecu-
lar concentration gradient.
2pBBb3. Blood-brain barrier disruption using a diagnostic scanner
and Denity in mice. Kristin Frinkley Biomedical Engineering, Duke
Univ., 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA,
kdf2@duke.edu, Gabriel Howles-Banerji Center for In Vivo Microscopy,
Duke Univ., 141D Bryan Res Bldg., Durham, NC 27710, USA,
gabriel.howles@duke.edu, Yi Qi Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke
Univ., 141D Bryan Res Bldg., Durham, NC 27710, USA, yi.qi@duke.edu
, G. Allan Johnson Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke Univ., 141D
Bryan Res Bldg., Durham, NC 27710, USA, gaj@orion.duhs
.duke.edu, Kathryn Nightingale Biomedical Engineering, Duke Univ.,
136 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA, kathy.nightingale@duke.edu
Objective: To quantify localized disruption of the blood-brain barrier
BBB in a murine model using focused, diagnostic ultrasound at higher
frequencies than previously studied and contrast agent and to explore the
optimal parameters for opening without causing irreversible damage.
Methods: Denity US contrast and Magnevist MR contrast were injected
before a custom ultrasound transmission sequence. The volume of tissue
over which the BBB disruption allowed Magnevist to enter the brain was
quantied by the contrast in T1-weighted MR images. Results: Preliminary
results suggest increased BBB opening with decreased time between Den-
ity injection and insonication. A range of typical diagnostic frequencies
e.g. 5-8 MHz has shown BBB disruption, with maximum contrast occur-
3218 3218 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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ring at 5.7 MHz. Increasing pressure had an apparent threshold for visible
opening, while increasing F# led to a larger region of BBB opening and
increasing duty cycle produced more contrast. Histology showed blood cell
extravasation from B-mode imaging MI1.5, duty cycle0.4%, but no
damage was noted after the low-pressure, custom sequences. Conclusions:
This study has shown the ability of a diagnostic ultrasound system and con-
trast agent to open the BBB for nanometer-scale particles possibly drugs
and examined the effects of various parameters on this opening.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-B, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pBBc
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration and Physical Acoustics: Ultrasound Contrast Agents for
Imaging II (Poster Session)
Charles C. Church, Cochair
University of Mississippi
Ayache Bouakaz, Cochair
INSERM U930
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pBBc1. Inuence of a rigid boundary on the resonance of an
ultrasound contrast agent. Marie-Christine Pauzin CNRS - LMA, 31
Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France,
pauzin@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Serge Mensah Laboratory for Mechanics and
Acoustics CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France,
mensah@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Jean-Pierre Lefebvre Laboratory for Mechan-
ics and Acoustics CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille,
France, lefebvre@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr
Recent experimental studies showed that the behavior of an Ultrasound
Contrast Agent UCA is strongly modied when located close or targeted to
a vessel wall. Asymmetrical oscillations can occur and the frequency re-
sponse differs from those of free UCA. To design new techniques for diag-
nostic or therapeutic applications with UCA, it is important to have a better
knowledge of the acoustic behavior and the dynamics of UCAin vessels. We
used a nite element model FEM to focus on how the resonance frequency
is affected by a boundary. A FEM had been rst developed with COMSOL
Multiphysics to calculate the pressure eld scattered by two types of spheri-
cal objects air microbubble or UCA with a viscoelastic shell immersed in
an unbounded liquid. The results obtained with the FEM being coherent
with analytical models, a rigid boundary was then added to study its inu-
ence on the frequency responses of both objects. We observed a decrease of
the resonance frequency of both objects when they are close to the
boundary. This behavior is in good agreement with experimental results
found in literature. The model has been used to perform parametrical studies
distance to the wall, UCA radius, shell parameter....
2pBBc2. Simulation of the oscillation dynamics and translational
motion of ultrasound contrast agents. Alexander Teterev Belarus State
University, 4, Nezavisimosti Ave., 220030 Minsk, Belarus,
Teterev@bsu.by, Larisa Rudak Belarus State University, 4, Nezavisimosti
Ave., 220030 Minsk, Belarus, rudak@bsu.by, Natalia
Misuchenko Belarus State University, 4, Nezavisimosti Ave., 220030
Minsk, Belarus, misuchenko@bsu.by
A numerical model has been developed to simulate the oscillatory dy-
namics and the translational motion of both free and encapsulated bubbles in
an ultrasound eld. The model allows for the compressibility of the sur-
rounding liquid and the bubble shell, which makes it possible to model the
bubble dynamics at high acoustic pressures. Simulations can be carried out
either by solving Rayleigh-Plesset-type equations, or in the hydrodynamic
approximation taking into account the rheological properties of the liquid
and the shell, or by a combined method. In the latter case, the gas pressure
at the bubble surface, which is found from the gas-dynamic problem, is used
as an input parameter for Rayleigh-Plesset-type equations at every time
layer. The resulting radius of the bubble is then used as the boundary con-
dition for the gas-dynamic equations. The model is a handy and exible tool
to investigate the effect of different factors on the oscillatory dynamics of
the bubble, such as the thickness of the bubble shell, the rheological prop-
erties of the shell, and the translational displacement of the bubble. Using
the developed model, the resonance frequency and translational displace-
ment of contrast agents were numerically estimated.
2pBBc3. Improvement of the GMM-AR classication of multiframe
contrast ultrasound images using gaussian lter. Bilal Ghazal Univ. of
Balamand Lebanon and Univ. of Claude Bernard France, Main Road Abdel
Halim Ghazal bldg Kab-Elias Bekaa, 00961 Kab-elias, Lebanon,
bilalghazal00@hotmail.com, Maha Khachab Univ. of Balamand, Bio-
medical Dept., El Koura, 00961 Tripoli, Lebanon,
maha.khachab@balamand.edu.lb, Denis Friboulet Universit de Lyon, 43
boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France,
denis.friboulet@creatis.insa-lyon.fr, Chac Mokbel Univ. of Balamand,
Biomedical Dept., El Koura, 00961 Tripoli, Lebanon,
chac.mokbel@balamand.edu.lb, Christian Cachard Universit de Lyon,
43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, christian
.cachard@creatis.insa-lyon.fr
Despite the use of contrast agents that enhance the visualization of vas-
cular zones, the backscattered signals from the contrast agent and tissue are
still close which prevents the direct wide ultrasonic use in diagnosis. Thus,
it was necessary to implement image-processing techniques that enhance the
contrast echo and have the capability of classication. We have applied a
new approach based on the autoregressive model where an image of predic-
tion errors is calculated in the rst phase. Then, a Gaussian lter is applied
in order to model well afterward both agent and tissue behaviors by a Gauss-
ian mixture model. The Agent to Tissue Ratio ATRfactor and Fisher cri-
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terion are adopted to compare the performance of this method with existing
techniques as the harmonic and B mode techniques. The experiments con-
ducted have shown the advantages of our proposed approach where an in-
creasing of ATR and Fisher are recorded. In fact, our ATR attains 19.20 dB
which represents a good improvement in comparison with B mode 9.50 dB
and Harmonic technique 12.13 dB. Whereas Fisher, the parameter of clas-
sication feasibility, it reaches 2.01 which matches an excellent amelioration
with respect the mentioning techniques with 0.97 and 1.00 respectively.
2pBBc4. Finite difference time domain numerical simulation of
ultrasonic propagation in coated contrast agents. Galaz
Belfor Universit Paris 6, Laboratoire dImagerie Paramtrique, 15, rue de
lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
bgalaz@sica.usach.cl, Guillaume Haiat CNRS, Laboratoire de Recher-
ches Orthopdiques, 10, Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France,
haiat@univ-paris12.fr, Taulier Nicolas Universit Paris 6, Laboratoire
dImagerie Paramtrique, 15, rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris,
France, Nicolas.Taulier@lip.bhdc.jussieu.fr, Urbach Wladimir Universit
Paris 6, Laboratoire dImagerie Paramtrique, 15, rue de lEcole de Mde-
cine, 75006 Paris, France, urbach@lps.ens.fr
Acoustic wave propagation in solutions of ultrasound contrast agents
UCA designed for in situ drug delivery remains unclear due to the com-
plex interaction between ultrasound and the coated particles mode conver-
sion, scattering, multiple reections. To address this problem, two-
dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain numerical simulations of
ultrasound transmission and reection were performed in solutions of an
aqueous suspension of spheres made of uid surrounded by a polymeric
capsule. Simulations were made for particle concentrations equivalent rang-
ing from 2 to 87 mgml. For each concentration 15 aqueous solutions with
randomly located particles were considered. The speed of sound c, the at-
tenuation coefcient and the integrated backscattered coefcient were com-
puted from the transmitted and backscattered signals. The values of c de-
crease from 1498 ms to 1432 ms when the concentration increases, in
good agreement with an effective medium model. The attenuation coef-
cient at 5 MHz is an increasing function of the concentration, from 0.05 to
1.2 dBcm. The integrated backscattered coefcient increases with the con-
centration for low concentration values but decreases for high concentration
with a maximum value for a concentration of about 50 mgml. Our nu-
merical simulations successfully mimic experimental results of ultrasound
propagation in solutions of UCA.
2pBBc5. Photoacoustical evaluation of thermal response of
microbubbles. Angelo Biagioni Sapienza Universit di Roma, Via A.
Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy, angelo.biagioni@uniroma1.it, Adriano
Alippi Sapienza Universit di Roma, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy,
adriano.alippi@uniroma1.it, Andrea Bettucci Sapienza Universit di
Roma, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy, andrea.bettucci
@uniroma1.it, Annunziata DOrazio Sapienza Universit di Roma, Via
A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy, annunziata.dorazio
@uniroma1.it, Massimo Germano Sapienza Universit di Roma, Via A.
Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy, massimo.germano@uniroma1.it, Daniele
Passeri Sapienza, Universit di Roma, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome,
Italy, daniele.passeri@uniroma1.it
Photoacoustic technique has emerged as a tool for the study of liquid,
gel, suspension behaviour and has been recently employed in a number of
new biomedical applications. In the present paper, a new photoacoustic sen-
sor is presented which was designed and realized to analysing photoacoustic
signals from solution lled with microbubbles, usually used as contrast
agents in echotomography imaging. The device is a closed cell where pho-
tothermal expansion in acqueous solution samples causes the deection of a
thin membrane closing a short pipe 0.7 mm by radius. The overall set up
acts as a Helmoltz resonator, where the solution in the pipe is the mass os-
cillating under the driving force produced by the alternating expansion of
the solution in the cell body. Displacement of the membrane was measured
using a laser probe interferometer, whereas photoacoustic signal was gener-
ated by chopping a laser light beam impinging into the solution through a
glass window in the cell. The response of the cell lled with shelled mi-
crobubble solution was investigated with respect to water behaviour, at the
cell resonance frequency and for different temperatures.
2pBBc6. Frequency response of bubble pulsations in tubes with
arbitrary wall impedance. Todd A. Hay Applied Research Laboratories,
The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA,
haymaker@mail.utexas.edu, Theresa Y. Cheung Applied Research Labo-
ratories, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029,
USA, cheung.ty@gmail.com, Mark F. Hamilton Applied Research Labo-
ratories, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029,
USA, hamilton@mail.utexas.edu, Yurii A. Ilinskii Applied Research
Laboratories, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-
8029, USA, yura@arlut.utexas.edu
A model is presented for the linear pulsation of a small bubble in a tube
with locally reactive walls but with otherwise arbitrary wall impedance. The
model is based on the normal mode expansion of the Greens function pre-
sented by Morse and Ingard Theoretical Acoustics McGraw-Hill, 1968,
Eq. 9.2.10. The specic case of a cylindrical tube is considered. For a
bubble that is located in the center of the tube and that is small compared
with both tube diameter and wavelength, the radiation impedance on the
bubble is given by a summation of the normal modes evaluated in the center
of the tube. From the radiation impedance, the frequency response of the
bubble to an applied sound eld is obtained. For tube walls that are either
rigid of pressure release, the solution agrees with the frequency response
calculated using the method of images for a square tube having the same
cross-sectional area. In tubes with hard walls the resonance frequency de-
creases as tube radius decreases because of radiation damping. In tubes with
very soft walls the radiation damping is negligible below the cutoff fre-
quency of the lowest mode, and the resonance frequency increases slightly
as tube radius is decreased.
2pBBc7. New theoretical models for lipid-shelled ultrasound contrast
agents. Alexander A. Doinikov Belarus State University, 11 Bobruiskaya
Street, 220030 Minsk, Belarus, doinikov@bsu.by
Analysis of existing theoretical models for lipid-coated contrast agents is
presented. A general theoretical approach to the development of zero-
thickness encapsulation models, allowing the testing of different rheological
laws for encapsulation, is proposed. Based on available experimental data,
analysis of the rheological behavior of encapsulating lipid shells is made.
The problems of the existing models, such as the dependence of shell pa-
rameters on the initial bubble radius and the compression-only behavior,
are discussed. Physical explanations for the observed effects and new theo-
retical models for their simulation are offered. In particular, it is shown that
the inclusion of nonlinear shell viscosity allows one to model the
compression-only behavior. It is also very important to select an appropri-
ate rheological law describing the dependence of the shell viscosity on the
shear rate. A correct choice reduces considerably the spread of the experi-
mentally estimated values of the shell parameters and makes them look
more ordered. Whereas with an inappropriate rheological law, the experi-
mental data may look rather chaotic.
2pBBc8. Non-linear extensions to shell models of ultrasound contrast
agents: theory and experiment. Nikos A. Pelekasis Dept. Mechanical
Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334 Volos, Greece,
pel@uth.gr, Kostas Tsiglis Dept. Mechanical Engineering, University of
Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334 Volos, Greece, kotsigl@uth.gr, Benjamin
Dollet Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE En-
schede, Netherlands, benjamin.dollet@univ-rennes1.fr, Nico De Jong
Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 50 room Ee2302, 3015GE Rotterdam,
Netherlands, n.dejong@erasmusmc.nl, Detlef Lohse Physics of Fluids,
University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands,
d.lohse@utwente.nl, Michel Versluis Physics of Fluids, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, m.versluis
@utwente.nl
The standard UCA models, characterized by the area dilatation modulus
and viscosity of the encapsulating membrane, are extended in order to ac-
count for deviations from linear material behaviour and for non-spherical
3220 3220 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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pulsations. The former effect is captured by introducing a parameter that
measures the degree of membrane softness, whereas the latter is modelled
by introducing a bending elasticity. Lipid shells exhibit the phenomenon of
thresholding behavior where excursions in the relative area dilatation are
measured only beyond a critical sound amplitude. Treating the lipid shell as
strain softening reproduces this non-linear behaviour which can be further
optimized by controlling the shell softness parameter. Such a tuning can be
used to estimate the degree of softness for the contrast agent BR-14. Stabil-
ity analysis allowing for shape distortions provides an estimate for the bend-
ing elasticity that reproduces the experimentally observed threshold for
growth of surface modes. Phase diagrams are constructed for BR-14, based
on high-speed optical observations and stability analysis. Both experiment
and numerical analysis exhibit a smaller variation between the stability
threshold of subsequent shape modes in the case of UCAs, as compared to
free bubbles. Numerical simulations reproduce the experimentally observed
saturation of growing shape modes for pre-stressed UCAs.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-B, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pBBd
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration and Engineering Acoustics: High-Intensity Focused
Ultrasound Metrology and Standards II (Poster Session)
Peter Kaczkowski, Cochair
Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab.
Gail Ter Haar, Cochair
Institute of Cancer Research
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pBBd1. Simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature in a
focused ultrasound eld with a ber optic hydrophone. Michael S.
Canney Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics
Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA98105, USA,
mcanney@u.washington.edu, Michael R. Bailey Center for Industrial and
Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013
NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, bailey@apl.washington.edu, Vera
A. Khokhlova Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied
Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA
98105, USA, vera@acs366.phys.msu.ru, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov Center for
Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of
Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA,
oleg@acs366.phys.msu.ru, Lawrence A. Crum Center for Industrial and
Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013
NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, lac@apl.washington.edu
The characterization of high intensity focused ultrasound HIFU elds
is important for both clinical treatment planning as well as for regulation of
HIFU medical devices. In previous work, we have used a 100-m ber optic
probe hydrophone FOPH to measure pressure waveforms from a 2-MHz
HIFU source with 42-mm aperture and 44-mm focal length. The formation
of shock waves with peak positive pressure of up to 80-MPa were measured
and modeled in transparent tissue-mimicking gel phantoms and boiling was
achieved in milliseconds Canney MS, et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120:3110
2006. In this work, the FOPH was also used to measure temperature
changes in tissue phantoms from HIFU at peak focal intensities of 5000-
20,000 Wcm
2
. Temperature measurements were obtained by rst low-pass
ltering the voltage signal measured from the FOPH to remove the acoustic
part of the measurement. Then, calibration of voltage to temperature was
performed using results from a separate calibration experiment. Experimen-
tal measurements were compared with numerical modeling using a KZK-
type model for acoustic propagation coupled with a heat transfer model. In
summary, temperatures of 100C were measured at the HIFU focus in mil-
liseconds, in agreement with modeling Work supported by NIH DK43881,
NSBRI SMS00402, and RFBR.
2pBBd2. Visualization of transducer elds using a two-dimensional
acousto-optic sensor. Charles Pergantis US Army Research Laboratory,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Abredeen, MD 21005-5069, USA,
cpergan@arl.army.mil, Jaswinder Sandhu Santec Systems, Inc., 716
South Milwaukee Ave., Wheeling, IL 60090, USA,
j-sandhu@santecsystems.com, Witold Popek Santec Systems, Inc., 716
South Milwaukee Ave., Wheeling, IL 60090, USA, w-popek@santecsystems
.com
In this paper we will report on the use of a novel two-dimensional
acousto-optic 2D AO sensor as a simple, fast and cost-effective method of
mapping transducer elds, which could be useful for quality control and
quality assurance QCQA of diagnostic and therapeutic transducers. This
capability could be particularly useful for monitoring power output of thera-
peutic transducers prior to administering ultrasound based thermo-therapy
treatment. It may also provide a quick tool for determining beam position
and other transducer eld characteristics such as propagation angle, beam
diameter, divergence, and cross-sectional uniformity. Current standard trans-
ducer eld mapping practices requires point-by-point scanning over a ball
reector or a hydrophone to map the transducer eld. This approach is te-
dious, requiring hours of scanning time to generate the full cross-sectional
and axial eld distributions. The 2D AO system could overcome some of the
drawbacks of current conventional scanning methodologies.
2pBBd3. Uncertainty Evaluation of Effective Radiation Area of
Ultrasound Transducers: Preliminary Results of Inmetros Laboratory
of Ultrasound. Andre V. Alvarenga Laboratory of Ultrasound - Inmetro,
Av. N. Sra. das Gracas, 50, predio 1 - Xerem, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, avalvarenga@inmetro.gov.br, Rodrigo
Costa-Felix Laboratory of Ultrasound - Inmetro, Av. N. Sra. das Gracas,
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3221 3221 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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50, predio 1 - Xerem, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
rpfelix@inmetro.gov.br
According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty of Measure-
ment GUM, on calculation of the uncertainty of a given measurement it is
necessary to take into account two types of uncertainty: Type A and Type B.
Type A uncertainty is obtained from the statistical analysis of a series of ob-
servations, while Type B comes from sources that can not be evaluated con-
sidering statistical analysis, but can be obtained from previous measure-
ments, knowledge on the behaviour of the measuring equipment,
manufacturers specications, and data from certicates or handbooks.
Herein, the Effective Radiation Area ERA of ultrasound transducers has
been estimated at Inmetros Laboratory of Ultrasound using an acoustic
pressure eld mapping system. ERA calculation protocol developed was
based on Standard IEC 61689. Besides, the Type A uncertainty was esti-
mated from 4 repetitions of the full procedure for the determination of ERA,
and Type B one was estimated from the mathematical model for ERA cal-
culation, obtained based on IEC 61689 and the GUM. Initial tests using US
transducer of 1.0 MHz and 2.25 MHz indicated an expanded uncertainty in-
ferior to 7.0%. This preliminary result encourages further research and de-
velopment in order to increases frequency range to be assessed.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-B, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pBBe
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound II (Poster Session)
Lawrence Crum, Cochair
Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab.
Jean Yves Chapelon, Cochair
INSERM, U556
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pBBe1. High intensity ultrasound activation of coagulation factors.
Stuart B. Mitchell Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington,
1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA, sbmitch@u
.washington.edu, Noemie C. Juaire Center for Industrial and Medical Ul-
trasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th
St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, noemiej@apl.washington.edu, Yak-Nam
Wang Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE
40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA, ynwang@apl.washington.edu
Although it has been demonstrated that High Intensity Focused Ultra-
sound HIFU can induce vascular cauterization, acoustic hemostasis tech-
nology has not been successful in making the transition from proof-of-
concept to clinical settings. One reason for this lack of acceptance is the
limited understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in
ultrasound-vessel and ultrasound-blood interactions. The aim of this re-
search was to investigate the hematological and biochemical mechanisms
which are inuenced by HIFU induced coagulation. HIFU was used to in-
duce coagulation in an in vitro hematological ow system and in animal
models. The ow circuit and in vivo arteries were instrumented with ow
probes and thermocouples in the treatment region. Physiological parameters
were recorded throughout the in vivo experiments. Blood samples were
drawn for analysis prior to, during, and immediately following each HIFU
treatment. Clotting time, complete blood count, and biochemical analysis
were performed immediately and citrated samples were immediately centri-
fuged and frozen for future analysis. Results indicate that HIFU can change
local and systemic levels of thombinanti-thrombin complex TAT and tis-
sue plasminogen activator tPA, as well as induce changes in activated clot-
ting time ACT. These results indicate that HIFU can induce coagulation
via the coagulation cascades TAT and that normal hematological response
to thrombus formation is unaffected.
2pBBe2. Dynamical focusing method for high-intensity ultrasound
applications. Andrey Rybianets Ultrashape Ltd., New Industrial Park,
POB 80, 20692 Yoqneam, Israel, arybyanets@gmail.com
New method for direct synthesis of dynamically focused acoustic eld
suitable for HIFU applications is proposed. The method is based on the con-
tinuous cyclic generation of different focal patterns at optimal repetition fre-
quency by simultaneous applying of M different frequency signals to N
sectors of spherically shaped sectored transducer array. The HIFU trans-
ducer arrays comprising a spherical piezoceramic cap with back electrode
divided circumferentially into N regular or specially shaped sectors were
designed and tested. The sectors were simultaneously powered by M M
N sinus or burst drive signals with different frequencies from 6 dB band-
width of the transducer. Calculation and modeling of acoustic eld patterns
for different array congurations and frequencies sets were performed.
Acoustic pressure in focal planes was measured in water using calibrated
hydrophone and 3D acoustic scanning system. In vitro experiments on dif-
ferent tissues conrming the advantages of dynamical focusing method were
performed. The benets of the method are creating bigger treated tissue vol-
umes and enhancement of the cavitational, mechanical or thermal inuences
due to coincidence of the repetition frequency with a specic resonance
relaxation times for tissue andor for cavitation cloud. Applications of the
method for ultrasonic therapy, hyperthermia, and body aesthetics were
considered.
2pBBe3. Delivery of antibacterial-nanoparticles into dentinal tubules
with high intensity focused ultrasound. Siew Wan Fong Institute of
High Performance Computing, 1 Science Park Road, #01-01 The Capricorn,
117528 Singapore, Singapore, fongsw@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg, Annie
Shrestha Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
3222 3222 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge road, 119074 Sin-
gapore, Singapore, g0600129@nus.edu.sg, Zhilong Shi Department of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore,
10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260 Singapore, Singapore, chesz@nus.edu.sg
, Boo Cheong Khoo National University of Singapore, Dept of Mechani-
cal Engineering, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260 Singapore, Singapore,
mpekbc@nus.edu.sg, Anil Kishen Department of Restorative Dentistry,
Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge
road, 119074 Singapore, Singapore, rsdak@nus.edu.sg
High-Intensity-Focused-Ultrasound HIFU when applied clinically of-
ten result in the formation of cavitation bubbles in the nearby uid or tissue
which collapse with high-speed jets and can be utilized for particle delivery.
Bacteria residing in anatomical complexities and dentinal tubules resist con-
ventional disinfection procedures during root canal treatment. This study
aims is to evaluate the efcacy of jet ow produced by collapsing cavita-
tions to push antibacterial nanoparticles into the areas inaccessible to con-
ventional treatment. Eight dentin blocks of 8x3x1.5mm
3
were prepared from
the root region of freshly extracted single rooted tooth samples and divided
into two groups: 1 Control and 2 Nanoparticles. The samples were placed
in sterile deionized water and nanoparticles suspension 1mgml for groups
1 and 2 respectively. HIFU at 27 kHz for two minutes was employed. The
samples were then sectioned to expose the dentinal tubules and viewed un-
der eld emission scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive
X-ray analysis to ascertain the depth of penetration of the nanoparticles. The
ndings from this study suggested that HIFU treatment resulted in the sig-
nicant penetration and coating of the dentinal tubules with nanoparticles.
HIFU can be used as a potential tool for the delivery of antibacterial nano-
particles to disinfect the root canals.
2pBBe4. The effect of high intensity focussed ultrasound (HIFU) on pH
responsive PEGylated micelles. Moira J. Smith Chemical Engineering
Department, Cambridge University, New Museums Site, CB2 3RA Cam-
bridge, UK, mjs224@cam.ac.uk, Mark E. Eccleston Chemical Engineer-
ing Department, Cambridge University, New Museums Site, CB2 3RA
Cambridge, UK, mark.eccleston@vivamer.com, Nigel K.
Slater Chemical Engineering Department, Cambridge University, New
Museums Site, CB2 3RA Cambridge, UK, nigel_slater@cheng.cam.ac.uk
The effect of HIFU on pH responsive PEGylated micelles was
investigated. Micelles can be used as drug carrier vehicles reducing un-
wanted drug toxicity. HIFU is able to release drugs from the circulating mi-
celles, as well as improving intracellular uptake of both micelle-
encapsulated and free drugs non-invasively. Large molecules generally enter
cells by endocytosis. Endosomes gradually become acidic and fuse with en-
zyme containing lysosomes degrading the endosomal contents and prevent-
ing them from reaching their intracellular target. Using pH responsive poly-
mers enables endosomes to be distrupted, releasing their contents into the
cytoplasm before degradation occurs. Addition of polyethylene glycol, re-
ferred to as PEGylation, prolongs circulatory half-life and reduces degrada-
tion within the bloodstream. HIFU did enable release of encapsulated mol-
ecules from the modied micelles, and the micelles were taken up by H69
human carcinoma cells in vitro. Further work will investigate optimization
of the micelles to maximize encapsulated drug release. The combined ap-
proach of using both pH responsive PEGylated micelles and HIFU to deliver
drugs would provide more accurate targeting of therapies allowing higher
therapeutic doses to be administered, reduce unwanted side effects and give
patients a higher quality of life.
2pBBe5. The interaction of microbubbles with high intensity pulsed
ultrasound. Siew Wan Fong Institute of High Performance Computing, 1
Science Park Road, #01-01 The Capricorn, 117528 Singapore, Singapore,
fongsw@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg, Evert Klaseboer Institute of High Perfor-
mance Computing, 1 Science Park Road, #01-01 The Capricorn, 117528
Singapore, Singapore, evert@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg, Boo Cheong
KhooNational University of Singapore, Dept of Mechanical Engineering,
10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260 Singapore, Singapore, mpekbc@nus.edu
.sg
High intensity pulsed ultrasound when interacting with microbubble
contrast agents is potentially useful for biomedical applications such as drug
delivery, cancer treatment and tissue ablation. To establish a fundamental
understanding of the interaction between a microbubble with a sound wave,
numerical simulations are performed using the Boundary Element Method
BEM. Bubble dynamics in terms of shape changes in time, maximum
bubble radius obtained, jet velocity and translational movement of the
bubble center is studied. The effect of varying ultrasound intensity and ini-
tial bubble size is examined as well. One important result is the determina-
tion of the conditions under which a clear high speed jet will be formed in
the microbubble when it is hit by a specic sound wave. The jet is crucial to
the success of the biomedical applications mentioned. Also, it is shown that
one cycle of ultrasound consisting of a single negative part followed by a
single compressive part would be the optimized wave form because collat-
eral damage by re-expanding remnants of a collapsed microbubble by the
subsequent negative pressure wave is prevented. The BEM model has
greater computational efciency in terms of speed and storage space over
other full domain methods because only surface meshing is needed.
2pBBe6. A passive array technique for cavitation mapping during
HIFU treatment. Mikls Gyngy University of Oxford, Medical Engi-
neering Unit, 43 Banbury Road, OX2 6PE Oxford, UK,
miklos.gyongy@jesus.ox.ac.uk, Manish Arora University of Oxford,
Medical Engineering Unit, 43 Banbury Road, OX2 6PE Oxford, UK,
manish.arora@eng.ox.ac.uk, Alison Noble University of Oxford, Wolf-
son Medical Vision Laboratory, Department of Engineering, OX13PJ Ox-
ford, UK, noble@robots.ox.ac.uk, Constantin C. Coussios University of
Oxford, Medical Engineering Unit, 43 Banbury Road, OX2 6PE Oxford,
UK, constantin.coussios@eng.ox.ac.uk
During exposure of tissue to HIFU, cavitation has been shown to en-
hance the rate of heat deposition in tissue and could provide an effective
means of treatment monitoring. However, cavitation activity occurring pre-
focally or growing unstable around the focal region is known to impede safe
and effective treatment delivery. A combined computational and experimen-
tal approach is being applied to develop a passive array-based technique for
mapping cavitation activity in real-time, using a novel cross-correlation al-
gorithm to combine single-channel information received by an imaging ar-
ray co-axial to the HIFU transducer. The cavitation maps produced in this
manner were validated using two single-element 15-MHz focused PCDs
during continuous-wave insonation of a polyacrylamide-based tissue mim-
icking material by 1.1 MHz HIFU. Initial experiments have shown bubble
cloud movement towards the HIFU transducer, in agreement with previously
reported observations. Future work will involve applications of advanced
imaging techniques to achieve a high spatiotemporal resolution, which is es-
sential because of the unstable nature of cavitation activity and the require-
ment that treatment be well localized.
2pBBe7. Quantitative assessment of thermal dose using photographic
measurements of tissue discoloration. Gavriel Speyer Center for Indus-
trial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washing-
ton, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, gavriel@u
.washington.edu, Peter Kaczkowski Center for Industrial and Medical Ul-
trasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th
St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, peter@apl.washington.edu, Andrew
Brayman Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics
Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA98105, USA,
brayman@apl.washington.edu, Marilee Andrew Center for Industrial and
Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013
NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, marilee@apl.washington
.edu, Steven Kargl Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washing-
ton, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA, kargl@troutmask
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3223 3223 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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.apl.washington.edu,Lawrence A. CrumCenter for Industrial and Medical
Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th
St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, lac@apl.washington.edu
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU is rapidly gaining wide-
spread clinical use in China, and is undergoing regulatory evaluation in Eu-
rope and the US for many target diseases. Nevertheless, tools for therapy
planning, monitoring, and assessment remain at a rudimentary level. In par-
ticular, measurement of thermal dose in tissues exposed with HIFU has not
been sufciently quantitative to make detailed comparisons with numerical
simulations, required for validation of therapy planning models. Indeed,
model validation is complicated by high sensitivity of the results to small
changes in parameter values and by the general difculty of performing geo-
metrical registration with sufcient precision to meaningfully compare mil-
limeter scale features typical of HIFU lesions. Our work uses photographic
measurement of visible tissue discoloration so that it can be used to accu-
rately and rapidly quantify HIFU-induced bioeffects at scales of several cen-
timeters for comparison with the prior therapy plan. Precise comparison be-
tween nonlinear acoustic simulation and macroscopic lesion data indicates
that a newly dened blanching index is nearly linearly proportional to the
logarithm of predicted thermal dose over a very wide range of exposure,
including well below the 240 minute at 43 degrees necrotic threshold up to
about 10,000 minutes.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-B, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pBBf
Biomedical UltrasoundBioresponse to Vibration: Quantitative Ultrasound Methods for Diagnosis and
Therapy II (Poster Session)
Jonathan Mamou, Cochair
Riverside Research Institute
Genevive Berger, Cochair
LIP, CNRS, Paris, France
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pBBf1. Liver brosis identication by spectral slope of the
backscattering curve. Mahmoud Meziri Univ Badji Mokhtar Annaba,
Bp 12 Sidi- Amar Wilaya Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria,
mmahmouddz@yahoo.fr, Wagner C. Pereira Biomedical Engineering
Program - COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP. 21.941-972
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, wagner@peb.ufrj.br, Naceur Tiah Univ Badji
Mokhtar Annaba, Bp 12 Sidi- Amar Wilaya Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria,
nac_tiah@yahoo.fr, Naamane Remita Univ 20 Aout 55 Skikda, BP 24,
21000 Skikda, Algeria, n.remita@yahoo.fr, Bouzid Boudjema Univ 20
Aout 55 Skikda, BP 24, 21000 Skikda, Algeria,
boudjema_b@yahoo.fr, Pascal Laugier Universit Paris 6, Laboratoire
dImagerie Paramtrique, 15, rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris,
France, laugier@lip.bhdc.jussieu.fr
Ultrasonic tissue characterization is primarily based on radio-frequency
RF signals. Different studies have demonstrated that the RF signals are
closely linked to tissue structures. The processing of these signals using
spectral methods has shown the possibility of deriving quantitative param-
eters attenuation and backscattered coefcients and also of providing a
means to estimate the elementary properties of tissue scatterer size, con-
centration, periodicity by evaluating spectral parameters slope, intercept
etc. We have estimated the spectral slope of the average backscattering
curve to test its potential in the discrimination of brosis stages F0, F1, F2,
F3, and F4, METAVIR scale from 20 in-vitro human liver samples, insoni-
ed at 20 MHz. The slope estimations were dBMHz: 0.95,0.24 F0,
1.15,0.43 F1, 1.20,0.26 F3 and 1.07,0.33 F4. The Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test p0.05 indicated that the slope alone cannot discriminate all
brosis groups as well as the other mentioned parameters. When associ-
ated to integrated backscattered coefcient, discriminant analysis has cor-
rectly classied 80% of liver samples p0.0000. The misclassication re-
sulted from some F0 samples grouped as F4 or vice-versa, which agrees
with our previous results that suggested some parameter overlapping for
normal and cirrhotic hepatic tissue. Nevertheless, combination of these pa-
rameters can help the diagnosis of liver brosis.
2pBBf2. Ultrasonic method to dene human serum blood total protein
and protein fractions. Anna Klemina Dept. of Acoustics, Radiophysical
Faculty, Nizhny Novgorod State University, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950
Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, klemina@rf.unn.ru
Research of ultrasonic characteristics of biological liquids for purposes
of medical diagnostics is the important task. Ultrasonic method to dene to-
tal protein and protein fractions - albumin, l -, 2 -, -, - globulins of
human serum blood is discussed. This method is based on the precise mea-
surements of velocity and absorption of ultrasonic waves in serum blood and
its modied solutions under different temperatures from range 15-400C.
The measurements of ultrasonic velocity and absorption in samples serum
blood fulls by means of method ultrasonic interferometer constant length
or resonator method. The precision of relative measurements of velocity by
means of this method is 10-5 and absorption is 10-3, temperature stability is
the order of 10-3 0C. Protein fractions dene by means of decision of linear
system of equations where in the character of unknown components con-
sider these protein fractions. Comparison of data of different patient ob-
tained by traditional electrophoreses method with data of ultrasonic method
shows very high correlation of all protein fractions and total protein. This
work was supported by RFBR and Leading Scientic Schools grants.
2pBBf3. Evaluation of performance in some ultrasonic procedures for
non-invasive thermal estimation into hyperthermia phantoms. Ivonne
Bazan CINVESTAV, Dpto. Ingen. Electrica, Mexico DF, Mexico,
3224 3224 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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ibazan@cinvestav.mx,Antonio RamosInstituto de Acustica CSIC, Serrano
144, 28006 Madrid, Spain, aramos@ia.cetef.csic.es, Monica
Vazquez UNAM, IIMAS, Mexico DF, Mexico, moni260577
@yahoo.com.mx, Arturo Vera CINVESTAV, Dpto. Ingen. Electrica,
Mexico DF, Mexico, arvera@cinvestav.mx, Lorenzo Leija CINVESTAV,
Dpto. Ingen. Electrica, Mexico DF, Mexico, lleija@cinvestav.mx
To dispose of a precise and non-invasive temperature measurement over
the treated area becomes very important during hyperthermia treatments, in
order to make possible an optimization of their healing effects. A perfor-
mance analysis of some previously reported ultrasonic techniques, which
were proposed for non-invasive temperature estimation, is made in this work
over phantoms mimicking human tissues. A rst technique is based on dis-
crete scattering modeling for tissue characterization and spectral analysis of
frequency distributions related to average scatters spacing R. Seip & E.S.
Ebbini. Other technique uses certain relations between tissue temperature
changes and time-shifts in echoes due to thermally induced sound velocity
changes and expansions R. Maass-Moreno & C.A. Damianou. And nally,
the third procedure analyzed here, is a recently proposed alternative, based
on phase demodulation processing, to estimate the indirect effects of echoes
time-shifts in the phase domain M. Vzquez, A. Ramos, et al.. The three
options are analyzed for the same simulated & measured multi-pulse echo
patterns, looking for detecting possible advantages and inconveniences in
each case. Finally, some improvement paths over the basic estimation meth-
ods are also explored.
2pBBf4. Sensitivity study of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter for
measuring temperatures during High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
treatment. Koen W. Van Dongen Lab. of Acoustical Imaging and Sound
Control, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft Univ. of Technology, PO Box
5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands, K.W.A.vanDongen@tudelft.nl, Martin
D. Verweij Lab. of Electromagnetic Research, Faculty of Electrical Engi-
neering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft Univ. of Technology,
Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands, m.d.verweij@tudelft.nl
The aim of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU is to locally in-
crease the temperature in a body. For an adequate application of the treat-
ment it is important to measure non-invasively the temperature proles in
the heated region. Most efciently, this is done with the same modality as
being used for heating. Consequently, the preferred measuring method
should rely on the temperature dependence of an acoustic medium
parameter. The goal of this study is to determine which parameter is most
sensitive to temperature changes. To nd the most suitable parameter, the
temperature dependence of the speed of sound SOS, the density of mass
and the acoustic nonlinearity parameter BA are compared for water. The
temperature dependence of the SOS and the mass density are obtained by
interpolating values found in literature. Since measured values of the BA
parameter are only known for a few coarsely distributed temperature values,
it has been synthesised from a two-dimensional function describing the SOS
versus temperature and pressure. It turns out that the BA parameter is far
more sensitive for temperature changes than the other parameters. Compari-
son with measured BA values conrms the idea that nonlinear acoustics is
a favourite candidate to measure temperature proles.
2pBBf5. The scattering of sound by a moving sphere in a stratied
liquid. Jason Bach Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of
ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France,
jsbach82@yahoo.com, David Ku Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woo-
druff School of ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070
Metz, France, david.ku@me.gatech.edu, Nico F. Declercq Georgia Tech
Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958,
2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France, nico.declercq@me.gatech.edu
The interaction of sound with a sphere and the Doppler shift caused by
scatterers in motion are well described in the literature. A numerical study is
performed on the interaction of sound with a moving sphere and with mul-
tiple moving spheres. The study shows how the reected sound elds are
inuenced by the relative motion and relative position of the spheres. The
aim of the research is to discover efcient acoustic methods to detect and
characterize moving spheres at different levels of complexity determined by
the number of spheres, their relative velocities and the velocity of the sur-
rounding liquid. At a rst stage the interaction of sound with a single sphere
in a stratied uid ow is investigated. The research is performed in the
framework of the use of ultrasound for biomedical applications.
2pBBf6. Two coupling media method for ultrasonic velocity
measurement in biological tissues. Jrme Mathieu IES - Univ. Mont-
pellier 2, place Eugne Bataillon, cc 082, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5,
France, mathieu@lain.univ-montp2.fr, Audrey Leydier IES - Univ. Mont-
pellier 2, place Eugne Bataillon, cc 082, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5,
France, leydier@lain.univ-montp2.fr
Measuring the ultrasonic velocity in soft materials, especially in biologi-
cal tissues, is never easy. One of the main problems is that the thickness of
the sample in test is badly dened. From time-of-ight measurement method
uncertainties in the thickness induce important uncertainties in experimental
results. This causes that the ultrasonic velocity is often a poor criteria
whereas it could be a good one. This paper brings a new method to measure
the ultrasonic velocity in soft materials without knowing the sample thick-
ness The main idea of this method is to use two different coupling media for
making two relative time-of-ight measurements. The comparison of these
two measurements gives the ultrasonic velocity in the sample in test. Fur-
thermore, this comparison can give the local sample thickness of the sample.
The uncertainty calculi show up that the effect on the thickness uncertainties
is drastically reduced by using this new ultrasound method. This method is
validated on reference samples, in silicon. Before concluding, some experi-
mental results obtained with mouse skin samples are presented.
2pBBf7. Ultrasound elasticity assessment of in vivo human achilles
tendons during a quick-release exercise. Marielle Defontaine LUSSI,
10 Bd Tonell, 37032 Tours, France, defontai@med.univ-tours.fr, Mourad
Bentahar ENSIM - LAUM, Universit du Maine, rue Aristote, 72085 Le
Mans, France, Mourad.Bentahar@univ-lemans.fr, Francis Canon CNRS
UMR6600, Centre de Recherche de Royallieu - UTC, 60 200 Compigne,
France, francis.canon@utc.fr
An ultrasound US axial transmission technique has been developed to
assess in vivo real time tendon biomechanical properties during calibrated
exercises. The US propagation velocity changes are indeed related to the
tendon visco-elasticity variations. We propose to monitor the propagation
velocity changes during a very short period of time corresponding to the ten-
donmuscle complex release just after a sub-Maximal Voluntary isometric
Contraction MVC. This measurement is repeated for several sub-MVC
amplitudes. The propagation velocity variations, linearly related to the
torque measurements, allow to estimate a stiffness index, essentially due to
the Series Elastic Component of the Achilles tendon. This study has been
performed in collaboration with the UMR 6600 UTC, France, and we have
used the Ergometer they developed a few years ago. The US device is com-
posed of a 1.8 MHz US probe 1 emitter, 20 receivers, and an electronic
module Althas Technologies, France allowing real time and synchronous
acquisitions of US RF signals and auxiliary inputs Torque, angular
position. Four healthy subjects were asked to develop several submaximal
voluntary isometric contractions, and the sole was suddenly released sub
MVC to relaxed state, 2s, 2kHz. This protocol was repeated two times with
foot and probe repositioning.
2pBBf8. Carotid Inter-adventitial Distance based Vascular Age and
Heart Disease Risk Estimation from B mode Ultrasound. Jayaraj
Joseph Indian Institute of Technology, ESB 313 ; Dept. of Electrical Engi-
neering, IIT Madras, 600036 Chennai, India, jayaraj85@yahoo
.com, Kishore Kumar Indian Institute of Technology, ESB 313 ; Dept. of
Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, 600036 Chennai, India,
kishorekumar015@yahoo.co.in, V Jayashankar Indian Institute of Tech-
nology, ESB 313 ; Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, 600036
Chennai, India, jshankar@ee.iitm.ac.in
A method to estimate the risk of heart disease in a person, based on di-
agnostic ultrasound is proposed here. The vascular age obtained from ca-
rotid ultrasound is very commonly used as a measure of cardiac health. Ex-
isting methods of vascular age estimation make use of the Carotid Intima
Media Thickness CIMT measurements to arrive at an estimate of the vas-
cular age. Recent work has demonstrated that the carotid inter adventitial
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distance CAD has a direct relation with the risk of coronary heart disease
in persons. It has also been demonstrated that CAD correlates better to a
number of risk factors accounting for heart disease than the CIMT. Hence,
we propose a method to estimate vascular age based on CAD. B mode im-
ages of the carotid artery are analyzed to nd out the carotid inter adventitial
distance. The vascular age is estimated from carotid diameter using a statis-
tical model developed based on the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
Limited access database. This vascular age is then used to modify standard
risk assessment procedures like the Framingham risk equation to give a bet-
ter estimate of coronary heart disease risk. A comparison of the method with
the CIMT based method is also performed.
2pBBf9. Effect of inclination of articular surface on ultrasonic surface
reection and surface roughness in diagnosing cartilage degeneration.
Erna Kaleva University of Kuopio, Department of Physics, POB 1627, FI-
70211 Kuopio, Finland, erna.kaleva@uku., Simo Saarakkala University
of Kuopio, Department of Physics, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland,
simo.saarakkala@uku., Juha Tyrs Kuopio University Hospital, POB
1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland, Juha.Toyras@kuh.
High-frequency Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging is a potential method
for detecting early osteoarthrotic changes in articular cartilage. However,
uncontrolled inclination of the ultrasound transducer or the curvature of the
cartilage surface can jeopardize the reliability of the method. Visually intact
and mechanically degraded osteochondral bovine patellae samples were im-
aged using a scanning acoustic microscope equipped with a 50 MHz ultra-
sound transducer. The surfaces of the sample and transducer were adjusted
to a known relative inclination in three sequential scans 0, 2 and 5 degrees.
Surface reection was evaluated in time and frequency domains and surface
roughness in time domain as a function of the inclination. Inclination of the
surface of the sample had a greater effect on the reection than on the
roughness value. Despite the inclination-induced error, the degraded sample
could be distinguished from the intact one at all inclinations with both the
reection and roughness parameters. However, as the inclination affected
the reection parameters signicantly more, their reliability at greater incli-
nations is questionable. Furthermore, the proportion of scattering vs. reec-
tion may change as a function of inclination. Provided that the amount of
scattering varies against cartilage surface brillation, this can affect the re-
liability of ultrasound diagnostics signicantly.
2pBBf10. Acoustothermometrical control during hyperthemia of
biological objects. Andrej Anosov Institute for Radio-Engineering and
Electronics of the RAS, Starosadskij per, 8, 101000 Moscow, Russian Fed-
eration, aanosov@atom.ru, Aleksandr Kazanskij Institute for Radio-
Engineering and Electronics of the RAS, Starosadskij per, 8, 101000 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, kazansky@ihome.ru, Anton
Sharakshane Institute for Radio-Engineering and Electronics of the RAS,
Starosadskij per, 8, 101000 Moscow, Russian Federation, iva@hotmail.ru
A number of acoustothermometrical experiments modelling hyperther-
mia of biological objects was carried out. After that the rst preliminary
acoustothermometrical measurement of laser hyperthermia of human tissues
was conducted. In all experiments the changes of the thermal acoustic ra-
diation intensity in 1.4-2.2 MHz region were controlled during both the
heating and the cooling of the object about 8-10 minutes with the help of
set of acoustothermometers. As model objects we used the beef liver and
glycerin water solution in which plasticine was placed. We reconstructed the
2-D inner temperature distribution by using acoustothermometrical experi-
mental data, i.e. we calculated position, size and temperature of thermal
source. The object surface temperature was controlled with the help of IR-
thermograph. Acoustothermometrical measurements were carried out during
laser hyperthemia of mammary and thyroid glands for seven patients. Ob-
tained data allowed us to estimate inner temperature changes which were a
result of laser hyperthemia.
2pBBf11. Measurement of dynamic shear modulus in soft solids using
laser vibrometry. Maria Y. Izosimova Center for Industrial and Medical
Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th
St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, maria.izossimova@mail.ru,Alexandr I.
Korobov Dept. of Acoustics, Physics Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Leninskie gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
akor@acs465a-1.phys.msu.ru, Ekaterina V. Prokhorova Center for Indus-
trial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washing-
ton, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, e-v-p@rambler.ru, Oleg
A. Sapozhnikov Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied
Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA
98105, USA, oleg@acs366.phys.msu.ru
Shear modulus is an important property of biological tissue and can be
imaged for diagnostic purposes. A related application involves the acquisi-
tion of precise shear modulus measurements in excised soft tissue. Because
the mechanical properties of tissue are frequency-dependent, it is important
to develop methods that characterize the elasticity of soft solids at various
frequencies. Here, two methods of measuring shear modulus are presented
that employ laser vibrometry. At low frequencies 1-10 Hz, the tissue
sample is xed between plates so that the displacement of one plate induces
a shear strain. Vibrometer measurements of the plate displacement dene the
induced strain so that shear modulus can be deduced if the applied shear
force is known. At higher frequencies 0.1-10 kHz, the sample lays at on
a surface and an impulsive force is applied to the exposed surface. Using the
vibrometer to measure displacements along the exposed surface enables es-
timation of the surface wave speed and the implied shear modulus. To dem-
onstrate the capabilities of these techniques, experiments were performed
using plastisol tissue phantom samples. These experiments indicated a shear
modulus that was 50% greater at high frequencies 300 Hz than at low fre-
quencies 10 Hz. Work supported by RFBR.
2pBBf12. Applying Genetic Algorithms to Optimise Breast Ultrasound
Images Segmentation Procedure Based on Morphological Operators.
Andre V. Alvarenga Laboratory of Ultrasound - Inmetro, Av. N. Sra. das
Gracas, 50, predio 1 - Xerem, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias - Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, avalvarenga@inmetro.gov.br, Wagner C. Pereira Biomedical En-
gineering Program - COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP. 21
.941-972 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, wagner@peb.ufrj.br, Antonio F.
Infantosi Biomedical Engineering Program - COPPE, Federal University
of Rio de Janeiro, CEP. 21.941-972 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
afci@peb.ufrj.br, Carolina M. Azevedo Brazilian National Cancer Insti-
tute - INCa, Praa da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
azevedocma@bol.com.br
Ultrasound US image segmentation is a complex problem due its tex-
tural nature. To address this difculty, different segmentation procedures
have been described to support radiologists in recognising abnormal US-
image areas. This work proposes a procedure, based on Genetic Algorithms
GA and Morphological Operators MO, to segment breast tumours on ul-
trasound images. Each chromosome represents a complete image processing
sequence, composed of MOs and structuring elements SE. The GA gener-
ates 500 chromosomes of 93 genes, where the three rst genes summed in-
dicate the number of performed operations, the following 45 genes represent
the operations sequence, and the last 45, the SE-disk diameter in pixel.
The best segmentation sequence best chromosome is selected using an ob-
jective function, based on the weighted sum of the number of false-positive
and false-negative pixels. The gold standards are the tumour contours de-
picted by an experienced radiologist. Twenty images are used to train the
GA procedure, and the best chromosome tested with 40 different images.
The performance of the procedure is assessed using the overlap ratio among
the obtained segmentation and the gold standard. All tested images present
an area overlap ratio superior to 70%. This initial result encourages us to go
further by increasing the number of images.
2pBBf13. Measuring physiological properties of lymphoedemous
tissues by ultrasound: theoretical foundations. Paul E. Barbone Boston
University, 110 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, USA,
3226 3226 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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barbone@bu.edu,Ricardo LeidermanFederal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Program of Mechanical Engineering, Ilha do Fundo, 21945-970, P.B. 68509
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, leider@mecanica.coppe.ufrj.br, Jeff
Bamber Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton,
SM2 5NG Surrey, UK, jeff.bamber@icr.ac.uk, Gearoid Berry Institute of
Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, SM2 5NG Surrey,
UK, gearoid.berry@icr.ac.uk, Assad A. Oberai Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, 5048 JEC, 110
8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA, oberaa@rpi.edu, Yixiao
Zhang Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Mechanical, Aerospace and
Nuclear Engineering, 5048 JEC, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA,
zhangy12@rpi.edu
Roughly one in four breast cancer survivors report some degree of arm
oedema. Lymphoedema is a build-up of excess lymph uids in the tissues.
Persistent lymphoedema leads to pain, diminished limb function, increased
risk of infection, soft tissue brosis, and severe cases can be grossly
disguring. From a mechanics perspective, the lymphoedemous tissue may
be thought of as a two phase composite, consisting of both uid and solid
phases. Here we discuss the use of composites mixture theory to model the
mechanics of lymphoedemous tissues. By treating the tissue as a uid-solid
composite, rules-of-mixtures may be used to estimate the effective moduli in
terms of the properties of the individual components and their respective
volume fractions in these two states. The mechanical properties of the tissue
may be measured in vivo using a generalization of the methods of ultra-
sound elasticity imaging. We discuss how the measured effective stiffness
depends upon whether the tissue is drained or undrained, and how ultra-
sound may be used to measure these properties. Thus we explore the possi-
bility of evaluating volume fractions and component properties of the indi-
vidual tissue phases from ultrasound elasticity imaging.
2pBBf14. Multilayered non-invasive temperature estimation from
backscattered ultrasound. Cesar A. Teixeira University of Algarve, Fac-
ulty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro,
Portugal, cteixei@gmail.com, Maria Graa Ruano University of Algarve,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro,
Portugal, mruano@ualg.pt, Antnio Ruano University of Algarve, Fac-
ulty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro,
Portugal, aruano@ualg.pt, Wagner C. Pereira Biomedical Engineering
Program - COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP. 21.941-972
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, wagner@peb.ufrj.br
A major drawback on the application of thermal therapies is the lack of
reliable knowledge about temperature in the region under treatment. The
most attractive approach is non-invasive temperature estimation NITE
strategies and, among them, techniques based on backscattered ultrasound
BSU are a convenient choice for its portability and simplicity. Using BSU
some methods have been proposed for temperature estimation basically for
homogeneous media, and simple operating situations. More complex sce-
narios can be explored by non-linear approaches. In this work, a methodol-
ogy based on neural networks is presented for temperature estimation in a
multilayer phantom. A three-layer gel-based phantom was heated at eight
intensities, between 0.30 and 2.0 Wcm
2
at 1MHz for 15 minutes. Tem-
perature and BSU signals were acquired from ve spatial-points at each 10
seconds. Temporal echo-shifts, induced by temperature change, were com-
puted from the BSU signals, and used as models input information. Neural
models were developed to estimate temperature at four intensities. Then
models were validated in data including all the intensities. The best model
presents a maximum absolute error of 0.43 C for untrained situations. To
the best of our knowledge this is the rst NITE approach in multilayered
media.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 353, 2:00 TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2pEAa
Engineering Acoustics: Silicon Microphones
James West, Cochair
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Gerhard Sessler, Cochair
Darmstadt University of Technology, Merckstrasse 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
Invited Paper
2:00
2pEAa1. Overcoming Scaling Problems in Miniaturized Silicon Microphones. Sung B. Lee Knowles Acoustics, 1151 Maple-
wood Dr, Itasca, IL 60143, USA, sung.lee@knowles.com, David E. Schafer Knowles Acoustics, 1151 Maplewood Dr, Itasca, IL
60143, USA, dave.schafer@knowles.com, Peter V. Loeppert Knowles Acoustics, 1151 Maplewood Dr, Itasca, IL 60143, USA, pete
.loeppert@knowles.com
In 2008 it is projected that global demand for mobile devices will reach 1.2 billion units. Compared to electronic gadgets from 2002
when 430 million cell phones were sold world wide, these devices are smaller, have more features, and will generally be priced lower.
In order to keep up with designers and manufacturers who relentlessly pursue efcient use of space at lower cost, it is required that
component manufacturers pursue the same goal. For a microphone manufacturer like Knowles, this led to the introduction of worlds
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rst commercialized surface-mountable microphone, the SiSonic microphone, in 2002. MEMS technology is used to manufacture the
complex miniaturized components used in SiSonic microphone. Straightforward miniaturization of microphone diaphragms made of
silicon, a common material in MEMS technology, instead of traditional diaphragm materials leads to poor performing microphones. To
take advantage of MEMS technology without sacricing microphone performance we developed the free plate technology. In this pre-
sentation we discuss the use of free plate technology to overcome difculties related to miniaturization in MEMS.
Contributed Paper
2:20
2pEAa2. Silicon microphones: a commercial success? and what comes
next? Stephen C. Thompson Applied Reearch Laboratory, The Pensylva-
nia State University, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, sct12
@psu.edu
The rst silicon microphone commercial product was introduced to the
market in late 2005. As of early 2008 the cumulative production is well over
a half billion units and the production rates continue to rise. To date the
acoustical performance of these microphones is only as good as that of the
of the lowest priced miniature electret microphones. Yet acoustical systems
manufacturers often prefer silicon microphones because they are compatible
with automated insertion and wave soldering assembly methods. Silicon mi-
crophones are also more environmentally stable in sensitivity than are elec-
trets which may be important in matched microphone applications. Current
research activities are investigating methods to reduce the internal noise im-
prove matching tolerances, and further reduce manufacturing costs. This pa-
per will review the current state of silicon microphones in commercial
manufacture, and will survey some of the areas of current research in an
attempt to suggest some possible directions of future market development.
Invited Paper
2:40
2pEAa3. Optimization of miniaturized silicon microphones using a two-wafer approach. Jianmin Miao Nanyang Technologi-
cal University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore, mjmmiao@ntu
.edu.sg, Chee Wee Tan Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue,
639798 Singapore, Singapore, cheewee@ntu.edu.sg, Zhihong Wang Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore, ezhwang@ntu.edu.sg
A two-wafer concept is proposed for the fabrication of silicon microphones with emphasis on deep reactive ion etching and wafer
bonding techniques. For miniaturized sensor structures with an air gap of 1-2 microns, the viscous damping effect dominates the dis-
sipation mechanism, which can have an adverse inuence on the microphone performance, namely frequency response characteristic
and mechanical-thermal noise. Therefore, an optimum microphone performance has its origin in a well-designed backplate structure. A
silicon backplate with carefully placed acoustic slots and holes is attached to a silicon nitridemetal-based diaphragm. An impediment
to achieve high sensitivity is the residual stress that is presented in the diaphragms. Besides the process optimization of less stress
silicon nitride layer and the introduction of corrugated diaphragm, an investigation is carried out to determine the effects of sputtering
parameters of CrAu metal electrode lm thickness, sputtering process pressure and process power on the residual stress of silicon
nitridemetal diaphragm. Details of modeling, fabrication and experimental results will be presented.
Contributed Papers
3:00
2pEAa4. Piezoelectric Cantilevers for Low-Noise Silicon Microphones.
Robert Littrell University of Michigan, 2250 G G Brown Bldg, 2350 Hay-
ward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, rlittrel@umich.edu, Karl
Grosh University of Michigan, 2250 G G Brown Bldg, 2350 Hayward St.,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, grosh@umich.edu
Microphones fabricated using microelectromechanical systems MEMS
technology are one of the fastest growing applications of MEMS. Capacitive
sensing has been the dominant detection principle used in MEMS
microphones. Piezoelectric sensing, however, offers advantages including
simpler accompanying circuitry and the possibility for simpler fabrication.
Piezoelectric microphones have been limited primarily by a high noise oor,
typically at least an order of magnitude higher than, otherwise similar, ca-
pacitive microphones. We present a low noise piezoelectric cantilever mi-
crophone to overcome the main limitation of previously constructed piezo-
electric microphones. Aluminum Nitride AlN has been selected as the
piezoelectric material because its piezoelectric coupling coefcient, in com-
bination with its electric permittivity, and its piezoelectric loss coefcient
enable low-noise devices. Through both mechanical and electrical optimiza-
tion, models indicate that by combining several short, thin cantilevers made
exclusively of Molybdenum and AlN, microphones with a die size of 1mm
x 1mm, 10 kHz bandwidth, 2mVPa sensitivity, and noise oor below 40
dBA can be constructed using a simple 4 mask process. Analytical and nu-
merical models and experimental results will be presented.
3:20
2pEAa5. A low-noise biomimetic differential microphone. Ronald N.
Miles State University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Bing-
hamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, miles@binghamton.edu, Quang T.
SuState University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Bingham-
ton, NY 13902-6000, USA, be83190@binghamton.edu, Weili Cui State
University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY
13902-6000, USA, weilicui@yahoo.com, Stephen A. Jones State Univer-
sity of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-
6000, USA, saj0716@gmail.com, F. Levent Degertekin Georgia Institute
of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801
Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA,
levent.degertekin@me.gatech.edu, Baris Bicen Georgia Institute of Tech-
nology, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr.
NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, baris@gatech.edu, Caesar
Garcia Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Me-
chanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA,
caesar@gatech.edu, Neal A. Hall Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W.
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta,
GA 30332-0405, USA, nahall@alumni.utexas.net
A miniature differential microphone is described that has a noise oor
that is substantially lower than that of existing devices of comparable size.
The sensitivity of a differential microphone suffers as the distance between
the two pressure sensing locations decreases, resulting in an increase in the
input sound pressure-referred noise oor. In the microphone described here,
the two sources of microphone internal noise, the diaphragm thermal noise
and the electronic noise, are minimized by a combination of novel dia-
phragm design and the use of low-noise optical sensing. The differential mi-
crophone diaphragm measures 1 mm by 2 mm and is fabricated out of poly-
crystalline silicon. The diaphragm design is based on the coupled ears of the
y Ormia ochracea. The sound pressure input-referred noise oor of this
miniature differential microphone has been measured to be less than 36
dBA.
3228 3228 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Paper
5:20
2pEAa6. Thin lm thermo-viscous damping in miniature condenser
microphones. Thierry Le Van Suu Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
thierry.levansuu@univ-lemans.fr, Petr Honzik CVUT v Praze, Fakulta
Elektrotechnick, K13137 Katedra Radioelektroniky - Technick 2, 166 27
Praha 6, Czech Republic, Petr.Honzik@lf1.cuni.cz, Stephane
Durand Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
stephane.durand@univ-lemans.fr, Nicolas Joly Laboratoire dAcoustique
de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France, nicolas.joly@univ-lemans.fr, Zdenk kvor CVUT v Praze,
Fakulta Elektrotechnick, K13137 Katedra Radioelektroniky - Technick 2,
166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic, skvorzdn@feld.cvut.cz, Michel
Bruneau Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, michel.bruneau@univ-lemans.fr
The thermo-viscous damping due to the thin uid lm between the
membrane and the backing electrode strongly inuences both the sensitivity
of the condenser microphones in the lower frequency range and the upper
limit of the frequency bandwidth. Nowadays, most of the MEMs micro-
phones use a perforated backing electrode while some authors suggest that a
continuously curved backing electrode could enhance their performances
among avantages in the design when etching. The present paper provides
two kinds of modeling for such microphones with a tapered uid lm: the
rst one lies on Kirchhoff-network analysis neglecting cross-coupling be-
tween elements whereas the second one is based upon the direct resolution
of the set of basic equations including heat transfer phenomena. The re-
sults are presented and discussed for both models in the cases of at, para-
bolic, and stepped shapes backing electrode. Finally, the pressure eld in the
uid lm, computed for an axisymmetrical conguration using the above-
mentioned models, is compared to the one computed with a new FEM for-
mulation taking into account both viscous and thermal phenomena in the
boundary layers.
Invited Paper
5:40
2pEAa7. Miniature diffraction-based optical MEMS microphones with integrated optoelectronics. Levent Degertekin
Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA30332-0405, USA,
levent@gatech.edu, Kamran Jeelani Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst
Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, gtg804t@mail.gatech.edu, Shakeel Qureshi Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woo-
druff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, shakeel@ece.gatech.edu, Paul Hasler
Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Cumputer Engineering, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0250,
USA, phasler@ece.gatech.edu, Baris Bicen Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering,
801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, baris@gatech.edu, Weili Cui State University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal
Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, weilicui@yahoo.com, Quang T. Su State University of New York, PO 6000,
Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, be83190@binghamton.edu, Ronald N. Miles State University of New
York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, miles@binghamton.edu
Diffraction-based optical interferometric sensing has been shown to be a low-noise displacement detection method for MEMS
microphones. For this method to be useful in many important applications such as hearing aids, it needs to be packaged in a small
volume and should have power consumption levels suitable for operation with a battery. In this talk, we describe miniature, packaged
optical microphones that use solid state vertical cavity surface emitting lasers VCSELs as light sources and custom designed
photodetectors. The package carries silicon chips with two micromachined biomimetic differential microphones as well as an omnidi-
rectional microphone. It is made by 3-D laser stereo lithography process and has dimensions suitable for behind-the-ear hearing aids.
With this conguration, the input referred noise oor for the differential microphone is measured as 42.6dBA, limited by the VCSEL
intensity noise in this particular case. In addition to miniature packaging, an optoelectronic chip including VCSEL pulser, photodetec-
tors, transimpedance ampliers and 1 bit Sigma-Delta ADC has been implemented in 1.5V, 0.35u CMOS technology. The second order
ADC structure providing 14-bits of theoretical resolution with 64 over sampling ratio and 20 kHz input signal is described and initial
characterization results are presented.
Contributed Papers
6:00
2pEAa8. On determination of microphone response and other
parameters by a hybrid experimental and numerical method. Salvador
Barrera-Figueroa Danish Fundamental Metrology, Matematiktorvet 307,
2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, sbf@dfm.dtu.dk, Finn Jacobsen Acoustic
Technology Department, Technical University of Denmark, rsted Plads,
B352, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark, fja@oersted.dtu.dk, Knud
Rasmussen Danish Fundamental Metrology, Matematiktorvet 307, 2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, kra@dfm.dtu.dk
Typically, numerical calculations of the pressure, free-eld and random-
incidence response of a condenser microphone are carried out on the basis
of an assumed displacement distribution of the diaphragm of the
microphone; the conventional assumption is that the displacement follows a
Bessel function. This assumption is probably valid at frequencies below the
resonance frequency. However, at higher frequencies the movement of the
membrane is heavily coupled with the damping of the air lm between
membrane and back plate, and with resonances in the back chamber of the
microphone. A solution to this problem is to measure the velocity distribu-
tion of the membrane by means of a non-contact method, such as laser
vibrometry. The measured velocity distributions can be used together with a
numerical formulation such as the Boundary Element Method for estimating
the microphone response and other parameters such as the acoustic centres.
In this work, a hybrid method is presented. The velocity distributions of con-
denser Laboratory Standard microphones were measured using a laser
vibrometer. This measured velocity distribution was used for estimating the
microphone responses and parameters. The agreement with experimental
data is good. This method can be used as an alternative for validating the
parameters of the microphones determined by classical calibration
techniques.
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6:20
2pEAa9. Diffraction based optical MEMS microphones and
accelerometers with active electrostatic force feedback. Baris
Bicen Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Me-
chanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA,
baris@gatech.edu, Caesar Garcia Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W.
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta,
GA 30332-0405, USA, caesar@gatech.edu, Neal A. Hall Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801
Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA, nahall@alumni
.utexas.net, Murat Okandan Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico,
PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1080, USA, mokanda@sandia
.gov, Weili Cui State University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway
East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, weilicui@yahoo.com, Quang T.
Su State University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Bing-
hamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, be83190@binghamton.edu, Ronald N.
Miles State University of New York, PO 6000, Vestal Parkway East, Bing-
hamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, miles@binghamton.edu, Levent
Degertekin Georgia Institute of Technology, G. W. Woodruff School of
Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA,
levent@gatech.edu
Diffraction-based optical displacement detection method and its use in
low noise micromachined microphones have been shown earlier. Hall et al.,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3000-3009 2005, Garcia et al., J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 121, 3155 2007. In these devices, the integrated electrostatic port of
the sensor is uncoupled from the integrated optical sensing. This structure
enables one to use this port for sensitivity tuning, self characterization, and
active control to adjust the device dynamics. Given that the displacement
noise of integrated optical sensor is below the thermal-mechanical noise of
the mechanical structure, one can implement force feedback methods such
as active Q-control, or adjust device stiffness without adding substantial
noise to the system. We implemented micromachined optical microphones
and accelerometers with integrated optoelectronics integrated in a 1.5mm3
volume. We present experimental results on force feedback Q-control of low
noise omnidirectional, and biomimetic directional optical microphones, as
well as adjusting the stiffness of accelerometers to improve their frequency
response. Work supported by NIH Grant 5R01DC005762-03 and the Cata-
lyst Foundation.
Invited Paper
6:40
2pEAa10. Piezoelectric silicon microphones for aeroacoustics applications. Mark Sheplak University of Florida, 231 MAE-A
Building, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA, sheplak@u.edu
This talk presents the development of several microelectromechanical systems MEMS-based piezoelectric measurement micro-
phone technologies for aeroacoustic applications. Piezoelectric MEMS microphones offer the promise of reducing cost, improving per-
formance, and increasing mounting exibility over existing conventional microphone technologies. Specically, a microphone with no
external power requirement has a key advantage for a large-channel count, widespread deployment. The modeling and design aspects
of these devices are reviewed. First, the electroacoustic transduction is predicted via piezoelectric composite plate theory. Lumped
element models are then synthesized to describe the dynamic characteristics of the microphone diaphragm and the cavityvent structure.
Constrained nonlinear design optimization using a sequential quadratic programming scheme is then performed to determine the mi-
crophone design parameters. From a fabrication perspective, the main drawback to silicon-micromachined piezoelectric devices is ma-
terial integration and compatibility with standard micromachining. Several different device structures and fabrication approaches will be
discussed in this talk. Representative results from a lead zirconate-titanate-based device will then be presented. Finally, unresolved
technical issues are summarized for future sensor development.
3230 3230 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pEAb
Engineering Acoustics and Signal Processing in Acoustics: Microphone Array Signal Processing II
(Poster Session)
Gary Elko, Cochair
mh acoustics LLC
Walter Kellermann, Cochair
Univ. of ErlangenNuremburg
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pEAb1. Advanced Processing of Microphone Array Data for
Engineering Applications. Sandro Guidati HEAD acoustics GmbH,
Ebertstrasse 30a, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany, claudia.erens@head-
acousitcs.de
Microphone arrays are tools for the localisation and quantication of
sound sources. The use of the technology is strongly related to the
progresses in computer technology. For a long time the application was lim-
ited to military or scientic use. The focus of the systems designed for in-
dustrial applications lies on fast setup and basic evaluation e.g. delay-and-
sum beamforming. The resulting boundaries are mainly a limited dynamic
range and the limitation to free eld environments. Although a wide range of
algorithms for advanced evaluation has been developed, only few of them
are integrated in industrial systems. This is mainly due to the fact that these
algorithms require considerably longer computation time, expert knowledge
and the integration of additional hardware. This paper presents techniques
for almost real-time processing of microphone array data including multi-
band beamforming, coherenceincoherence ltering and the integration of
measured source characteristics for the application in strongly reverberant
environments. By combining the signals of multiple cameras it is possible to
detect the distance between the array and a three dimensional source distri-
bution increasing the accuracy of the localisation and quantication.
2pEAb2. Instrumentation Synchonization Techniques for Large
Microphone Arrays. Kurt Veggeberg National Instruments, 11500 N.
Mopac C, Austin, TX 78759, USA, kurt.veggeberg@ni.com
In many acoustic measurement applications, there is a need to correlate
data acquired from different systems or synchronize systems together with
precise timing. Signal Based and Time Based are the two basic methods of
synchronizing instrumentation. In Signal Based synchronization, clocks and
triggers are physically connected between systems. Typically this provides
the highest precision synchronization. In many acoustic applications size
and distance constrains physically connecting the systems needed for mak-
ing measurements though the inter-channel phase information of simulta-
neously sampled signals is crucial. In Time Based synchronization, system
components have a common reference of what time it is. Events, triggers
and clocks can be generated based on this time. This is an overview of how
you can use a variety of time references including GPS, IEEE-1588, and
IRIG-B to correlate and synchronize measurements anywhere in the world
with absolute timing with and without a direct connection between the mea-
surement systems. The level of precision of the variety of methods that can
be used for timestamping, generating a trigger at a user specied time as
well as synchronizing multiple instrumentation types is covered. Specic
applications where this has been applied to large microphone arrays will be
described.
2pEAb3. Differential microphone array for speech recognition.
Philippe Martin Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne, EPFL STI
LEMA, Station 11, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,
philippe.martin@ep.ch, Herv Lissek Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de
Lausanne, EPFL STI LEMA, Station 11, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,
herve.lissek@ep.ch, John Dines IDIAP, Rue du Simplon 4, 1920 Mar-
tigny, Switzerland, john.dines@idiap.ch
Speech recognition applications embedded on a PDA are already avail-
able on the market. The usual hardware for this kind of system is a single
microphone mounted on the PDA, giving good results within quiet
environments. Though, the recognition rate falls drastically as the signal to
noise ratio decreases. Arrays of microphones are then particularly interest-
ing, allowing the discrimination of useful sounds sources within parasitic
ones, thanks to an improved directivity pattern. In speech recognition appli-
cations on PDA, a trade-off is to be found on an array small enough to guar-
antee the ergonomics of the whole system, while operating on a bandwidth
covering the frequency range of human voice, from 300 Hz up to 6 kHz and
low distortion ratio. Differential arrays are well adapted to fulll these speci-
cations, since they are known to be robust and allow small dimensions for
a high directivity index. The performances could be improved by the addi-
tion of adaptive post-ltering and noise reduction algorithms. This work de-
scribes the design and the implementation of a recording device dedicated to
speech recognition applications on PDA, based on overlapping differential
arrays. The assessment of its performances in a noisy environment is carried
out and show the system efciencies.
2pEAb4. Speech separation based on law of causality. Kensaku
Fujii University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, 671-2280 Himeji, Japan,
fujiken@eng.u-hyogo.ac.jp, Hirofumi Nakano University of Hyogo, 2167
Shosha, 671-2280 Himeji, Japan, er06j025@steng.u-hyogo.ac.jp, Mitsuji
Muneyasu Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, 564-8680 Suita, Japan,
muneyasu@ipcku.kansai-u.ac.jp
This paper proposes a microphone array system separating speech sig-
nals, based on a different principle from independent component analysis
ICA. This system applies linear prediction error lters to microphone out-
puts, and using the prediction errors, adjusts the coefcients of adaptive
lters. In this case, only the prediction errors satisfying the low of causality
become available for the adjustment; consequently, this system can steer a
null toward a direction satisfying it. The permutation problem discussed in
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ICA can be thereby avoided. This system also can compensate the separated
speech signals by using adaptive lters, and nally, can provide high quality
speech signals. This paper moreover veries the performance of the pro-
posed system by using speech signal data measured in an ordinary room.
This result shows that the proposed system works well even in reverberation
environment.
2pEAb5. Time-Shift Sensor Noise Suppression Algorithm. Alain De
Cheveigne CNRS, Universite Paris 5, Ecole Normale Superieure, 29 rue
dUlm, 75230 Paris, France, alain.de.cheveigne@ens.fr
We propose a new method to remove sensor noise from multichannel
data recordings. Each channel is projected on the span of the time-shifted
neighboring channels, and replaced by its projection. Noise specic to any
sensor is attenuated, whereas any signal component that loads more than one
sensor is preserved. The inclusion of a range of time shifts allows the
method to compensate for any delay or convolutional mismatch in the signal
paths between sensors. The method is expected to be of use for microphone
arrays to reduce sensor-specic noise, e.g. thermal noise, wind noise, or
overloading. The new method extends a previous method for sensor noise
suppression in physiological recordings EEG, MEG, that performed the
same operation without the delays.
2pEAb6. Acoustic payload on an aerostat detects and locates transient
sources. Michael V. Scanlon US Army Research Laboratory, AMSRD-
ARL-SE-SA, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783-1197, USA,
mscanlon@arl.army.mil, Christian Reiff US Army Research Laboratory,
AMSRD-ARL-SE-SA, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783-1197,
USA, creiff@arl.army.mil, Latasha Solomon US Army Research Labora-
tory, AMSRD-ARL-SE-SA, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783-
1197, USA, lsolomon@arl.army.mil
The US Army Research Laboratory ARL has conducted experiments
using acoustic sensor arrays suspended below tethered aerostats to detect
and localize transient signals from mortars, artillery, and small arms re.
The airborne acoustic sensor array calculates an azimuth and elevation to the
originating transient, and immediately cues a collocated imager to capture
the remaining activity at the site of the acoustic transient. This single arrays
vector solution denes a ground-intersect region or grid coordinate for threat
reporting. Unattended ground sensor UGS systems can augment aerostat
arrays by providing additional solution vectors from several ground-based
acoustic arrays to perform a 3D triangulation on a source location. The aero-
stat arrays advantage over ground systems is that it is not as affected by
diffraction and reection from man-made structures, trees, or terrain, and
has direct line-of-sight to most events. Helicopter detection and tracking al-
gorithms can also be implemented.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pEAc
Engineering Acoustics: Acoustic Evaluation II (Poster Session)
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pEAc1. Mechanism detection of stress corrosion cracking by acoustic
emission and effect of manufacturing process on AE signals. Hossein
Heidary Polytechnic of Tehran, AmirKabir University of Technology, De-
partment of Mechanical Engineering, NDT Lab., 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-
4413 Tehran, Iran, hosseinheidary@gmail.com, Amir Refahi Oskouei
Polytechnic of Tehran, AmirKabir University of Technology, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, NDT Lab., 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-4413 Tehran,
Iran, amir.refahi@cic.aut.ac.ir, Mehdi Ahmadi Polytechnic of Tehran,
AmirKabir University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, NDT Lab., 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-4413 Tehran, Iran, ahmadin@cic.aut
.ac.ir
Stress corrosion cracking could occur wherever a specic corrodent and
sufcient tensile stresses coexist. In the objective to monitor online the SCC
on real structures, it seems reasonable to characterize and recognize acoustic
emission during static U-bend tests. The present study is concerned with
static tests on 304 stainless steels in two different media 5% HCl and 5%
H2SO4 in order to nd a criterion to distinguish, the two different mecha-
nism of SCC anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement by character-
istic parameters and waveform analysis of AE signals. In the next stage, ef-
fect of residual stress on stress corrosion cracking in chloride solution has
been studied. Three samples have been prepared: one of them was stress
relieved; the second one was made sensitive to SCC by heat treatment and
the last one was cold worked by rolling. Cumulative count, amplitude dis-
tribution and waveform analysis were selected as AE-parameters. AE with
amplitudes ranging from 39 to 65 dB with different counts and energy oc-
curred during SCC of SS-304 at room temperature. According to the results,
acoustic emission is able to be used as robust technique for mechanism de-
tection of SCC. In addition it can be used to measure the effect of residual
stress in manufacturing process on SCC.
2pEAc2. Underground Sonar Using Shear Waves -Resolution
improvement Using Pulse Compression and Dynamic Focusing-.
Hiraku Kawasaki Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho,
Aoba-ku, 225-8502 Yokohama, Japan, hot.hu2.feel.good@gmail
.com, Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto Toin University of Yokohama, 1614
Kurogane-cho, Aoba-ku, 225-8502 Yokohama, Japan, tsugimot@cc.toin.ac
.jp
In order to detect the buried relics and ruins at shallow depth, a method
by using shear waves has proposed. The effect of the pulse compression pro-
cessing is examined for improving the underground imaging resolution. Us-
ing a super-magnetostriction vibrator which can change waveforms and use
high frequency waves, we generate both chirp waves and high frequency
waves. To conrm the resolution of underground images, pulse compression
is simulated. And, to conrm the lateral resolution, dynamic focusing is
simulated in our laboratory. Then, its exploration experiment is carried out
where the buried position has already known. The axial resolutions are
smaller than 0.2m when the range of start and stop frequencies are more
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than 700Hz in the simulation. And the underground images obtained from
exploration experiment conrm that the images by the pulse compression
have almost the same axial resolution as by the result of the simulation.
2pEAc3. PVB mechanical constants characterization in laminated
glasses using low frequency ultrasound. Jaime Ramis Soriano DFISTS.
Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vi-
cente del Raspeig, Spain, jramis@ua.es, Jorge Frances Monllor DFISTS.
Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vi-
cente del Raspeig, Spain, jfmonllor@ua.es, Jess Alba Fernandez Escola
Politcnica Superior de Gandia, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Crtra
Natzaret-Oliva sn, 46730 Gandia, Spain, jesalba@s.upv.es, Enrique E.
Segovia Eulogio Depto Ing. Construccin. Univ. de Alicante, Carretera de
Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain,
Enrique.Gonzalo@ua.es, Jenaro Vera Guarinos DFISTS. Univ. de Ali-
cante, Carretera de Sant Vicent del Raspeig sn, 03690 San Vicente del
Raspeig, Spain, jenaro@dsts.ua.es
To predict the behaviour of a partition made of laminated glasses, its
necessary to know the parameters of the layers composing it. These types of
devices are composed by monolithic glass and an intermediate mufing
layer usually made of PVB. In this study, we present a method to nd the
mechanical constants of PVB in laminated glasses. Mechanical constants
characterization in these materials is studied using a model-based inverse
problem and the data obtained from an ultrasonic transmission setup: a nu-
merical simulation of the system is proposed using a lineal nite elements
model of the ultrasonic propagation on the multilayered solid. Parameters
are obtained by minimizing divergences between experimental and numeri-
cally predicted waveform.
2pEAc4. Ultrasonic Technique for the Quality Control of Water
Containing Clay. Adil Hamine Ibn Zohr University, FS Agadir, 80000
Agadir, Morocco, adil.hamine@Gmail.com, Bouazza Faiz Ibn Zohr Uni-
versity, FS Agadir, 80000 Agadir, Morocco, faizbou@hotmail.com, Driss
Izbaim Ibn Zohr University, FS Agadir, 80000 Agadir, Morocco,
driss_izbaim@yahoo.fr,Ali MouddenIbn Zohr University, FS Agadir,
80000 Agadir, Morocco, ali_moudden@yahoo.fr
In this work a new method is developed to control the stopping water
using an ultrasonic technique. This technique allows controlling the pres-
ence of clay grains by measuring the attenuation of the ultrasonic waves.
The dimension of clay grains used in this study is about 10 m. For slurries
with different weight percent of clay 1% or less, high sensitivity is gained by
analyzing attenuation measurements. At high clay concentrations, sufcient
sensitivity is obtained by analyzing data from a simple transmission. The
experimental results show that the sound attenuation due to particles varies
linearly with mass fraction.
2pEAc5. Acoustic Computerized Tomography for Temperature
Distribution Measurement in Rectangular Space. Ayumu
Minamide Grad. Sch. of Sys. Inf. Eng., Univ. of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai,
305-8573 Tsukuba, Japan, minamide@aclab.esys.tsukuba.ac.jp, Naoto
Wakatsuki Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan,
wakatuki@iit.tsukuba.ac.jp, Koichi Mizutani Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba
Science City, 305-8573 Ibaraki, Japan, mizutani@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp
In this research, we propose an improved algorithm of Acoustic Com-
puterized Tomography to measure temperature distribution in rectangular
space. Temperature distribution measurement is used in various elds, such
as, air-conditioning control in ofces, temperature control in greenhouse. If
acoustic transducers are xed, they are ordinarily arranged at equal intervals
on a circle. However, it is difcult to take circular arrangements of trans-
ducers in the rectangular spaces. Thus, we devise to arrange the transducers
on a rectangle. Therefore, a problem is occurs that projection data could not
be obtained at equal angular intervals. To solve this problem, we propose
non-uniform angular interval Back-Projection to weight the projection data
with respect to its angular intervals. We conrm usefulness of the proposed
method by numerical simulations. In the simulations, 24-acoustic transduc-
ers are arranged at equal intervals on a rectangle whose aspect ratio is two.
By using the proposed method, the shape approaches to the given tempera-
ture distribution, and RMS error of the reconstructed distribution to the
given distribution decreases about 25 % compared to the error of conven-
tional CT.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pEAe
Engineering Acoustics, Underwater Acoustics, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and ECUA: Sensor
Technologies for Autonomous Acoustic Sensing Systems II (Poster Session)
Henrik Schmidt, Cochair
MIT
Andrea Caiti, Cochair
University of Genova
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pEAe1. High Accuracy Multisensor Hydroacoustic System for Models
of Trawl Geometry Measurements. Jacek Marszal Gdansk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 1112, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland, marszal@eti.pg
.gda.pl
The new high accuracy multisensor hydroacoustic system for models of
trawl geometry measurements was designed for developing the construction
of cod trawl net for the Baltic shery. The system consist of 20 miniature
hydrophones attached by the light-gauge cables to the measuring micropro-
cessor device and notebook computer. The pulse excitation at high fre-
quency and correlation digital signal processing make it possible to obtain
high resolution of measurements. Additionally each of hydrophones is
equipped with the thermistor which is used to calculate the local sound ve-
locity and enable precision calibration of obtained measururing data. This
method of calibration is particularly important for measurements investi-
gated in the surface water layer with the high temperature gradient. The con-
struction details, the measuring signal processing algorithms as well as ex-
amples of obtained data and the accuracy verication will be presented in
the paper.
2pEAe2. Ultra-deep low-frequency sub-bottom proler for AUV and
ROV. Yves Le Gall IFREMER, BP 70, 29280 Plouzan, France,
Yves.Le.Gall@ifremer.fr, Anne Pacault IFREMER, BP 70, 29280
Plouzan, France, Anne.Pacault@ifremer.fr,Frdric MoscaIxsea, 46 Quai
Franois Mitterrand, 13600 La Ciotat, France, fmo@ixsea.com, Gilles
Greninguey Ixsea, 46 Quai Franois Mitterrand, 13600 La Ciotat, France,
ggr@ixsea.com, Marcel Vial Ixsea, 46 Quai Franois Mitterrand, 13600
La Ciotat, France, mvi@ixsea.com, Jean-Claude Aissa Ixsea, 46 Quai
Franois Mitterrand, 13600 La Ciotat, France, jca@ixsea.com
Acoustical techniques for ultra-deep sub-bottom exploration are still
little investigated. IXSEA and IFREMER have launched in 2006 the devel-
opment of a new deep-sea low-frequency sub-bottom proler, working up to
6000 meters depth. Based on the Janus-Helmholtz broadband technology,
two acoustic sources have been modelled, achieved and in-tank and at-sea
measured : a single transducer working in the 1.8, 6.2 kHz frequency band,
and a three-transducer array operating in the 2, 8 kHz frequency band. In
both cases, vertical resolution is better that 20 cm. Comparison between -
nite element modelling and in-tank measurements is presented, together
with the specic constraints linked to very-deep water and AUV mounting.
Power electronics and impedance matching unit have been specically op-
timised to deliver a sound level of 190 dB ref. 1 Pa @ 1 m, with 48 VDC
supply voltage and 250 W available electric power. The receiving part is
made up of a three-hydrophone array with a loss of sensitivity lower than 1
dB between 0 and 600 bar. This ultra-deep light system has been mounted
on an IFREMERs AUV and the rst results at sea are presented and
discussed.
3234 3234 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pEAf
Engineering Acoustics and Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Hearing Aid Engineering II
(Poster Session)
Daniel Warren, Cochair
Knowles Electronics
Stefan Launer, Cochair
Phonak AG
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pEAf1. Two-input two-output speech enhancement with binaural
spatial information using a soft decision mask lter. Satoshi
Hongo Faculty of Design and Computer Applications, Miyagi National
College of Technology, 48, Nodayama, Medeshima Shiote, 981-1239 Na-
tori, Japan, hongo@miyagi-ct.ac.jp, Ai Sasaki R.I.E.C., Tohoku Univer-
sity, 2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan,
asasaki@ais.riec.tohoku.ac.jp, Shuichi Sakamoto R.I.E.C., Tohoku Uni-
versity, 2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan,
saka@ais.riec.tohoku.ac.jp, Junfeng Li Japan Advanced Institute of Sci-
ence and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292 Ishikawa, Japan,
junfeng@jaist.ac.jp, Yiti Suzuki R.I.E.C., Tohoku University, 2-1, Kata-
hira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan, yoh@ais.riec.tohoku.ac.jp
A two-input two-output speech enhancement method that preserves bin-
aural spatial information in the output is effective for realizing a comfortable
auditory communication system. Such a system benets from the noise re-
duction capability provided by the signal processing technology, in addition
to the binaural processing of the human auditory system. We investigated a
two-input two-output speech enhancement method that calculates soft deci-
sion mask lters to attenuate a noisy time-frequency bin. The soft decision
mask lter is estimated for each direction of arrival DOA based on a target
noise ratio calculated using an adaptive lter that cancels the target signal.
Results of computer simulations show that the proposed method has
superior capabilities for maintaining spatial information in the two-output
signals and for segregating the target signal in arbitrary azimuth and eleva-
tion DOA.
2pEAf2. Improvement of speech intelligibility by audio hearing
systems. Hannes Seidler Clinic of ORL, Dept. of Medicine, TU Dresden,
Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Hannes.Seidler@tu-dresden
.de
All hearing aids and cochlea implants have algorithm to improve the
speech intelligibility. The idea is to share human speech and noise to nd
different ratings. The result should be easier to understand by impaired
people. On the market there are big efforts to recognize speech and to sepa-
rate it from noise. In this eld we can notice a remarkable progress in the
last years. But the reverberant sound in rooms or noise from same direction
like the signal need a lot of work to suppress them effective. The simplest
way seems to be to gets the original speech signal direct from the source and
to processes it individual in hearing devices. Induction loop systems as well
as wireless infrared or radio frequency systems are used in churches, cin-
emas, theatres and conference rooms. But the available systems are very dif-
ferent in costs and benet for management and clients. If these systems are
used there is a considerable improvement of speech intelligibility. The pre-
sentation will show the level of most used external audio hearing systems,
their possibilities to improve the signal to noise ratio, the speech transmis-
sion index STI and the benet for hearing aid or cochlear implant users.
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3235 3235 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pEAg
Engineering Acoustics, Underwater Acoustics, and ECUA: Sonar Transducer Design and Modeling III
(Poster Session)
John Blottman, Cochair
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport
Pascal Mosbah, Cochair
IEMN dpt ISEN
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pEAg1. Finite element and boundary element modeling of multimodal
arrays. Julien Bernard Thales Underwater Systems, 525 route des Do-
lines BP 157 Valbonne Parc dActivits de Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia
Antipolis Cedex, France, julien.bernard@fr.thalesgroup.com
Modern active sonar arrays exhibit the following characteristics: low op-
erating frequency, large number of transducers, small transducer spacing
compared to wavelength, and in some cases, multimodal transducers. This
results in strong, complex acoustic interaction phenomena which can in-
volve both a large number of array elements and multiple transducer modes.
To predict the performance of such arrays, this paper presents a modeling
approach which is both accurate and computationally economical. First, the
generic equivalent circuit for an array of multimodal transducers is
described. The eld of application of such a model, the denition of the pa-
rameters, and the characteristics which can be calculated from it are
provided. Second, the computation of the equivalent circuit parameters is
performed using commercial nite element and boundary element codes.
Specically, a method is described to compute the mechanical, electrical,
self and mutual radiation parameters of the various transducer modes. Fi-
nally, the methodology is applied to a 12 element volumetric array of ex-
tensional transducers, with both 2 and 4 spacings.
2pEAg2. The design of a wideband and widebeam piston transducer in
a nite closed circular bafe. Zekeriyya Sahin Aselsan A.S., Mehmet
Akif Ersoy Mah. 16.Cad. no:16, Macunkoy, 06370 Ankara, Turkey,
zsahin@aselsan.com.tr, Hayrettin Koymen Bilkent Univ., Dept. of Elec-
trical and Electronics Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey, koymen@ee
.bilkent.edu.tr
The design of a high power piezoelectric underwater transducer operat-
ing at frequency range 45kHz-85kHz with acoustic power capability in ex-
cess of 150W is described. The transducer consists of two back-to-back
elements. Each element is formed by stacked PZT-4 ceramic rings, a match-
ing and a steel backing layer, and placed in a nite rigid circular bafe. We
investigate the dependence of bandwidth and beamwidth to the combination
of piston and bafe radii, a and b, respectively. With a ka of 2.45 k:wave
number and ba ratio of 2, the transducer resonates at 65kHz with 70%
bandwidth and has a beamwidth of 60 at each half space. We show that
when two transducers are placed at right angles spatially and driven in par-
allel, we can obtain an omnidirectional beam pattern horizontally in the
lower frequency band. The beam pattern exhibits two dips in each quadrant
at the higher end of the frequency band, which are within 7 dB. We also
investigated power handling capability of the transducer from thermal point
of view using nite element analysis. The input impedance measurements
agree well with the numerical results within the pass band.
2pEAg3. A lossy, one-dimensional, linear systems model for
piezoelectric transducers containing opposing zones of polarization.
Sivaram Nishal Ramadas Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Uni-
versity of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, S017 1BJ Southamp-
ton, UK, nishal@ieee.org
Inversion layer transducers ILT, consisting of two or more active, pi-
ezoelectrically opposed regions along their thickness direction, have at-
tracted considerable interest in the recent past, due to the potential for wide
bandwidth and even harmonic sensitivity. However, design and manufacture
of such ILT devices are not straightforward due to the large number of de-
gree of freedom involved. This paper presents the development of a lossy,
computationally efcient analytical model to design ILT conguration. The
mathematical formulation for a generalized linear systems model, applicable
to arbitrary ILT congurations is presented. The model describes multiple
active and passive layers, including zones of variable piezoelectric polariza-
tion, matching layers and bondlines. The model is extended further to in-
clude mechanical wave absorption in both the active transducer element and
the propagating channel, and the effect of such frequency dependant loss on
the operational characteristics of an ILT device is reported. Several simula-
tion results are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach together
with a comparisonal analysis to conventional nite modeling techniques and
experimental evaluations. The results indicate clearly that such approximate
analytical techniques can be used effectively to design optimal ILT
congurations.
2pEAg4. An analytical model for piezoelectricelastic axisymmetric
bender disks radiating in water. Raphal Lardat Thales Underwater
Systems, 525 Route des Dolines, BP 157, 06930 Sophia Antipolis cedex,
France, raphael.lardat@fr.thalesgroup.com
Flextensional transducers have been widely studied for low frequency
SONAR application due to the low celerity of the exion wave. In this
work, we will describe in detail a complete analytical model for an axisym-
metric disk made of one elastic plate on which two piezoelectric disks of
smaller radius have been reported on each side. The model, starting from
exural axisymmetric theory and from the piezoelectric equations, nally
comprises local radiation impedance and mutual coupling with neighboring
disks. In particular, we will explain the continuity conditions that are to be
imposed at the external radius of the piezoelectric disk. We also show how
to include a radiation force opposed and proportional to the normal velocity
3236 3236 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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inside the analytical solution given by a fourth order differential equation.
The described model is then able to compute a large number of parameters
such as Eigen modes, harmonic admittance, radiated pressure, coupling co-
efcient and static and dynamic stresses. The validity of the model is as-
sessed by comparison to solutions of the coupled problem in water using
classical FEMBEM. We will show an extremely good agreement enabling
us to use this simple model for geometry optimization and design
improvement.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-D, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pMUa
Musical Acoustics and Physical Acoustics: Brass Instrument Acoustics II (Poster Session)
Thomas Moore, Cochair
Rollins College
Jol Gilbert, Cochair
Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pMUa1. Pedal notes of brass instruments, a mysterious regime of
oscillation. Jol Gilbert Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du
Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
joel.gilbert@univ-lemans.fr, Pierre Aumond Lab. dAcoustique Univer-
sit du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France, pierre
.aumond.etu@univ-lemans.fr
In reed and brass instruments, sound is produced by self-sustained me-
chanical oscillations driven by an airow coming from a pressure supply
such as the players lungs. Most of the time, the fundamental frequency of a
periodic oscillation is close to, and mainly controlled by one given acoustic
mode. Even though, these oscillations are the result of a complex non-linear
coupling between all the acoustic modes and the mechanical valve. The
pedal note, which is the lowest note that can be sounded on a brass instru-
ment, is well-known as a counter-example. Eighty years ago, Bouasse did an
experiment by replacing the brass mouthpiece by a reed mouthpiece on a
brass instrument, and obtained a pedal note a fth below! An elementary
model dedicated to both cane-reed and lip-reed instruments can be used. In
order to investigate the sound production of pedal notes, a simulation
method based on modal decomposition of bore and reed dynamics has been
carried out. Then, the periodic solutions of this model are obtained, and the
mysterious oscillation regimes of Bouasse experiment are discussed.
2pMUa2. Nonlinear effects in the propagation of outgoing and reected
pulses inside a trombone. Pablo L Rendn CCADET, Universidad Na-
cional Autnoma de Mxico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico, Mexico,
pablo.rendon@ccadet.unam.mx, Felipe Ordua-Bustamante CCADET,
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510
Mexico, Mexico, felipe.orduna@ccadet.unam.mx, Jacques
Sorrentini Institut Fresnel, UMR 6133 CNRS, Campus de Saint Jrme,
Av. Escadrille Normandie 13397, Cedex 20 Marseille, France,
jacques.sorrentini@ec-marseille.fr, Antonio Prez-Lpez CCADET, Uni-
versidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510
Mexico, Mexico, antonio.perez@ccadet.unam.mx
While sound propagation in a trombone can be generally quite properly
described by linear models, it is commonly acknowledged that the brassi-
ness of sound produced at high amplitudes is associated to nonlinear
effects. Whether these effects are due principally to propagation inside a
long, narrow pipe, or to the production of sound at the mouthpiece is still
unclear. We present experimental measurements taken both from a long, nar-
row tube, and an actual slide trombone from which it is observed that the
scale of nonlinear effects seems to be greater for outgoing pulses than for
the reected pulses at the open end of the trombone or tube. A theoretical
model is also proposed, based on weakly nonlinear perturbations of linear
theory, and is validated both by experimental results and by numerical
simulations. The results indicate that both the amplitude and the shape of the
initial perturbation produced at the trombone mouthpiece have an effect on
the scale of propagation nonlinearity present inside the trombone resonator,
and thus also on the brassy quality of sound.
2pMUa3. External sound radiation of vibrating trombone bells.
Guillaume Nief Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Av-
enue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, guillaume
.nief.etu@univ-lemans.fr, Franois Gautier Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
francois.gautier@univ-lemans.fr, Jean-Pierre Dalmont Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen,
72085 Le Mans, France, Jean-Pierre.Dalmont@univ-lemans.fr, Jol
Gilbert Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, joel.gilbert@univ-lemans.fr
The issue of the inuence of bell vibrations on the sound of brass in-
struments is still debated. For such instruments, external sound eld is the
superposition of the sound eld resulting from acoustic oscillations of the air
column and the sound eld resulting from direct radiation of the bell and
walls. The aim of this paper is to quantify the bell contribution with respect
to the air column one, and to examinate the conditions for which the former
may become audible. For this purpose, the structural modes of a trombone
bell are identied using an experimental modal analysis. For each mode
shape, the radiation efciency is computed using a model of the radiated
sound based on a distribution of equivalent monopoles. A critical frequency
is dened for the bell and allows us to determine at which condition a given
structural mode is radiating. Measurements of the sound power radiated by
a trombone excited by an harmonic acoustic source are carried out when the
bell is free to vibrate and when bell vibrations are damped. Comparison be-
tween the two congurations is analyzed using the developed model and is
used to quantify the sound power due to bell vibrations.
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2pMUa4. Acoustic radiation of wind instruments resonators. Bastien
Mallaroni Laboratoire de Mcanique et dAcoustique - CNRS, 31 chemin
Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France, mallaroni@lma.cnrs-mrs
.fr, Pierre-Olivier Mattei Laboratoire de Mcanique et dAcoustique -
CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France,
mattei@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Philippe Herzog Laboratoire de Mcanique et
dAcoustique - CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France,
herzog@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr
Optimization of the acoustic radiation of wind instruments resonators
may be based on the study of nite length circular ducts radiating in un-
bounded medium, as this is a model realistic enough, but which allows ad-
vanced analytics developments. Our approach is based on the calculation of
resonance frequencies of such a simplied wind instrument. These are the
complex frequency singularities of the operator describing the global reso-
natorexternal uid system. A Newtons method is used to search for the
singularities of the multimodal Greens function of the duct. This is obtained
by the product of impedance matrices which relate pressure and velocity be-
tween two abscissae inside the duct. A variable coupling factor is introduced
with external acoustic radiation, described by a multimodal radiation imped-
ance based on the Zorumski formulation. Examples of variation of the reso-
nance frequencies with this coupling factor will be given. Surprisingly, regu-
lar variations of the coupling lead to non regular evolution of the
resonances. Physical interpretation of this behaviour will be discussed.
2pMUa5. Transient behaviour of human and articial brass players
lips. Samuel Stevenson Edinburgh University, 4201 JCMB, Kings Build-
ings, Mayeld Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK, samuel.stevenson
@ed.ac.uk, Donald M. Campbell Edinburgh University, 4201 JCMB,
Kings Buildings, Mayeld Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK,
d.m.campbell@ed.ac.uk, John Chick Edinburgh University, 4201 JCMB,
Kings Buildings, Mayeld Road, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, UK,
john.chick@ed.ac.uk, Jol Gilbert Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
joel.gilbert@univ-lemans.fr, Stefan Bilbao University of Edinburgh,
Room 7306B, JCMB, Kings Bldgs., Mayeld Rd., EH9 3JZ Edinburgh,
UK, sbilbao@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
It is widely accepted that the starting transient is an extremely signicant
perceptual feature of musical sound. For players, the ease with which a note
can be started on a particular instrument is also of great importance. How-
ever, until recently research has concentrated on the analysis of steady state
sounds rather than the study of the starting behaviour of the instrument. The
work reported here uses a high speed camera to capture the motion of lip
reeds during the starting transient. Simultaneous recordings are made of the
pressure signals generated in the mouthpiece of the instrument and radiated
from the bell. Preliminary results on human players, already presented, have
been extended and supplemented by measurements using an articial mouth
in order to separate effects due to the instrument from those dependent on
the expertise of a particular human player. Computational simulations have
been compared to these experimental ndings.
2pMUa6. Tristan trumpet or English horn? Robert W. Pyle S. E.
Shires Co., 11 Holworthy Place, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,
rpyle@post.harvard.edu, Sabine K. Klaus National Music Museum, The
University of South Dakota, PO Box 190, Landrum, SC 29356, USA,
sabineklaus@alltel.net
In Act III of his opera Tristan und Isolde, Richard Wagner wrote an
instrumental tune to be apparently played by a shepherd. This was origi-
nally scored for, and is customarily played by, an off-stage cor anglais. Wag-
ner indicated that he would have preferred some form of wooden trumpet,
similar to a small-scale alphorn. A few such instruments have been built.
These are pitched in 4-foot C, with a pear-shaped bell similar to that of the
cor anglais, and a single metal whole-tone valve. The Utley Collection at the
National Music Museum, The University of South Dakota, has two such
instruments: one made by Gebrder Alexander Mainz, formerly used in the
National Opera in Prague Volkstheater, the other a copy of a trumpet by
Martin Lehner, Munich, in the possession of the Staatsoper Dresden, made
by Andreas Schni and Rainer Egger Bern and Basel. We will compare
sound spectra of the Tristan trumpet with that of the cor anglais. We will
also compare the acoustic input impedance of the Tristan trumpet with that
of an ordinary trumpet of the same pitch.
2pMUa7. Harmonicity of trumpet modes. Peter L.
Hoekje Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH 44017,
USA, phoekje@bw.edu, Michael Attaway Richardson ISD, 400 S.
Greenville Ave., Richardson, TX 75081, USA, michael_attaway@hotmail
.com
The mouthpiece on a brass instrument is generally removable but con-
stitutes an important part of the whole instrument. In the frequency domain,
it can be considered to provide a frequency dependent equivalent length that
increases with frequency up to the Helmholtz resonance frequency f
pop
of
the mouthpiece itself. Geometrical changes that affect the total volume or
the f
pop
of the mouthpiece will affect the harmonicity of the nearly harmonic
normal modes of the instrument. Using heterodyne lter analysis, the devel-
opment of the frequency components and their amplitudes were measured
for low trumpet notes, both for repeated attacks of short notes and for sus-
tained note crescendos from pianissimo to fortissimo. The measurements
were repeated after the mouthpiece was modied to improve the harmonic-
ity of the normal modes. During both attack and crescendo tests, the modi-
ed mouthpiece was associated generally with more stable frequencies of
the partials and more even development of the amplitudes of the partials.
2pMUa8. The inuence of braces on the playability of trumpets.
Alexander Mayer Inst. f. Wiener Klangstil, Univ. f. Music, Anton von We-
bernplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria, mayer@mdw.ac.at, Rainer
Egger Blechblas-Instrumentenbau Egger, Turnerstrasse 32, 4058 Basel,
Switzerland, info@eggerinstruments.ch, Gregor Widholm Inst. f. Wiener
Klangstil, Univ. f. Music, Anton von Webernplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Aus-
tria, Widholm@mdw.ac.at
The inuence of braces on the playability, response and sound properties
of the trumpet is an intense discussed subject for players and instrument
makers. In addition to the problem of nding the proper position of the
braces, inserted braces can produce stress between the instruments tubes. In
this paper the inuence of the tube stress is investigated. To ensure an ad-
justable and reproducible stress between the trumpet tubes special adjustable
braces in conjunction with a force monitor are used. The results of blind
playing tests are compared with spectral analysis of the played sounds. In
addition, the acoustic input impedance, the wall vibrations and the transfer
function of the instrument are investigated.
3238 3238 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-D, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pMUb
Musical Acoustics: Edge Tone and Flue Pipes II (Poster Session)
Shigeru Yoshikawa, Cochair
Kyushu University
Judit Angster, Cochair
Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pMUb1. Vortex sound of the ute and its interpretation. Andreas
Bamberger Physics Institute University Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3,
79104 Freiburg, Germany, bamberger@physik.uni-freiburg.de
The ute as an example of ue instruments is investigated for its prop-
erties of the jet-labium interaction at 1kHz. The jet and the externally ex-
cited acoustic ow in the embouchure especially near the labium is recorded
with endoscopic Particle-Image-Velocimetry. Extracting the vorticity the
data allows us to calculate the vortex sound according to M. How 1975 .
The far eld acoustic power of the ute is measured as well and compared
with the vortex sound power, which matches in sign and magnitude up to a
factor 2 for different sound levels. The non-trivial interpretation of the sound
production is based on the near cancellation of the two vortex layers of the
jet along its path except near the labium. In order to gain insight of the in-
terplay of the different ingredients of the vortex sound power the coriolis
force, the acoustic eld and their phase relation are determined. Scaling of
laws for these quantities as a function of the jet velocitypressure of the
standing wave are deduced and compared with the acoustic power
dependence. A comparison with recently available numerical simulations
ISMA 2007 is discussed.
2pMUb2. Experimental investigation of the aeroacoustic coupling of
self-sustained tones to non-planar modes of a resonator. Martin
Glesser CNRS - LMA, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille,
France, glesser@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Vincent Valeau Laboratoire dEtudes
Arodynamiques LEA, Universit de Poitiers - ENSMA- CNRS, Btiment
K, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France,
vincent.valeau@lea.univ-poitiers.fr, Anas Sakout LEPTIAB Universit
de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crpeau, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01,
France, asakout@univ-lr.fr
Recent studies have shown that a jet-slot oscillator ie, an aeroacoustic
self-sustained source consisting of the impingement of the vortical structures
of a plane jet on a slotted plate can be coupled to non-planar modes of the
ow-supply duct. This phenomenon occurs in the particular case where the
jet-exit and the obstacle are misaligned in the spanwise direction. This paper
presents an experimental investigation of the excited modes as a function of
the plate inclination angle, and of the distance between the jet-exit and the
slot. It is shown that: i the vortex-tubes spanwise morphology is governed
by the nature of the transverse excited modes, and ii the vortices tend to
impinge on the inclined obstacle almost in phase in the spanwise direction,
in order to enhance the coherence of the interaction along the slot. More-
over, an elementary analytical model of the resonant acoustic eld shows
that the ratio between the transverse and planar modes amplitudes is tuned
by the system in order to keep this coherence maximum. The existence of a
so-called opposed transverse mode is also shown, generating vortices with
an inclination angle opposed to the plate inclination angle.
2pMUb3. Open and closed loop characterization of an air-jet reection
amplier. John C. Price University of Colorado, Department of Physics,
390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0390, USA, john.price@colorado.edu
Our laboratory has embarked on an effort to understand the steady-state
behavior of a Yamaha YRT-304B tenor recorder. The instrument is split at
the head-joint, and both sides are studied with a multi-microphone reecto-
meter using sinusoidal excitation. For the head joint, data is obtained versus
frequency, blowing pressure, and excitation amplitude. We have two goals:
First, to use our open-loop reectometry data to understand the internal
acoustic spectrum of the assembled instrument, as a function of blowing
pressure and ngering; and second, to provide a well-dened set of open-
loop observables for comparison with hydrodynamic calculations of the air-
jet dynamics. This particular instrument is attractive for several reasons: it
disassembles at a straight cylindrical section of the bore, and so is easily
coupled to straight waveguide; it is large enough for accurate reection co-
efcient and internal pressure measurements; it can be studied closed-loop
as a complete instrument; and it represents a ducial geometry that is readily
available to any laboratory.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-D, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pMUc
Musical Acoustics: Acoustic Measurements on Wind Instruments II (Poster Session)
Noam Amir, Cochair
Tel Aviv University
David B. Sharp, Cochair
Open Univeristy
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pMUc1. Sound power level measurement of Sheng, a Chinese wind
instrument. Yue Zhe Zhao State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building
Science, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Street, 510640
Guangzhou, China, arzhyzh@scut.edu.cn, Shuo Xian Wu State Key
Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of
Technology, 381 Wushan Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China, arshxwu@scut
.edu.cn, Jian Zhen Qiu State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Sci-
ence, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Street, 510640
Guangzhou, China, qjianzhen@gmail.com, Li Ling Wu Dept. of Musi-
cology, Xinghai Conservatoire of Music, 510500 Guangzhou, China,
wushijun@scut.edu.cn, Hong Huang Dept. of Musicology, Xinghai Con-
servatoire of Music, 510500 Guangzhou, China, yyxyhuanghong@163.com
Sheng is one of the Chinese traditional wind instruments. But its sound
power level has never been carefully measured. In this paper, the sound
power measurements of Sheng were performed for the rst time in a rever-
beration chamber according to ISO standard and Chinese national standard.
Two qualied musicians performed on their own instruments in the center of
the reverberation chamber. The radiated sound energy and the dynamic
ranges of the Sheng were investigated by four channel acoustic measuring
equipments. Typical sound power values were obtained through averaging
and the results were reported in this paper. It was showed that the mean forte
sound power level can reach up to 98dB with a dynamic range of 22.5dB
when music scale was performed. The method discussed here is valuable for
the sound power measurements of other musical instruments. The measure-
ment of the sound power radiated by national musical instruments lays foun-
dations for the investigation into the acoustics of national music halls.
2pMUc2. Measurements of woodwind tone-hole parameters using a
double impedance head method. Paul Dickens University of New South
Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia,
PDickens@resmed.com.au, Yakov Kulik University of New South Wales,
Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia,
ykulik@phys.unsw.edu.au, Joe Wolfe University of New South Wales,
Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe
@unsw.edu.au
A woodwind tone hole is often represented as a T-junction with a shunt
and series impedance. We measured the frequency dependence of the series
and shunt impedances of open and closed tone holes using a pair of imped-
ance heads, one on either side of a symmetric section of short bore pipe with
a nger hole, and each calibrated on resonance-free loads. The shunt imped-
ance is most accurately measured when the hole is located at a pressure anti-
node speakers in phase and the series impedance at a pressure node
speakers in anti-phase. We use both conditions, in this way, to measure
series and shunt impedances for all frequencies studied. Pipes with the same
length and diameter, but having wall thicknesses 1.5-5.0 mm and tone hole
diameters 1.5-15.0 mm were used. For open holes, results are compared
with calculations and results measured using other methods. The results for
holes closed with ngers are also used to calculate the effective length of
nger intrusion. Examples of the inclusion of the results into woodwind
models are given.
2pMUc3. Investigation of clarinet reed auto-oscillations with digital
Fresnel holography. Denis Mounier LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniver-
sit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France,
denis.mounier@univ-lemans.fr, Pascal Picart Laboratoire dAcoustique
de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France, pascal.picart@univ-lemans.fr, Julien Leval Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen,
72085 Le Mans, France, julien.leval.etu@univ-lemans.fr, Francis
Piquet Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier
Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, francis.piquet@univ-lemans
.fr, Jean-Pierre Boileau Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du
Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
jean-pierre.boileau@univ-lemans.fr, Thomas Guimezanes Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, thomas.guimezanes@univ-lemans.fr, Jean-Pierre
Dalmont Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, Jean-Pierre.Dalmont@univ-
lemans.fr
This paper describes a full eld digital holographic method for studying
the cinematic of the vibration of the clarinet reed in playing conditions in an
articial mouth. Since many years, LAUM is interested in studying musical
instruments and particularly the clarinet. The behaviour of such an instru-
ment is particularly complex because it depends on aerodynamics, contact
between reed and beak, and interaction with the lip of the musician. Thus,
visualisation of the full movement of the reed in playing conditions is nec-
essary to better understand physics of the clarinet. However, free oscillations
have high amplitude of several hundreds of micrometers, thus corresponding
to several thousand times the laser wavelength. The analysis of the move-
ment is performed by a laser tracking of the vibration. It is demonstrated
that it is possible to reconstruct a synthetic high amplitude deformation of
auto-oscillations encoded with digital Fresnel holograms. The setup is ap-
plied to the auto-oscillation of the clarinet reed in a synthetic mouth. Track-
ing of the vibration is performed by using the pressure signal delivered by
the mouth. Experimental results show the four steps of the reed movement
and especially emphasize the shocks of the reed on the mouthpiece.
3240 3240 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-D, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pMUd
Musical Acoustics: Interaction Between Instrument and Instrumentalist II (Poster Session)
Gary Scavone, Cochair
Schulich School of Music, McGill University
Xavier Boutillon, Cochair
Laboratoire de Mcanique des Solides
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pMUd1. Chest wall dynamics and respiratory muscle recruitment
during ute playing. Isabelle Cossette McGill University, 555, Sher-
brooke St, Montral, QC H3A 1E3, Canada,
isabelle.cossette1@mcgill.ca, Pierpaolo Monaco McGill University, 555,
Sherbrooke St, Montral, QC H3A1E3, Canada, pierpal@yahoo.it, Andrea
Aliverti Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, P.zza Le-
onardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, andrea.aliverti@polimi.it, Peter
Macklem PO Box 250, Lansdowne, ON K0E 1L0, Canada, peter.macklem
@gmail.com
Respiratory parameters and sound were recorded during professional
ute playing in order to assess what physiological processes were associated
with the control of sound production that results in breath support which in
turn is associated with high quality playing. Four standing young profes-
sional autists played ute excerpts with different technical requirements
with and without breath support. Recordings included optoelectronic pl-
ethysmographic measurements of chest wall volume Vcw and its compart-
ments, surface electromyography of the scalene, lateral abdominal, rectus
abdominus, parasternal and sternocleidomastoid muscles, mouth pressure,
and sound. Flow was estimated from differentiating Vcw during playing.
Comparison in between various types of playing were performed. Results
showed that ute support entails antagonistic contraction of non-
diaphragmatic inspiratory muscles that tends to hold the rib cage at higher
lung volume during long legato phrase playing. This relieves the expiratory
muscles from the task of producing the right mouth pressure, especially at
the end of the phrases, so they can contribute more to the ner control of
mouth pressure modulations required for high quality playing.
2pMUd2. A concise overview of present knowledge of bowed-string
gestures and their acoustical consequences. Knut Guettler Norwegian
Academy of Music, P.O.Box 5190 Majorstuen, 0302 Oslo, Norway, knut
.guettler@nmh.no
During the few years of our young millennium the picture of what hap-
pens acoustically when the bow is drawn across the string has become con-
siderably more complete. A few surprises emerged along the way: the bows
position on the string does not seem to inuence the spectral envelope-and
different from what Schelleng predicted-there seems to be no clear correla-
tion between minimum bow force and the bow speed. The intention of this
presentation is to give a brief survey of related studies and their results, as
well as pointing out some of the blank spots still remaining on the canvas.
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3241 3241 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI MAILLOT, 5:20 TO 7:40 P.M.
Session 2pMUe
Musical Acoustics and Speech Communication: Singing Voice and Source-Filter Interaction
Brad Story, Cochair
University of Arizona, Dept. of Speech and Hearing Sciences, 1131 E. 2nd Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071, USA
Nathalie Henrich, Cochair
Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix Viallet, Grenoble Cedex, 38031, France
Contributed Paper
5:20
2pMUe1. How whisper and croak phonation affect vocal tract
resonances. Yoni Swerdlin University of New South Wales, Music
Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia,
yoniswerdlin@hotmail.com, John Smith University of New South Wales,
Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia,
john.smith@unsw.edu.au, Joe Wolfe University of New South Wales,
Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe
@unsw.edu.au
The whisper and croak modes of phonation provide convenient broad
band excitation of the vocal tract and thus give relatively precise informa-
tion about tract resonances. How closely do the measured resonances for
these mechanisms approximate those of normal speech? We measured the
frequencies of the rst four resonances R1-R4 in normal, whisper and
croak phonation. Subjects produced pairs of these phonations in the same
vocal gesture. Formants were used to measure the frequencies R1-R4 for
the non-periodic phonations and broad band excitation at the mouth was
used to measure them with similar precision in normal speech. For R1 to R4
respectively, whispering raised the resonant frequencies by 25590 Hz
92*, 115105 Hz 119*, 125125 Hz 109* and 75120 Hz 118*,
mean standard deviation n, asterisks show signicance at the 5% level.
These values, and their decrease with increasing frequency, are consistent
with the effect of the increased glottal opening in whispering only if the in-
creased opening is large. A supra-glottal narrowing in the tract could also
help raise the frequencies of resonance. Croak phonation raises the resonant
frequencies respectively by 4550 Hz 121*, 1060 Hz 124, 65120
Hz 109* and 15110 Hz 108.
Invited Papers
5:40
2pMUe2. Vocal folds and ventricular bands in interaction: comparison between in vivo measurements and theoretical
predictions. Lucie Bailly Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France,
Lucie.Bailly@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Nathalie Henrich Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix Viallet, 38031
Grenoble Cedex, France, Nathalie.Henrich@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Xavier Pelorson Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46,
avenue Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France, pelorson@icp.inpg.fr, Jol Gilbert Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du
Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, joel.gilbert@univ-lemans.fr
Period-doubling occurrences have been found during singing phonations such as Mongolian Kargyraa throat singing or Sardinian A
Tenore Bassu singing. The combined vibrations of vocal folds and ventricular bands have been observed during the production of such
low-pitch bass-type sounds. The present study aims at better understanding the physical interaction between the ventricular-bands vi-
bration and the vocal-folds self-sustained oscillations. In this paper, the vibratory properties of both vocal folds and ventricular bands
in interaction are analysed on a professional singer by means of acoustical, electroglottographic signals and synchronized glottal images
obtained by high-speed cinematography. Using the detected glottal and ventricular areas, the aerodynamic behavior of the laryngeal
system is simulated using a simplied aerodynamic modelling previously validated in vitro on vocal-folds and ventricular-bands
replica. An estimate of the subglottal pressure along with the ventricular aperture extracted from the in vivo data allows a theoretical
prediction of the glottal aperture. The in vivo measurements of the glottal aperture are then compared to the simulated estimations. The
inuence of the subglottal pressure is also discussed.
6:00
2pMUe3. Longitudinal voice source and acoustic analysis of English girl cathedral choristers. David M. Howard University
of York, Department of Electronics, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, UK, dh@ohm.york.ac.uk
Since 1998, the authors have been recording girl choristers who sing at Wells Cathedral in England to enable a longitudinal quan-
titative exploration of voice development for girls aged between 8 and 16 who are involved in professional choral singing on a daily
basis. The recordings are made of their acoustic output and the output from an electrolaryngograph for a series of vocal tasks including
speaking and singing. Changes have been observed on a longitudinal basis for larynx closed quotient the percentage of each cycle for
which the vocal folds remain closed, long-term average spectra as well as in the overall spectral coverage in terms of frequency and
dynamic ranges. Evidence of observations will be presented and their implications will be discussed with reference to source-lter
interaction as appropriate.
3242 3242 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Contributed Papers
6:20
2pMUe4. Phonetograms of laryngeal source parameters for different
vowels and laryngeal mechanisms. Sylvain Lamesch IJLRA-LAM, 11,
rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, lamesch@lam.jussieu.fr, Boris
Doval LIMSI-CNRS, B.P. 133, 91403 Orsay Cedex, France,
boris.doval@limsi.fr, Michle Castellengo IJLRA-LAM, 11, rue de Lour-
mel, 75015 Paris, France, castel@ccr.jussieu.fr
This paper explores how the laryngeal source is adjusted by the singer
when the sung vowel changes. As the source parameter adjustments may de-
pend on intensity and pitch, comparisons are done through phonetograms
computed for each vowel. Distinction is made in the phonetograms between
the two main laryngeal mechanisms M1 and M2. Male and female subjects
were recorded producing crescendos and decrescendos from C3 to C5 on
a, i and o in order to obtain a reduced phonetogram for each vowel and
each laryngeal mechanism. Sound, electroglottographic signals and vertical
larynx position VLP were recorded. Investigations were done on the open
quotient and the VLP. The results show a smaller vocal dynamic on i and
in a smaller extent on o in each laryngeal mechanism, and differences on
the intensity low limit of the highest part of the M1-phonetogram. Clear ten-
dencies about the larynx position were measured. They are similar for both
laryngeal mechanisms, but differ among singers. The Oq seems to be lower
on i than on a and o for M1 productions.
6:40
2pMUe5. Resonance strategies and glottal behaviour in the two main
laryngeal mechanisms for professional operatic singers. Nathalie
HenrichDpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix
Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France, Nathalie.Henrich@gipsa-lab
.inpg.fr, John Smith University of New South Wales, Music Acoustics,
School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, john.smith@unsw
.edu.au, Joe Wolfe University of New South Wales, Music Acoustics,
School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe@unsw.edu.au
In lyrical singing, two principal laryngeal mechanisms are used to pro-
duce all the notes across the singers tessitura. Laryngeal mechanisms M1
and M2 are characterised by a greater and lesser vibrating mass respectively.
Different timbres between the two are at least partly explained by their dif-
ferent glottal behaviours. However, different adjustments of the vocal-tract
resonances, which can also contribute to different timbres, may also be in-
volved, but have been neglected. We studied seven professional operatic
singers, who produced sustained vowels at the same pitch using both laryn-
geal mechanisms. Vocal-tract resonances were directly measured during
phonation, by broadband acoustic excitation at the mouth. Glottal behaviour
and laryngeal movement were measured indirectly with an
electroglottograph. As expected, we measured lower values of open quotient
and higher sound pressure levels in M1 than in M2. In most cases, the rst
two vocal-tract resonances were characterised by lower frequencies in M2
than in M1. In the singers formant region, similar resonance-frequency val-
ues were found for both laryngeal mechanisms. The effect on the sound
spectrum of an open-quotient increase together with a rst-formant decrease
may be modelled by source-lter theory. The theoretical and measured am-
plitudes of the rst two harmonics will be compared.
Invited Paper
7:00
2pMUe6. Chest, head and whistle registers in an untrained female singer analyzed by videokymography, strobolaryngoscopy
and sound spectrography. Jan G. Svec Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Dept. Experimental Physics, Laboratory
of Biophysics, Tr. Svobody 26, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic, svecjan@vol.cz, Johan Sundberg KTH, Department of
Speech, Music and Hearing, Lindstedtsvgen 24, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, jsu@csc.kth.se, Stellan Hertegard Karolinska Uni-
versity Hospital Huddinge, Dept. Logopedics and Phoniatrics, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden, Stellan.Hertegard@ki.se
There has been a lack of objective data on the singing voice registers, particularly on the so called whistle register, occurring in
the top part of the female pitch range, which is accessible only to some singers. This study offers unique strobolaryngoscopic and
high-speed 7812.5 imagess videokymographic data on the vocal fold behavior of an untrained female singer capable of producing
three distinct voice qualities, i.e., the chest, head and whistle registers. The sound was documented spectrographically. The transition
from chest to head register, accompanied by pitch jumps, occurred around tones B4-C#5 500-550 Hz and was found to be associated
with a slight decrease in arytenoids adduction, resulting in decrease of the closed quotient. The register shifts from head to whistle, also
accompanied by pitch jumps, occurred around tones E5-B5 670-1000 Hz without any noticeable changes in arytenoids adduction.
Some evidence was found for the vocal tract inuence on this transition. The mechanism of the vocal fold vibration in whistle register
was found principally similar to that at lower registers: vibrations along the whole glottal length and vertical phase differences
indicated by sharp lateral peaks in videokymography were seen on the vocal folds up to the highest tone G6 1590 Hz.
Contributed Paper
7:20
2pMUe7. Sopranos secondo passagio: a resonance adjustment andor
a laryngeal transition to the whistle voice? Maeva Garnier University
of New South Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW
2052 Sydney, Australia, maeva.garnier@gmail.com, Nathalie
Henrich Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix
Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France, Nathalie.Henrich
@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, John Smith University of New South Wales, Music
Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia,
john.smith@unsw.edu.au, Joe Wolfe University of New South Wales,
Music Acoustics, School of Physics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, J.Wolfe
@unsw.edu.au
How are glottal source and vocal tract involved in the sopranos passa-
gio around E5? This pilot study investigates a legit soprano singing C5 to
C6 with a lyrical technique and C5 to D7 in a light voice. On decrescendi
and glissandi over the passagio, we observed clear bifurcations from light
to lyrical mode, with discontinuous changes in f0, larynx vertical position,
amplitude and shape of the electroglottographic signal. No such discontinui-
ties occurred from C5 to D7 within the light mode. We established pho-
netograms of both modes and characterised differences in voice quality
Spectrum, Harmonicity, Open quotient. For oe in both modes, this singer
tunes the rst vocal tract resonance R1 to f0 over the passagio. For a free
vowel, a single and strong resonance is observed in the light mode, which
may correspond to the merging of R1 and R2 and which is tuned to 2 f0
below C6, then to f0 until F6. Above F#6, two resonances are observed
again and R2 is tuned to f0. All these observations suggest that, for this
singer, the secondo passagio may correspond to both a resonance adjustment
and a transition from the second laryngeal mechanism to the third, also
called whistle voice.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 253, 2:00 TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2pNSa
Noise, ASA Committee on Standards and EURONOISE: Sound Quality Tools and Applications I
Wade R. Bray, Cochair
HEAD acoustics, Inc., 6964 Kensington Road, Brighton, MI 48116, USA
Klaus Genuit, Cochair
HEAD acoustics GmbH, Ebertstrasse 30a, Herzogenrath, 52134, Germany
Etienne Parizet, Cochair
Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, Insa Lyon, 25 bis, av. J. Capelle, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69621, France
Invited Papers
2:00
2pNSa1. How loud is low frequency noise? Norm Broner Sincliar Knight Merz, 590 Orrong Road, Armadale, 3143 Melbourne,
Australia, nbroner@skm.com.au
When it comes to assessing noise, the conventional wisdom is that the loudness of a sound will correlate well with its perceived
annoyance. On this basis, the A-weighted sound pressure level is also assumed to correlate with the potential percieved annoyance of
a sound. This might well be a reasonable assumption for mid range frequency sounds. But for low frequency sounds, particularly below
63 Hz, the assumption that loudness is correlated highly with perceived annoyance breaks down. Indeed, while loudness adaptation may
occur for low frequency sound, the annoyance can increase with time. Thus, with time, the annoyance may keep increasing while the
apparent loudness decreases!
2:20
2pNSa2. Metric assessment of subjective annoyance due to low frequency aircraft noise. Kathleen Hodgdon Applied Research
Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, kkh2@psu.edu, Matthew L. Nickerson
IBM, 3039 Corwallis Road, Durham, NC 27709, USA, mlnicker@us.ibm.com, Anthony A. Atchley The Graduate Program in
Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, PO Box 30, State College, PA16804, USA, atchley@engr.psu.edu, Thomas Gabrielson
The Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, PO Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, tbg3@psu.edu
Alow frequency noise study was conducted at the Pennsylvania State University to investigate human response to the low frequency
content of aviation noise. Metric assessment included level based and loudness metrics, including time-varying loudness. Current pre-
dictive noise models and metrics may underestimate the impact of low-frequency noise produced by aviation noise. Assessing the role
of low frequency noise on human response will facilitate understanding how this type of noise can impact communities. Indoor record-
ings of aircraft arrivals and departures at Washington Dulles International Airport made in 2004 were used to assess subjective noise
annoyance. These recordings and low-frequency variants of these recordings were reproduced for subjects through the Gulfstream Su-
personic Acoustic Signature Simulator II SASS II; the signatures were then rated for annoyance. Subjective judgments were statisti-
cally analyzed and compared against objective metrics that were calculated for each signature. Results are shown that all things being
equal higher levels of low-frequency content in aircraft noise can result in increased annoyance in subjects. The C-weighted sound
exposure level was found to correlate well with the subjective annoyance response.
2:40
2pNSa3. Sound character ratings by experienced and naive listeners. Reinhard Weber Oldenburg University, Institute of Phys-
ics - Acoustics, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, Reinhard.Weber@uni-oldenburg.de, Hans Hansen
IRCAM - Sound Perception & Design, 1 place Igor Strawinsky, 75004 Paris, France, Hans_Hansen@gmx.de
In the frame of a cross-cultural study on pitch perception of tones in noise, two different groups of participants took part in the
listening tests in France. Trained in psycho-acoustic evaluation tasks, members of the laboratory belonged to the rst group, whereas the
second one consisted of nave students. 25 stimuli with different tone-to-noise ratios were presented via headphones and, using a se-
mantic differential of 14 adjective pairs, the participants made their judgements on common seven step scales. For both listening groups
a PCA of the results led to the same three orthogonal dimensions of the perceptual spaces. They were identied in accordance to
Nambas ndings as pleasant, metallic and powerful factors with an interesting difference: For the trained, the metallic factor,
preferably describing the sound character, explained the largest amount of total variance as rst factor. The pleasant factor as evalu-
ation dimension took the second place and the powerful factor ranked behind. However, the order of the rst two factors was reversed
for the untrained listeners. For them the variance of pleasant factor was a bit higher compared to the metallic factor. So the variance
in sound character judgements was higher for the trained compared to the untrained listeners.
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Contributed Papers
3:00
2pNSa4. Optimising the value of sound quality evaluations by
observing assessors driving strategies. Sebastiano S. Giudice WMG,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV47AL Coventry, UK,
S.D.Giudice@warwick.ac.uk, Paul Jennings WMG, The University of
Warwick, International Manufacturing Centre, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK,
paul.jennings@warwick.ac.uk, Rebecca Cain WMG, The University of
Warwick, International Manufacturing Centre, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK,
R.Cain.1@warwick.ac.uk, Garry Dunne Jaguar & LandRover, Jaguar En-
gineering Center Abbey Road, Whitley, CV3 4LF Coventry, UK,
gdunne@jaguar.com, Mark Allman-Ward Sound Evaluations Ltd, 18
Walsworth Road, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, SG49SP Hitchin, UK,
mallman@soundevaluations.com, Roger Williams Sound Evaluations
Ltd, 18 Walsworth Road, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, SG49SP Hitchin, UK,
rwilliams@soundevaluations.com
Traditionally vehicle sound evaluations have been conducted either
whilst driving a car or by auditioning xed test conditions in a listening
room. On-road testing provides the right context but the results are often
inconsistent and unrepeatable. Furthermore it is not possible to evaluate pro-
totype sounds or carry out back-to-back comparisons. In-room evaluations
improve the statistical condence, but the context of the assessments is
unrepresentative. Interactive NVH vehicle simulators enable assessments to
be performed in a setting representative of real appraisals. Accurate sounds
can now be generated in real-time, and assessors can adopt a driving strat-
egy that allows their own interpretation of the attributes. The benets in-
clude the opportunity to understand how preferences are formed by asses-
sors, albeit with added complexities. Different assessors may be associating
their preferences on different operating conditions which have different
acoustical properties. Therefore for engineers to identify the key features
that inuence perception they need to be able to relate the driving strategies
with the subjective preferences. This paper reports on new observational
methods which capture assessors decision making strategies. It demon-
strates how these help in relating subjective preferences to vehicle operating
conditions and how to design a structured evaluation to reduce sources of
experimental error.
3:20
2pNSa5. Perception of simple sounds from an emotional point of view.
Anders Skld Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Applied
Acoustics, Sven Hultinsgata 8a, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden,
anders.skold@chalmers.se, Penny Bergman Chalmers University of
Technology, Division of Applied Acoustics - Chalmers Room Acoustics
Group, Sven Hultins gata 8a, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden,
penny@chalmers.se, Daniel Vastfjall Chalmers University of Technology,
Division of Applied Acoustics - Chalmers Room Acoustics Group, Sven
Hultins gata 8a, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden,
daniel.vastfjall@psy.gu.se, Andreas Colebring Chalmers University of
Technology, Division of Applied Acoustics, Sven Hultinsgata 8a, 41296
Gothenburg, Sweden, andreas.colebring@gmail.com
In sound perception the focus often lies in the cognitive aspect of the
sound. We argue that the emotional aspect has to be added to get a fuller
picture of sound perception. By using emotions as parameter in design of
auditory alerts, one can reach a more accurate reaction to the alert. In this
paper we studied the emotional connection to some attributes, common in
music psychology, that are possible to describe by simple parameters. Short
stimuli were created from these parameters in a factorial test design. The
sounds were presented over headphones, with same signal fed to both ears,
to 30 participants. The participants were asked to rate level of valence and
activation, using a pictorial scale SAM. Statistical differences was mostly
found in ratings of activation, but differences were also shown in valence
ratings. Results will be discussed in relation to theories of sound perception
as well as music psychology.
3:40-5:00 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Paper
5:00
2pNSa6. Emotional bias for the perception of rising tones. Ana
Tajadura-Jimnez Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Applied
Acoustics, Sven Hultinsgata 8a, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden,
ana.tajadura@chalmers.se, Aleksander Vljame Laboratory for Syn-
thetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems SPECS - Universitat
Pompeu Fabra, Ocata 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain,
aleksander.valjamae@iua.upf.edu, Daniel Vastfjall Chalmers University
of Technology, Division of Applied Acoustics - Chalmers Room Acoustics
Group, Sven Hultins gata 8a, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden, daniel.vastfjall
@psy.gu.se
Sounds with rising and falling intensity are often perceived, respectively,
as approaching or receding sound sources. Research has shown the existence
of biases both at perceptual and neural levels towards approaching versus
receding sounds. It has been suggested that these effects might be accounted
to a greater biological salience of approaching sounds. In the present study
we investigated whether this asymmetry could be also explained by emo-
tional theories. Approaching and receding tones, followed by neutral, nega-
tive or positive photographs, were presented. Participants were required to
make a speeded three-alternative forced choice 3AFC task regarding their
feelings towards the photographs. Reaction times RTs to this task, together
with self-reported valence pleasantness and arousal activation ratings for
the photographs were collected. In addition, participants electrodermal ac-
tivity EDA and facial electromyography EMG when listening to the
sounds were measured. Participants responded faster to photographs pre-
ceded by approaching tones, especially for photographs with a negative
emotional content. Both the intensity range and the period of intensity
change of the sounds had a signicant effect in RTs. Taken together, these
results suggest that approaching sounds induce a greater emotional response
on listeners, which might modulate subsequent attentional and perceptual
processes.
Invited Papers
5:20
2pNSa7. Survey of sound quality research and applications in the information technology industry. Terry Baird Hewlett-
Packard Co., 11311 Chinden Blvd, Boise, ID 83714, USA, terry.baird@hp.com
Traditionally, emission sound power level has been the key attribute measured and reported for describing IT equipment acoustic
performance. More recently, designers and manufacturers of IT equipment have come to realize that customer satisfaction or annoyance
is not dictated by sound power alone, but is dependent on many sound quality attributes as well. Additionally, sound power level tends
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to be a poor indicator of equipment condition or component degradation where other tools are required for diagnosis and
characterization. This paper reviews key research and trends over the last several years using psychoacoustic principles and analyses, as
well as case studies of specic applications in the IT sector.
5:40
2pNSa8. Identication and Classication of Noise Patterns. Roland Sottek HEAD acoustics GmbH, Ebertstrasse 30a, 52134
Herzogenrath, Germany, claudia.erens@head-acoustics.de
Sound quality evaluation is a challenge due to spectral and temporal structures of noise. Tonal components, howling sounds and
modulated signals are often the cause of customer complaints. Thus, besides frequency-weighted level like dBA or loudness, addi-
tional parameters are required. Besides time-varying loudness, other psychoacoustic parameters like sharpness and roughness can be
used for sound quality evaluation. Sharpness considers the amount of high frequency components of a noise, and roughness evaluates
modulation characteristics. In addition, a metric combining modulation spectral analysis with loudness calculation has been introduced.
Some years ago, a Hearing Model was developed with the intention of explaining and describing psychoacoustic effects. Applying the
Hearing Model to sound quality tasks allows evaluating the spectral and temporal patterns of a sound Relative Approach analysis
where absolute level or loudness is often without signicance. The Relative Approach analysis emphasizes all relevant signal compo-
nents concerning human auditory perception: tonal and transient signals. For extracting and evaluating individual patterns further signal-
processing steps are necessary. The paper presents different methods for effective sound quality evaluation of noise and their application
to several examples.
6:00
2pNSa9. The Calibration and Validation of a Binaural Room Scanning System Used for Subjective Evaluation of Automotive
Audio Systems. Sean E. Olive Harman International Industries, Inc., R&D Group, 8500 Balboa Blvd, Northridge, CA 91329, USA,
solive@harman.com, Todd Welti Harman International Industries, Inc., R&D Group, 8500 Balboa Blvd, Northridge, CA 91329,
USA, twelti@harman.com
Binaural room scanning BRS is a method of capturing the acoustical response of audio systems in rooms and automotive cabins
as a set of binaural impulse responses that are stored and later reproduced through head-tracking headphones. All BRS systems have
errors that without careful calibration limit their usefulness for subjective measurements of sound quality. This paper discusses a method
for calibrating and testing a proprietary BRS system based on how well it reproduces listeners preference ratings of different automo-
tive audio systems made in situ. A group of trained listeners gave preference ratings for 5 different equalizations of a high quality
automotive audio system made both in situ and through the BRS captureplayback system. The tests were repeated in mono and stereo
using 6 individualized listener calibrations. The results can be summarized as follows: there were no signicant differences in prefer-
ences between the in situ and BRS-based evaluations for either the mono or stereo tests. A signicant interaction was found between the
different equalizations and individualized calibrations that were largely conned to 1 particular listener calibration. The results suggest
that a generalized BRS calibration may provide sufciently accurate preference measurements of audio system sound quality.
Contributed Papers
6:20
2pNSa10. Head and torso simulators for acoustic measurements.
Gunnar Rasmussen G.R.A.S. Sound & Vibration AS, Skovlytoften 33,
2840 Holte, Denmark, gr@gras.dk
Head and torso simulators which reproduce the acoustical effect of a me-
dian human adult, including diffraction and direction-dependent transforma-
tion from free eld to the ear drum as well as allow for objective testing of
sound systems involving hearing aids, headphones, earphones, telephones,
mobile phones, headsets and sound quality type of measurements may be
realized based on different philosophies. It may be based on geometrically
simplied shape or mean values of individuals. The geometrically simplied
shape will appear like no human being. The mean values may result in non
human like features, while average anthropometric dimensions of an adult
human may offer data closer to a subjective test. Especially the shape of the
pinna may often be critical to test of earphones and headphones as well as
mobile phones. Subjective tests on groups of people may be supplemented
with objective tests on a manikin for reference and quality control purposes.
Variations in pinna size may have signicant inuence on the measurement
of earphones as well as leakage in telephone testing. The inuence of the
dress worn may also be of signicance especially for the head related trans-
fer function and on the directional response in the middle frequency range.
6:40
2pNSa11. Capturing blocked-entrance binaural signals from
open-entrance recordings. Dorte Hammershi Acoustics, Aalborg Uni-
versity, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark,
dh@es.aau.dk, Pablo F. Hoffmann Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik
Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, pfh@es.aau.dk, Sren K.
Olesen Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aal-
borg , Denmark, sko@es.aau.dk, Per Rubak Acoustics, Aalborg Univer-
sity, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, pr@es.aau.dk
Binaural recordings enable us to capture all sound attributes including
spatial information, room effect, and source characteristics in a given
environment. It has been shown that blocked-entrance binaural recordings
provide advantages over open-entrance recordings, primarily because the
blocked-entrance recordings is not inuenced by the ear canal acoustics of
the individual for which it is recorded. However, blocking the ear canal for
recoding imposes an obvious disruption to normal hearing conditions, which
may be unacceptable for applications in which binaural audio capturing is
desired but without interfering the individuals hearing and doing. In this
work we propose a strategy for the recording of binaural audio with minimal
hearing interference, and for transforming these recordings to blocked-
entrance versions that are more suitable for analysis and reproduction of bin-
aural audio in a more general context. To this purpose, equalization lters
are derived from the ratio between blocked and open ear canal transfer
functions. Different transfer-function measuring techniques and inverse l-
tering methods are evaluated.
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Invited Paper
7:00
2pNSa12. PsySound3: a program for the analysis of sound recordings. Densil Cabrera University of Sydney, Faculty of Ar-
chitecture, Design and Planning, NSW 2006 Sydney, Australia, densil@usyd.edu.au, Sam Ferguson University of Sydney, Faculty of
Architecture, Design and Planning, NSW 2006 Sydney, Australia, samferguson@ihug.com.au, Farhan Rizwi Empirical Musicology
Group, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, farhan.rizwi@unswalumni.com, Emery Schubert Empirical
Musicology Group, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, E.Schubert@unsw.edu.au
This paper demonstrates the sound analysis software PsySound3, which was written by the authors. The software currently includes
a range of DSP-based analysis techniques e.g., spectrum, cepstrum, autocorrelation, Hilbert transform, sound level meter emulator, as
well as implementations of psychoacoustical algorithms often associated with sound quality e.g., loudness, sharpness, loudness uc-
tuation, roughness, pitch, binaural attributes. In some cases, PsySound3 makes available multiple models of the one auditory attribute
- for example it implements dynamic and static loudness models using Erb- and Bark-based auditory lters. The program is extensible,
and so has the potential to allow researchers to share their analysis models using a common interface. PsySound3 is written in Matlab,
and is also available as a stand-alone program. The software is freely available from www.psysound.org.
Contributed Papers
7:20
2pNSa13. Hartis, a re-synthesis tool for vehicles sound design. Gaylord
Desoeuvre GIST, 62 bis avenue Andr Morizet, 92100 Boulogne Billan-
court, France, gaylord.desoeuvre@ext.mpsa.com, Florent Richard PSA
Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-
Villacoublay, France, orent.richard@mpsa.com, Vincent Roussarie PSA
Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-
Villacoublay, France, vincent.roussarie@mpsa.com, Marie Cline
Bezat PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy,
78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France, marieceline.bezat@mpsa.com
For more than thirty years, the main goal for the automotive acoustic
engineer was the cars noise level reduction. Within new customers behav-
iours, the car manufacturers have now to put products sound quality at the
same level as its aesthetic qualities or ergonomics. To improve customers
satisfaction, one solution is to increase sensory coherence and perceived
quality by controlling the sound identity and character of a vehicle. To reach
this new objective, the Research Department of PSA Peugeot Citron is de-
veloping his own sound design software HARTIS 1 HArmonics Real
TIme Synthesis. HARTIS is a complete re-synthesis tool useful in many
stages of vehicle sound design process. In this paper we rst present the last
version of HARTIS fully interfaced for an easy use in project teams. The
second part of the paper presents new integrated module that deals with im-
pulsional noise for diesel application and other sources models. Each type of
source can be controlled and ltered to recreate different driving situation.
References 1 Sound design in car passenger compartment Process and tool
for the control of engine sound character. V. Roussarie, F. Richard, Journes
du Design Sonore 2004.
7:40
2pNSa14. Ride quality and noise in high speed elevators. Mauro
Pierucci San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile drive, San Diego,
CA 92182-3020, USA, mpierucci@mail.sdsu.edu, Michael Frederick San
Diego State University, 5500 Campanile drive, San Diego, CA 92182-3020,
USA, mike.frederick-1@nasa.gov
Ride quality in an elevator is the latest hot topic in elevator design and
construction. In skyscrapers being built in Asia, Dubai and the US, the new
elevators travel close to and beyond 10ms. The rides to the highest oors
will last well over one minute. From a comfort point of view, it is important
that the ride be as smooth and quiet as possible. There are many factors that
inuence the vibration of the elevator and the concomitant noise. In this pa-
per we will examine the sudden forces that the elevator experiences as it
passes each oor. The side forces on the elevator are caused by the asym-
metric ow eld about the elevator cab. The pressure and streamline ow
eld was evaluated by using the CFD code FLUENT. Comparison between
the numerical and the measured results are given and the pressure distur-
bances caused by the passage of the elevator and its appendages are dis-
cussed together with some solutions to alleviate the pressure disturbances.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSb
Noise, Physical Acoustics, and EURONOISE: Aeroacoustics III (Poster Session)
Philip Morris, Cochair
Penn State University
Christophe Bailly, Cochair
Ecole Centrale de Lyon
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSb1. Nonlinear propagation of spark-generated N-waves in
atmosphere: theoretical and experimental assessment of the shock front
structure. Petr V. Yuldashev Center for Industrial and Medical Ultra-
sound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St.,
Seattle, WA 98105, USA, petr@acs366.phys.msu.ru, Mikhail V.
Averiyanov Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics
Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA98105, USA,
misha@acs366.phys.msu.ru, Vera A. Khokhlova Center for Industrial and
Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University of Washington, 1013
NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, vera@acs366.phys.msu.ru, Oleg A.
Sapozhnikov Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Phys-
ics Lab., University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105,
USA, oleg@acs366.phys.msu.ru, Ollivier Sebastien Ecole Centrale de
Lyon, LMFA, UMR CNRS 5509, Ecully, 69134 Lyon, France,
Sebastien.Ollivier@ec-lyon.fr, Philippe Blanc-Benon Ecole Centrale de
Lyon, LMFA, UMR CNRS 5509, Ecully, 69134 Lyon, France, Philippe
.Blanc-Benon@ec-lyon.fr
Extensive outdoor and laboratory-scale experiments on sonic boom
propagation in turbulent atmosphere have shown that shock wave amplitude
and rise time are important parameters responsible for sonic boom
annoyance. However, accurate measurement of the shock front structure
with standard microphone remains a challenge due to the broadband spec-
trum of the N-wave shock front. In this work the experimental setup utiliz-
ing a spark source has been designed and built to investigate nonlinear
N-wave propagation in homogeneous medium. Short duration 30s and
high amplitude 1 kPa spherically divergent N-waves were generated. In
addition to acoustic measurements with 18 B&K microphones, the shad-
owgraphy method using short duration ash lamp 20 ns and CCD camera
was employed to assess the shock front structure at different distances from
the spark. It is shown that the shock rise time measured by the shadowgra-
phy method was in a good agreement with the theoretical predictions and it
was 10 times shorter than in microphone measurements. The widening of
the shock in acoustic measurements was therefore due to the limited band-
width of the microphone. The combination of modeling, acoustic and optical
measurements provided an accurate calibration of the shock wave measuring
system. Work supported by RFBR and INTAS.
2pNSb2. Doppler effect in aeroacoustics. Jean Varnier ONERA, 29
avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92320 Chtillon, France, jean.varnier@onera
.fr
Doppler effect in aeroacoustics The prediction of acoustic fallout caused
at the ground level by aircraft in ight or by launchers at take-off sets the
problem of the distortion of the emitted sound spectrum by the Doppler
effect. Former studies applied to this problem use a geometrical formalism
based on simplifying hypotheses such as homogeneous atmosphere, rectilin-
ear trajectory and constant velocity of the sound source. Other studies con-
sider the supersonic case using a model of spherical waves inside the Mach
cone. These approaches are in fact not well adapted to the real cases, and the
literature does not give many practical examples concerning this topic. In
this study, we propose a new time approach of the Doppler effect that allows
to avoid the complexity of the geometrical models and to take into account
real atmosphere, curvilinear trajectories or accelerations of moving sound
sources. This model allows to easily calculate the frequency shift and the
change of acoustic level of the signal recorded at a given hearing point, in
both cases of subsonic and supersonic sound sources. We present a rst vali-
dation of this method applied to signals recorded in Kourou during the at-
mospheric phase of Flight 521 of Ariane 5.
2pNSb3. Noise computation of an axisymmetric free jet using general
purpose CFD code. Pter Tth Dep. of Fluid Mechanics, Budapest Univ.
of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos street 4-6, 1111 Budapest,
Hungary, toth@ara.bme.hu, Mt Mrton Lohsz Dep. of Fluid Mechan-
ics, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos street
4-6, 1111 Budapest, Hungary, lohasz@ara.bme.hu
The increasing interest in the noise prediction of the turbulent ows is
leading the general purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD software
developers to integrate noise predicting methods into their code. However
the aeroacoustic simulation of free shear ows, where the mean source of
noise is the turbulent uctuations in the free space is challenging with a gen-
eral purpose CFD application. The aim of this work is to investigate the ca-
pabilities of commercial CFD software in the eld of noise prediction of
free shear ows. The important acoustical properties of a low Reynolds
number, low Mach number axisymmetric 2D jet is computed by means of
hybrid Computational Aeroacoustic method using Fluent. The noise source
is computed without modeling instantaneously using the compressible
solver of the code, and the far eld acoustical data is evaluated by the
Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings acoustical analogy. The results is compared to
the Direct Numerical Simulation of Jiang2004 J. Sound Vib. in terms of
frequency spectra in the far eld and directivity pattern of the jet.
2pNSb4. Application of RANS modelling and LES to the prediction of
noise from a simple cold propane jet. Tanya Stanko The University of
Leeds, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, LS2
9JT Leeds, UK, pmtss@leeds.ac.uk, Michael Fairweather The University
of Leeds, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering,
LS2 9JT Leeds, UK, M.Fairweather@leeds.ac.uk, Mohamed
Pourkashanian The University of Leeds, School of Process, Environmental
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and Materials Engineering, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK, m.pourkashanian
@leeds.ac.uk, Derek Ingham The University of Leeds, School of Process,
Environmental and Materials Engineering, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK, D.B.Ingham
@leeds.ac.uk
Numerical simulation, combining computational uid dynamic and
acoustic models, is useful as an aeroacoustic tool that is effective in identi-
fying components or surfaces that generate signicant amounts of noise, and
can thereby provide opportunities for early design changes. In this work, nu-
merical solutions of a cold turbulent jet of propane issuing from a circular
nozzle are used to provide velocity information at a Reynolds number of
68,000. Predictions provided by large eddy simulation are compared with
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solutions derived using a second-moment
turbulence closure, as well as with experimental data available in the
literature. Reasonable agreement with data is found, and these solutions are
used subsequently as the basis for noise predictions. The rst acoustic model
employed is based on Lighthills theory using the Goldstein broadband
noise source formalisation that postulates axisymmetric turbulence super-
posed on the mean ow. The second approach is based on Ffowcs-Williams
and Hawkings theory which implies that the far eld sound is computed
from an integral formulation with all quantities evaluated on a control sur-
face, with the control surface itself assumed to enclose all nonlinear ow
effects and noise sources. The simulation results reported in this paper con-
rm previous experimental works presented in the literature demonstrating
that jet noise is modied by inlet conditions.
2pNSb5. Uncertainties of Measured and Calculated Aircraft Noise and
Consequences in Relation to Noise Limits. Georg Thomann Empa, Ue-
berlandstrasse 128, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland, georg.thomann@empa
.ch
The uncertainties of measuring and calculating aircraft noise have been
analysed in a thesis at the ETH Zurich. The thesis provides information and
methods for estimating uncertainties. It shows possibilities for handling
these uncertainties and provides guidance to legal and administrative bodies
on how to deal with such uncertainties when applying the legal noise limits.
To estimate the uncertainties of calculations and measurements the Swiss
aircraft noise calculation program FLULA2 and a great deal of measured
data have been analysed. Using radar data it is possible to achieve a standard
uncertainty of the calculated Leq between 0.5 dB for day-time and 1.0 dB
for night-time. The analyses also show that the uncertainty of measurements
at automated stations is in the same order of magnitude as the calculations.
Therefore the annual calculations and measurements of aircraft noise show
no signicant deviations. Furthermore with FLULA2 it is possible to present
the uncertainty at a condence level of 90%. It is now up to administrative
and legal bodies to set up rules on how to account for uncertainties of cal-
culations in evaluating noise situations close to the legal noise limits.
2pNSb6. Acoustic test facility for aero engine fans. Yuri
Khaletskiy Central Institute of Aviation Motors, 2, Aviamotornaya Str.,
111116 Moscow, Russian Federation, noise@ciam.ru, Victor
Mileshin Central Institute of Aviation Motors, 2, Aviamotornaya Str.,
111116 Moscow, Russian Federation, mileshin@ciam.ru, Rollan
Shipov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, 2, Aviamotornaya Str., 111116
Moscow, Russian Federation, noise@ciam.ru
The facility for acoustic tests of aero engine fans in conditions of
anechoic chamber is created in Central Institute of Aviation Motors
Moscow. The facility is designed for testing models of single rotating fans
and counter rotating fans. The measurements of the sound are carried out in
forward and rearward semi-spheres simultaneously. Design features of the
anechoic chamber and its acoustic performance are presented. Also a fan
drive system and systems of acoustic and aerodynamic measurements are
described. In particular fan rotor max rotation frequency makes up 13,000
rpm at each shaft max power 2.5 MW. The rig acquisition system allows
checking in real time results of complete three-octave analysis of machine
noise on all 24 channels in a measurement frequency range of 080 kHz.
2pNSb7. Nonlinear Propagation of Screech Noise. Jothi PunekarSchool
of Engineering and Materials, Queen Mary, University of London, 327 Mile
End Road, E1 4NS London, UK, j.punekar@qmul.ac.uk, Eldad
Avital School of Engineering and Materials, Queen Mary, University of
London, 327 Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, UK, e.avital@qmul.ac.uk
This study investigates the non-linear propagation of screech noise emit-
ted by supersonic jets. Supersonic jet noise consists of three components:
mixing, broadband and screech noise. In order to generate broadband and
screech noise the jet has to expand imperfectly, meaning shock waves are
formed inside the potential core and interact with the surrounding shear
layer. The feedback between the generated noise and the nozzle cause the
screech noise pattern. It is associated with high frequency annoying to the
human ear. Near eld screech noise obtained from Large Eddy Simulation
LES of circular supersonics jets is investigated using the Burgers equation,
taking into account thermo-viscous effects. The Burgers equation is com-
monly used to investigate non-linear propagation effects. The initial screech
signal is found to consist of two main frequency modes. Signicant non-
linear effects appear during propagation although the pressure amplitude is
no more than a few percentages of the ambient pressure. Saw tooth waves
are generated and the amplitude is found to decrease as 1sqrtt for low
viscous medium according to Lighthill bunching theory. Further high fre-
quencies are also generated. Finally, geometrical attenuation is discussed by
transforming the plane wave propagation to cylindrical form.
2pNSb8. Instability wave control in a subsonic round jet. Georgy
Faranosov TsAGI, Acoustic Division, 17, Radio str, 105005 Moscow, Rus-
sian Federation, georgefalt@rambler.ru
It is generally accepted that one of the main sources of acoustic radiation
from a turbulent jet is due to spatial instability wave packets propagating
downstream within the jet. This approach has enabled to explain and predict
the principal features of sound radiated by a supersonic jet. Therefore the
problem of noise control for the jet could be considered as a problem of
instability wave control. Instability wave developed in the tone-excited jet
issued from axisymmetric, semi-innite duct is considered. The ow eld in
the vicinity of the nozzle edge is investigated for the purpose of identifying
instability wave parameters. Instability wave turned out to be damped com-
pletely on the condition that the amplitude and the phase of the external
forcing are chosen in accordance with those of the instability wave. The ro-
bust strategy of instability wave experimental suppression based on the near
eld measurements is formulated. Similar problem in two-dimensional case
was recently analyzed in Kopiev & Faranosov Acoust. Phys. 2008, V.54,
N.2.
2pNSb9. Decomposition of the Lighthill source term and analysis of
acoustic radiation from mixing layers. Florent Margnat Arts et Mtiers
Paris Tech - Sinumef Lab, 151 bd de lHopital, 75013 Paris, France,
orent.margnat@paris.ensam.fr, Vronique Fortun Univ. Poitiers,
CNRS Laboratoire dEtudes Arodynamiques, Bat. K - 22 avenue du recteur
Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France,
veronique.fortune@lea.univ-poitiers.fr, Peter Jordan Univ. Poitiers,
CNRS Laboratoire dEtudes Arodynamiques, 43, rue de lArodrome,
86036 Poitiers, France, peter.jordan@lea.univ-poitiers.fr, Yves
Gervais Laboratoire dEtudes Arodynamiques LEA, Universit de Poit-
iers - ENSMA - CNRS, Btiment K, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022
Poitiers, France, yves.gervais@lea.univ-poitiers.fr
Acoustic radiation from jet ow has been studied extensively by means
of theoretical, experimental and numerical approaches over the past decades.
Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for the production of sound by
unbounded turbulence in subsonic ows remain unclear. For advancing our
fundamental understanding of these mechanisms, the development of spe-
cic analysis tools is needed. Our study is based on a decomposition of the
Lighthill source term, which is known to contain all the existing links be-
tween the uid ow and the acoustic eld. Ten subterms are written with the
help of physically meaningful quantities such as velocity, density, dilatation
and vorticity. The methodology is tested through the two-dimensional com-
pressible mixing layer ow in spatial development, at a Reynolds number of
400 and a Mach number of 0.25. A direct numerical simulation of the ow
and its acoustic radiation is performed and used as a reference solution.
2
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Acoustic eld generated by each source terms is predicted computing the
integral solution of Lighthills equation. Effect of the compressibility on the
balance between the contribution of major subterms is of key importance.
Directivity and convective effects are identied as well.
2pNSb10. Acoustic and aerodynamic dissipations induced by a sound
wave-impacted Helmholtz resonator. Jean-Michel Roche ONERA, BP
72 - 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chtillon, France,
jean-michel.roche@onera.fr, Laurent Leylekian ONERA, BP 72 - 29 av-
enue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chtillon, France,
laurent.leylekian@onera.fr, Franois Vuillot ONERA, BP 72 - 29 avenue
de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chtillon, France, francois.vuillot@onera.fr
The purpose of the work introduced herein is to study the dissipation of
the acoustic energy carried by sound waves, by a Helmholtz resonator. Two-
dimensional direct numerical simulations DNS are performed with the CE-
DRE code, a Navier-Stokes equations solver developed by Onera, for a reso-
nator with a 0.8 0.8 mm square opening. The incident sound pressure
level SPL varies between 100 dB and 150 dB: it is checked that when the
SPL is low, the acoustic energy is dissipated in the resonator opening by
viscous wall friction, whereas when the SPL is high, the acoustic energy is
converted in kinetic energy carried by micro-vortices induced at the opening
mouths. However, when the SPL takes intermediate values, both mecha-
nisms coexist. Thus, for each case, we aim at splitting the aeraoacoustic eld
into respective acoustic and aerodynamic contributions, and at evaluating
the ratio between these two distinct mechanisms in order to quantify their
relative weight on the global dissipation. Our results are compared with
those obtained by Tam et al. for the same geometry. A three-dimensional
study for a Helmholtz resonator with a cubic opening is eventually
considered.
2pNSb11. The multiple side-branch system as a model for a corrugated
pipe. Devis Tonon Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, CC.2.25,
N-LAAG, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands,
d.tonon@tue.nl, Stefan Belfroid TNO Science and Industry, Stieltjesweg
1 PO Box 155, 2600 AD Delft, Netherlands, stefan.belfroid@tno.nl, Jan F.
Willems Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, CC.2.25, N-LAAG, Postbus
513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands, J.F.H.Willems@tue.nl, Avraham
Hirschberg Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, CC.2.25, N-LAAG, Post-
bus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands, a.hirschberg@tue.nl
Corrugated pipes are used as exible risers in offshore natural gas pro-
duction and for vacuum cleaners. Such pipes can display whistling. As the-
oretical models are available to predict the aero-acoustical behaviour of
closed side branches 1, we consider a row of equally spaced closed side
branches along a pipe, as a model for a corrugated pipe. We consider side
branches with a diameter D and depth L equal to the main pipe diameter,
placed at a distance of three diameters from each other. For systems of 11 or
12 side branches the lowest resonance modes are reasonably well predicted
by assuming n2 standing wave modes with an effective speed of sound
c
eff
2. Whistling is observed for the n2 and n3 modes with a pressure
uctuation amplitude p
0
c
0
U
0
O210
-2
similar to that observed for
sharp edges corrugations in a corrugated pipe with
0
the uid density, c
0
the speed of sound and U
0
the main ow velocity. The Strouhal number of
these oscillations is Sr
D
fDU
0
0,70. This is higher than typical values
observed for corrugated tubes 3. References: 1 J.C. Bruggeman et al., J.
Sound and Vibration 1991 1504 371-393. 2 J.W. Elliot, in Lecture Notes
on the Mathematics of Acoustics M.C.M. Wrigth, Imperial College Press,
London 2005. 3 S. Belfroid et al., ASME paper PVP2007-26503.
2pNSb12. The sound wave reection from the corrugated plane
streamlined by the low Mach number shear ow (generalized Miles
mechanism). Mikhail Mironov Andreev Acoustics Institute, Shvernik, 4,
Moscow, 117036 Moscow, Russian Federation, mironov@akin.ru, Ivan
Belyaev Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute TsAGI, Acoustic Division,
17 Radio str., 105005 Moscow, Russian Federation,
belyaev_iv@bk.ru, Vasilisa Solntseva Andreev Acoustics Institute, Shv-
ernik, 4, Moscow, 117036 Moscow, Russian Federation, mironov@akin.ru
The plane sound wave reection from the periodically corrugated plane
streamed by the parallel shear ow is studied. The incident wave scatters on
corrugations and gives both the mirror reected sound wave and two inho-
mogeneous nonpropagating in the normal to the plane direction waves. One
of the inhomogeneous waves goes in the same direction along the plane of
the ow and the second one in the opposite direction. The rst inhomoge-
neous wave interacts with critical layer of ow according to Miles mecha-
nism which was originally applied to the generation of surface waves by
the wind JFM: 1957, 1959 and reects from this layer back to the plane.
After that this inhomogeneous wave scatters from the corrugated plane and
gives some additional part to the mirror reected sound wave. The total re-
ection coefcient of sound wave appeared to be more than 1. The angle
dependence of the reection coefcient is analyzed. The equivalent imped-
ance is calculated. The obtained amplication is compared with thermal and
viscous surface losses
2pNSb13. On a stability of the shear ow with a tangential
discontinuity in the presence of a small scatterer. Nikolay
Kanev Andreev Acoustics Institute, Shvernik, 4, Moscow, 117036 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, nikolay.kanev@mail.ru, Mikhail
Mironov Andreev Acoustics Institute, Shvernik, 4, Moscow, 117036 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, mironov@akin.ru
It is well known a tangential discontinuity of velocity in the shear ow
is unstable. That instability is convective i.e. all disturbances of the tangen-
tial discontinuity grow exponentially but they are carried away by the ow
downstream so that after all the amplitude of sound eld generated by the
tangential discontinuity will decrease at any xed point. In the presented pa-
per we consider the problem when a small scatterer is placed near the tan-
gential discontinuity. It appears this system can be absolutely unstable under
the denite position of the scatterer. It means that the appearance of any dis-
turbance of the tangential discontinuity will result in rising of the amplitude
of sound eld at every point of space. The cause of absolute instability is a
feedback provided by the scatterer and the type of instability does not de-
pend on the size of the scatterer. An absolutely unstable system behaves as
an autogenerator and radiates tone or multitone sound. So the obtained result
explains the possible mechanism of noise generation in systems with tan-
gential discontinuities and gives some hints about noise control in such
systems.
2pNSb14. Spectral attenuation of sound in dilute suspensions with
nonlinear particle relaxation. Max Kandula ASRC, Mailstop ASRC-
5211, NASA Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899,
USA, max.kandula-1@ksc.nasa.gov, Michael Lonergan NASA, Kennedy
Space Center, Mailstop NE-M1, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA,
michael.lonergan-1@ksc.nasa.gov
Theoretical studies on the dissipation and dispersion of sound in two-
phase suspensions have been briey reviewed. Previous studies theory of
Temkin & Dobbins, JASA, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 314-324, 1966, on the sound
attenuation in particle-laden ows under Stokesian drag and conduction-
controlled heat transfer have been extended to accommodate the nonlinear
drag and heat transfer. It has been shown that for large particle-to-uid den-
sity ratio, the particle Reynolds number bears a cubic relationship with
\omega\tau,where \omega is the circular frequency and \tauthe Stoke-
sian particle relaxation time. This dependence leads to the existence of a
peak value in the linear absorption coefcient occurring at a nite value of
\omega\tau. Comparison of the predictions with the test data of Norum
AIAA-2004-2976 for the spectral attenuation of sound with water injection
in a perfectly expanded supersonic jet Mach number of 1.45 shows a sat-
isfactory trend of the proposed theory. It is found that the nonlinear particle
relaxation processes particle drag and heat transfer are primarily respon-
sible for reduction in the linear absorption coefcient of sound at high
frequencies.
2pNSb15. Aeroacoustic simulation of automotive ventilation outlets.
Jean-Luc Adam Renault SAS, 1 avenue du golf, 78288 Guyancourt,
France, jean-luc.adam@renault.com, Denis Ricot Renault SAS, 1 avenue
3250 3250 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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du golf, 78288 Guyancourt, France, denis.ricot@renault.com,Flavien
Dubief Renault SAS, 1 avenue du golf, 78288 Guyancourt, France,
avien.dubief@renault.com, Christine Guy Ligeron, Les Algorithmes B-
timent Euclide, 91194 Saint Aubin, France, christine.guy@ligeron.com
In this work we have numerically studied aeroacoustics of automotive
ventilation outlets. Simulations are performed with the CFD software Pow-
erFLOW based on Lattice Boltzmann method LBM. Low dissipative LBM
scheme enables to compute aeroacoustic sources generated by turbulence
uctuations and to propagate them in the same simulation. In a rst step we
validate the ability of LBM for propagating acoustic waves in ducts and ra-
diating them at open end terminations. In a second step, aeroacoustic simu-
lations on automotive vents will be presented and compared with experi-
mental data obtained from a DoE Design of Experiment. This DoE is
based on an idealized outlet with variing parameters number and lenght of
grid blades, grids spacing ... which gives 18 distinct geometrical
congurations. All these congurations have been simulated with Power-
FLOW and measured with a new test facility built in the Renault Research
Department. The large number of tested geometries and the statistical
analysis of the DoE give an accurate idea of the capability of PowerFLOW,
and more generally LBM, to correctly simulate the generation and propaga-
tion of aeroacoustic sources for a complex geometry. Results will be pre-
sented and discussed.
2pNSb16. Increase of sound proong of air duct. Igor
Shubin Research Institute of Building Physics NIISF RAABS, 21, Loko-
motivny pr., 127238 Moscow, Russian Federation,
marina_niisf@mail.ru, Vladimir Gusev Research Institute of Building
Physics NIISF RAABS, 21, Lokomotivny pr., 127238 Moscow, Russian
Federation, marina_niisf@mail.ru, Marina Pestereva Research Institute
of Building Physics NIISF RAABS, 21, Lokomotivny pr., 127238 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, marina_niisf@mail.ru
One of ways of noise protection from transit air duct is increase of sound
insulation of air duct by different acoustical materials. The main interest of
this work is in comparative analysis of acoustic efciency different thermal
insulation materials for use as sound insulation coverings. The report con-
tains analysis of the distribution of noise through round and rectangular air
ducts. There was discovered different tipes of thermal insulation materials
such as easy made foam materials and brous materials. Tests are executed
in the reverberation chamber. The received results have shown advantage of
a brous material.
2pNSb17. On the correlation of the acoustic signal of microphones
mounted on a at plate to the turbulence of an impinging jet. Christoph
Reichl Arsenal Research - Austrian Research Centers, Gienggasse 2,
1210 Wien, Austria, Christoph.Reichl@arsenal.ac.at, Michelle
Boeck Arsenal Research - Austrian Research Centers, Gienggasse 2,
1210 Wien, Austria, michelle.boeck@arsenal.ac.at, Wolfgang
Tilser Arsenal Research - Austrian Research Centers, Gienggasse 2, 1210
Wien, Austria, wolfgang.tilser@arsenal.ac.at, Hermann Lang Arsenal Re-
search - Austrian Research Centers, Gienggasse 2, 1210 Wien, Austria,
hermann.lang@arsenal.ac.at, Klaus Haindl AKG Acoustics GmbH, Lem-
boeckgasse 21-25, 1230 Wien, Austria, HaindlK@akg.com, Friedrich
Reining AKG Acoustics GmbH, Lemboeckgasse 21-25, 1230 Wien, Aus-
tria, ReiningF@akg.com, Martin Opitz AKG Acoustics GmbH, Lembo-
eckgasse 21-25, 1230 Wien, Austria, OpitzM@akg.com
An axial symmetric fan driven by a brushless actuator with variable fre-
quency is used to generate a turbulent circular jet leading to typical core-
velocities of around 10 ms Re 99000. The jet impinges on a at plate.
Turbulence is generated using different sets of turbulence generators in the
pipe consisting of meshes, rods, cubes and spikes. The turbulent ow eld
downstream of the pipe outlet is measured using two-axis hot wire anemom-
etry with a temporal resolution of a minimum of 48 kHz. The CTA probe is
positioned using an automated three-axis traversing system. 12 Microphones
are mounted on a at plate and are used to capture the wall pressure
uctuations. CFD calculations are performed for the different turbulence
generators and are compared to the acoustic and CTA signals. An important
aspect of the work is the simultaneous recording of both the CTA- and the
acoustic signals in the experimental and numerical approach. This allows for
the calculation of correlation patterns between turbulence and the acoustic
signals of the plate mounted microphones.
2
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSc
Noise, ASA Committee on Standards, and EURONOISE: Comparing Noise Regulations and Codes in USA
and Europe (Poster Session)
Robert Bruce, Cochair
CSTI, 15835 Park Ten Place, Suite 105, Houston, TX 77084-5131, USA
Wolfgang Probst, Cochair
DataKustik GmbH, Gewerbering 5, 86926 Greifenberg, Germany
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSc1. Noise limits and noise levels along motorways in Europe.
Wiebe Alberts Rijkswaterstaat: Centre for Transport and Navigation, Post-
bus 5044, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands, wiebe.alberts@rws.nl
Environmental noise caused by trafc is one of the main local environ-
mental problems in Europe. The National Road Authorities NRAs, com-
bined in the Conference of European Directors of Roads CEDR, are aware
of the environmental noise problem along their motorways. One of the main
objectives of CEDR is to facilitate knowledge sharing on noise abatement
issues among European NRAs. The CEDR noise group has made a com-
prehensive questionnaire survey on how the CEDR member states handle
noise issues. The paper focuses on the part of the survey on noise limits and
noise levels along motorways throughout Europe. It will deal with the: - sta-
tus of noise limits; - noise indicators to express noise limits; - noise limits
outdoor and indoor for motorways; - noise models to calculate noise
levels. Due to the use of different noise indicators and different noise cal-
culation models, the comparison of noise levels and noise limits along mo-
torways in Europe is complicated to say the least. The only way to solve this
problem is to have and to use a European noise model for road trafc based
on the outcome of the HARMONOISEIMAGINE projects.
2pNSc2. Origins of the modern noise ordinance in the County of San
Diego, California. John C. Bennett 6110 Loukelton Circle, San Diego,
CA 92120, USA, jc.bennett@cox.net
An unofcial history of the origins of San Diego Countys noise regu-
lations has been compiled as an investigative tool to review current and fu-
ture zoning schemes in this jurisdiction. These regulations date back to the
1970s and overlap with the development of city regulations. The focus of
the history is the acoustical aspect of their development. A general discus-
sion of performance standards is included in a comparison with similar regu-
lations in two other California jurisdictions developed within the last ve
years. Some practical similarities and differences with European regulations
in local jurisdictions are identied to encourage an open discussion in this
session.
2pNSc3. Implementation of the noise directive in music and
entertainment sector in Finland. Esko Toppila Finnish Institute of Oc-
cupational Health, P.O:Box 486, 33101 Tampere, Finland,
esko.toppila@ttl., Pekka Olkinuora FIOH, Topeliuksenkatu 41, 00250
Helsinki, Finland, pekka.olkinuora@ttl., Pekka Airre FIOH, P.O.Box
486, 33101 Tampere, Finland, erkko.airo@ttl.
In the noise directive 200310EC the member countries were obliged
to develop codes of conduct for the music and entertainment sector. In Fin-
land the code of conduct was adopted into use in February 2007. According
to this code of conduct the workers in the music and entertainment sector
consist of performers musicians, singers, conductors and actors, staff ex-
posed to music waiters,... and teacher who teach music in schools. Guide-
lines were designed based on the worker group and the type of employment.
In this approach the performers, who actually produce the noise, must be
able to monitor the sound levels in real time. Restaurants and music halls
design the protective actions for other staff based on the assumption that
predened sound level is not exceeded the premises. The same principle is
applied to schools. For temporary staff there must be hearing protectors
available. Also the need for damping and use of quieter instruments is
recognised. The code of conduct give the principles for the hearing conser-
vation, but for the music and entertainment sector direct application of the
principles is too complicated. Implementation examples are needed for all
exposure patterns. This work is going on now in Finland.
3252 3252 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSd
Noise, ASA Committee on Standards, and EURONOISE: Sound Quality Tools and Applications II
(Poster Session)
Wade Bray, Cochair
HEAD acoustics, Inc.
Klaus Genuit, Cochair
HEAD acoustics GmbH
Etienne Parizet, Cochair
Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, Insa Lyon
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSd1. Two-level description of environmental sounds: comparison
and generalization of 4 timbre studies. Antoine Minard IRCAM - UMR
CNRS 9912, Equipe Perception et Design Sonores, 1, place Igor Stravinsky,
75004 Paris, France, antoine.minard@ircam.fr, Patrick Susini IRCAM -
UMR CNRS 9912, Equipe Perception et Design Sonores, 1, place Igor
Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, susini@ircam.fr, Nicolas
Misdariis IRCAM - UMR CNRS 9912, Equipe Perception et Design So-
nores, 1, place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, misdarii@ircam
.fr, Guillaume Lemaitre IRCAM - UMR CNRS 9912, Equipe Perception
et Design Sonores, 1, place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France,
lemaitre@ircam.fr, Stephen McAdams Centre for Interdisciplinary Re-
search in Music Media & Technology CIRMMT - Schulich School of Mu-
sic - McGill Univ., 555 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A1E3,
Canada, smc@music.mcgill.ca, Etienne Parizet Laboratoire Vibrations
Acoustique, Insa Lyon, 25 bis, av. J. Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex,
France, etienne.parizet@insa-lyon.fr
The purpose of this study is to propose a scheme of environmental sound
description based on the comparison and generalization of 4 timbre studies
of diverse environmental sounds. In the medium term, the aim is to make the
indexing and classication processes of this kind of sound automatic, which
is essential for sound content-based searching and browsing methods using
perceptual models of environmental sounds. First, we inventoried the
stimuli, experiments and perceptual results of these 4 studies. Then, we ex-
perimentally identied 3 main environmental sound categories that consti-
tute this overall sound dataset: impact sounds, motor sounds and instrument-
like sounds. We developed an efcient tool that predicts these categories
according to only two acoustic features calculated on the signal. However,
because of the specicities of the sound production of these three categories,
each of them has its own timbre space. Therefore, we nally used percep-
tually relevant acoustic features to explain these timbre spaces, according to
the main acoustic characteristics that dene each sound class. We found that
timbral brightness is a common feature used to discriminate sounds in all
classes, while other particular features are specically used within each
class. Work partially supported by the SamplerOrchestrator project of the
ANR program
2pNSd2. Relations between acoustic parameters and perceptual
properties: an approach by regressions tree applied to car door closure
sounds. Marie Cline Bezat PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de
Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France,
marieceline.bezat@mpsa.com, Vincent Roussarie PSA Peugeot
Citron, Centre Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-
Villacoublay, France, vincent.roussarie@mpsa.com, Richard
Kronland-Martinet CNRS-LMA, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402
Marseille, France, kronland@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Solvi Ystad CNRS-LMA,
31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France, ystad@lma.cnrs-mrs
.fr
The aim of this study is to identify perceptually pertinent parameters for
the evaluation of car door closure sounds. For this purpose, door closing
sounds are nely decomposed into perceptual properties: analytical proper-
ties which are obtained thanks to sensory analysis, natural properties
linked to perception of sources and events and evocations. The acoustic
characterisation of the sound is then processed by means of an analysis-
synthesis model which aims, not at reproducing the exact replica of the door
closing sounds, but to synthesize sounds that preserve perceptual properties
with a reduced number of signal parameters. The model consists in decom-
posing the sound in several independent impact sources, each impact being
modelled by a set of gains and damping factors in frequency bands. Listen-
ing tests on controlled sounds are then carried out to observe the effects of
acoustic parameters on the perceptual properties. The complex relations be-
tween acoustic parameters and perceptual properties are nally established
via regressions tree analyses.
2pNSd3. Acoustic feedback of control elements in cars. Alexander S.
Treiber Heilbronn University, Max-Planck-Str. 39, 74081 Heilbronn, Ger-
many, treiber@hs-heilbronn.de, Gerhard Gruhler Heilbronn University,
Max-Planck-Str. 39, 74081 Heilbronn, Germany, gruhler@hs-heilbronn.de
Due to the complexity of modern cars on-board systems, car manufac-
turers tend to use menu based user interfaces. These interfaces offer a rela-
tively low number of control elements for a large number of functions. Op-
timization of both haptical and acoustical feedback of the remaining control
elements can improve both acceptance and security of operation. Since cars
nowadays are no longer sold simply as technical but as lifestyle products it
is crucial for the success that the potential customer perceives every single
aspect of the car to be valuable. Obvious examples are exterior design and
material quality. Since the user interface of the car can be judged even be-
fore a test drive the feeling of buttons and switches is a key aspect. This
work presents the results of a jury test which is part of an ongoing research
project focused on acoustical feedback. Subjects were asked to judge both
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recordings of real control elements as well as synthesized signals which
were presented on purpose-built hardware. Based on the subjective results
the recorded signals were analyzed in order to identify spectral features
which correlate with the subjects responses.
2pNSd4. Inuence of time-varying booming noise on automotive
comfort. Florent Richard PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de
Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France,
orent.richard@mpsa.com, Francois Costes PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre
Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France,
francois.costes@free.fr, Vincent Roussarie PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre
Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France,
vincent.roussarie@mpsa.com
Noise level reduction is the main preoccupation for acoustic engineers in
the automotive industry. Huge progresses were made during the past de-
cades thanks to the use of acoustic materials and specic intake or exhaust
silencers. In the future, vehicles will have to be lighter and engines opti-
mized to ensure very low energy consumption. This sets new compromises
between mass, performances and acoustics, in particular for booming noise
that can be very affected by mass reduction or exhaust modications. Acous-
tic specications must therefore be optimized to guarantee customers com-
fort in spite of these new constraints. In this paper, we study the impact of
time-varying booming noise on customers comfort on acceleration sound
samples. We performed several customer tests to evaluate the impact of dif-
ferent time-varying booming proles on comfort and to nd out an accept-
ability threshold for booming.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSe
Noise and EURONOISE: General Topics in Noise II (Poster Session)
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSe1. Measurement of the acoustic pressure distribution occurring
around an aerial substation adjacent to apartment buildings. Sebastian
Borucki Technical University of Opole, ul. Miko
3
ajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole,
Poland, s.borucki@po.opole.pl, Tomasz Boczar Technical University of
Opole, ul. Miko
3
ajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland,
t.boczar@po.opole.pl, Andrzej Cichon Technical University of Opole, ul.
Miko
3
ajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland, a.cichon@po.opole.pl
The subject matter of the research work presented in this paper refers to
the measurements of the values of the acoustic pressure levels noise oc-
curring around a main feeding-point aerial substation adjacent to apartment
buildings. The paper presents the values of the noise accompanying the par-
ticular power devices, mainly transformers, during their regular operation.
The main aim of this research work was the comparison and assessment of
the acoustic pressure values measured with the permissible values dened
by environmental standards binding in Poland. The research analysis carried
out proved that during a long-term operation of power appliances installed
in substations the acoustic pressure level that they emit into the environment
is not constant but is subject to changes. Thus the increase of the noise level
above the permissible values can be the cause of violation of environmental
standards. Due to a signicant increase of peoples awareness and readiness
to claim their rights, the main consequence of violating the standards is a
growing number of claims. Therefore it is imperative that the level of the
acoustic pressure be monitored during routine tests, especially around high-
power transformers.
2pNSe2. Investigation and application of theoretical acoustic eld
model evaluating the change of environmental conditions. Robertas
Mikalauskas Kaunas University of Technology, K.Donelaicio str. 73, LT-
44029 Kaunas, Lithuania, robertas.mikalauskas@ktu.lt, Vitalijus
Volkovas Kaunas University of Technology, K.Donelaicio str. 73, LT-
44029 Kaunas, Lithuania, tsdi@ktu.lt
The effectiveness of the means used to reduce the noise depends on
many factors. One of the main factors is the sources which generates acous-
tic eld. In industrial premises there are many sources, their impact to
acoustic eld differs, and the source may also change due to environmental
conditions. Therefore the task of the creation of the mobile noise reduction
means, their rational arrangement and control becomes more and more
relevant. In this case theoretical modeling of interaction of acoustic noise
control systems with environment has signicant importance for creating
such systems. This paper provides acoustic eld model using FEM, which
imitates changing conditions of real industrial premise, evaluates the effec-
tiveness and application possibilities of the mobile noise reduction system. It
also provides the comparison of the results of theoretical experiment with
experimental results. The results showed that with the help of the model mo-
bile noise reduction system can be modeled, their effectives might be evalu-
ated considering the change of sources and reection planes, and the struc-
tural model of the investigative room can be supplemented with acoustic
noise reduction means - noise reduction screens, selecting their geometric
dimensions, arrangement in the space and selecting the materials and pre-
dicting the values of acoustic eld parameters in the real object point under
consideration.
2pNSe3. Effects of personal stereo use: pilot results from 20 university
students. Eric De Santis Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers
Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, ems@es.aau.dk, Rodrigo
Ordoez Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220
Aalborg , Denmark, rop@es.aau.dk, Karen Reuter Acoustics, Aalborg
University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark,
kr@es.aau.dk, Dorte Hammershi Acoustics, Aalborg University, Fredrik
Bajers Vej 7 B5, 9220 Aalborg , Denmark, dh@es.aau.dk
Modern personal stereo systems have the ability to store thousands of
music les in small, relatively low-cost, compact devices. The popularity
and widespread presence of the MP3 player cannot go unnoticed in contem-
porary society. Given a sufcient noise level and listening duration, consum-
ers are at risk of developing a noise-induced hearing loss. A study into the
effects of personal stereo use will be carried out with the intention of inves-
tigating common noise exposure levels in realistic settings, user listening
habits and the hearing status in a group of listeners. Noise exposure levels
are to be obtained by using the manikin technique described in the ISO
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11904-2 standard. The questionnaire to be presented to interested partici-
pants is designed to report personal stereo listening habits and to screen sub-
jects for the hearing status evaluation. The hearing status of selected subjects
will be evaluated through the use of conventional and possibly extended
high-frequency audiometry, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and dis-
tortion product otoacoustic emission ne structures.
2pNSe4. Classroom noise in schools containing children learning
English as a second language. Gina Ramirez 5924 N. Campbell Avenue,
Chicago, IL 60659, USA, gina.ramirez@loop.colum.edu
This study analyzes the acoustics of two elementary schools containing
both native English speaking children and large English learning popula-
tions, to determine if facilities are best being utilized acoustically. As stated
by the ASA, children learning English require a more favorable signal-to-
noise ratio and should thus be instructed in quieter learning environments.
The study examined at least 20 classrooms in each facility by measuring
ambient noise level and reverberation time by methodologies outlined in the
ANSI S12.60 2002 standard. Creating a noise mapping allowed for the
evaluation of each school based on utilization of pre-existing facilities.
Based on preliminary results all classrooms tested failed to meet the maxi-
mum A-weighted steady background noise level specied in the standard
furthermore schools placed English learning students in environments that
were up to 10 dB louder than classrooms used for native English speaking
students, demonstrating that more attention to ambient noise level and its
effect on speech intelligibility is needed when planning the layout of learn-
ing facilities containing large English learning populations. The ongoing
analysis of the data aims at assessing the impact of the measured acoustical
environments in terms of perceived intelligibility by using a survey tool
among the student population.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSf
Noise, Computational Acoustics, and EURONOISE: Time-Domain Modeling Methods in Acoustics I
(Poster Session)
Paul Calamia, Cochair
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Maarten Hornikx, Cochair
Applied Acoustics, Chalmers University of Technology
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSf1. Optimization of compact nite difference method for wave
acoustic simulation. Hideo Tsuru Nittobo Acoustic Engineering, 1-21-10
Midori Sumida-ku, 130-0021 Tokyo, Japan, tsuru@noe.co.jp, Reima
Iwatsu Tokyo Denki University, Kanda-Nishikicho 2-2, Chiyoda-ku, 101-
8457 Tokyo, Japan, iwatsu@cck.dendai.ac.jp
Recently, the nite difference method, a tool for wave acoustic simula-
tions, can be applied to practical analysis. However, the numerical disper-
sion which makes propagation speed in simulations change according to the
wave length, is a severe problem to maintain high accuracy in the analysis.
The numerical error accompanied by the time integration hinders to carry
out an accurate simulation. An examination of a compact nite difference
scheme which can approximate differentiation precisely on a comparatively
large grid spacing was made. It was shown that the adjusting the coefcients
in the compact nite difference scheme can simulate a wave propagation ac-
curately with a small amount of computation. The improvement method of
the time integration was also discussed. The possibility of improvement of
accuracy through a multi-step integration is shown.
2pNSf2. Time-domain modeling of porous media acoustics. David K.
Wilson U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 72 Lyme
Rd., Hanover, NH 03755-1290, USA, D.Keith.Wilson@usace
.army.mil, Sandra L. Collier U.S. Army Research Lab, Attn: AMSRD-
ARL-CI-EE, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA,
sandra.collier@us.army.mil, Vladimir E. Ostashev NOAAEarth System
Research Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA,
vladimir.ostashev@noaa.gov,David H. MarlinU.S. Army Research Lab,
Attn: AMSRD-ARL-CI-EE, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783,
USA, dmarlin@arl.army.mil, David F. Aldridge Sandia National Labora-
tories, PO 5800, MS 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0750, USA,
dfaldri@sandia.gov, Neill P. Symons Sandia National Laboratories, PO
5800, MS 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0750, USA, npsymon@sandia
.gov
Sound waves propagating in porous media are subject to strong dissipa-
tion and dispersion. This paper elaborates upon several recent publications
by the authors regarding the time-domain description of these effects. The
foundation is a relaxational description of the viscous and thermal dissipa-
tion in a rigid porous medium, which is shown to possess an exact, analyti-
cal conversion from the frequency to the time domain. The complex density
and bulk modulus operators transform to temporal convolutions between a
causal response function and the acoustic eld variables. When the convo-
lutions are neglected, the equations reduce to the well known Zwikker-
Kosten phenomenological model. The relaxation function can be inverted to
provide an equivalent time-domain formulation from the complex volume
and compressibility operators. Although a direct time-domain transforma-
tion of the specic impedance from the relaxation model has not been found,
an accurate broadband approximation thereof can be transformed. The re-
sulting time-domain boundary condition TDBC describes the absorptive
and reactive response of the material. The response of the boundary decays
slowly, as the inverse square root of time, but efcient numerical procedures
are formulated that allow the TDBC to be approximated with a small num-
ber of recursive lters.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSg
Noise and EURONOISE: EU Projects for Aircraft Noise Reduction I (Poster Session)
Dominique Collin, Chair
Snecma - Safran Group
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSg1. Effect of curvature on the scattering coefcients of
Herschel-Quincke tubes. Benjamin Poirier Universit de Technologie de
Compigne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, BP20529, 60205 Compigne,
France, bpoirier@utc.fr, Jean-Michel Ville Universit de Technologie de
Compigne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, BP20529, 60205 Compigne,
France, jean-michel.ville@utc.fr, Cdric Maury Universit de Technolo-
gie de Compigne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, BP20529, 60205 Com-
pigne, France, cedric.maury@utc.fr, Flix Foucart Universit de Tech-
nologie de Compigne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, BP20529, 60205
Compigne, France, felix.foucart@utc.fr
The concept of Herschel-Quincke HQ tubes has been known since the
beginning of the 20th century and was shown to be of interest to reduce
tonal and broadband noise from turbofan engine. To help to understand the
physical phenomena underlying the HQ concept, Hallez & Burdisso have
developed a 3D theoretical model. The 3D modelling technique considers
the tubes-inlet interfaces as nite piston sources that couple the acoustic
eld inside a hard-walled duct with the acoustic eld within the HQ tubes.
This model makes a geometrical approximation by considering the tube as a
straight duct whereas in reality it corresponds to a curved duct. In this paper,
a model is presented which takes into account the curvature of the bend by
integrating two differential equations for the pressure and velocity in the
bend, projected on the local transverse modes. Results of some typical co-
efcients of the scattering matrix S deduced from the curved HQ model
are compared with the 3D straight tube model, the experimental results and
the numerical results. The curvature is shown to modify the HQ resonances
and then have to be taken into account in the analytical formulation.
2pNSg2. Assessment of noise impacts of the air trafc. Katrin
Ohlau Universitt Stuttgart IER, Hebrhlstrae 49a, 70565 Stuttgart,
Germany, katrin.ohlau@ier.uni-stuttgart.de, Peter Bickel Universitt Stut-
tgartIER, Hebrhlstrae 49a, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany, peter.bickel@ier
.uni-stuttgart.de, Rainer Friedrich Universitt StuttgartIER, Hebrhl-
strae 49a, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany, rainer.friedrich@ier.uni-stuttgart.de
Against the background of the generally increasing trafc and especially
the expansion plans in doubling the air trafc until 2020, this paper presents
an assessment of noise effects of air trafc and underlines its future
meaning. In several projects including the EC funded projects HEATCO
Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport COsting and
Project Assessment, GRACE Generalisation of Research on Accounts and
Cost Estimation and ASSET ASsessing SEnsitiveness to Transport, meth-
odologies for assessing noise including aircraft noise have been developed,
improved and applied. The methodologies focus on the impact pathway ap-
proach, i.e. rst noise levels are estimated, and then level- response func-
tions are applied to calculate health impact and annoyance level
distributions. Afterwards it is evaluated by transforming the impacts into
monetary levels. Our studies for assessing annoyance have been carried out
with the contingent valuation method. Results of the monetary valuation will
be shown for the airports Frankfurt, Hamburg, Berlin-Tegel, Dsseldorf,
KlnBonn, Mnchen and Stuttgart. The total air trafc noise costs for Ger-
many range from EUR 150 million to EUR 1200 million per year.
2pNSg3. Efciency of shielding effect on installed double stream
nozzles. Sbastien Aeberli SNECMA - groupe SAFRAN, Villaroche -
Rond-point R. Ravaud, 77550 Moissy-Cramayel, France, sebastien.aeberli
@snecma.fr
In spite of acoustic improvements on jet noise brought by innovative
technologies such as chevrons, a way to ensure important acoustic gains is
to optimize the power plant integration on aircrafts in order to benet of the
shielding effect due to wing, empennage and fuselage surfaces. In this pre-
sentation, these effects are illustrated thanks to a jet noise test campaign at
110th scale in an anechoic chamber as part of a European project. This
campaign gives a better understanding of shielding effect by a wing and also
of the acoustic impact of pylon azimutal direction on two representative
BPR 9 nozzles Baseline - smooth - and Low Noise - with chevrons. The
efciency of shielding effect on jet noise sources in these congurations is
assessed.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSh
Noise and EURONOISE: Action Planning and Global Solutions for Urban Noise II (Poster Session)
Klaus Genuit, Cochair
HEAD acoustics GmbH
Itziar Aspuru Soloaga, Cochair
Labein-Tecnalia
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSh1. Aproposal for doing a touch of anova with noise levels. Michel
Maurin INRETS-LTE, case 24, 69 675 Bron cedex, 69 500 Bron, France,
maurin@inrets.fr
Because noise levels are logarithm of additive variables, the usual nu-
merical processings are not suitable for them mind 6060120. Then one
has to deal with them differently, following some other syntaxic rules which
may be called in a general way the logic of levels. Of course this question
is correctly resolved with the energetic mean but it fails as soon as one has
to deal with variances of levels or covariances with other variables data
analysis, linear regressions, . Some necessarily approximate compro-
mises may be developped between the logic of levels and the arithmetical
logic, transforming variables in statistics for instance. Here we introduce a
new statistic, the h-dispersion, which is not a variance but has many prop-
erties of variance, and very fortunatly takes account of the logarithmic status
of data. This new compromise may be employed for levels in some cases of
design of experiments, such as one-way cases and comparisons before-
after in relation to acoustics operations for instance, and also more or less
for two-ways cases. It remains approximate a syntaxic compromise, but in
any time this is an improvement in comparison with a crude ANOVA on
levels.
2pNSh2. Study of the surface trafc inside the Cluj-Napoca urban
agglomeration. Geamilia Solea Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,
Faculty of Machines Design; Department of Mechanics and Computer Pro-
gramming, B-dul Muncii; Nr. 103-105, 400 641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
marylandprod@gmail.com,Mariana ArghirTechnical University of Cluj-
Napoca, Faculty of Machines Design; Department of Mechanics and Com-
puter Programming, B-dul Muncii; Nr. 103-105, 400 641 Cluj-Napoca, Ro-
mania, marianaarghir@yahoo.com, Dan Borza National Institute of
Applied Sciences of Rouen, INSA Rouen, LMR, Ave lUniversite,
BP8 76800 Rouen, France, dan.borza@insa-rouen.fr, Mariana
Runcan National Institute of Applied Sciences of Rouen, INSA Rouen,
LMR, Ave lUniversite, BP8 76800 Rouen, France, mariruncan@yahoo
.com
The environments protection is one of the most actual problems, be-
cause of the fact that pollution is a major danger for planet life. The envi-
ronments pollution is caused because some pollution agents are in too large
a quantity for a long time and they become dangerous for human health, for
the ora, for the fauna and for the constructions too. The pollution sources
can be classied as natural and articial sources. The quality of the envi-
ronment from a specic area at a certain time can be determined by: a the
air quality; b the water quality; c the soil quality; d the health level of the
population; e the decrease of animals and plants species that are accounted
for. In the paper there are given the urban trafc on the principal routes in-
side the Cluj-Napoca municipality. The trafc is the constituent part of the
research activity of the national project having the destination the monitor-
ing of the noise and vibrations into an urban agglomeration, applied to the
Cluj - Napoca town. This study is the rst step for the noise map asked for
by the Romania integration in the European Union for the team researchers
of TUCN under the the direction of Dr. Mariana Arghir.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSi
Noise and EURONOISE: Railway Noise and Vibration I (Poster Session)
Richard Carman, Cochair
Wilson, Ihrig & Associates
Franck Poisson, Cochair
SNCF DIR
David Thompson, Cochair
Inst. of Sound and Vibration
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSi1. On effectiveness of vibration isolation using super-elastic rail
support combined with booted sleeper or oating slab. Tianxing X.
Wu Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Mechanical Engineering,
800 Dong Chuan Road, 200240 Shanghai, China, txwu@sjtu.edu.cn
Ground vibration or structure vibration of viaduct due to railway trafc
can be reduced by use of super-elastic rail support, booted sleeper and oat-
ing slab to isolate vibration transmission from the track to the infrastructure.
In this study modeling in the frequency domain of track structure dynamics
and wheelrail interaction is carried out. Wheelrail interaction and trans-
mission to the infrastructure of the interaction force due to a relative dis-
placement excitation are simulated. The effectiveness of vibration isolation
is analyzed for booted sleeper or oating slab combined with super-elastic
rail fastener. It is found that the combination of super-elastic rail fastener
with booted sleeper or oating slab can effectively reduce the wheelrail in-
teraction force in the medium frequencies, compared with the booted sleeper
or oating slab track using usual rail pad. The combination also shows better
ability to block vibration transmission from the track to the infrastructure in
the medium and high frequencies.
2pNSi2. Overview of Railway Noise Control in Europe. Jakob
Oertli Swiss Federal Railways, Schanzenstrasse 5, 3000 Bern, Switzerland,
jakob.oertli@sbb.ch
European and national legislation, increasing freight trafc, political
pressure and many more factors contribute to make noise an issue of in-
creasing importance for the railways. This paper provides an overview of
railway noise abatement efforts throughout Europe. Different countries in
Europe have adopted varying noise abatement strategies, ranging from an
emphasis on infrastructure based measures to a combination of rolling stock
measures with noise barriers. Important in the current European discussion
is the development and retrotting of freight wagons with K- and LL-brake
blocks. To support this retrotting a wide variety of incentives, such as dif-
ferential track access charges, operational restrictions or direct subsidies are
being discussed. The current efforts by the European Commission, the In-
ternational Union of Railways UIC, the Community of European Railways
CER and other international organisation to promote silent railways are
presented.
2pNSi3. A guideline for prediction and control of noise in railroads
maintenance activities. Sergio Luzzi Vie En.Ro.Se. Ingegneria, Via Stib-
bert, 1, 50134 Florence, Italy, sergio.luzzi@vienrose.it
In railroads routine maintenance as well as emergency maintenance can
be represented by the acoustic point of view as a system of classied yard
activities, including catalogued single and grouped noise sources, that is
moved along the tracks areas. RFI Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, the Italian Na-
tional Railway Company, has provided a guideline for the correct evaluation
of noise impact on receivers surrounding the yards, which can be adapted to
many situations tting the specic national law and local regulations dis-
posals about noise assessment, prediction and reduction in temporary
activities. Starting from their long term experience, the authors have devel-
oped a method for the production of local reports on maintenance railroad
yard activities based on the modelling of standard scenarios. Each machin-
ery employed in yards for superstructure laying or repairing, electric trac-
tion, etc, has been measured and characterized as noise source or as part of
a noise sources system emission box. The noise propagation scenarios are
then build using an MS Excel based adaptation software. This methodology
represents the technical and procedural architecture of the guideline which
provides materials for the management of all the different typologies of
maintenance yards operating on the RFI railroad network.
2pNSi4. Railway vibration mitigation - An innovative concept.
Frederic Le Corre Alstom Transport, TGS Engineering - 33, rue des Bate-
liers, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France, frederic.le-corre@transport.alstom
.com, Christine Charles Alstom Transport, TGS Engineering - 33, rue des
Bateliers, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France, christine.charles@transport.alstom
.com, Marcel Girardi Alstom Transport, TGS Engineering - 33, rue des
Bateliers, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France, marcel.girardi@transport.alstom.com
These last decades, rail transportation has known an amazing
development. Hence, the resulting pollution on people living alongside lines
or above underground lines has become a crucial subject of consideration.
The disturbance has two origins: the direct noise or vibration from the rail-
way trafc and the noise produced by vibration of the building walls, the
so-called re-radiated noise. Noise and vibration excitation is essentially due
to wheel and rail roughness at the contact point. From this excitation point,
the track acts as a lter of vibrations. Hence, spectrum of emitted vibrations
can be controlled with the design of railway track. Providing vibration miti-
gation with the track is now commonly encountered, especially on urban
projects LRT MRT. This is usually achieved by introducing an adequate
resilient layer to provide the required attenuation. Alstom Transport and
Sateba are developing a system to mitigate vibrations. This system called
AFST is based on the booted sleeper system. After a complete analysis of
critical parameters, a special design has been drawn. The resulting antivi-
bratile solution is a high-performance system suiting areas where vibration
mitigation andor attenuation of re-radiated noise are required.
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2pNSi5. Noise and vibrations at tram track intersection. Stjepan
Lakusic University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaciceva 26,
10000 Zagreb, Croatia, laki@grad.hr, Marijan Bogut KONCAR - Electri-
cal Engineering Institute, Fallerovo setaliste 22, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
mbogut@koncar-institut.hr, Visnja Tkalcevic Lakusic University of
Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaciceva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
visnjat@grad.hr
In urban areas noise and vibration due to public trafc diminish the qual-
ity of life. In Zagreb, tram trafc is the most important form of public
transport. Tram network has 120 km of the tracks and 190 trams are used for
passengers transport every day. In the movement of the vehicle over track,
the interaction between the wheel and track plays the most important role in
the eld of noise and vibrations. The increasing of noise and vibrations are
particularly emphasized at track intersection where a given number of track
switches and crossings are installed. This paper presents an experimental
study of noise and ground vibrations through the passage of three types of
tram vehicles. The measurements were done on the tram intersection with
the highest trafc volume in Zagrebs tram network. Two types of track con-
struction were analyzed, discrete and continuous rail fastening system. Dur-
ing the track reconstruction at this intersection, the existing discrete rail fas-
tening system was replaced with a continuous. Because of that, the
measurements were carried before and after reconstruction at the same test
points. Test results have showed signicant reductions of noise and vibra-
tions at track intersection in the case of continuous rail installation.
2pNSi6. Numerical and analytical models for high speed train
pantograph radiated noise prediction. Massimo Viscardi Dept. of
Aerospace Engineering - University of Naples, Via Claudio, 21, 80125
Naples, Italy, massimo.viscardi@unina.it, Michele Iadevaia Dept. of
Aerospace Engineering - University of Naples, Via Claudio, 21, 80125
Naples, Italy, miadevaia@inwind.it, Salvatore Melchionna Dept. of Aero-
space Engineering - University of Naples, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples,
Italy, s.melchionna@active-group.it, Leonardo Lecce Dept. of Aerospace
Engineering - University of Naples, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy,
leonardo@unina.it
The present work deals with the development and comparison of an ana-
lytical and numerical models for the evaluation of the noise radiated from a
pantograph of an high speed train. Under the numerical point of view, a sim-
plied model has been developed for the pantograph; the model that sub-
structures the problem approaching a complex structure as a combination of
simple components, has been derived from a similar aeronautical problem
landing gear noise but has been self-modied to adapt the formulation to
the specic problem. The output of the model is the radiated noise level and
spectra as a function of the pantograph speed. The CFD numerical model
has been developed for the pantograph based upon a commercial code; only
the upper part of the system has been herein simulated because it was ad-
dressed as the main noise source during previous laboratory acoustic tests.
As an output of the model, the radiated noise has been derived with special
reference to two main speed to which experimental data could be referred.
Analytical and numerical results will be within the paper discussed and
compared to highlight the single approachs advantage and drawbacks. At
the and of the paper, some line experimental results will be also introduced
and discussed.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSj
Noise and EURONOISE: Noise, Structure Borne Noise from Building Technical Equipment, and Ground
Borne Noise from Railways I (Poster Session)
James Nelson, Cochair
Wilson, Ihrig and Associates, Inc.
Michel Villot, Cochair
CSTB
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSj1. Low frequency noise reduction from building technical
equipment: A case study. Kathleen Kondylas NEVA Associates Noise
Control, 15 Beck Street, Newburyport, MA 01950, USA,
kondylas@earthlink.net, Chris R. Fuller Virginia Tech, 131 Durham Hall,
Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, christopher.r.fuller@nasa.gov, Joseph A.
King DuPont, 5401 Jefferson Davis Highway, Richmond, VA 23234, USA,
joseph.a.king@usa.dupont.com, Natalia Levit DuPont, 5401 Jefferson
Davis Highway, Richmond, VA 23234, USA, natalia.v.levit@usa.dupont
.com
Mechanical equipment fans, chillers, motors produces airborne and
structure-borne noise with a signicant low frequency component. However,
in many applications, mitigation of the low frequency noise requires imple-
mentation of signicant mass barrier in combination with an air space. This
work presents case studies on the use of a novel lightweight and thin acous-
tical material to mitigate low frequency noise from mechanical equipment.
This advanced material, based on patented distributed absorber technology,
was used to treat the metal housing of the mechanical equipment. The novel
material effectively increased transmission loss of the metal housing below
300 Hz. The total noise reduction was 10-14 dB A with 5 dB improvement
over typical exible acoustical blankets below 300 Hz.
2pNSj2. Experimental and numerical study of the ground transmission
of structure-borne sound generated by trams. Guillaume
Coquel RATP - CSTB, 13, Rue Jules Valls, 75547 Paris Cedex 11, France,
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guillaume.coquel@cstb.fr,Philippe A. JeanCSTB, 24 rue JosephFourier,
38400 Saint-Martin-dHres, France, philippe.jean@cstb.fr, Michel
Villot CSTB, 24 rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint-Martin-dHres, France,
michel.villot@cstb.fr
The increase of railway trafc in urban areas leads to developments in
modelling and understanding the propagation of structure borne sound
through soil, foundation and structure. Vibration propagation through the
ground, is still not well known. The present paper focuses on the propaga-
tion of trams vibrations 20-250Hz in the ground and the energy transmis-
sion to the structure. In the rst part, calculations performed using a 2D code
based on a FEMBEM approach are compared to measurements performed
on a test site. The railway excitation is produced with a vibrator in order to
recreate a line of uncorrelated forces. Soil properties are evaluated by an
analysis of surface waves. Both bending and in-plane waves are measured
on the structure. The ratio of the soil velocity over the structure velocity is
computed in order to evaluate the accuracy of the computation. A2,5D mod-
elisation is also performed in order to evaluate the effect of a point source on
the velocity elds on the soil and on the structure. In the second part, a para-
metric study using the 2D code is performed on typical cases in order to
evaluate the modication of vibration transmission from the ground to the
foundation.
2pNSj3. Aparametric study on the isolation of ground-borne noise and
vibrations in a building using a coupled numerical model. Pter
Fiala Budapest University of Technology and Economics, BME Dept. of
Telecommunications, Magyar tudsok krtja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hun-
gary, ala@hit.bme.hu, Shashank Gupta KU Leuven, Department of
Civil Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
shashank.gupta@bwk.kuleuven.be, Geert Degrande KU Leuven, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, B-3001 Leuven, Bel-
gium, geert.degrande@bwk.kuleuven.be, Flp Augusztinovicz Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, BME Dept. of Telecommunica-
tions, Magyar tudsok krtja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, fulop@hit.bme
.hu
Underground trafc induced vibrations and noise in buildings are a ma-
jor environmental concern in urban areas. To quantify these vibrations a nu-
merical prediction model has been developed and validated. A coupled
FE-BE model is used to compute the incident ground vibrations due to the
passage of a train in the tunnel. Adynamic soil-structure interaction model is
used to determine the vibration levels of the building. The soil-structure in-
teraction problem is solved by means of a 3D boundary element method for
the soil coupled to a 3D nite element method for the structural part. An
acoustic 3D spectral nite element method is used to predict the acoustic
response. The coupled numerical model is used to quantify the efciency of
vibration and noise mitigation measures at different stages of the vibration
propagation chain. Vibration isolation with a oating slab track is modeled
on the source side, base isolation is incorporated in the structure model, and
a box-within-box arrangement is considered for the isolation of re-radiated
noise in the buildings rooms. The insertion gain of the three methods is
compared using the model of a multi-story portal frame ofce building sub-
jected to ground-borne vibrations from an underground railway line.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSk
Noise and EURONOISE: Physical and Psychophysical Evaluation of Vehicle Exterior Noise II (Poster
Session)
Paul Donavan, Cochair
Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc.
Hugo Fastl, Cochair
AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSk1. Questionnaire survey on vehicle horn use. Masahiko
Takada Omihachiman Community Medical Center, 1379 Tsuchida-cho,
523*0082 Omihachiman, Japan, takada@design.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Yoko
Fukuda Foster Electric Company, Limited, 512 Miyazawa-cho, Akishima
City, 196-8550 Tokyo, Japan, yoko_19831228@yahoo.co.jp, Shin-Ichiro
Iwamiya Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540
Fukuoka, Japan, iwamiya@design.kyushu-u.ac.jp
The Japanese Road Trafc Law provides that a vehicle horn should be
utilized in the dangerous situation or the place where the horn sign was
installed. However, drivers are frequently seen to use their vehicles horn as
a signal in the situations when they pass each other. Given such situations,
the mentioned above law is likely to become a law in name only. Therefore,
a questionnaire survey was carried out to ascertain the current circumstance
of a vehicle horn use. The respondents were asked the latest or last remem-
bered case of horn use in various situations of both their driving or as
pedestrians. With regards to an experience of being tooted at by another
driver, the questionnaire included questions concerning place, trafc vol-
ume, the aim of the horn use, time pattern of horn tooting, respondents
mental reaction when tooted at by another driver, etc. As a result, drivers
mostly had negative mental reactions i.e., startled, noisy and irritating by
long toots. Pedestrians negative mental reactions were mainly aroused by
horn use calling anothers attention to something or to inform of a danger.
Furthermore, nearly 40 percent of the respondents were discontented with
the volume and the sound quality of horn.
2pNSk2. Sound Quality Evaluation for the Axle Gear Noise in the
vehicle. Hyun Ho Lee Inha University, Mechanical Engineering, 253
Yonghyun Dong, 402-751 Inchon, Republic of Korea, hyunho0424@naver
3260 3260 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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.com,Ho Wuk KimInha University, Mechanical Engineering, 253 Yon-
ghyun Dong, 402-751 Inchon, Republic of Korea, mowugi@gmail.com
, Sang Kwon Lee Inha University, Mechanical Engineering, 253 Yon-
ghyun Dong, 402-751 Inchon, Republic of Korea, sangkwon@inha.ac.kr
A gear whine sound due to the axle system is one of the most important
sound qualities in a sport utility vehicle SUV. In the previous works about
the gear whine sound, it was known that it is difcult to evaluate the gear
whine sound objectively by using the only A-weighted sound pressure level
because of the masking effect. In this paper, for the objective evaluation of
the axle-gear whine sound, the characteristics of the axle-gear whine sound
is at the rst investigated based on the synthetic sound technology and the
new objective evaluation method for the axle-gear whine sound is developed
by using the sound metrics, which is the psychoacoustic parameters, and the
articial neural network ANN used for the modeling of the correlation be-
tween objective evaluation and subjective evaluation. This model is success-
fully applied the objective evaluation of the axle-gear whine sound for real
sport utility vehicles and the output of the model are compared with subjec-
tive evaluation. The results have a good correlation over 90 per cent.
2pNSk3. Effect of coolant temperature on combustion and combustion
noise uctuations in a Diesel engine at idle conditions. Matthieu
Gazon Coria CNRS UMR6614, Site Universitaire du Madrillet, Avenue de
lUniversit BP12, 76801 St Etienne du Rouvray, France, gazon@coria.fr
, Jean Bernard Blaisot Coria CNRS UMR6614, Site Universitaire du Ma-
drillet, Avenue de lUniversit BP12, 76801 St Etienne du Rouvray, France,
Jean-Bernard.Blaisot@coria.fr, Nicolas Duclaux-De-LEstoille Renault
SAS, 1 Alle Cornuel, 91510 Lardy, France, nicolas.duclaux-de-lestoile
@renault.com, Shanjin Wang Renault SAS, 67, rue des Bons Raisins,
92508 Rueil Malmaison, France, shanjin.wang@renault.com
At idle conditions, the cycle-to-cycle uctuations in Diesel engines lead
to combustion noise variations that could be annoying for people, even if the
mean level is low, and the cold start condition is one of the worst cases. This
study focuses on the effect of injection parameters duration and timings
and the effect of coolant temperature on combustion characteristics and on
the combustion noise. A Direct Injection Diesel engine four cylinders, 16
valves equipped with a common-rail injection system and piezoelectric in-
jectors was used. The coolant temperature is changed at idle from the am-
bient temperature to the temperature at normal working conditions. The
combustion is analysed in terms of rate of heat release and combustion noise
through the measurement of the cylinder pressure. The results show the de-
pendency of the combustion behavior on the increase of coolant temperature
at constant engine adjustment parameters. It is also shown that acting on
adjustment parameters can modify the combustion behavior and, conse-
quently, the cycle-to-cycle uctuations. A trade-off between combustion
noise and engine emissions can thus be reached.
2pNSk4. Sound perception of urban delivery trucks. Florence
Manca-Demirdjian Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon, 25 bis
avenue Jean Capelle, Btiment Saint-Exupry, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex,
France, orence.manca@gmail.com, Etienne Parizet Laboratoire Vibra-
tions Acoustique, Insa Lyon, 25 bis, av. J. Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Ce-
dex, France, etienne.parizet@insa-lyon.fr
The study deals with the annoyance of urban delivery trucks noises.
Sound sequences of two lorries were recorded during a typical delivery : a
commercial one and a prototype specially designed to reduce sound
emissions. Various sources could be heard during these sequences engine,
doors, hydraulic rear doors. These recordings the duration of which being
more than 5 minutes were evaluated by subjects in a sound proofed room
by two methods. The rst one was a continuous assessment of sequences :
the listeners had to continuously assess their annoyance by moving a cursor
sliding along a ve levels graduated scale from not at all annoying to ex-
tremely annoying. The second one was an overall evaluation using the
same scale of each event of the sequences for example : the arrival of the
truck, or the closing of the drivers door, etc.... The comparison of the re-
sults obtained from these two methods for both lorries will be presented, as
well as the reduction of the annoyance could be realized on the prototype.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSl
Noise and EURONOISE: Environmental Noise Mapping III (Poster Session)
Kenneth Cunefare, Cochair
The Georgia Inst. of Technol.
Gaetano Licitra, Cochair
ARPAT - Dept. Firenze
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSl1. Low frequency noise impact of road trafc in the Netherlands.
J. Jabben RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Nether-
lands, jan.jabben@rivm.nl, Eric Schreurs RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoek-
laan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands, eric.schreurs@rivm.nl
Current trafc noise impact assessments are usually based on broadband
A-weighted noise indicators. A more complete picture and better correlation
with annoyance and health effects may result from indicators that include
temporal aspects and frequency character. These aspects are currently under
investigation at RIVM. This paper gives an evaluation of low frequency
noise impact from road trafc in the Netherlands. The results are based on
low frequency noise maps covering the entire road network. In particular the
effectiveness of various types of noise control measures, such as noise bar-
riers or walls, porous asphalt layers and reduction of noise emission, with
regards to low frequency impact were studied. The results indicate for low
frequency noise levels, powertrain noise and freight trafc in general, are of
major importance for environmental quality.
2pNSl2. In Situ Characterization and Noise Mapping of Ships Moored
in the Port of Venice. Antonino Di Bella Dept. Technical Physics - Uni-
versity of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy,
antonino.dibella@unipd.it, Andrea Tombolato Studio di Acustica, Via
Tripoli 16, 35141 Padova, Italy, tombolato@acusticapd.191.it, Stefano
Cordeddu Studio di Acustica, Via Tripoli 16, 35141 Padova, Italy,
cordeddu@acusticapd.191.it, Emanuele Zanotto Autorit Portuale di
Venezia, Porto Commerciale - Molo A - Fabbricato 448, 30175 Marghera,
Italy, emanuele.zanotto@port.venice.it, Marco Barbieri Autorit Portuale
di Venezia, Porto Commerciale - Molo A - Fabbricato 448, 30175 Marghera,
Italy, marco.barbieri@port.venice.it
The acoustical characterization and the mapping of noise emitted from
ships were carried out on behalf of the Venice Port Authorithy in the frame
of the European Project NoMEPorts Noise Management in European
Ports. According to the Directive 200249CE END, different noise
sources like roads, railways, aircraft, industrial sites, ports have to be con-
sidered and mapped separately; so, in the rst step, the acoustical character-
ization of ships is required. Annex IV of the Directive, in particular, estab-
lishes that the strategic noise maps for agglomerations shall put a special
emphasis on the noise emitted by, inter alia, industrial activities, including
ports. Three kinds of ships were investigated, using the Italian technical
standards UNI 10855 and UNI 11143: 1. inland navigation ships along
wharves; 2. ferries along wharves and when maneuvering; 3. cruises
along wharves and when maneuvering. As for the maneuvering, it could be
said that a supplementary noise indicator is needed, as the END, Annex I,
forsees in the case the average number of noise events in one or more of the
day periods is very low for example, less than one noise event an hour.
2pNSl3. Mapping urban noise quota generated by a transport service.
Sergio Luzzi Vie En.Ro.Se. Ingegneria, Via Stibbert, 1, 50134 Florence,
Italy, sergio.luzzi@vienrose.it
The paper refers to a recent noise mapping experience, regarding the de-
termination of quotas generated by urban transport services in complex
areas. The rst results of this study have been presented at Euronoise 2006
in Tampere and at Transport Noise 2006 congress in Saint Petersburg. Now
the study is completed. Italian Law established that noise levels produced by
buses, coaches and trams, must respect noise limits of area and road buffers
classication. Public and Private transport companies are directly requested
to point out their specic contributions levels and action plans for the re-
duction of those levels. At the same time, data for 200249EC Directive
have to be collected by them and given to authorities in agreement with for-
mats and standards. The original methodology of source analysis, noise
mapping and action planning studied and experienced by the authors in the
Florentine area, applies a multi-variable couple-checking algorithm for the
optimal choice of critical sites, to the whole road network of each company,
reducing the number of calculations and conducting measurement cam-
paigns only for the chosen critical pivot scenarios. Noise contribution quo-
tas, generated by bus and coach trafc on linear sources and road systems,
have been investigated and considered in models.
2pNSl4. Uncertainty of noise mapping software. Jacek
Wierzbicki AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza
30, 30-059 Krakw, Poland, wierzbic@agh.edu.pl, Wojciech Batko AGH
University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakw,
Poland, batko@agh.edu.pl
Noise map is a tool to come to noise policy and especially to an action
plan. The most important question connected with noise mapping realized
by computational methods is about reliability of results. It is closely con-
nected with quality of input data and calculation algorithms and their
parameters. An inuence of elements location, buildings height and number
of vehicles accuracy on calculated results was considered in rst stage. Be-
fore implementation of HarmonoiseImagine P2P algorithms there are dif-
ferences between various software. The paper presents rst results from in-
vestigations with two commercial prediction programs. The absolute
accuracy uncertainty of predicted by software sound levels is very difcult
to quantify because an uncertainty in the measurements. The main result of
3262 3262 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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investigations is a table of differences in sound level calculations related to
variation of input data geometry of objects and acoustic parameters and
calculation algorithm.
2pNSl5. Noise mapping of major roads in Milan District. Alessandro
Bisceglie Department of Environmental Sciences of the University of Mi-
lano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy,
alessandro.bisceglie@unimib.it, Giovanni Zambon Department of Envi-
ronmental Sciences of the University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Sci-
enza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy, giovanni.zambon@unimib.it, Fabrizio
Artom Phoneco S.r.l., Via San Cristoforo 84, 20090 Trezzano Sul Naviglio,
Italy, artom@phoneco.it, Mattia Vigan Phoneco S.r.l., Via San Cristo-
foro 84, 20090 Trezzano Sul Naviglio, Italy, vigano@phoneco.it, Franco
Bertellino Microbel s.r.l., via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy,
franco.bertellino@microbel.it, Marco Longoni Provincia di Milano,
Corso di Porta Vittoria 27, 20122 Milano, Italy, m_longoni@provincia
.milano.it
The paper deals with noise map calculation, according to the rst dead-
line of the END Environmental Noise Directive, 200249EC, for Milan
district major roads. The roads with more than six million vehicle passages
per year have been estimated to cover 405 km out of 1090 km total. Noise
emission has been calculated from peak hour ow data for each segment of
the whole road network and from some local trafc direct measurements. A
statistical method to assign mean ow values to each road segment has been
used, according to Italian reference periods. These data enable to use an
acoustic model on a wide area with several line sources in order to obtain
noise propagation maps of Lden and Lnight indicators. A procedure to esti-
mate people exposed to different noise levels, as required by the END, has
been also studied. Through a geographic information system it has been pos-
sible to intersect population input data demographic density for different
areas, buildings use type and buildings volumetric data and noise mapping
data. Every step of the procedure has been carried out complying with WG-
AEN Good Practice Guide recommendations, on the basis of the best avail-
able data in Milan district.
2pNSl6. 3D noise map of an hospital and noise sources evaluation.
Paulo J. Sequeira Goncalves EST Instituto Politecnico de Castelo Branco,
Av Empresario, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal, pgoncalves@est.ipcb
.pt
This paper presents the tri-dimensional acoustical characterization of
Castelo Branco Hospital. Trafc and air conditioning machines produce
noise that inuences the Hospital and the buildings nearby. The results are
presented in two dimensions at a height of four meters above the ground and
in the vertical direction to access the noise levels in the building oors. For
the construction of the model were used and compared to types of measure-
ments of vehicles counting, for characterization of the trafc noise. The rst
approach was performed at every hour during the 24 hours of the day, by
counting periods of 10 minutes. In the second approach counting was per-
formed for 30 minutes on six time intervals, identied by inquiries to the
nearby population and by a 24 hour noise measurement. The air condition-
ing machines were modelled using the Portuguese norm, NP EN ISO 3744.
Correlation results taken from the two previous approaches and the noise
measurements used to validate the CadnaA model showed values of 0.87
and 0.85. Since they are very similar, one can conclude that both approaches
can be used in practice. Taking the economical factor, the second approach
is preferable because it takes less time to be performed.
2pNSl7. Management of the Tourist & Entertainment Noise Using
Noise Mapping Technique. Alan timac DARH2 Acoustics & Civil
Eng. Ltd., Ljubicin prolaz 3, HR-10430 Samobor, Croatia,
alan@darh2.hr, Ale Globevnik A-PROJEKT Natasa Kepe-Globevnik
s.p., Vinarje 110b, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia, aprojekt@siol.net, Lilijana
Kuhelj Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Vojkova 1B,
SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, lilijana.kuhelj@gov.si
In countries with strong orientation in tourism and entertainment, espe-
cially during summer months, noise problems are always present. This paper
represents some applications of noise mapping techniques for the manage-
ment of tourist & entertainment noise that were conducted in Croatia and
Slovenia. The noise mapping techniques were applied for the prediction of
noise levels on several places inside the cities of Varadin and Pola Croatia
including famous Roman amphitheatre, and in the city of Nova Gorica
Slovenia especially during entertainment live-shows concerts, movie fes-
tival etc. Such approach enables the city authorities to prepare the base for
the implementation of noise policy with introducing such a system that
would represent background documents for providing criteria of setting out
areas on one side intended to entertainment and quiet areas on the other. For
the daily activities in areas that are the most attractive for tourists, noise-
modelling techniques have been used for predicting noise emitted from pubs
and bars including terraces and loudspeakers. Such approaches have been
used by city authorities to establish technique for xed quotas that will be
able to designate maximum area of terraces concerning number of seating
places in relation with the type of barpub and noise emission.
2pNSl8. Managing Input Data Uncertainty within Strategic Noise
Mapping by Utilising Data Schema Specications. Simon J.
Shilton Acustica Ltd, Trident One, Styal Road, M22 5XB Manchester, UK,
simon.shilton@acustica.co.uk, Nigel Jones Extrium Ltd, Calverley
House, 55 Calverley Road, TN1 2TU Tunbridge Wells, UK,
nigel.jones@extrium.co.uk, James Trow Hepworth Acoustics Ltd, 5
Bankside, Croseld Street, WA1 1UP Warrington, UK, james.trow
@hepworth-acoustics.co.uk
With the proclamation of the Directive on Environmental Noise
200249, the process of noise mapping and action planning has begun
around Europe. Large scale wide area noise modelling requires an extensive
range of data inputs. The requirements for these inputs are driven by several
factors, including the noise calculation methodologies, noise mapping soft-
ware system, GIS and the deliverables set out within the Directive and rec-
ommended Reporting Mechanism. Utilising a staged approach to project de-
sign led to the development of detailed noise mapping data schema
specications prior to the collation of input datasets for the calculation
process. The data schema may be used throughout the mapping project as a
framework to manage dataset concatenation, data capture or the use of de-
faults and GPGv2 Toolkits to inll data gaps. They also enable data pre-
processing guidelines to be passed to non-acoustic GIS specialists, and help
to guide and catalogue data processing steps. This paper presents experience
gained whilst developing a number of noise mapping data schema speci-
cations and their implementation within successful projects during the rst
round of mapping. Railway noise mapping is used as an example of how a
data schema may be used to develop solutions to technical problems as well
as coordinate data capture.
2pNSl9. On railway noise modelling - an approach to the european
interim method. J. Luis Bento Coelho CAPS, Instituto Superior Tcnico,
TU Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal,
bcoelho@ist.utl.pt, Diogo Alarco CAPS, Instituto Superior Tcnico, TU
Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal, diogo.alarcao@ist
.utl.pt
Railway noise results from a number of sources, with airborne and struc-
ture borne transmission mechanisms being responsible for the noise radia-
tion and propagation. The European Directive 200249EC requires the
drawing of noise maps for areas near major transport infrastructures. The
Portuguese Noise Act of 2007 further requires the drawing of noise maps for
all transport infrastructures. This paper reports on our experience on noise
mapping of the major Portuguese railway lines. The interim calculation
model RMR96SRMII, recommended in Directive 200249EC, was
adopted for the prediction of the railway noise, where a 11 octave band
noise spectrum curve tting approach was followed. Details on the imple-
mentation, adaptation and validation of the calculation procedure are
reported. Emphasis on the required data such as train categories, superstruc-
ture, and speed proles will be given. Examples and results for a number of
major railway lines will be presented.
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2pNSl10. Is DNL appropriate for airport noise zoning? Jules G.
Slama UFRJ, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Centro de Tecnologia, Bl. G,
Sala 204, Cidade Universitria, 21941-914 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
julesslama@yahoo.com.br, Flix A. Mora-Camino Ecole Nationale de
lAviation Civile, 7 avenue Edouard-Belin BP 54005, 31055 Toulouse,
France, felix.mora@enac.fr, Teo C. Revoredo UFRJ, Av. Horacio
Macedo, 2030, Centro de Tecnologia, Bl. G, Sala 204, Cidade Universitria,
21941-914 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, teorevoredo@yahoo.com.br
The use of the DNL metric in airport noise zoning is based in the works
of Schultz, that were later improved by Fidell. The basic idea is to use the
percentage of highly annoyed people as a parameter to organize the area
around airports. In urban zoning it is recommended to use the equivalent
sound level LAEQ, which uses different criteria to day and night periods to
dene the land use. With regards to airport noise one may use LAD and
LAN metrics which are the equivalent sound levels determined for day and
night period, respectively. In this case, the maximum levels chosen to the
establishment of the zoning are based on the land use. It is possible, through
a simple equation, to determine the DNL level associated to a LAD, LAN
pair. The inverse problem, however, has not a unique solution, once this re-
lation depends on the number of daily and night ights of the airport. Thus,
the use of DNL in airport noise zoning may lead to completely different re-
sults for different airports. Exemples are presented and discussed for two
main brazilian airports: Recife and Congonhas.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-A, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pNSm
Noise and EURONOISE: Noise Mapping Techniques and Uncertainties II (Poster Session)
Wolfgang Probst, Chair
DataKustik GmbH, Gewerbering 5, Griefenberg, 86926, Germany
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pNSm1. Strategic noise mapping in slovak republic. Milan
Kamenicky Norsonic Slovensko s.r.o., Letisko M.R. Stefanika 63, 82001
Bratislava, Slovakia, kamenicky@norsonic.sk, Peter Petrak AkusTech s.r
.o., Lubovnianska 14, 85107 Bratislava, Slovakia, akustech@akustech.sk
In the EU there is an ongoing process of strategic noise mapping and
action planning. The goal is to determine the noise produced by the main
noise sources - road, rail and air transport and industrial facilities and the
exposure caused by them in densely populated agglomerations. Subse-
quently it is necessary to consider possibilities, how to reduce additional in-
crease of noise levels in the environment. Authors participated in the stra-
tegic noise map development process and this paper comprises the
information about the measurement and calculation results of trafc and in-
dustrial noise in Bratislava and in the slovak republic. Presentation of stra-
tegic noise maps and actions plans in Slovakia.
2pNSm2. Mapping of noise caused by military airplane operation.
Milan Kamenicky Norsonic Slovensko s.r.o., Letisko M.R. Stefanika 63,
82001 Bratislava, Slovakia, kamenicky@norsonic.sk, Peter
Petrak AkusTech s.r.o., Lubovnianska 14, 85107 Bratislava, Slovakia,
akustech@akustech.sk
Noise from military airplane operations is a serious problem in affected
surroundings of military airports. Usually, military airplane noise emission
data are not available in databases of common programs, which causes prob-
lems in noise load modeling. In such cases it is necessary to obtain emission
data by measurement. Measurement must be performed in modes which are
not used in ordinary airplane operation. Based on these measurements,
acoustic emission data will be processed in the required form according to a
used mathematical model. This paper will include examples of acoustic data
acquisition and their utilization in mapping of noise load caused by military
airplane operations in the surroundings of military airports. Also, verica-
tion of data acquired by prediction and measurement in the airport surround-
ing ordinary airplane operations will be present.
2pNSm3. Effect of limitations of ray-tracing software on predicting
community from petrochemical plants. Frank Brittain Bechtel, Corp.,
2255 Peavine Valley Road, Reno, NV 89523, USA,
fhbritta@bechtel.com, Marlund Hale Advanced Engineering Acoustics,
663 Bristol Ave., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA, noisedoc@aol.com
Ray-tracing software has proven to be a valuable and powerful tool to
predict community noise from outdoor petrochemical and power plants. Ac-
curate predictions are necessary to determine noise reductions needed to
meet regulations andor project noise limits, and then to determine indi-
vidual equipment noise limits, select add-on noise controls, and conrm the
plant will comply with its noise limits. Modeling using ray-tracing software
is much more powerful and versatile than a spreadsheet model, which had
often been used. Ray tracing and similar image source software have many
limitations, particularly for outdoor petrochemical and power plants. To ef-
fectively use ray-tracing software, the user needs to understand those
limitations. For example, ray tracing does not adequately predict for con-
gurations where distances are signicant compared to the wave length of
sound, reections from dense pipe racks, or screening by pipelines and
equipment. This paper identies and discusses some of the limitations of
ray-tracing software for predicting community noise. Examples are given.
This paper emphasizes limitations of ray-tracing methodology, and not those
arising from atmospheric effects.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 251, 5:20 TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2pNSn
Noise and EURONOISE: Railway Noise and Vibration II
Richard A. Carman, Cochair
Wilson, Ihrig & Associates, 5776 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94618, USA
Franck Poisson, Cochair
SNCF DIR, 45, rue de Londres, Paris, 75379, France
David Thompson, Cochair
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University Road, Higheld, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK
Invited Papers
5:20
2pNSn1. The railway noise reductions achieved in the Silence project. Franck Poisson SNCF DIR, 45, rue de Londres, 75379
Paris, France, franck.poisson@sncf.fr, Pierre Etienne Gautier SNCF DIR, 45, rue de Londres, 75379 Paris, France, pierre-etienne
.gautier@sncf.fr
The European project Silence is dedicated to the reduction of railway and roadway noise in urban areas. Within the framework of
the subproject E and G, the reduction of the railway noise is addressed. Source ranking of state of the art rolling stocks has been carried
out. Then, the Diesel engine, the exhaust, the cooling unit, the electrical engine, the wheels and the track have been optimised by the
manufacturers and prototypes have been constructed. The most promising have been selected through laboratory measurement to be
installed on the trains and trams. Last measurement campaigns have been carried out to characterise the combination of optimised
rolling stocks running on optimised track. Then, relevant reductions of the pass-by noise have been achieved for electrical and Diesel
multiple unit trains, freight trains and trams. In the same time, a software called VAMPPASS has been developed in subproject B to
simulate the time signal of a train pass-by. The paper focuses on the results of the last measurement campaigns which validate the noise
reduction achieved on the global pass-by noise of several rolling stocks and tracks. A comparison with the reduction predicted by
VAMPPASS will be also presented. Some improvement of the solutions will be also addressed.
5:40
2pNSn2. Principles for selection of rail fastening systems for control of railway noise and vibration. Stephen J. Cox Pandrol
Rail Fastenings Ltd, 63 Station Road, KT15 2AR Addlestone, UK, s.cox@pandrol.com
Railways generate noise and vibration as trains pass along the track. It is usually ultimately noise that causes annoyance to those
above or alongside the track, but this noise is often generated as a result of vibrations transmitted along and away from the track.
Examples of ground-borne vibration at the surface above railway tunnels; airborne noise from trains passing at grade; and noise from
trains passing over structures such as viaducts and bridges are each considered in turn. The selection of suitable rail fastening systems,
and in particular their stiffness, to control each of these problems is discussed. This often requires compromise - for example, reduction
of the noise emitted from the rail may suggest a high stiffness, while reduction of noise from the supporting structure may require a low
stiffness. These considerations lead to different solutions to different problems. Some general conclusions are drawn as to how, and to
what extent, each of the different types of railway noise and vibration problem may be addressed by modications to the track fastening
system.
6:00
2pNSn3. Cost-effectiveness of railway noise measures in practice. Chiel Roovers ProRail, P.O. Box 2038, Department VMJB,
Railway Noise Knowledge Centre, NL-3500 GA Utrecht, Netherlands, Chiel.Roovers@prorail.nl
The Dutch noise nuisance law enforces railinframanager ProRail to take noise measures when railway transport is growing, new
lines are built or changes are made to the existing lines. Also, measures are taken by the Dutch government at existing hotspots. At the
moment the toolbox of measures includes noise barriers, sleeper renewal, raildampers, acoustic grinding and faade insulation. The
life-cycle costs of these measures have been derived from recent projects. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness
of these measures in typical situations where the choice of the application of noise mitigation measures was made recently. In what
circumstances is it considered to be appropriate to take measures, and how much money will be available? Are source measures like
raildampers more cost-effective compared to noise barriers? The introduction of a track-access-charge system which differentiates on
the noise emission of trains concludes this paper.
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Contributed Papers
6:20
2pNSn4. Comparing railway noise prediction results for passenger
trains using various models. Malgorzata Reiter Gdansk University of
Technology, Multimedia Systems Department, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza
Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland, reiter.m@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl, Bozena
Kostek Gdansk University of Technology, Multimedia Systems Depart-
ment, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland, bozenka
@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl
Railway noise modeling is a requirement for all European countries. Un-
der the European Directive on the Assessment and Management of Environ-
mental Noise, 200249EC all member states were obliged to create strate-
gic noise maps of the major railways by June 30th, 2007. Some of the
participating states have their own national schemes dedicated to noise
prediction. For those not having their own noise prediction model, the rec-
ommendation is to use the Dutch SRM II Model. The most important as-
sessment criterion is an inaccuracy value, which is dened as a difference
between the result calculated based on a model and the actual measurements
under the same atmospheric conditions simulated. Therefore, it is essential
to check out which of the main calculation schemes produces most accurate
results. Therefore, all above models were implemented numerically and cal-
culations of the noise maps were performed with the use of: Schall 03 de-
veloped in Germany, Dutch SRM II and the Nordic model engineered in
Norway. Those models were tested employing sample passenger trains data
exploited in Gdansk, Poland. Noise maps were drawn in CadnaA software
and then were compared to the eld noise measurement test results.
6:40
2pNSn5. Dynamic wheelrail forces induced by trams at low
frequencies. Olivier Chiello INRETS, Transport and Environment Lab.,
25 avenue Franois Mitterrand, 69675 Bron cedex, France,
olivier.chiello@inrets.fr, Marc Maldonado Research Inst. of Civil Eng.
and Mech., UMR CNRS 6183, 1 rue de la No, 44321 Nantes Cedex 3,
France, marc.maldonado@ec-nantes.fr
This work is part of various experimental and theoretical investigations
into the noise and the vibrations caused by trams in Nantes, France. It fo-
cuses on the problem of the low frequency vibrations induced in the track
and the ground and particularly on the excitation mechanism at the wheel-
rail interface. In order to estimate the corresponding dynamic wheelrail
forces, axle-box vibrations have been measured on a carrying bogie in vari-
ous vehicle and track congurations. Additionally, a specic instrument has
been used to measure the rail unevenness at large wavelengths likely to ex-
cite the vehicletrack system in the low frequency range. Finally, the vertical
receptance of the different tracks has been measured by using an impact
hammer. In the paper, all these experimental results are presented and the
validity of a simple vehicletrack interaction model is discussed.
7:00
2pNSn6. A fast time-domain model for wheelrail interaction
demonstrated for the case of impact forces caused by wheel ats. Astrid
Pieringer Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Applied Acous-
tics, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden, astrid.pieringer@chalmers
.se, Wolfgang Kropp Chalmers University of Technology, Division of
Applied Acoustics, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden, wolfgang.kropp
@chalmers.se
The prediction of impact forces caused by wheel ats requires the ap-
plication of time-domain models that are generally more computationally
demanding than are frequency-domain models. In this paper, a fast time-
domain model is presented to simulate the dynamic interaction between
wheel and rail, taking into account the non-linear processes in the contact
zone. Track and wheel are described as linear systems using impulse-
response functions that can be precalculated. The contact zone is modelled
by non-linear contact springs, allowing for loss of contact. This general
model enables the calculation of the vertical contact forces generated by any
kind of roughness excitation between wheel and rail. Here, the model is
adapted to the excitation caused by wheel ats by introducing the irregular
wheel shape as a form of extreme roughness. A brief parameter study is pre-
sented to demonstrate the functioning of the model. The results from the
model are discussed and compared with results from literature.
7:20
2pNSn7. Testing a new rail roughness measurement standard. Chris J.
Jones Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Univeristy of Southamp-
ton, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, cjcj@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Fabien
Ltourneaux SNCF - Agence dEssai Ferroviaire, 21 avenue Salvador Al-
lende, F-94407 Vitry-Sur-Seine, France, fabien.letourneaux@sncf
.fr, Pascal Fodiman SNCF - Direction Gnrale Dlgue Infrastructure,
34 rue du Commandant Mouchotte, 75699 Paris Cedex 14, France, pascal
.fodiman@sncf.fr
Railway rolling noise arises from the combined roughness of the wheel
and rail surfaces. The rail roughness is therefore an important parameter in
the assessment of train pass-by noise. The Technical Specications for In-
teroperability TSIs in Europe require noise to be measured on a reference
track the conditions of which are controlled. A spectral limit for the rail
roughness is a major part of that control. The TSIs needed a new standard
for rail roughness measurement so the CEN commissioned TC 256 Working
Group 3 to draft one. The nal draft of the new standard is now complete
and will soon be published. This paper describes a road test that was part
of the standard development process. This test involved asking eight teams
from all over Europe with seven different instruments to measure roughness
at the same site, independently making their own interpretation of the
standard. The paper outlines the aims of the new standard and describes the
road test. It presents results and conclusions of the test that have been used
already to improve the standard. Consideration had to be made of how rail-
head defects are treated and how different measurement technologies are
used.
7:40
2pNSn8. Brake noise measurements on mixed freight trains with
composite brake blocks. Erwin H. Jansen TNO Science and Industry,
PO Box 155, 2600 AD Delft, Netherlands, erwin.jansen@tno.nl, Michael
G. Dittrich TNO Science and Industry, PO Box 155, 2600 AD Delft, Neth-
erlands, michael.dittrich@tno.nl, Erik L. Sikma Lloyds Register Rail
Europe B.V., PO Box 2016, 3500 GA Utrecht, Netherlands, erik.sikma
@lrrail.com
In the Netherlands, the noise emission of shunting yards, which are often
located in urban areas, are a source of disturbance. The noise emission of
shunting yards is legislated in terms of maximum allowable equivalent
sound pressure levels and peak noise levels of the faade of residences.
Brake noise is known to be a major contributor to the total sound emission
of shunting yards, in particular from trains with cast-iron block brakes.
Within the scope of the Dutch Innovation Programme on Noise Reduction,
the rolling noise reducing effect of alternative composite block brakes, such
as LL and K blocks, was successfully demonstrated. Additionally, the effect
of composite brake blocks on braking noise was studied. For this purpose,
noise measurements were conducted on mixed freight trains according to the
applicable protocols. Measurements were conducted on trains slowing down
from a speed of 30 kmh to a standstill and trains passing-by with brake
systems applied. Some composite brake blocks show a considerable reduc-
tion of both braking pass-by levels and peak noise levels. Results are
presented. If squeal noise is absent, braking noise of most considered brake
blocks show a speed dependency similar to that for rolling noise.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 252A, 5:20 TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2pNSo
Noise and EURONOISE: Noise, Structure Borne Noise from Building Technical Equipment, and Ground
Borne Noise from Railways II
James Nelson, Cochair
Wilson, Ihrig & Associates, Inc., 5776 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94618, USA
Michel Villot, Cochair
CSTB, 24 rue Joseph Fourier, Saint-Martin-dHres, 38400, France
Invited Papers
5:20
2pNSo1. Prediction method for structure borne noise generated in buildings by tools such as drills. Michel Villot CSTB, 24
rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint-Martin-dHres, France, michel.villot@cstb.fr, Philippe A. Jean CSTB, 24 rue Joseph Fourier,
38400 Saint-Martin-dHres, France, philippe.jean@cstb.fr
Tools such as drills generate structure borne noise which propagate in the building structure and radiate loud noise even in rooms
far from the source. This paper presents a method for predicting this type of noise, frequent in buildings under construction or
renovation. First the structural power injected by the tool to the receiving structure oors or walls is estimated from eld measure-
ments of the vibrational bending energy stored in the receiving plate. Then the vibration propagation through the building structures
and the noise radiated in the receiving room is estimated using Statistical Energy Analysis SEA, where both bending and in plane
waves are taken into account. Comparisons between predictions and results measured in an apartment building under construction show
that SEA gives quite acceptable results down to 13 octave 50 Hz for structure borne sound sources such as drills.
5:40
2pNSo2. Structure borne sound source data of building service equipments for EN 12354 part 5 - Round Robin measurements.
Christian Simmons Simmons Akustik & Utveckling, Kroksltts Fabriker 1, 43137 Mlndal, Sweden, info@simmons.se
At the conference, results will be presented of a round robin test where sound pressure levels and vibration data have been measured
in 7 sites using two laundry machines and one heating compressor as sources. The vibrations are determined as transversal vibration
levels of the concrete slabs with the structural loss factors according to a draft standard prEN 15657-1, as well as relative levels
compared to the standardized tapping machine ISO 140-8. The purpose is to study whether these data may be applied to predict
structure borne sound in nearby spaces, according to the draft standard prEN 12354 parts 5 and 2, with a reasonable accuracy as com-
pared to the measured sound pressure levels. The variations in space and time will be monitored carefully to observe any modal coin-
cidence and whether the time and spatial average is the best descriptor of these types of source.
6:00
2pNSo3. A combined approach for base isolation design. Albano Neves E Sousa IST, Department of Civil Engineering and
Architecture, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal, albano.nsousa@civil.ist.utl.pt, Lus Guerreiro IST, Department of
Civil Engineering and Architecture, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal, luisg@civil.ist.utl.pt, Rui Gomes IST, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal, ruigomes@civil.ist.utl.pt
New buildings in the vicinity of underground railway lines should be protected against noise and vibrations induced by railway
trafc. In the present paper a case study is presented. A 2D FEM model of the tunnel, ground and building was built in order to identify
the transfer function of vibration from the tunnel to building foundations. A 3D model of the building was built, including not only
structural elements, but also other non structural walls, in order to identify the transfer function of vibration from foundations to walls
and oors. As the impedance of heavy walls and oors is much higher than the acoustic impedance of air, the numerically assessed
vibration elds of walls and oors were used to calculate sound elds in rooms by means of natural mode analysis. The vibration and
sound elds were then compared with comfort criteria in order to design a base isolation system. With this combined approach, the
analysis was performed up to 170 Hz, which is more than one can usually do with integrated 3D models.
6:20
2pNSo4. Variance in predicted structure borne sound power due to simplied characterisation of the source. Tomos A. Evans
University of Salford, Acoustic Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, t.a.evans@pgr.salford.ac.uk, Andy T.
Moorhouse University of Salford, Acoustic Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, a.t.moorhouse@salford.ac.uk
Theoretically the structure borne sound power transmission from a vibration source to a receiving structure can be predicted using
the mobility method. In order for all the power transmission mechanisms to be accounted for the source and receiver mobility matrices
must contain the mobilities for all degrees of freedom three translational and three rotational for each contact point and the transfer
mobilities between; each contact point, each degree of freedom and each degree of freedom at each contact point. In practice reliable
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measured data for some degrees of freedom is difcult to obtain, so simplied source characterisation methods are required, for example
using only certain degrees of freedom. The novel contribution of this paper is to investigate the variance in the predicted structure borne
sound power transmission calculated when some degrees of freedom are missing, and when the source is approximated as a single
equivalent excitation. The investigation was carried out using numerical simulations of simplied source and receiver structures.
6:40
2pNSo5. Uncertainties and repeatability of the Reception Plate Method. Lieven De Geetere Belgian Building Research Insti-
tute, Lombardstraat 42, B-1000 Brussel, Belgium, lieven.de.geetere@bbri.be, Bart Ingelaere BBRI, rue du Lombard, 42, B-1000
Brussel, Belgium, bart.ingelaere@bbri.be, Pieter Schevenels Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D,
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, pieter.schevenels@bwk.kuleuven.be
The Reception Plate Method RPM as proposed by CENTC126WG7 in prEN 15657-1 estimates the structure-borne sound power
injected from a high mobility vibrating source into a low mobility building structure. In the near future, a round-robin test is planned
to investigate repeatability and reproducibility issues of the RPM. As a preparation of this round-robin, uncertainties of the RPM are
studied using the standard ISO tapping machine, placed on a 4 feet table on a reception plate. The injected power into the reception plate
is calculated using different methods. The inuence of the source position, accelerometer positions and airborne excitation are inves-
tigated, together with repeatability tests. Also, differences in injected power between two different brands of the ISO tapping machine
will be studied. Finally, in-situ installed structure-borne sound power level will be predicted using prEN 12354-5 and compared to
measurements on a simple building structure.
7:00
2pNSo6. Investigation of a vibro-acoustic reciprocal method to derive the contact forces of building equipment. Pieter
Schevenels Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
pieter.schevenels@bwk.kuleuven.be, Arne Dijckmans Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001
Leuven, Belgium, arne.dijckmans@bwk.kuleuven.be, Peter J. Van Der Linden Qsources BVBA, Ketelwinning 38, 3293 Diest, Bel-
gium, info@qsources.be, Gerrit Vermeir Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
Gerrit.Vermeir@bwk.kuleuven.be
Structure-borne sound caused by installations can be derived from the injected structure-borne sound power into the connected
building element. Theoretically, this is as simple as summing the products of force and velocity at each contact point of the installation.
The velocity can be well approximated by the velocity measured close to the contact point. But to measure the force, installation and
building element would have to be separated to insert a force sensor. This is generally impractical or even impossible. In this paper, a
method is analyzed to derive the force between an installation and a building element in a vibro-acoustic reciprocal way. First, a dedi-
cated volume sound source is placed in an adjacent room and the transfer function of its volume acceleration with the acceleration of
the building element is determined. Next, the sound pressure is measured at the sources position while the installation is operating.
Since most installations have an important lower frequency contribution, below 50 Hz, the sound source must cover this frequency
range with sufcient level. Moreover, an accurate measure of the in-situ volume acceleration of the used source is required. Finally, the
method is compared to other methods that approximate the injected structure-borne sound power.
Contributed Papers
7:20
2pNSo7. Building Isolation Design for Noise Critical Applications.
George P. Wilson Wilson, Ihrig & Associates, Inc., 5776 Broadway, Oak-
land, CA 94618, USA, gwilson@wiai.com
Because it is a complex, multi-degree-of-freedom system, the success of
a building isolation installation depends on careful selection of a number of
design factors. The new Toronto Opera House, the Four Seasons Centre for
the Performing Arts, opened in June 2006, is located directly adjacent to a
surface light rail trackway and to a subway rail transit system. The results
characterized as the quietest Opera House in the world demonstrate that
groundborne noise and vibration is not a factor precluding the use of a noisy
site for a noise-sensitive facility. Measurement of the existing groundborne
noise provided the basis to determine the required noise reduction. Very stiff
and massive foundation elements with stiff and massive structure directly
above the isolation bearings allows the isolation design to be simplied to a
single-degree-of-freedom system for deriving the performance of the isola-
tion at low frequencies. Natural rubber bearings with thickness adjusted to
achieve a specic amount of insertion loss for the structure-borne noise can
be used to determine the expected performance at frequencies above 50-80
Hz. Isolation system design parameters for the new 2000-seat Opera House
Performance Hall and graphical results from vibration and noise projections
and tests are presented.
7:40
2pNSo8. Ground vibration requirements in vehicle projects. Janne
Frm Bombardier Transportation Mainline and Metros Division, stra
Ringvgen 2 MLNTSSV, 721 73 Vsters, Sweden, janne.farm@se
.transport.bombardier.com, Siv Leth Bombardier Transportation Centre
of Competence Acoustics and Vibration, stra Ringvgen 2 CoC AcV,
721 73 Vsters, Sweden, siv.leth@se.transport.bombardier.com, Philipp
Rst Bombardier Transportation Bogie Division, Zrcherstrasse 39 Post-
fach 414, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland, philipp.ruest@ch.transport
.bombardier.com
The climate is right for trains and the environmental targets regarding
noise and vibration have to be met to enhance the competitiveness of rail
over other forms of transport. Ground vibration is one part that needs to be
further addressed. Customer requirements on ground vibration are often in-
cluded in vehicle contracts even if the vehicle is only one part of the system
determining the ground vibration at the receiver point. For the design of new
lines there is a need for a better optimization of overall generation of noise
and vibration where both the infrastructure and vehicle parameters are
included. An overview of the diversity of ground vibration requirements in
different vehicle projects is given and the relation to a number of vehicle
and track parameters. The potential conict between ground vibration reduc-
tion and increased airborne noise generation is analyzed for particular
examples. The background analysis clearly points out the need for a stan-
dardization regarding both setting and evaluation of requirements. There is
also a need for developing one commonly used, widely accepted, validated
prediction tool for ground vibration. It should facilitate engineering level de-
cision making and allow assessment of mitigation measures.
3268 3268 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI HAVANE, 2:00 TO 6:40 P.M.
Session 2pPAa
Physical Acoustics: Nonlinear Acoustics in Earthquake Processes and Other Earth Processes I
Paul A. Johnson, Cochair
EES-11 (Geophysics) - Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
Fabrice Cotton, Cochair
Universit Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Gophysique Interne et Tectonophysique, CNRS, BP53, France
Invited Papers
2:00
2pPAa1. Stick-slip dynamics of a granular medium. Alberto Petri Institute of Complex Systems - CNR, via del Fosso del Cava-
liere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy, alberto.petri@isc.cnr.it, Andrea Baldassarri Dipartimento di Fisica -Universit di Roma La Sapienza,
P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00186 Rome, Italy, andrea.baldassarri@roma1.infn.it, Fergal Dalton Institute of Complex Systems - CNR, via del
Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy, fergal.dalton@isc.cnr.it, Giorgio Pontuale Institute of Complex Systems - CNR, via del
Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy, giorgio.pontuale@isc.cnr.it, Stefano Zapperi CNR-INFM, S3, Dipartimento di Fisica -
Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213A, 41100 Modena, Italy, stefano.zapperi@roma1.infn.it
Under certain limits, granular materials share many features with uids and solids. Most of the time, however, they exhibit peculiar
features which originate in the non-equilibrium and dissipative character of the grain dynamics. We have investigated the dynamics of
a granular medium in a channel, when subject to continuous shear stress from a plate connected to a motor by an elastic spring. We have
shown 1 that the statistical features of granular stick-slip dynamics are not simply Gaussian and that 2 can be described in a quan-
titative way by a simple stochastic equation. Extant work, such as the statistical properties of friction in solid-on-solid systems, further
suggests that a large class of driven instabilities can be described in terms of similar general mechanisms. The intensity of the acoustic
signals emitted by the granular medium during the slip events displays a non trivial correlation with the plate velocity. 1 F. Dalton et
al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 138001 2005 2 A. Baldassarri et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 118002 2006
2:20
2pPAa2. Monitoring changes in crustal properties with seismic noise. Michel Campillo LGIT - CNRS - Universit Joseph
Fourier, Maison des Gosciences, 1381 rue de la Piscine, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France,
Michel.Campillo@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr, Florent Brenguier Laboratoire de Sismologie IPGP, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France,
fbrengui@ipgp.jussieu.fr, Celine Hadziioannou LGIT Universit Joseph FourierCNRS, Maison des Gosciences Domaine Univer-
sitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France, eline.hadziioannou@ujf-grenoble.fr, Nikolai Shapiro Laboratoire de Sismologie IPGP, 4 place Jus-
sieu, 75252 Paris, France, nshapiro@ipgp.jussieu.fr, Eric Larose LGIT - CNRS - Universit Joseph Fourier, Maison des Go-
sciences, 1381 rue de la Piscine, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France, Eric.Larose@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
The seismic noise is a continuous source of waves due to the interaction between the solid Earth and its uid envelopes. Theoreti-
cally, the time correlation of the eld measured at two distant points allows retrieving the Green function between the points for a
random distribution of sources or in presence of a diffuse eld. We use this property and study the stability of the correlation functions.
We show that the velocity measurements made with correlations are very stable. Using doublet analysis, we found that that we can
monitor relative velocity changes smaller than 10
-4
. We present applications to the forecast of volcanic eruptions and to the monitoring
of an active fault.
Contributed Paper
2:40
2pPAa3. Force uctuations in granular disks near the jamming
threshold. Robert E. Ecke Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for
Nonlinear Studies, MS-B258, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,
ecke@lanl.gov, Mahesh Bandi Los Alamos National Laboratory, Con-
densed Matter and Thermal Physics, MS-K764, Los Alamos, NM 87545,
USA, mbandi@lanl.gov, Michael K. Rivera Los Alamos National Labo-
ratory, Condensed Matter and Thermal Physics, MS-K764, Los Alamos, NM
87545, USA, mkrivera@lanl.gov
We study experimentally the force uctuations felt by a probe disk as it
is dragged at a nominally constant rate through a two-dimensional bi-
disperse system of randomly packed photo-elastic disks. As the packing
fraction increases from loose packing to a value where the disks are
jammed, lines of connected force - stress chains - develop that couple the
entire domain. We consider the transition from an unjammed state with no
long range force distribution to a jammed state with stress chains spanning
the system size. We characterize this transition using the measured force
uctuations and the determination of stress chains as visualized by the
photo-elastic disks. Length and time scales obtained from these measure-
ments are used to describe both the transition to jamming and the nature of
the jammed state. The reorganization of disks and the force uctuations have
a stick-slip character in the jammed state.
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3269 3269 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Invited Paper
3:00
2pPAa4. Rheology and mobility in a sono-uidized granular packing. Eric Clement Laboratoire PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vau-
quelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France, erc@ccr.jussieu.fr, Gabriel Caballero Laboratoire PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231
Paris Cedex 5, France, g.a.caballerorobledo@tnw.utwente.nl, Chay Goldenberg Laboratoire PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin,
75231 Paris Cedex 5, France, chayg@pmmh.espci.fr
Dynamics near jamming glassy phase, aging, memory effects and intermittency shows amazing analogies among a variety of very
different systems colloids, dense suspensions, foams, granular materials. Recently, several proposals have emerged with the aim of
describing in a general and unied way this behavior. With the purpose of testing experimentally some of these ideas, we performed
several experimental studies on dry granular materials under vibration. We found that even with a weak level of vibration, such as sound
injection, the behavior of granular matter is changed dramatically. We directly observe that the grains undergo a sub diffusive collective
dynamics on a very long time scale which results on global compaction effects. In this regime, we have studied the rheology of an
intruder moving in the bulk as a function of the level of energy injected, the driving velocity and the shape of the moving object. We
also present a simple model to account for the observed behavior.
Contributed Paper
3:20
2pPAa5. Irreversible interaction of sound waves with dense granular
matter. Jrme Laurent Universit Paris-Est Marne la Valle, 5 Bd. Des-
cartes, 77454 Marne la Valle, France, jerome.laurent
@univ-mlv.fr, Thomas Brunet Universit Paris-Est Marne la Valle, 5
Bd. Descartes, 77454 Marne la Valle, France, Thomas.Brunet
@insp.jussieu.fr, Xiaoping Jia Universit Paris-Est Marne la Valle, 5
Bd. Descartes, 77454 Marne la Valle, France, jia@univ-mlv.fr
In this talk, we will describe quantitatively the irreversible interaction
between sound and the granular medium under low conning pressure
0.1 MPa. Both resonance measurement and pulsed wave propagation show
that as the acoustic pressure goes up to a few percent of the conning pres-
sure, the dynamic bulk modulus and shear one can be reduced to 10% and
20%, respectively. This observation of modulus softening is qualitatively in
agreement with the prediction by a model based on the Mindlin hysteretic
nonlinearity at the grain contact level. Beyond certain thresholds of acoustic
amplitude, the irreversible sound-granular matter interaction is accompanied
by continue or intermittent sample compactions. No visible grain motion is
observed at this stage; however the multiply scatted shear waves 1 allow
probing a signicant evolution of the contact networks, which coincide with
slow recovery of elastic moduli. This work may have the implication for
better understanding the physical origin of dynamic triggering of the fault
core 2. 1 X. Jia, Coda-like multiple scattering of elastic waves in dense
granular media, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 154303 2004 2 P.A. Johnson & X.
Jia, Nonlinear dynamics, granular media and dynamic earthquake trigger-
ing, Nature 437, 871-874 2005
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Contributed Papers
5:20
2pPAa6. Acoustic emissions for the prediction of avalanches. Pierre De
Guibert Universit Paul Sabatier, PHASE, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062
Toulouse cedex 9, France, dguibert@cict.fr, Vincent Gibiat Universit
Paul Sabatier, PHASE, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9,
France, gibiat@cict.fr, Eric Plazza Universit Paul Sabatier, PHASE,
118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France, ericvpp@hotmail
.com
Although we know well enough the main zones where occur avalanches,
the main difculty results in forecasting avalanches because of the constant
evolution of the snow coat. The coat, composed of various slopes have dif-
ferent properties according to the weather conditions not only during falls
but also after. Weather modications after snow falls generate instability of
slopes which create stress, ssure and failure states. These different states
generate acoustic emissions whose parameters can lead to forecast
avalanches. The aim is to detect in situ these precursors, that initiate a low
frequency signal. We have settled an experiment to monitor and register this
signal. It includes two geophones to detect the acoustic signals, an acquisi-
tion system, one aerial of temperature sensor and a wireless connection to a
deported PC. The system is controlled by ADSL in our ofces. It will be
shown on examples that any movement of the snow cap provides a signal.
The rate of repetition of these elementary signals is the indication of an in-
creasing instability of the snow precursor to an avalanche. By comparing the
acoustic signals to temperature variation evolution of the snow pack we
could dene an alarm degree allowing to secure the area.
5:40
2pPAa7. The effect of acoustic waves on stick-slip behaviour in sheared
granular media, with implications to earthquake processes. Paul A.
JohnsonEES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS
D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, paj@lanl.gov, Heather
Savage University of California, Department of Earth and Planetary Sci-
ence, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, hsavage@ucsc.edu, Matt
Knuth University of Wisconsin, Department of Geology and Geophysics,
Madison, WI 53707, USA, mwknuth@wisc.edu, Joan Gomberg US Geo-
logical Survey, University of Washington, Department of Earth and Space
Sciences, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA,
gomberg@usgs.gov, Robert Behringer Duke University, Department of
Physics, Durham, NC 27708, USA, bob@phy.duke.edu, Chris
Marone Pennsylvania State University, Department of Earth and Planetary
Science, University Park, PA 16802, USA, cjm@geosc.psu.edu
We are studying the effects of acoustic waves on sheared granular ma-
terial, with two goals in mind: one is to understand the intriguing physics
that arises in this experimental system, and the other is to see if such ex-
periments offer insight into earthquake processes, in particular the phenom-
enon where one earthquake triggers another nearby, or distant, earthquake
dynamic earthquake triggering. We conducted laboratory experiments of
stick-slip in granular media using a double-direct, shear apparatus, while ap-
plying low amplitude vibration as well as pulsed waves. We nd that vibra-
tion and pulses signicantly perturb the shearing behaviour of the granular
material, and that the manifestation of vibration is extremely complex, in-
cluding strong material memory of the acoustic perturbation, that persists.
We note that the wave disturbance must take place near the critical point,
where the granular material is near failure, otherwise no effect is observed.
Also, horizontal loads on the system can eliminate the effect if they arelarge
4-5 MPa.
3270 3270 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Invited Paper
6:00
2pPAa8. Observations and models of dynamic earthquake triggering. Joan Gomberg US Geological Survey, University of
Washington, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA, gomberg@usgs.gov, Paul A.
Johnson EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, paj@lanl.gov
Seismologists have long accepted the idea that step-function perturbations to the deformation eld acting on a fault can change its
likelihood of, or trigger, failure as fault slip. We review the observations that have lead to the very recent recognition that transient
perturbations e.g., associated with seismic waves also affect failure probabilities, and more broadly, observations of the spatial and
temporal variations in both triggering deformations and triggered responses. Many of these cannot be explained by conventional models
of earthquake nucleation, requiring consideration of ideas developed in other disciplines, such as those describing and explaining non-
linear dynamic elasticity from rock-mechanics. In addition to the scientic challenges, these observations and models signicantly im-
pact earthquake forecasts and hazard assessments. We focus on observations of natural earthquakes and from the rock-mechanics labo-
ratory, and some of the explanatory models that we and others have proposed. While many of these observations and models are just
being vetted now, even newer ones related to slow aseismic fault slip and non-volcanic tremor seismic radiation that scales very dif-
ferently from that from earthquakes may lead to substantive modications and advances. We conclude with a few tantalizing examples
as a prelude to a companion presentation.
Contributed Paper
6:20
2pPAa9. Dynamic asperity failure triggering during the rupture
process? Carene Larmat EES-11 Geophysics - Los Alamos National
Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, carene@lanl.gov
Dynamic triggering by the transient deformations associated with seis-
mic waves has been proposed as an alternative mechanism for inducing af-
tershocks in contrast to the Coulomb stress. This idea is supported by ob-
servations of triggered seismicity like for the Mw7.3 Landers earthquake
1992, the Mw7.1 Hector Mine 1999, and after the Mw7.4 Izmit
earthquake for which small events began in Greece immediately after the
passage of the mainshock surface waves Brodsky et al., 2000. Gomberg et
al. 2003 conducted a rigorous analysis of aftershock distribution for 15
mainshocks and showed that most of the triggered events are located in the
rupture direction which corresponds to a maximum of the radiated seismic
energy. Another argument is the fact that the correctly scaled amplitude of
the dynamic deformations are consistent with laboratory observations of
failure processes Gomberg & Johnson, 2005. Finally, work by Felzer and
Brodsky 2006 indicates that aftershocks are due to dynamic triggering
rather than quasistatic stress changes. Thus instabilities can be triggered as
aftershocks as well as at remote distances by seismic waves, suggesting as-
perities located on the mainshock fault may fail due to transient strains. In
this study, we propose to explore that hypothesis.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 362363, 2:20 TO 7:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAb
Physical Acoustics: Nonlinear Acoustics of Unconsolidated Granular Media I
Paul A. Johnson, Cochair
EES-11 (Geophysics) - Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
Vitali Gusev, Cochair
LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans Cedex 09, 72085, France
Invited Papers
2:20
2pPAb1. Strongly nonlinear behavior of granular chains and granular composites. Vitali F. Nesterenko University of Califor-
nia, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA,
vnesterenko@ucsd.edu, Eric B. Herbold University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA, eherbold@gmail.com, David J. Benson University of California, San Di-
ego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA,
dbenson@ucsd.edu, Jeonghoon Kim University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Materials Science and Engineering
Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, jek008@ucsd.edu, Chiara Daraio California Institute of Technology, Aeronautics GALCIT
and Applied Physics, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, daraio@caltech.edu
Strongly nonlinear behavior of granular phononic crystals composed of stainless steel cylinders and PTFE spheres is considered
experimentally and numerically. The tenability of phononic band gap in this two-mass prestressed chain was investigated. The results
show that the phononic band gap exists within audible frequency regime 2020,000 Hz and can be tuned by changing the value of
prestress. Inuence of the weak and strong nonlinearity on the propagation of signals with frequencies inside band gap was investigated.
The mechanical properties of reactive materials e.g., high density mixtures of polytetraouroethylene PTFE, aluminum Al and
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tungsten W powders where unconsolidated granular packing of metal particles plays signicant role in the dynamic behavior was
investigated. It was found that dynamic strength can be tailored by changing the morphology of the particles and porosity. Cold isos-
tatically pressed PTFE-Al-W powder composites with ne metallic particles and a higher porosity exhibited higher ultimate compres-
sive strength than less porous composites having equivalent mass ratios with coarse W particles. Based on the numerical analysis it was
concluded that a mesoscale force chains between the ne metallic particles are responsible for this unusual phenomenon. This work was
supported by the NSF DCMS03013220 and by MURI ONR N00014-07-1-0740.
2:40
2pPAb2. Elastic waves in one-dimensional unconsolidated medium with Hertz nonlinearity. Alexandr I. Korobov Dept. of
Acoustics, Physics Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
akor@acs465a-1.phys.msu.ru, Maria Y. Izosimova Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab., University
of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, maria.izossimova@mail.ru, Yurii A. Brazhkin Dept. of Acoustics, Phys-
ics Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
akor@acs465a.phys.msu.su, Elizaveta Sovetskaya Dept. of Acoustics, Physics Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Leninskie gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, akor@acs465a.phys.msu.su
Results of experimental study of elastic longitudinal harmonic waves propagation in one-dimensional unconsolidated medium are
presented. A 1-D chain of identical pre-pressed beads is used as an experimental model. To describe elastic properties of such medium
the Hertz model is used. Presence of periodical structure causes elastic waves to be dispersive in such medium and to have a cutoff
frequency. A cutoff frequency depends not only on materials elastic properties and beads geometrical sizes but also on pre-press value.
Velocity dependence on frequency of longitudinal harmonic wave of small magnitude is measured experimentally, and dispersion curves
are built under different pre-press value. Pre-press value is regulated with applied external static force along chain axis. Measured
dispersion dependences are in good agreement with theoretically calculated ones. Dispersion impedes observation of higher harmonics
generation in such chain. Therefore to study nonlinear properties of 1-D structure, velocity dependence on longitudinal wave amplitude
were investigated. The wave velocity depends not only on its magnitude but also on pre-press value on beads. It was experimentally
shown the one-dimensional chain of elastic beads is a medium with dispersion, linear and nonlinear properties to be controlled with the
applied external static force. Work supported by RFBR.
Contributed Papers
3:00
2pPAb3. Breathing in Granular Chains and Conversion of Wave
Energy to Useful Forms. Surajit Sen State University of New York at
Buffalo, Dept of Physics, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, Buffalo, NY 14260-
1500, USA, sen@nsm.buffalo.edu
Estimates suggest that a meter of a wave front carries 100 kW of
power. A signicant amount of renewable energy is hence dissipated across
the time scale of minutes as surface gravity waves dissipate on any beach.
Given that the majority of the world population lives near the ocean, it
makes sense to explore the conversion of wave energy into electrical energy.
Here we consider a new concept - that of a potentially scalable system that
converts wave energy into energy in mechanical pulses and then to voltage
drops. The envisioned system would exploit the well studied physics of non-
linear repulsion between elastic grains encased in cylinders to continuously
convert the incident wave energy into dispersionless energy bundles, which
can be subsequently converted to stress pulses in a piezo-electric slab. The
key points involved in the concept will be presented.
3:20
2pPAb4. Wave propagation in wetted Hertzian granular chains:
analysis of a single contact dynamics. Stphane Job Supmca Paris, 3
rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 Saint-Ouen Cedex, France, stephane.job
@supmeca.fr, Francisco Santibaez Univ. de Santiago de Chile - Dept. de
Fisica, Avenida Ecuador 3493, Casilla 307, Correo 2, Santiago de Chile,
Chile, fsantibanez@sica.usach.cl, Francisco Melo Univ. de Santiago de
Chile - Dept. de Fisica, Avenida Ecuador 3493, Casilla 307, Correo 2, San-
tiago de Chile, Chile, fmelo@usach.cl
A one-dimensional dry granular medium, a chain of beads which interact
via the nonlinear Hertz potential, exhibits strongly nonlinear behaviors.
When such an alignment contains some viscous uid between grains, it ex-
hibits new interesting features. We report some recent experiments, analysis
and numerical simulations concerning nonlinear wave propagation in dry
and wet chains of spheres. We consider rst a monodisperse chain as a ref-
erence case. We then analyze how the pulse characteristics are modied in
the presence of an interstitial viscous uid. The uid not only induces dis-
sipation but also strongly affects the intergrain stiffness: in a wet chain,
wave speed is enhanced and characteristic pulse duration is shorter. Our ob-
servations are in a satisfactory agreement with ultrasound propagation mea-
surements in 3D wetted granular beds reported in the literature. Recent ex-
periments performed with a single sphere colliding a wall covered by a thin
lm of uid allowed us to determine the rheology of the contact dynamics,
and conrmed that a complex elastohydrodynamic interaction takes place
close to solids contact.
3:40-5:00 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for the presentation of poster papers in various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
3272 3272 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Invited Paper
5:00
2pPAb5. Dynamic effective mass of granular media. David L. Johnson Schlumberger-Doll Research, One Hampshire St., Cam-
bridge, MA 02139, USA, johnson10@slb.com
We report an experimental and theoretical investigation of the frequency-dependent effective mass, M, of loose granular particles
which occupy a rigid cavity to a lling fraction of 48%. We demonstrate that this is a sensitive and direct way to measure those prop-
erties of the granular medium that are the cause of the changes in acoustic properties of structures containing grain-lled cavities. The
dominant features of M are a sharp resonance and a broad background, which we analyze within the context of simple models as
well as with molecular dynamic simulations. We nd that: a These systems may be understood in terms of a height-dependent and
diameter-dependent effective sound speed 130 ms and an effective viscosity 2 10
4
Poise. b There is a dynamic Janssen
effect in the sense that, at any frequency, and depending on the method of sample preparation, approximately one-half of the effective
mass is borne by the side walls of the cavity and one-half by the bottom. c On a fundamental level, dissipation is dominated by
adsorbed lms of water at grain-grain contacts in our experiments, not by global viscous damping.
Contributed Paper
5:20
2pPAb6. Mechanisms of acoustic absorption in weakly wet granular
media. Thomas Brunet Universit Paris-Est Marne la Valle, 5 Bd. Des-
cartes, 77454 Marne la Valle, France, Thomas.Brunet@insp.jussieu
.fr, Xiaoping Jia Universit Paris-Est Marne la Valle, 5 Bd. Descartes,
77454 Marne la Valle, France, jia@univ-mlv.fr, Pierre Mills Universit
Paris-Est Marne la Valle, 5 Bd. Descartes, 77454 Marne la Valle, France,
mills@univ-mlv.fr
Multiply scattered elastic waves provide a sensitive probe for studying
the viscoelastic properties of a granular medium at the length scale of grains.
Based on a diffusion model, we can infer the structural and viscoelastic
properties of the material from the tting parameters such as the diffusion
constant D and quality factor Q. In this work, we characterize quantitatively
the acoustic dissipation occurring at the grain contacts by measuring the Q
factor in different granular samples. We focus a particular attention on the
effects of on the internal loss by adding a small amount of liquid in the
granular medium 0.05%. Using the Hertz-Mindlin contact theory we have
identied two different mechanisms of acoustic absorption: frictional and
viscous dissipations.
Invited Papers
5:40
2pPAb7. Static and dynamic nonlinear behaviors of unconsolidated granular media. Zhiqu Lu University of Mississippi,
NCPA, 1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA, zhiqulu@olemiss.edu, James M. Sabatier University of Mississippi, NCPA,
1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA, sabatier@olemiss.edu
Unconsolidated granular media such as sands, soils, and glass beads, exhibit astonishing static and dynamic nonlinear behaviors that
are quite different from those of elastic materials such as liquids and crystalline solids. They can generally classied as mesoscopic
hysteretic nonlinear materials since hysteresis is a universal phenomenon for these materials. In order to understand the mechanism and
to quantify the nonlinearity of unconsolidated granular materials, a series of studies have been conducted on re-molded unconsolidated
soils. The systematic research consists of three parts: 1 a triaxial cell test with pre-dened stress-paths and sound speed measurement,
focusing on the exploration of the role of hysteresis in both linear and nonlinear acoustics; 2 the phase shift method, using non-
classical nonlinear acoustic theory to measure the hysteretic nonlinearity parameter; 3 the study of uid effects on the hysteretic
nonlinearity parameter. The study reveals many static and dynamic nonlinear behaviors of soils, including: nonlinear stressstrain re-
lationship, hysteresis loop, end-point memory, much greater dynamic elastic modulus than static elastic modulus, strain-amplitude de-
pendence of elastic modulus, linear resonant frequency shift and phase shift relationships against strain, extremely high values of the
hysteretic nonlinearity parameter, harmonics generation, and moisture effects.
6:00
2pPAb8. Acoustic waves in granular materials. Stefan Luding UTwente, Multi Scale Mechanics, P.O.Box 217, 7500 AE En-
schede, Netherlands, s.luding@utwente.nl, Orion Mouraille UTwente, Multi Scale Mechanics, P.O.Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede,
Netherlands, o.j.p.mouraille@utwente.nl
The numerous sound propagation mechanisms in granular materials are rather complex and strongly depend on the material micro-
scale parameters, such as inter-particle friction or damping. The use of DEM Discrete Element Simulations allows us to tune these
parameters and hence to understand their inuence. In both regular crystal-like and polydisperse sand-like systems of spheres, a
small perturbation is created on one side of the simulation box and examined during its propagation and on arrival at the opposite side.
Starting from a regular packing, a tiny size variation comparable to the typical contact deformation already changes sound propagation
considerably 1. The transmission spectrum becomes discontinuous, i.e., a lower frequency band is transmitted well, while higher
frequencies are not, mainly due to scattering effects. Furthermore, the wave propagation and transmission properties are studied on fully
polydisperse, frictional and cohesive packings under increasing load until breakage of the material 2. 1 O. Mouraille and S. Luding,
Sound wave propagation in weakly polydisperse granular materials, Ultrasonics, submitted. 2 O. Mouraille, O. Herbst and S. Luding,
Testing cohesive and frictional granular materials with the discrete element model, in preparation.
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6:20
2pPAb9. Acoustic wave propagation in granular systems. Ellak Somfai University of Warwick, Department of Physics and
Centre for Complexity Science, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK, E.Somfai@warwick.ac.uk, Jean-Noel Roux Laboratoire des Materiaux et
des Structures du Genie Civil, Institut Navier, 2 allee Kepler, Cite Descartes, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France,
jean-noel.roux@lcpc.fr, Jacco H. Snoeijer University of Bristol, Department of Mathematics, University Walk, BS8 1TW Bristol,
UK, jacco.snoeijer@bristol.ac.uk, Martin Van Hecke Universiteit Leiden, Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, P.O. Box 9504, 2300RA
Leiden, Netherlands, mvhecke@lorentz.leidenuniv.nl, Wim Van Saarloos Universiteit Leiden, Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, P.O.
Box 9504, 2300RA Leiden, Netherlands, saarloos@lorentz.leidenuniv.nl
We present numerical simulations of acoustic wave propagation in granular systems consisting of particles interacting with the
three-dimensional Hertz-Mindlin force law. The response to a short mechanical excitation on one side of the system is found to be a
propagating coherent wavefront followed by random oscillations made of multiply scattered waves. We nd that the coherent wavefront
is insensitive to details of the packing: force chains do not play an important role in determining this wavefront. The coherent wave has
a well dened velocity, which is roughly compatible with the predictions of macroscopic elasticity, and its amplitude and width depend
as a power law on distance. As there is at present no theory for the broadening and decay of the coherent wave, we numerically and
analytically study pulse-propagation in a one-dimensional chain of identical elastic balls. The results for the broadening and decay
exponents of this system differ signicantly from those of the disordered packings. We briey discuss the eigenmodes of the system and
effects of damping are investigated as well.
Contributed Papers
6:40
2pPAb10. Localization of sound in a three-dimensional elastic network.
John H. Page Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Manitoba, Win-
nipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, jhpage@cc.umanitoba.ca, Hefei Hu Dept.
of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2,
Canada, hefeihu2@uiuc.edu, Anatoliy Strybulevych Dept. of Physics and
Astronomy, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada,
anatoliy@physics.umanitoba.ca, Sergey Skipetrov Universit Joseph
Fourier, Laboratoire de Physique et Modlisation des Milieux Conden-
sesCNRS, Maison des Magistres, 38042 Grenoble, France,
Sergey.Skipetrov@grenoble.cnrs.fr, Bart Van Tiggelen Universit Joseph
Fourier, Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, 060-8628
Sapporo, Japan, Bart.Van-Tiggelen@grenoble.cnrs.fr
A long standing question in physical acoustics has been whether or not
the Anderson localization of sound can be demonstrated unambiguously in
three dimensions. Here we address this question by reporting evidence for
the localization of ultrasonic waves in a three-dimensional granular network
of weakly sintered aluminum beads. In the upper part of the intermediate
frequency regime, where the ultrasonic wavelength is comparable with the
sizes of the pores and beads, the intensity time-of-ight prole of the mul-
tiply scattered waves exhibits non-exponential decay, which may be con-
strued as a slowing down of the diffusion coefcient with propagation time
and is consistent with predictions for localized waves. We use a quasi point
source and detector to demonstrate how localization cuts off the transverse
spreading of the multiply scattered waves, an effect, which we call 3D trans-
verse localization, that has not been observed previously for any type of
wave. These results are interpreted using recent theoretical predictions based
on the self-consistent theory of the dynamics of localization, allowing the
localization length to be determined. Further evidence is obtained from in-
tensity statistics, which reveal a Thouless conductance g less than unity.
These results unambiguously demonstrate the localization of sound in this
system.
7:00
2pPAb11. Surface elastic waves in granular media under gravity and
their relation to booming avalanches. Lnac Bonneau Laboratoire
PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France,
bonneau@pmmh.espci.fr, Bruno Andreotti Laboratoire PMMH, ESPCI,
10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France,
Andreotti@pmmh.espci.fr, Eric Clement Laboratoire PMMH, ESPCI, 10
rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France, erc@ccr.jussieu.fr
Due to the nonlinearity of Hertzian contacts, the speed of sound c in
granular matter is expected to increase with pressure as P16. A static layer
of grains under gravity is thus stratied so that the bulk waves are refracted
toward the surface. The reection at the surface being total, there is a dis-
crete number of modes both sagittal plane and transverse ones localized
close to the free surface. The shape of these modes and the corresponding
dispersion relation are investigated in the framework of an elastic descrip-
tion taking into account the main features of granular matter: the nonlinear-
ity between stress and strain and the existence of a yield transition. We show
in this context that the surface modes localized at the free surface exhibit a
waveguide effect related to the nonlinear Hertz contact. Sound propagation
measurements in a laboratory scale channel as well as in the eld slip face
of a singing dune, will be presented and compared to the theoretical
predictions. Finally, these results will be used to constrain the possible dy-
namical mechanisms at the origin of booming avalanches.
3274 3274 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAc
Physical Acoustics: Diffraction of Waves on Periodical Structures: Acoustic, Ultrasonic and Acousto-Optical
Diffraction Phenomena II (Poster Session)
Nico Declercq, Cochair
Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME
Nataliya Polikarpova, Cochair
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAc1. Information losses minimization in spectral devices based on
acousto-optic Bragg cells. Boris S. Gurevich Scientic Instruments,
Rizhsky prospekt 26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
bgurevich@mail.ru, Simon B. Gurevich A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technilcal
Institute RAS, Politekhnicheskaya, 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russian Fed-
eration, sbgurevich@mail.ru, Sergey V. Andreyev Scientic Instruments,
Rizhsky prospekt 26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
svan51@mail.ru, Andrey V. Belyaev Institute for analytical instrumenta-
tion RAS, Rizhsky pr. 26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,
bgurevich@mail.ru
Spectral devices such as spectrophotometers are intended, as many other
devices, for information transmission and processing. Hence, they can be
characterized by specic information characteristics such as information
transmission capability and information capacity, which can be connected
with some physical and technical parameters of the devices. The use of
acousto-optic components in these devices introduce some peculiarities in
information transmission and processing in spectrophotometers. We have
considered the information transmission limitations based on signal and
noise in acousto-optic Bragg cells. The spectral resolving power is also con-
sidered as one of decisive characteristics inuencing on acousto-optic spec-
tral device transmission capability.
2pPAc2. Theoretical study of the diffraction elds generated by a
uid-loaded plate with two-surface corrugation. Sarah W.
Herbison Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W. Woodruff School of ME, UMI
Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France,
sherbison@gatech.edu, Nico F. Declercq Georgia Tech Lorraine - G.W.
Woodruff School of ME, UMI Georgia Tech - CNRS 2958, 2 rue Marconi,
57070 Metz, France, nico.declercq@me.gatech.edu
A renewed interest has recently emerged in the study of the interaction
of elastic waves with periodic structures, including periodically corrugated
surfaces. From prior theoretical and experimental studies of the diffracted
elds generated by such surfaces, it is well known that periodically corru-
gated surfaces can be used to generate ultrasonic surface waves, which are
especially important in the eld of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation. In
general, anomalies appear in the reection and transmission spectra due to
the presence of the corrugation, and these anomalies can be correlated with
the surface waves generated. The present work has extended the theory of
diffraction on periodically corrugated surfaces to the case of a uid-loaded
plate with both sides corrugated. The unique ltering effects and diffraction
phenomena that can be achieved with such a structure are examined and re-
lated to the creation of surface and plate waves.
2pPAc3. 2D-ultrasonic tomography using rst-order Born and
canonical approximations. Philippe Lasaygues Laboratory for Mechan-
ics and Acoustics CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille,
France, lasaygues@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr,Loic Le MarrecInstitute of Mathemati-
cal Research of Rennes IRMAR, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes,
France, loic.lemarrec@univ-rennes1.fr, Thierry Scotti CNRS - LMA, 31
Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France, scotti@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr
This paper deals with the two-dimensional image reconstruction of an
elastic tubes using ultrasonic tomographic method based on rst-Born ap-
proximation and a canonical approximations. The latter improvement makes
it possible to extend the scope of tomography from lower impedance con-
trast media to higher impedance contrast situations, even when the ultra-
sonic propagation is greatly perturbed by the difference in acoustic imped-
ance between the scatterer and the surrounding medium. The strategy used
to solve this problem was based on comparisons between the experimental
diffracted eld and the canonical solution approached as a forward problem.
The algorithm adopted, using the analytical solution to the local forward
problem and an iterative process to recover the unknowns, is fast enough to
yield real-time information about the shape. Asingle frequency does not suf-
ce to determine the real solution as the global minimum of the cost func-
tion, and the inversion is improved by using all the frequencies present in
the broadband of the transducers. The method presented is robust and is not
perturbed by the experimental measurements or small errors in the material
properties. The results are most promising. This method gives an image with
an error, which is lower than the wavelength.
2pPAc4. Light interaction with leaky acoustic wave radiation in
YX-LiTaO3. Paulius Kazdailis Vilnius Univ., Dept. of Radiophysics,
Saultekio al. 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania, paulius.kazdailis@ff
.vu.lt, Romualdas Rimeika Vilnius Univ., Dept. of Radiophysics,
Saultekio al. 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania, romualdas.rimeika@ff
.vu.lt, Daumantas Ciplys Vilnius Univ., Dept. of Radiophysics,
Saultekio al. 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania, daumantas.ciplys@ff.vu.lt
The theoretical model and experimental studies of 633 nm laser light in-
teraction with radiation from leaky surface acoustic waves LSAW at vari-
ous frequencies in YX-lithium tantalate LiTaO3 are presented. The
acousto-optic diffraction with and without polarization rotation has been
observed. The values of BAW propagation angle and of the corresponding
velocity have been calculated and compared to the ones extracted from the
experiment. The differences of the light diffraction process in YX-lithium
tantalate from the one in ZX-lithium niobate have been pointed. The poten-
tial of the described acousto-optic interaction for applications in light con-
trol devices and acoustic wave probing has been demonstrated.
2pPAc5. Scattering of ultrasonic waves in randomly layered materials.
Michal Pakula Universit Paris 6, Laboratoire dImagerie Paramtrique,
15, rue de lEcole de Mdecine, 75006 Paris, France,
michalp@ukw.edu.pl, Mieczyslaw Cieszko Institute of Environmental
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Mechanics and Applied Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University in
Bydgoszcz, ul. Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland,
cieszko@ukw.edu.pl, Jozef Kubik Institute of Environmental Mechanics
and Applied Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz,
ul. Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland, kubik@ukw.edu.pl
The goal of the paper is the proposal of a new macroscopic description
of scattering of elastic waves at internal inhomogeneities of the material.
Within the studies the microscopic inhomogeneity of the medium is mod-
eled as the alternately arranged two kinds of elastic layers of random thick-
nesses and different mechanical properties. Calculations of the acoustical
characteristics of such medium reection and transmission coefcients are
performed in two stages: i rst the problem of interaction of plane har-
monic wave with the half space of the randomly layered medium for the
case of normal wave incidence is analyzed; ii then the interaction of the
harmonic wave with the slice composed of randomly layered structure is
considered. Such approach allowed to derive analytical relations for the
phase velocity of wave propagation and attenuation as the explicit functions
of frequency, stochastic structural parameters of the medium and material
properties of layers. The obtained formulas are helpful for interpretation of
experimental ultrasonic data and may serve for identication of the charac-
teristic size of material inhomogeneity based on the measured wave param-
eters like frequency dependent phase velocity, attenuation as well as back-
scattering coefcient.
2pPAc6. Design of III-Nitride multi-layer structures for optical and
surface acoustic wave interaction. Samuel Dupont IEMN CNRS 8520
DOAE, Universit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrsis Le Mont Houy,
59313 Valenciennes, France, samuel.dupont@univ-valenciennes
.fr, Jean-Claude Kastelik IEMN CNRS 8520 DOAE, Universit de Valen-
ciennes et du Hainaut Cambrsis Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes,
France, jean-claude.kastelik@univ-valenciennes.fr, Victor Y.
Zhang IEMN-CNRS, Av. Poincare, Cite Scientique, B.P. 60069, 59652
Villeneuve dAscq Cedex, France, victor.zhang@iemn.univ-lille1
.fr, Federica Causa Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ.
of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK, f.causa@bath.ac.uk, Qingbin Meng Dept.
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath,
UK, Q.Meng@bath.ac.uk, Jayanta Sarma Dept. of Electronic and Electri-
cal Engineering, Univ. of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK, J.Sarma@bath.ac.uk
Research efforts into Surface Acoustic Waves SAW devices built on
III-Nitrides has recently signicantly intensied because of the increasing
availability of good-quality epitaxial material. Owing to their strong piezo-
electricity and high acoustic velocity, high-Al-content materials are of par-
ticular interest in high-speed applications GHz electronics. For optoelec-
tronics applications III-Nitrides cover a wide range of wavelengths from
ultra-violet AlN to blue GaN to infra-red InN; thus providing great
exibility in the choice of operating wavelength. III-Nitrides, therefore, be-
come particularly attractive for the development of acousto-optic modula-
tors where the SAW is used to create a controllable moving optical grating,
causing the diffraction of the Optical Guided Wave OGW. The interaction
is governed by the momentum and energy conservation and importantly by
the eld overlap of the two waves. We present here design guidelines and
modelling results for the development of III-Nitride-based multi-layer struc-
tures to support both OGW and SAW. The purpose of this study is to attempt
to optimise the device efciency compared to single GaN-layer structures
typically used in the literature where only the SAW characteristics are
optimised.
2pPAc7. Short access time acousto-optic deector based on two
cascaded Paratellurite devices. Nabil Ouail IEMN CNRS 8520 DOAE,
Universit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrsis Le Mont Houy, 59313
Valenciennes, France, nabil.ouail@univ-valenciennes.fr, Jean-Claude
Kastelik IEMN CNRS 8520 DOAE, Universit de Valenciennes et du
Hainaut Cambrsis Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes, France,
jean-claude.kastelik@univ-valenciennes.fr,Michel PommerayIEMN
CNRS 8520 DOAE, Universit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrsis Le
Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes, France, michel.pommeray
@univ-valenciennes.fr, Samuel Dupont IEMN CNRS 8520 DOAE, Uni-
versit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrsis Le Mont Houy, 59313 Va-
lenciennes, France, samuel.dupont@univ-valenciennes.fr
Acousto-optic deectors AODs are used in many applications requir-
ing optical scanning devices with various specications regarding access
time, resolution and wavelength. High time-bandwidth products can be
achieved with AODs made in a tellurium dioxide TeO2 crystal. As para-
tellurite crystals are available with relatively large dimensions, the time-
bandwidth product can be increased by enlarging the optical aperture. How-
ever, the access time is increased which is not suitable for random access
scanning mode. A new laser scanning system is then presented based on two
wide-band paratellurite acousto-optic deectors. Anisotropic interactions
take place under two different tangential phase matching TPM congura-
tions in such a way that the acousto-optic bandwidths add up. The optical
arrangement of the two cascaded AODs is detailed. The feasibility of such a
cascade deection system has been demonstrated for the green wavelength
514 nm of an argon laser. The total frequency bandwidth is ft 100
MHz, equally distributed between the two acousto-optic deectors. The total
angular scan at the output is t 4.5 leading to more than 120 resolvable
spots for a 1 mm truncated Gaussian beam and a short access time as low
as 1.5 s.
2pPAc8. Peculierities of acoousto-optic interaction in nanodimensional
laser heterostructures. Liudmila Kulakova Ioffe Physico-Technical In-
stitute RAS, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russian Fed-
eration, L.Kulakova@mail.ioffe.ru
In the report, we present results of study of acousto-optic and acousto-
electron interactions in active and optical resonator regions of nano-
dimensional laser heterostructures. It was established that an ultrasonic
wave introduced into a laser heterostructure produces modulation of the la-
ser radiation frequency with a period equal to that of the acoustic wave. The
static and dynamic analysis of the spectral parameters change under the ul-
trasonic strain has been fullled. The appreciable contribution of the
acousto-optic interaction comparable with the acousto-electron, resulting
in the modulation in time of the positions of the heterolaser optical resonator
lines was found out. The assumption about basic inuence of quasi-two di-
mensional conguration of the laser optical resonator on the photoelastic
properties causing unexpectedly large acousto-optic efciency is stated.
2pPAc9. 3D Simulation of periodic surface wave inter-digital
transducer using nite elementboundary element analysis. Sylvain
Ballandras CNRS FEMTO-ST, 32 Avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Be-
sanon, France, sylvain.ballandras@femto-st.fr, William Daniau CNRS
FEMTO-ST, 32 Avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon, France,
william.daniau@femto-st.fr, Mikal Wilm Imasonic, ZA rue des
Savourots, 70190 VorayOgnon, France,
mikael.wilm@imasonic.com, Alexandre Reinhardt CEA-LETI, 17 rue
des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France, alexandre.reinhardt@cea.fr, Raphal
Lardat Thales Underwater Systems, 525 Route des Dolines, BP 157, 06930
Sophia Antipolis cedex, France,
raphael.lardat@fr.thalesgroup.com, William Steichen THALES Safare,
525 Route des Dolines, 06560 Sophia Antipolis, France, william.steichen
@fr.thalesgroup.com
Spectacular advances have been made during the past years in the de-
velopment of surface acoustic wave thanks to technology improvements but
also to a strong effort in the modelling and design of such devices, taking
into account their actual structure to benet from second order effects for
instance the inuence of the metal strip shape used in inter-digital transduc-
ers on the wave propagating under periodic gratings. In this paper, we
present a 2D-periodic 3D-simulation approach to compute the spectral re-
sponse of one period of a surface wave transducer, accounting for the actual
shape of the electrodes as well as realistic guiding conditions and acoustic
properties of the propagation surface. The idea consists in meshing the in-
homogeneous part of the transducer, i.e. the electrodes and the bus bar, as
well as a thin layer of the substrate to match the nite element section with
3276 3276 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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surface boundary elements simulating the acoustic contribution of the sub-
strate propagation and radiation. Periodic boundary conditions are applied
in both surface direction, allowing for the exploitation of spectral Greens
function-based boundary elements, but additional absorbing conditions are
added in the transverse direction from both part of the bus bars to suppress
any unwanted modes generated by the mesh.
2pPAc10. Acoustic wave scattering from innite cylinders made from
functionally graded materials. Jalil Jamali Faculty of Mechanical Engi-
neering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Molla Sadra Ave.,
Vanak Sq., Postal code 1999143344, 16579 Tehran, Iran,
ja_ja032@yahoo.com, Farhang Honarvar Faculty of Mechanical Engi-
neering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Molla Sadra Ave.,
Vanak Sq., Postal code 1999143344, 16579 Tehran, Iran, honarvar@mie
.utoronto.ca, Mohammad Hasan Naei Faculty of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Molla Sadra Ave.,
Vanak Sq., Postal code 1999143344, 16579 Tehran, Iran, mhnaei@ut.ac.ir
Functionally graded materials FGMs are superheat-resistive materials
which show attractive properties in many applications including furnace
liners. FGMs consist of two distinct materials, for example a ceramic and a
metal alloy. These two materials are mixed such that the composition of
each material changes continuously along a specic direction resulting in a
continuous change of microstructure along that direction. The change in mi-
crostructure induces chemical, material, and microstructural gradients, and
makes functionally graded materials different in behavior from homoge-
neous materials and traditional composites. In this paper, the scattering of an
incident plane acoustic wave from an innite solid cylinder made from func-
tionally graded materials is studied. Expressions are derived for the far-eld
scattered pressure generated by illumination of the innite FGM cylinder by
an innite plane acoustic wave. The propagation direction of the incident
wave can make an arbitrary angle with the normal to the cylinder axis. The
mathematical equations are derived and numerical results for cylinders made
from specic functionally graded materials are presented at different inci-
dence angles.
2pPAc11. Pendellsung phenomenon in two-dimensional sonic crystals.
Mitko Angelov Politechnic University of Valencia, Wave Phenomena
Group. Department of Electronic Engineering, C Camino Vera s.n, ES-
46022 Valencia, Spain, mitan@doctor.upv.es, Daniel Torrent Politechnic
University of Valencia, Wave Phenomena Group. Department of Electronic
Engineering, C Camino Vera s.n, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain,
datorma1@upvnet.upv.es, Francisco Cervera Politechnic University of
Valencia, Wave Phenomena Group. Department of Electronic Engineering,
C Camino Vera s.n, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain, fcervera@s.upv.es, Jos
Sanchez-Dehesa Polytechnic University of Valencia, Cami de Vera sn,
46022 Valencia, Spain, jsdehesa@upvnet.upv.es
The phenomenon of Pendelsung oscillations, which is well known in
X-ray diffraction P.P. Ewald, Phys. Z. 14, 465 1913; Ann. Phys. 54, 519
1917; Rev. Mod. Phys. 37, 189 1965 is predicted here and experimen-
tally veried for the case of two-dimensional sonic crystals made of hex-
agonal arrays of uidlike cylindrical bars embedded in water. The depen-
dence of diffraction intensity is studied as a function of layer thickness; i.e.,
of the layer number N. Nearly periodic oscillations have been observed at
specic frequencies and the oscillation period is also a function of the
frequency. The periodic behaviour is evidence of the exchange of energy be-
tween two modes in the sonic crystal. Work supported by MEC of Spain.
2pPAc12. Sound diffraction in periodic surfaces in ancient
architectural structures. Jorge Antonio Cruz Calleja Instituto Plitec-
nico Nacional, Av Santa Ana No. 1000 col. San Francisco Culhuacan, Del
Coyoacan, 04430 Mxico, Mexico, jorgeacruzc@hotmail.com
In this work is analyzed the sound diffraction in architectural structures
caused by periodic surfaces. Is studied the sound interaction with architec-
tural structures using different types of sources, materials and sizes. The ap-
parently scattering effect of the staircases in ancient constructions like the
staircase of the Kukulcan pyramid in Chichen Itza, that allows the speech
communication to large distances and the spatial lter effect using the glide
repetition pitch theory are also analyzed Is the Chirp echo of the ancient
prehispanic pyramids an intentional effect?. Computational models of the
phenomenon and real measurements were used to establish the phenomena
physics principles.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAd
Physical Acoustics: Outdoor Sound Propagation and Uncertainties II (Poster Session)
Keith Wilson, Cochair
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Michel Berengier, Cochair
Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAd1. Lossy propagation of the Gulfstream Quiet Spike. Joe
Salamone Gulfstream Aerospace, 500 Gulfstream Rd., MS R-01, Savan-
nah, GA 31402, USA, joe.salamone@gulfstream.com
The Gulfstream Quiet Spike is a telescoping nose extension with mul-
tiple segments of decreasing diameter intended to reduce the outdoor loud-
ness of a sonic boom. This work examines the inuence of the atmosphere
on a propagated sonic boom signature for this device. First, atmospheric
data, averaged by season, has been collected as a function of latitude to rea-
sonably bound the range of meteorological conditions. These atmospheric
proles are subsequently input to nonlinear, lossy propagation code that
computes the primary sonic boom carpet for a supersonic aircraft in steady,
level ight. This code is an augmented implementation of the KZK model
equation for one-dimensional propagation. The conuence of shocks gener-
ated by the Quiet Spike remains distinct and do not coalesce, as intended per
the design. The amplitudes, rise times and spacing of the shocks from the
individual spike segments are strongly governed by dispersion and
attenuation. Loudness levels calculated from the resulting ground signatures
show an observable change of over 4 dB at certain azimuths due to the vari-
ous atmospheric conditions. Based on these results, minor design changes
are recommended to improve the acoustic performance of the Gulfstream
Quiet Spike.
2pPAd2. Practical analysis of the inuence of basic meteorological
phenomena on the long-term noise level. Barbara Joanna
Lebiedowska Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Lukasiewicza 17, 09-
400 Plock, Poland, barbara_lebiedowska@yahoo.fr
Current regulations on the prognosis of the acoustic climate outdoors re-
quire that meteorological conditions should be examined as part of long-
term noise level calculations. The impact of meteorological conditions on
the noise level was analysed using simulation calculations performed with
NMPB-96 method and Mithra software. Their aim was to determine the re-
lationship between the value of these inuences and the distance between
the receiver point and the noise source and its height above the ground.The
distance between a source and the built-up area varied. A number of its lo-
cations in relation to the built-up area ranging between 200m and 4 000 m
were considered. The built-up area consisted of a row of 11-storey buildings
ca. 600 m long. The ground oor height and the oor height were accepted
to be 3.5 m and 3.0 m, respectively. Calculations were performed for various
meteorological conditions: from P0 homogenous conditions to P1.0,
increasing by every 0.1. The receiver point was located 2 m away from the
faade at varying heights: from the lowest point positioned at 5 m to the
highest point at 27.5 m, increasing by 2.5 m, which corresponds to the me-
dian position of each successive storey, from rst oor to tenth oor.
3278 3278 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAe
Physical Acoustics: Phononic Crystals II (Poster Session)
Pierre Deymier, Cochair
University of Arizona
Jrme Vasseur, Cochair
IEMN, UMR CNRS 8520
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAe1. Advances in acoustics of liquid crystals. Olga
Kapustina Institute of Acoustics, 4 Shvernik Street, 117036 Moscow, Rus-
sian Federation, oakapustina@yandex.ru
Advances in the fundamental problem of the orientation transition in liq-
uid crystals produced by acoustical action are considered. The theoretical
models to describe a variety of liquid crystals orientation transitions in
acoustic elds for the homeotropically and planar oriented layers which
were developed in the framework of the Leslie-Ericksen hydrodynamics and
the new methodology based on the ideas of non-equilibrium thermodynam-
ics and nonlinear hydrodynamics are discussed and are substantiated
experimentally. The orientation phenomena in liquid crystals were classied
and the physical factors dening a kind of transition threshold or non-
threshold type and a choice of approach correct to describe adequately the
experimental data on a new molecular arrangement induced by acoustical
action were established. Among them a macrostructure type of liquid crys-
tals layer, a layer thickness-viscous wavelength in liquid crystal ratio, an
angle between the medium optical axe the liquid crystal director and the
line of acoustical wave propagation, a sound intensity, a type of acoustical
boundary conditions at the layer edges. The modern ideas on the distortion
peculiarities of liquid crystals above a certain threshold of the structure in-
stability under non-stationary dynamic action on the liquid crystal layer of
sound-induced oscillating ows for a wide frequency band were considered.
2pPAe2. SH-wave propagation and localization anomalies in
semi-innite 1D magnetic phononic crystal. Tetyana V.
Laptyeva Donetsk Institute for Physics and Technology, 72, R. Luxemburg
str., 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine, lapteva@mail.fti.ac.donetsk.ua, Sergey V.
Tarasenko Donetsk Institute for Physics and Technology, 72, R. Luxem-
burg str., 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine, tarasen@mail.fti.ac.donetsk.ua, Olga S.
Tarasenko Donetsk Institute for Physics and Technology, 72, R. Luxem-
burg str., 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine, tarasen@mail.fti.ac.donetsk
.ua, Vladimir M. Yurchenko Donetsk Institute for Physics and Technol-
ogy, 72, R. Luxemburg str., 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine, yurch@mail.fti.ac
.donetsk.ua
At the present, the composite magnetic materials with a superstructure
magnetic photonic crystals are actively investigated in view of conditions
of electromagnetic wave transmission. Some of these materials are acousti-
cally continuous media and, then, can be considered as magnetic phononic
crystals MPC. However, the dynamic acoustic peculiarities of such struc-
tures have been disregarded. Theoretical investigation of SH-wave propaga-
tion in the gyrotropic and nongyrotropic semi-innite one dimensional mag-
netic phononic crystals 1D MPC is presented here. We have taken into
account magnetoelastic interaction and the commensurability a wavelength
and 1D MPC period. The transfer matrix method allowed us to determine
the specic features of volume SH-wave localization and propagation near
the rigid interface of 1D MPC and nonmagnetic medium. In particular, the
necessary conditions of existence and dispersion relations for three types of
shear surface acoustic waves localized near the external surface of 1D MPC
have been found. This type of elastic excitation are exists also for a case
when elastic properties of MPC components are identical. The conditions of
reectionless transmission of volume SH-waves through a nite 1D MPC
have been determined.
2pPAe3. Zone center phonons in thalium uoroborate. Hem Chandra
Gupta Indian Institute of Technology, Physics Department, 110016 New
Delhi, India, hcgupta@physics.iitd.ac.in, Jaya Singh Indian Institute of
Technology, Physics Department, 110016 New Delhi, India, hcgupta
@physics.iitd.ac.in
The study of phonons in thalium uoroborate is very important in order
to understand the phenomenon of phase transition in perchlorates and
uoroborates.Few studies of structural phase transition have been made of
perchlorates and uoroborates with a higher thalium ion, but their zone cen-
ter phonons have not been investigated thoroughly. In order to understand
the above, the Raman and the infrared frequencies of thalium uoroborate
have been investigated for the rst time theoretically in its orthorhombic
phase of space group Pnma. Ashort range force constant model SRFCM as
well as rigid ion model RIM with stretching and bending force constants
has been applied to obtain the zone center Raman and infrared phonons. The
calculated values of Raman and infrared phonons are in very good agree-
ment with the available observed values. The effect of these calculated in-
teratomic force constants on the phase transition of thalium uoroborate is
discussed.
2pPAe4. Study of full band gaps and propagation of acoustic waves in
two-dimensional piezoelectric phononic plates. Jin-Chen Hsu Institute
of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
Road, 106 Taipei, Taiwan, hsu@ndt.iam.ntu.edu.tw, Tsung-Tsong
Wu Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1,
Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, 106 Taipei, Taiwan, wutt@ndt.iam.ntu.edu.tw
Acoustic wave propagation in periodic structures composed of multi-
constituents, namely the phononic crystals PCs, has received much atten-
tion in the past decade. Recently, PCs constructed in the form of plate struc-
tures with two-dimensional lattices have been investigated, and some
important phenomena, such as the full band-gap and waveguiding effects,
induced by the periodicities of the phononic plates were reported. One of the
virtues using Lamb waves is to perfectly conne the acoustic energy within
the plate thickness and guided in structures with only 2D lattices rather than
3D lattices; however, the additional free surfaces derive much more compli-
cated characteristics which are still awaiting study further. In this study, we
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investigate the band-gap and propagation properties of waves in two-
dimensional phononic plates that consist of either elastic or piezoelectric
materials by employing a revised full 3D plane wave expansion PWE
method and so on. To apply the PWE method efciently, Fourier expansions
are performed in the thickness direction for an imaginary 3D periodic struc-
ture by stacking the phononic plates and vacuum layers alternatively. More-
over, effects of piezoelectricity, lattices, and lling ratios on band gaps are
discussed.
2pPAe5. Shannon Entropy as a Characterization Tool in Acoustics.
Helios Sanchis-Alepuz Polytechnic University of Valencia, Cami de Vera
sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain, hesana@alumni.uv.es, Jos Sanchez-
Dehesa Polytechnic University of Valencia, Cami de Vera sn, 46022 Va-
lencia, Spain, jsdehesa@upvnet.upv.es
Shannon entropy 1 was introduced as a measure of the uncertainty as-
sociated with a random variable and initially it was used to quantify the in-
formation contained in a binary message. In this work, a denition of Sh-
annons information entropy is introduced in acoustics, dened in terms of
the displacement eld, as a measure of the localization of resonant modes.
As an example, it is applied to study the avoided crossing appearing in the
resonant Zener-like phenomenon in ultrasonic superlattices made of two dif-
ferent uidlike metamaterials. It is shown that acoustic Shannon entropy
gives a correct physical insight of the localization effects taking place and
manifest the informational exchange of the involved acoustic states in the
narrow region of parameters where the avoided crossing occurs. Results for
ultrasonic structures consisting of alternating layers of polymethyl-
methacrylate Plexiglas and water cavities, in which the acoustic Zener ef-
fect were recently demonstrated 2, are also reported. It is concluded that
Shannon entropy is a useful tool to characterize localization effects in acous-
tical systems. 1 C.E. Shannon, Bell Sys. Tech. J. 27, 623 1948. 2 H.
Sanchis-Alepuz, Yu.A. Kosevich, and J. Sanchez-Dehesa, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98 134301 2007.
2pPAe6. Acoustic wave band gaps in triangular and honeycomb
two-dimensional phononic crystals. Fu-Li Hsiao Institute of Optical
Sciences, National Central University, 320 Jung-Li, Taiwan,
hsiao@ios.ncu.edu.tw, Abdelkrim Khelif Institut FEMTO-STCNRS,
32 avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon cedex, France,
abdelkrim.khelif@femto-st.fr, Boujemaa Aoubiza Institut FEMTO-
STCNRS, 32 avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon cedex, France,
boujemaa.aoubiza@univ-fcomte.fr, Abdelkrim Choujaa Institut FEMTO-
STCNRS, 32 avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon cedex, France,
abdelkrim.choujaa@femto-st.fr, Hanane Moubchir Institut FEMTO-
STCNRS, 32 avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon cedex, France,
hanane.moubchir@femto-st.fr, Chii-Chang Chen Institute of Optical Sci-
ences, National Central University, 320 Jung-Li, Taiwan,
trich@ios.ncu.edu.tw, Vincent Laude Institut FEMTO-STCNRS, 32 av-
enue de lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon cedex, France, vincent.laude
@femto-st.fr
The ultrasonic band gap properties of phononic crystals composed of ar-
rays of steel cylinders immersed in water and arranged according to square,
triangular or honeycomb lattices are compared theoretically and
experimentally. In all three cases, complete band gaps are obtained, and the
conditions of existence are identied by observing the complete band gap
width as a function of the size of the inclusions. However, the measured
transmission spectra reveal in the hexagonal symmetry cases triangular and
honeycomb lattices the existence of deaf bands that cause strong attenua-
tion in the transmission, with no band gap being involved. Band gaps and
deaf bands are identied by comparing band structure computations for the
innite phononic crystal, obtained by a periodic-boundary nite element
method FEM, with transmission simulations for the nite phononic crystal,
obtained using the nite difference time domain FDTD method. The pos-
sibility of managing phononic wave guides within a defect line channel in-
side an otherwise perfect triangular lattice phononic crystal is further dem-
onstrated experimentally.
2pPAe7. Shock waves in nanomechanical resonators. Robert H.
Blick University of Wisconsin-Madison, Electrical and Computer Engi-
neering, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53705, USA,
blick@engr.wisc.edu, Florian W. Beil University of Munich, Center for
NanoScience, Geschwister Scholl Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany,
beil_orian@bah.com, Achim Wixforth University of Augsburg, Univer-
sitaetstrasse 1, 86135 Augsburg, Germany, achim.wixforth@physik
.uni-augsburg.de, Werner Wegscheider University of Regensburg, Fakul-
taet fuer Physik, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, werner.wegscheider
@physik.uni-regensburg.de, Dieter Schuh University of Regensburg,
Fakultaet fuer Physik, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, dieter.schuh
@physik.uni-regensburge.de, Max Bichler Technical University of Mu-
nich, Coulombweg 1, 86748 Garching, Germany, max.bichler@wsi.tum.de
The dream of every surfer is an extremely steep wave propagating at the
highest speed possible. The best waves for this are would be shock waves,
but are very hard to surf. In the nanoscopic world the same is true: the surf-
ers in this case are electrons riding through nanomechanical devices on
acoustic waves. Naturally, this has a broad range of applications in sensor
technology and for communication electronics for which the combination of
an electronic and a mechanical degree of freedom is essential. But this is
also of interest for fundamental aspects of nano-electromechanical systems
NEMS, when it comes to quantum limited displacement detection and the
control of phonon number states. Here, we study the formation of shock
waves in a NEMS resonator with an embedded two-dimensional electron
gas using surface acoustic waves. The mechanical displacement of the nano-
resonator is read out via the induced acoustoelectric current. Applying
acoustical standing waves we are able to determine the anomalous
acoustocurrent. This current is only found in the regime of shock wave
formation. We ontain very good agreement with model calculations.
2pPAe8. Experimental measurements of the band structure of Lamb
waves in phononic lattices. Bernard Bonello CNRS and Paris VI Uni-
versity, INSP - 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France,
bernard.bonello@insp.jussieu.fr, Thomas Brunet CNRS and Paris VI
University, INSP - 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France,
thomas.brunet@insp.jussieu.fr, Jiu-Jiu Chen CNRS and Paris VI Univer-
sity, INSP - 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, chen99nju@gmail
.com
We have measured the band structure of Lamb waves propagating in 2D
phononic crystals. Different cases were investigated. First we have studied
the phononic lm deposited on a homogeneous substrate. The phononic lm
is made of cylindrical iron scatterers embedded into a copper background;
the substrate is a 700 m silicon plate. The propagation is along the crys-
tallographic direction 100 of Si. At low lling fraction, a frequency band
gap for the antisymmetric mode arises at reduced Brillouin edge. At high
lling fraction, a band gap opens also on the symmetric branch. We have
also studied the case of phononic slabs with very high contrast between the
scatterers and the matrix. The samples are made of 200 m silicon plates
with air holes lattices drilled throughout. Whatever the symmetry of the lat-
tice, square of centered rectangular, broad band gaps open at rst and second
reduced Brillouin zone edges. Experimental data are then compared to the-
oretical predictions obtained using a plane wave expansion method.
2pPAe9. Orderdisorder transition for ultrasonic propagation in 2D
scatterer arrays. Alice Bretagne Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ES-
PCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
alice.bretagne@espci.fr, Arnaud Tourin Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique,
ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
arnaud.tourin@espci.fr, Mathias Fink Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique,
ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
mathias.nk@espci.fr
Recently, intriguing phenomena in quantum mechanics, such as the
Aharonov-Bohm effect P. Roux et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3170 1997,
weak localization in disordered media A. Tourin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79,
3637 1997 and maybe one of the most striking, tunnelling S. Yang et al.,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 104301 2002, have been revisited using acoustic
waves. The advantages of using ultrasound for such studies lie in the mac-
roscopic character of samples and the possibility of directly measuring the
3280 3280 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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phase of the waveeld. Here we explore propagation of MHz-ultrasound in
a medium which is either ordered or disordered in the two transverse dimen-
sions x,y but invariant in the propagation direction z. An equivalent
scheme has been recently used in optics to demonstrate transverse localiza-
tion of light T. Schwartz et al., Nature 446, 52 2007. Our samples are
made of a parallel arrangement of cylindrical scatterers 0.8mm in diameter
embedded in a PVA matrix. In the ordered case, the probe beam undergoes
ballistic transport. In the disordered case transport becomes diffusive and as
the sample length increases the wave tends to be laterally conned.
2pPAe10. Experimental and theoretical investigations of focusing of
ultrasonic waves by two-dimensional at phononic crystals. Alexey
Sukhovich Universidad de Murcia, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ.
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada,
alexei@physics.umanitoba.ca, John H. Page Dept. of Physics and As-
tronomy, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada,
jhpage@cc.umanitoba.ca, Bassam Merheb University of Arizona, Materi-
als Science and Engineering Department, Mines Bldg., P.O. Box 210012,
Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, bassam@merheb.net, Jrme Vasseur IEMN,
UMR CNRS 8520, avenue Poincar, BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve dAscq,
France, jerome.vasseur@univ-lille1.fr, Pierre Deymier University of Ari-
zona, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Mines Bldg., P.O.
Box 210012, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, deymier@u.arizona.edu
We compare experimental and theoretical results demonstrating focusing
of sound elds emitted by subwavelength sources using two-dimensional
at phononic crystals. Our phononic crystals are made of stainless steel rods
assembled in a triangular crystal lattice and immersed in a liquid. Focusing
is achieved due to negative refraction of ultrasonic waves propagating
through the crystal, which is realized at the frequencies corresponding to the
2nd band, where the group velocity and wave vector are antiparallel. High
quality images are obtained experimentally with a methanol-lled phononic
crystal surrounded by water, in which the source and detecting transducers
are located. Excellent resolution approaching the diffraction limit is
achieved for the frequency at which the equifrequency contours inside the
crystal match those in water. Our experimental results are compared with
theoretical predictions by the Finite Difference Time Domain FDTD
method. Good agreement is observed for the width of the focal spot in the
direction parallel to the crystal surface, while along the perpendicular direc-
tion, we nd experimentally that the focal spot is narrower and closer to the
crystal surface than in the theoretical predictions.
2pPAe11. Complete band gap in the phonon spectra of compact
ceramics. Evgenii I. Salamatov Physical-Technical Institute UrB RAS,
132 Kirov str., 426000 Izhevsk, Russian Federation, salam@otf.pti.udm.ru
The processes of sound propagation in inhomogeneous systems have
long the focus of researchers attention. The new interest in this problem i
last years has been inspired by the appearance of articial elastic periodic
structures - phononic crystals. Since the lattice parameter articial phononic
crystals is about several millimetres the complete bandgap is assumed to lie
in the megahertz range. It is of fundamental importance for modern radio
equipment to obtain phononic crystals with forbidden bandgap in the giga-
hertz range, which requires generation of phononic lattices with the period
of the order of tens and hundreds nanometers. The author believes nanocer-
amics compacted from a superne powder in a special way to be very prom-
ising systems for the generatio such phononic lattices. In this work the pho-
non spectra of the model two-dimensional ceramics numerically calculated
using the nite-difference time-domain FDTD method. To interpret the re-
sults, the analytical expressions obtained for an elastic limit are used, which
enables formalization of the conditions necessary for the appearance of a
gap in a phonon spectrum. The possibility of creation of bulk acoustic waves
resonators is discussed.
2pPAe12. A Transient Grating approach to elastic wave and thermal
propagation in a 2D free-standing micrometric phononic crystal.
Iacopo Malfanti European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS,
Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy,
malfanti@lens.uni.it,Renato TorreEuropean Lab. for Non-Linear Spec-
troscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fioren-
tino Fi, Italy, torre@lens.uni.it, Paolo Bartolini European Lab. for
Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1,
50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy, bart@lens.uni.it, Andrea
Taschin European Lab. for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Univ. di
Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Fi, Italy,
taschin@lens.uni.it, Francesco Vita via Brecce Bianche, 1, 60131 An-
cona, Italy, f.vita@univpm.it, Francesco Simoni via Brecce Bianche, 1,
60131 Ancona, Italy, f.simoni@univpm.it
We investigate the phonon propagation in a 2D phononic crystal with
typical dimensions on the micrometric scale by means of a transient grating
TG heterodyne detected experiment. In a TG experiment both a tempera-
ture and a density grating are induced by means of optical techniques. The
relaxation dynamics of the induced grating are then monitored live-time
over 6 temporal decades with a probe beam. Our sample is a freestanding
100 micrometer thick polymer matrix with empty rods lled with gas ar-
ranged in a triangular lattice. Evidence of the presence of two different bulk
wave acoustic modes are experimentally found. The excited acoustic modes
show a correlation with the orientation of the sample with respect to the in-
duced grating wave vector, while the thermal properties show a signicant
dependence on the magnitude of the induced grating wave vector.
2pPAe13. Thermal shifting of phononic bandgaps in barium strontium
titanate-based structures. Kwok Lung Jim Department of Applied Phys-
ics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hunghom, Kowloon Hong Kong, China, jim.kl@polyu.edu.hk, Chi Wah
Leung Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon Hong Kong,
China, apleung@inet.polyu.edu.hk, Chung Loong Choy Department of
Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytech-
nic University, Hunghom, Kowloon Hong Kong, China, scclchoy@inet
.polyu.edu.hk, Helen L. W. Chan Department of Applied Physics and Ma-
terials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom,
Kowloon Hong Kong, China, apahlcha@inet.polyu.edu.hk
Phononic crystals, which are structures with periodic variations of den-
sity andor sound velocities, can exhibit phononic bandgaps where propa-
gation of acoustic waves is forbidden. The ability of phononic crystals to
manipulate sound, in a similar manner which photonic crystal control light,
makes them particularly useful for applications such as acoustic lters or
very efcient waveguides. Since the positions of the phononic bandgaps de-
pend solely on the densities and the sound velocities of the constituent ma-
terials, it is expected that a modulation in the densities andor sound veloci-
ties of the constituent materials would result in a phononic bandgap shift. It
is known that ferroelectric ceramic, such as barium strontium titanate BST,
will undergo a ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition across the Curie
temperature. During the phase transition, there is a large variation in the
sound velocities of BST which result in a shift of the phononic bandgaps. In
this work, we calculated the phononic bandstructures of BST-based struc-
tures by the plane-wave expansion method and showed that the phononic
bandgaps can be shifted thermally.
2pPAe14. Nondiffractive propagation of sound in sonic crystals. Isabel
Perez-Arjona IGIC - Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Cra. Nazaret-
Oliva SN, E-46730 Gandia, Spain, iparjona@upvnet.upv.es, Victor
Snchez-Morcillo IGIC - Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Cra.
Nazaret-Oliva SN, E-46730 Gandia, Spain, victorsm@s.upv.es, Vctor
Espinosa IGIC - Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Cra. Nazaret-Oliva
SN, E-46730 Gandia, Spain, vespinos@s.upv.es, Kestutis
Staliunas Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Colom 11, 08222
Terrassa Barcelona, Spain, Kestutis.Staliunas@icrea.es, Javier
Redondo IGIC - Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Cra. Nazaret-Oliva
SN, E-46730 Gandia, Spain, fredondo@s.upv.es
In this work we present the study of the nondiffractive propagation re-
gime of ultrasonic waves in a two-dimensional periodic acoustic media
sonic crystal both from the theoretical and the experimental point of view.
An analytical treatment of this regime sonic wave propagation is presented,
which allows evaluating the parameters of the nondiffractive regime, just as
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the minimum size of the nondiffractively propagating acoustic beam. Ex-
perimentally, we report on the rst experimental demonstration of the sub-
diffractive propagation self-collimation of an ultrasound beam in a sonic
crystal formed by steel cylinders in water. The experimental measurements
show a good agreement with the theoretical predictions, where the effect of
the nite size of the crystal was also considered. The preliminary results on
self-collimation of sound in three-dimensional sonic crystal, in progress at
the present moment, will be also presented.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAf
Physical Acoustics: Acoustics of Porous Media III (Poster Session)
Walter Lauriks, Cochair
Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Keith Attenborough, Cochair
Open University
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAf1. In-situ measurement of interface permeability. Lin
Lin Universisty Of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA,
lin.lin@umit.maine.edu, Michael Peterson Universisty Of Maine, 5711
Boardman Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA, michael.peterson
@maine.edu, Alan Greenberg Univesity of Colorado, 427 UCB Dept. of
Mechanical engineering, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Alan.Greenberg
@colorado.edu, Benjamin McCool ExxonMobil Research and Engineer-
ing Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA, Benjamin
.a.mccool@exxonmobil.com
Permeability of a porous interface is important for many areas of re-
search and technology ranging from transport of nutrients in marine sedi-
ments to produce separations in bio-pharmaceuticals. Biot theory has shown
that porous materials are able to support the propagation of two longitudinal
waves: fast and slow wave. By measuring the propagation threshold of the
slow longitudinal wave when the wave number is higher than the critical
wave number kcr, we can obtain the intrinsic permeability of a porous
interface. The ability to sense permeability change due to differences in pore
size and uid viscosity is demonstrated. The measurement is compared to an
exact solution for kcr as well as previously published analytical solutions.
This technique for measuring permeability has been shown in a model ma-
terial and can now be extended to a wide range of materials of scientic and
technical importance.
2pPAf2. Sound absorption of advanced textile materials. Ivan
Bolkovac Faculty of EE and Computing, Unska 3, Department of Electroa-
coustics, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, ibolkovac@gmail.com, Hrvoje
Domitrovic Faculty of EE and Computing, Unska 3, Department of Elec-
troacoustics, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, hrvoje.domitrovic@fer
.hr, Martina Bozic Faculty of textile technology, University of Zagreb,
Ljubijska 51a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, martina.bozic.ttf@gmail.com
Todays acoustic applications demand an ever greater array of materials
used for acoustic treatment of spaces for both professional or non-
professional use. Elements like absorbers, diffusers and silencers are met
with increasingly strict demands, both aesthetic and functional. That is the
reason why we were interested in acoustic qualities absorption coef. of dif-
ferent kinds of textile materials that could be used in building or nishing
such elements. Textile materials range from conventional to high-
performance textiles. The latter, with their advanced qualities both acoustic
and mechanical promise a much wider area of application and further spe-
cialized use, both as stand-alone elements or their parts.
2pPAf3. Inuence of sound absorption on close proximity noise of
porous pavement. S. E. Paje Laboratory of Acoustics Applied to Civil
Engineering LA2IC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Department of
Applied Physics, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain, santiago.exposito@uclm
.es, Moises Bueno Laboratory of Acoustics Applied to Civil Engineering
LA2IC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Department of Applied Phys-
ics, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain, moises.bueno@uclm.es, Urbano
Viuela Laboratory of Acoustics Applied to Civil Engineering LA2IC,
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Department of Applied Physics,
13071 Ciudad Real, Spain, urbano.vinuela@uclm.es, Fernando
Tern Laboratory of Acoustics Applied to Civil Engineering LA2IC, Uni-
versidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Department of Applied Physics, 13071
Ciudad Real, Spain, fernando.teran@uclm.es
The main objective of this research is to correlate sound absorption of a
new bituminous porous pavement air void content 21% with the close
proximity noise. Different core samples were taken from a porous road
surface. The normal incidence sound absorption spectra were measured for
these samples using the two-microphone impedance tube. Noise levels close
to the tirepavement contact patch were measured continuously in a geo-
referenced way, when the test vehicle was rolling. The emission properties
of the porous surface as a function of vehicles speed are analyzed in the
acoustic frequency range showing different behaviors for the relationships
between noise levels and speed. An abrupt variation in the relationship be-
tween the coefcient B and frequencies below 1 kHz was observed
LcpABlogV. This feature could be highly inuenced by sound ab-
sorption mechanism, particularly noticeable for a non-clogged porous sur-
face with a high content of air voids.
2pPAf4. Physico-chemical properties and ultrasonic characterization
of calcium phosphate ceramics. Daniela Predoi National Institute of
Materials Physics, Atomistilor 105 bis, 77123 Magurele, Romania,
3282 3282 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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dpredoi_68@yahoo.com,Serge DeribleLOMC FRE CNRS 3102, Univer-
sit du Havre, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 le Havre, France,
serge.derible@univ-lehavre.fr, Hugues Duo LOMC FRE CNRS 3102,
Universit du Havre, Place Robert Schuman, 76610 le Havre, France,
hugues.duo@univ-lehavre.fr, Mihai Valentin M. Predoi University Po-
litechnica of Bucharest, Department of Mechanics, 060032 Bucharest, Ro-
mania, predoi@cat.mec.pub.ro, Cristian Catalin Petre University Po-
litechnica of Bucharest, Department of Mechanics, 060032 Bucharest,
Romania, cristian.petre@promteh.ro
Calcium phosphate compounds have been studied for biomedical appli-
cations due to their chemical and structural similarity to the mineral phase of
bone and tooth. The composition, physical and chemical properties, crystal
size and morphology of synthetic apatite are extremely sensitive to prepa-
ration conditions and sometimes it resulted into non- stoichiometric calcium
decient hydroxyapathite Hap powders. The present paper refers to calci-
nations of calcium phosphate ceramics at 800 and 1000
o
C. The effect of heat
treatment were investigated by X-ray diffraction XRD, Fourier transform
infrared FTIR, differential thermal analysis DTA and thermal gravimetric
analysis TGA. FTIR spectra showed the presence of various PO
4
3- and
OH-groups present in the powders. Powders compacted and sintered at 800
and 1000
o
C showed an increase in density. The main objective of the paper
is a comparison of the results obtained by the previous methods to those
obtained using the ultrasonic air-coupling technique. Modulated ultrasonic
signals of 500 kHz central frequency have been transmitted through the cal-
cium phosphate ceramics specimens. Correlation between signals allowed
some conclusions concerning density, porosity and preparation temperature
inuence on these specimens. These comparisons and correlation of meth-
ods, allow a better characterisation of such important materials
2pPAf5. Ultrasonic monitoring of hardening concrete. Julien
Bue Institut Jean le Rond DAlembert UMR 7190, 2 Place de la Gare de
Ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr LEcole, France, julien.bue@wanadoo
.fr, Frederic Cohen Tenoudji Institut Jean le Rond DAlembert UMR
7190, 2 Place de la Gare de Ceinture, 78210 Saint Cyr LEcole, France,
fcohentenoudji@yahoo.fr
Monitoring results of velocities and attenuations of compressional and
transverse ultrasonic waves in hardening concrete using short pulse through-
transmission are presented. A uid concrete is a highly attenuating hetero-
geneous medium, composed of several phases and granular classes. Differ-
ent attenuation mechanisms are considered in order to account for
experimental results: high impedance mismatch between air layers and
solid-uid clusters at early ages, Energy loss by viscous dissipation and
wave scattering by heterogeneities Rayleigh scattering at low frequencies,
single or multi diffusion scatterings at intermediate and high frequencies
during the beginning of hardening. At early ages, the medium may be de-
scribed as composed of a succession of large slabs of fresh concrete sepa-
rated by very thin slabs of air. Attenuation is then computed from the effec-
tive transmission coefcient of this medium. This model is in good
agreement with experiments. During the beginning of hardening, the me-
dium may be seen as composed of big particles immersed in an effective
medium formed by the ensemble of the particles of lesser granular sizes and
water. Then, the Rayleigh scattering model at low frequencies and the mul-
tiple diffusion model predictions at intermediate frequencies are in good
agreement with experiments.
2pPAf6. Flow resistivity prole inversion for a porous medium. Claude
Depollier Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, claude.depollier@univ-lemans
.fr, Naima Sebaa Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Av-
enue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, naima.sebaa@univ-lemans
.fr, Mouna Naas Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Av-
enue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, mouna.naas.etu
@univ-lemans.fr, Bernard R. Castagnede Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
bernard.castagnede@univ-lemans.fr, Zine Fellah CNRS-Laboratoire de
Mcanique et dAcoustique, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille,
France, fellah@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Walter Lauriks Lab. ATF, Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
Walter.Lauriks@fys.kuleuven.be
Predictions for the low frequency sound waves propagation in a porous
medium needs the knowledge of the ow specic resistance of the medium.
We present a scheme for the ow resistivity prole inversion for a layered
medium. In the framework of the uid equivalent model a closed-form re-
lation of the resistivity prole with the Fourier transform of the reection is
derived. It provide a straightforward way to perform the reconstruction of
the prole. The result show a strong correlation between the ow resistivity
prole and the reection coefcient in this model. Some numerical simula-
tions are given as examples of the applicability of this scheme.
2pPAf7. Wave equation in non-integer-dimensional porous media.
Claude Depollier Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Av-
enue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, claude.depollier
@univ-lemans.fr, Jean-Baptiste Legland Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
jean-baptiste.legland.etu@univ-lemans.fr
Over some range of scales, porous media display properties of fractals. It
particular both pore sizes and pore-interfaces exhibit the fractal
characteristics. One of the fascinating interests of fractals is their capability
to model objects with complicate structure. This is due to an important prop-
erty of fractal objects that their structure is characterized by a small number
of parameters. One of them is the fractal dimension which tells how the
fractal lls the space in which it lies. Very early, fractal concept has been
incorporated in the study of porous media to investigate various phenomena
as ow in porous media, pores and fractures of geological media. We
present generalized Biots wave equations for a fractional dimensional sys-
tem of 3-spatial coordinates used as an effective description of porous
media. Some specic examples are given as an application of this model.
2pPAf8. Investigation of the limp model validity for porous materials.
Olivier Doutres Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Av-
enue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, olivier.doutres.etu
@univ-lemans.fr, Nicolas Dauchez Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
nicolas.dauchez@univ-lemans.fr, Jean Michel Genevaux Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen,
72085 Le Mans, France, jean-michel.genevaux@univ-lemans.fr, Olivier
Dazel Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier
Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, olivier.dazel@univ-lemans.fr
A new criterion to test the validity of using the limp model for porous
materials is proposed. The limp model is derived from the poroelastic Biot
model assuming that the frame has no bulk stiffness. Being an equivalent
uid model accounting for the motion of the frame, it has fewer limitations
than the usual equivalent uid model assuming a rigid frame. A criterion is
derived to identify the porous materials for which the limp model can be
used. This criterion relies on a new parameter, the Frame Stiffness Inuence
FSI based on porous material properties. The critical values of FSI under
which the limp model can be used, are determined using a 1D analytical
modeling for three boundary sets: absorption of a porous layer backed by a
rigid wall, radiation of a vibrating plate covered by a porous layer and trans-
mission loss of a double leaf panel lled in by a porous layer. Compared
with other criteria, the criterion associated with FSI provides information in
a wider frequency range and can be used for congurations which include
vibrating plates.
2pPAf9. An index to quantify the through-thickness symmetry of sound
absorbing materials. Yacoubou Salissou Groupe dAcoustique de
lUniversit de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. de lUniversit, Dpartement de
gnie mcanique, Sherbrooke, QC J1K-2R1, Canada, Yacoubou.Salissou
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@USherbrooke.ca,Raymond PannetonGroupe dAcoustique de
lUniversit de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. de lUniversit, Dpartement de
gnie mcanique, Sherbrooke, QC J1K-2R1, Canada, raymond.panneton
@usherbrooke.ca
In this work, an extension of the theoretical formulation of the transfer
matrix to non symmetrical sound absorbing porous materials is carried out.
From this extension, an index of asymmetry is proposed and discussed. This
index allows one to quantify the through-thickness asymmetry of a sound
absorbing porous material. This index may be used for quality control or to
assess the symmetry of the material in terms of its acoustic properties
absorption, reection, impedance, propagation constant. To validate the
application of the index of asymmetry, samples made up from two layers of
porous materials are studied. Each so-constructed two-layered sample is
seen as an equivalent asymmetrical single porous layer with a sudden
change in its physical properties. The acoustic properties of each sample are
then measured in the direct and inverted congurations i.e., when both
sides of the sample are facing successively the incident wave. Their values
are compared in terms of the asymmetry index of the equivalent single layer.
From these tests, an index value is suggested. Above this value, the acoustic
properties of a sound absorbing material should be considered as being not
symmetrical.
2pPAf10. Ultrasonic critical angle reectometry applied to porous
nuclear fuel mechanical characterization. Vivian Cereser Camara
Universit Montpellier II, Place Eugne Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier,
France, cereser@lain.univ-montp2.fr, Didier Laux Universit Montpellier
II, Place Eugne Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France, laux@lain
.univ-montp2.fr, Gilles Despaux Universit Montpellier II, Place Eugne
Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France, despaux@lain.univ-montp2
.fr, Daniel Baron EDF, CEA Cadarache, 13108 St Paul Lez Durance,
France, daniel.baron@edf.fr
An ultrasonic reectometer working from 2 to 10 MHz on zones around
4 mm has been built in order to assess in a non destructive way the reection
coefcient R, f as a function of incident angle and frequency. Many ex-
periments were performed on various materials glass, aluminium, show-
ing that with this goniometer and the related signal processing it is possible
to assess very accurately R, f for bulk or thin samples Lamb modes.
Longitudinal and shear velocities VL, Vs deduced from R, f have been
used to determine the elastic moduli E and G which values match very
favourably with literature. Hence the Ultrasonic Critical angle Reectometry
is a powerful tool for materials characterization. In a second step, this device
has been used on civil power plants fuel UO2 with various volume fraction
of porosity. The elastic moduli obtained are in good agreement with the lit-
erature data. The relations between VL, VS and the porosity p on the one
hand, and E and G with p on the other hand will be presented and discussed.
In particular, a link between these relations and the pores morphology
deduced with numerical simulations will be pointed out.
2pPAf11. Hybrid inversion technique for predicting geometrical
parameters of porous materials. Paresh Shravage Dipartimento di In-
gegneria - University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy,
paresh.shravage@unife.it, Paolo Bonglio Dipartimento di Ingegneria -
University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, paolo.bonglio
@unife.it, Francesco Pompoli Dipartimento di Ingegneria - University of
Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, francesco.pompoli@unife.it
In prediction of acoustical behavior of porous materials, ve geometrical
parameters play a very important role, but some of these geometrical prop-
erties are very difcult to measure directly. So many authors have suggested
different inversion strategies for getting these properties from directly mea-
sured both characteristic and surface properties of the material using stand-
ing wave tube. These approaches can be divided in two different categories:
analytical based on the limit behaviour of the bulk properties and minimi-
zation based methods which make use of searching algorithms to determine
the best solution that minimizes a cost function calculated by means of a
prediction model. Recent studies have shown the reliability of the analytical
methods for the determination of the airow resistivity and the minimization
based approach by using genetic algorithms for getting the other physical
parameters. Consequently, a hybrid inversion technique can be proposed for
the complete calculation of the geometrical quantities and here it is pre-
sented in detail. Moreover the paper compares the results from the hybrid
approach with the experimentally measured parameters and the values of the
ve parameters obtained by using genetic algorithms. Finally, the paper pre-
sents the effect of both inversion techniques on acoustical properties using
Johnson-Allard-Champoux model.
2pPAf12. Absorption and dispersion of acoustical waves in synthetic
and natural compressed brous materials. Bernard R.
Castagnede Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, bernard.castagnede
@univ-lemans.fr, Bruno Brouard Laboratoire dAcoustique de
lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
bruno.brouard@univ-lemans.fr, Claude Depollier Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen,
72085 Le Mans, France, claude.depollier@univ-lemans.fr, Olivier
Dazel Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier
Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, olivier.dazel@univ-lemans.fr, Denis
Lafarge Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue
Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, denis.lafarge@univ-lemans.fr
When a brous slab is compressed along its thickness, there are some
changes in the basic physical parameters which describe the propagation of
sound waves. For instance during compression, the acoustical resistivity and
the tortuosity increase, while at the same time the porosity as well as the
viscous and thermal characteristic lengths diminish. For a 1-D compression
along the thickness of the porous layer, these changes are decribed by
straightforward linear equations, as long as the compression ratio is kept
small e.g. between 1 and 5. Such simple expressions are derived theoreti-
cally on the base of conservation principles relying on some fundamental
metrology indicators. Next, the inuence of these changes on the 5 funda-
mental physical properties of any porous networks are studied numerically
on the dispersion and attenuation curves versus frequency, in the frame of
the equivalent-uid model 4. Finally, experiments are performed in order
to check some of these predictions on various felt brous materials having
different compression ratio.
2pPAf13. Acoustic properties of partly saturated porous soils. Kirill V.
Horoshenkov University of Bradford, School of Engineering, Design and
Technology, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK, k.horoshenkov@Bradford
.ac.uk, Mostafa H. Mohamed University of Bradford, School of Engi-
neering, Design and Technology, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK,
m.h.a.mohamed@Bradford.ac.uk, Siow N. Ting University of Bradford,
School of Engineering, Design and Technology, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK,
s.n.ting@bradford.ac.uk
Controlled experiments are performed on soil samples saturated with
different types of liquid such as water and oil to determine the relations be-
tween the degree of saturation, type of saturated liquid and the acoustic sur-
face admittance. These experiments are conducted using a Buchner funnel
attached directly to an acoustic impedance tube. The results show a very
sensitive dependence of the acoustic admittance upon the degree of satura-
tion irrespective of the liquid present. It is found that the relationship be-
tween the volumetric water content and the real part of the surface admit-
tance in the frequency range of 500 - 1000 Hz can be expressed using a
logarithmic equation. The coefcients of the proposed equation can be de-
termined using a soil property called uniformity coefcient and the acous-
tic admittance of dry soil. Results of volumetric water content obtained us-
ing the proposed equation are validated using those obtained from an
independent test. The results of the validation exercise demonstrate that the
proposed relations can be used to determine very accurately the volumetric
water content within soil from the acoustical data. The accuracy of the
acoustically measured degree saturation is found to be within 2.0%.
3284 3284 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAg
Physical Acoustics: Photoacoustics II (Poster Session)
Gerald Diebold, Cochair
Brown Univ.
Christ Glorieux, Cochair
Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAg1. Fiber Bragg grating applied pulsed photoacoustic detection
technique for online monitoring concentration of liquid. Atsushi
Yarai Osaka Sangyo University, 3-1-1 Nakagaito, 574-8530 Daito, Osaka,
Japan, yarai@osaka-sandai.ac.jp, Takuji Nakanishi Osaka Sangyo Uni-
versity, 3-1-1 Nakagaito, 574-8530 Daito, Osaka, Japan, a.yarai@ieee.org
The need for real-time monitoring of the concentration of raw liquids
and wastewater owing in ducts is one of the signicant process controls in
chemical plants. A concentration sensor applicable to acidic uids, however,
has not been practically developed because of the maintenance required to
sustain performance due to the metal erosion of the electrode from the
acidity. To overcome this problem, we propose the ber Bragg grating ap-
plied pulsed photoacoustic PA detection technique for online monitoring
concentration of liquid. In our technique, optical ber made of quartz is used
for the PA signal generation and detection, for which a 0.6-mm-diameter
step index ber and Bragg grating composed of single mode ber are used
as an object, respectively, so that our metal-free sensor head is not only of
small size but is also maintenance-free. The concentration of dye
Rhodamine 6G dissolved into distilled water was measured to estimate the
capability. A Q-switched frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser was used as the
PA exiting beam, which is fed to the PA sensor through the ber. It was ex-
perimentally conrmed that the detection linearity was signicantly ob-
tained in a concentration range from a few ppm to approximately 200 ppm.
2pPAg2. Film thickness determination by laser ultrasonics. Michal
Lemaire Institut dElectronique de Microlectronique et de Nanotechnolo-
gie, Dpartement Opto-Acousto-Electronique UMR CNRS 8520, Univer-
sit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrsis, Le Mont-Houy, 59313 Valen-
ciennes cedex 9, France, Michael.Lemaire@meletu.univ-valenciennes
.fr, Frdric Jenot Institut dElectronique de Microlectronique et de
Nanotechnologie, Dpartement Opto-Acousto-Electronique UMR CNRS
8520, Universit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrsis, Le Mont-Houy,
59313 Valenciennes cedex 9, France, frederic.jenot@univ-valenciennes
.fr, Mohammadi Ouaftouh Institut dElectronique de Microlectronique
et de Nanotechnologie, Dpartement Opto-Acousto-Electronique UMR
CNRS 8520, Universit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrsis, Le
Mont-Houy, 59313 Valenciennes cedex 9, France, mohammadi.ouaftouh
@univ-valenciennes.fr, Wei Jiang Xu Institut dElectronique de Mi-
crolectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Dpartement Opto-Acousto-
Electronique UMR CNRS 8520, Universit de Valenciennes et du
Hainaut-Cambrsis, Le Mont-Houy, 59313 Valenciennes cedex 9,
France, weijiang.xu@univ-valenciennes.fr, Marc Duquennoy Institut
dElectronique de Microlectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Dpartement
Opto-Acousto-Electronique UMR CNRS 8520, Universit de Valenci-
ennes et du Hainaut-Cambrsis, Le Mont-Houy, 59313 Valenciennes
cedex 9, France, Marc.Duquennoy@univ-valenciennes.fr, Mohamed
Ourak Institut dElectronique de Microlectronique et de Nanotechnologie,
Dpartement Opto-Acousto-Electronique UMR CNRS 8520, Universit de
Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrsis, Le Mont-Houy, 59313 Valenciennes
cedex 9, France, Mohamed.Ourak@univ-valenciennes.fr, Renaud
Cte Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D,
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, renaud.cote@fys.kuleuven.be, Robbe
Salenbien Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, robbe.salenbien@fys.kuleuven.be, Bart
Sarens Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica - Departement
Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, bart.sarens@fys
.kuleuven.be, Walter Lauriks Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Walter.Lauriks@fys
.kuleuven.be, Christ Glorieux Lab. ATF, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, christ.glorieux@fys
.kuleuven.be
The thickness of lms deposited on substrates is crucial for their ther-
mal, electrical, optical behaviour. These properties are essential in thin lm
applications, especially in the eld of microelectronics. In this study, we are
interested in thickness determination of silver and gold lms deposited by
evaporation on a silicon substrate by using an ultrasonic non-destructive
technique. In particular, the well-known laser ultrasonic technique is used to
generate and detect the surface acoustic waves. Results obtained by two
complementary methods allowing a non-contact measurement in a large
bandwidth from 5 MHz to 200 MHz are presented, and the dispersion of
the Rayleigh wave propagation velocity is analyzed to determine the lm
thickness.
2pPAg3. Photoacoustic metrology of nanoimprint polymers. Timothy
Kehoe Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College Cork,
Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland, tim.kehoe@tyndall.ie, Juerg Bryner ETH
Zurich, Institute of Mechanical Systems, Dept. of Mechanical and Process
Engineering, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, bryner@imes.mavt
.ethz.ch, Jacqueline Vollmann ETH Zurich, Institute of Mechanical Sys-
tems, Dept. of Mechanical and Process Engineering, CH 8092 Zurich, Swit-
zerland, vollmann@imes.mavt.ethz.ch, Clivia Sotomayor Torres Tyndall
National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College Cork, Prospect Row,
Cork, Ireland, clivia.sotomayor@tyndall.ie, Laurent Aebi ETH Zurich,
Institute of Mechanical Systems, Dept. of Mechanical and Process Engineer-
ing, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, aebi@imes.mavt.ethz.ch, Juerg
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3285 3285 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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DualETH Zurich, Institute of Mechanical Systems, Dept. of Mechanical
and Process Engineering, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, juerg.dual@imes
.mavt.ethz.ch
Nanoimprint lithography NIL is an alternative lithography method for
patterning of thin polymer lms using a rigid stamp, which is being devel-
oped as desired minimum feature sizes reduce to the scale of tens of
nanometres. To characterise nanoimprinted structures, there is a need for
more convenient and non-destructive wafer-scale metrologies to comple-
ment scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The pho-
toacoustic method, with a resolution in the range of 10 nm, and normally
used to measure metal and dielectric layer thicknesses and physical proper-
ties, has been used for the rst time to study nanoimprinting polymer layers.
A good signal was obtained from the top and the bottom interfaces of two
polymers, mr-I PMMA 75k300 and mr-NIL 6000.3, with thicknesses rang-
ing from 100 to 500 nm. From the measured time of ight of the acoustic
wave, and modelling physical parameters of the polymers, thicknesses cal-
culated agree well with those measured by prolometry. The measurements
are performed on a short pulse laser pump-probe setup, where bulk wave
packets are excited and detected using near infrared laser pulses of less than
100 fs duration. The entire experimental setup is also simulated numerically.
2pPAg4. Line-focus beam photoacoustic imaging of surface and
undersurface defect simulated on a planar specimen. Tsutomu
Hoshimiya Tohoku Gakuin University, 13-1, Chuo 1, 985-8537 Tagajyo,
Japan, tpth@tjcc.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp, Mika Hatake-Yama Tohoku
Gakuin University, 13-1, Chuo 1, 985-8537 Tagajyo, Japan, hatakemail
@yahoo.co.jp
A theoretical formulation of photoacoustic PA imaging with a line-
focus beam LFB for surface and undersurface simulated defect was
performed. Equivalence between 2D surface defect photoacoustic tomogra-
phy PAT and X-ray CT was derived. PAT imaging experiment was carried
out Asecond harmonics of a LD-pumped YAG laser was used as a LFB. The
laser power was 45mW. The length and width of a laser beam on a specimen
was 25 mm times 0.65mm The measured area was 27mm x 27mm, while the
reconstructed area was 18mm x 18mm. 64 times 64 resolution image was
reconstructed from the rotation and translation scanning. Reconstructed PA
image agreed with the PA image obtained with a point-focus PA imaging.
The frequency dependence of thermally diffused image agreed well with the
theoretical prediction thermal diffusion length is inversely proportional to
the square root of modulation frequency Under surface PAT image was ob-
tained by a thermal wave diffraction formula, and the simulated image
agreed well with the experimental data.
2pPAg5. Generation of Acoustic Wavelength Shorter Than 10nm By
Means Of Nonlinear Acoustic. Shuo Zhang INSP - UMR 7588 CNRS &
Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, 140 Rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France,
Shuo.Zhang@insp.jussieu.fr, Emmanuel Pronne INSP - UMR 7588
CNRS & Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, 140 Rue de Lourmel, 75015
Paris, France, emmanuel.peronne@insp.jussieu.fr, Laurent Belliard INSP
- UMR 7588 CNRS & Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, 140 Rue de Lour-
mel, 75015 Paris, France, lbelliar@ccr.jussieu.fr, Bernard Perrin INSP -
UMR 7588 CNRS & Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, 140 Rue de Lourmel,
75015 Paris, France, bernard.perrin@insp.jussieu.fr
As the size of the structure decrease toward the nanoscale, their acoustic
properties get closer to the THz range. Traditional techniques based on pi-
ezoelectric transducer or the Brillouin diffusion can hardly reach the ad-
equate frequency range. However, if we tightly focus short optical pulses,
we can expect to generate high frequencies due to nonlinear effect during
the propagation of the acoustic pulses. Moreover, such small source could be
used to image buried structures. We have developed an pump-probe experi-
ment based on a Ti:Sa oscillator using microscope objectives and 2 axis dis-
placement stage to study nonlinear propagation and diffraction of acoustic
wave in 3 dimension. We have studied 356-m thick GaAs substrate and
have demonstrated the generation of acoustic longitudinal wavelength as
short as 10 nm. Due to the acoustic dispersion during the propagation,
acoustic solitons are observed for high excitation power. Thanks to the use
of interferometric detector, the acoustic pulses are characterized in great
details. Such experimental development can help us to study the properties
of transmission and reection of buried nanosystem such as single quantum
well or phonon nanocavities.
2pPAg6. The theoretical analyse of the surface acoustic waves
propagated on the surface of the bulk materials with subsurface defect.
Xiaodong Xu Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing Univer-
sity, 210093 Nanjing, China, xdxu@nju.edu.cn, Ran Ding Nanjing Uni-
versity, P.O.Box44#, Pukou Campus, 210089 Nanjing, China,
snail_dr@hotmail.com, Christ Glorieux Lab. ATF, Katholieke Univer-
siteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium,
christ.glorieux@fys.kuleuven.be, Xiaojun Liu Modern Acoustics, Insti-
tute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China, xjliu@nju
.edu.cn
A theoretical model based on nite element method is used to analyse
the properties of surface acoustic wave SAW propagated on the surface of
the bulk materials with subsurface defect. The simulation results reveal the
modes conversion between SAW and Lamb wave at the border of the defect
and explain the diffusion properties of SAW propagated on the bulk material
with subsurface defect. The modes conversion and wave reection at the
border of the defect are theoretically explained why there are a lot of rifes
after the SAW passed through Al sample with circle subsurface defect,
which detected by laser ultrasonic method. The relationships between the
wavelength of wave and the physical state of the defect in the bulk material
are also fully described in theoretical simulation.
2pPAg7. LED-based Stroboscopic Schlieren System. Kalle
Hanhijrvi Electronics Research Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64
Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland,
kalle.hanhijarvi@helsinki., Ivan Kassamakov Electronics Research
Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64 Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-
00014 Helsinki, Finland, ivan.kassamakov@helsinki., Juha
Aaltonen Electronics Research Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64
Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland,
juha.aaltonen@helsinki., Edward Hggstrm Electronics Research
Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64 Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-
00014 Helsinki, Finland, edward.haeggstrom@helsinki.
A stroboscopic Schlieren system is proposed to characterize acoustic
elds in transparent media. Schlieren imaging has been used to visualize
beam proles of ultrasonic transducers mostly in liquids. The method is sen-
sitive to gradients in refractive index, and can thus be used with solids and
uids. A stroboscopic illumination synchronized with the ultrasonic vibra-
tion controllable phase delay between the illumination and the ultrasonic
drive signal, allows obtaining an image of a propagating tone burst. An
LED source provides relatively fast response time for high measurement
bandwidth. Incoherent light doesnt suffer from unwanted interference, as
with laser sources. Our setup employs two 90 off-axis parabolic mirrors.
Non-reected light is blocked with spatial ltering which is achieved with a
knife-edge, placed at the focal point of the focusing mirror. We rst present
a time-averaged Schlieren image of the acoustic eld of a 7.5 MHz focusing
transducer, as a proof-of-principle result. Then a custom-built LED-based
stroboscopic illumination system is used to visualize wave propagation in
water emitted by a high power 20 kHz transducer. Schlieren imaging is use-
ful in applications, where non-contact characterization of acoustic elds is
necessary.
2pPAg8. Stroboscopic White Light Interferometry for Dynamic
Characterization of Capacitive Pressure Sensors. Ivan
Kassamakov Electronics Research Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box
64 Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland,
ivan.kassamakov@helsinki., Kalle Hanhijrvi Electronics Research
Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64 Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-
00014 Helsinki, Finland, kalle.hanhijarvi@helsinki., Juha
Aaltonen Electronics Research Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64
3286 3286 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland,
juha.aaltonen@helsinki., Lauri Sainiemi Micro and Nanosciences Labo-
ratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O.Box 3500, FI-02015 TKK,
Finland, lauri.sainiemi@tkk., Kestutis Grigoras Micro and Nano-
sciences Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O.Box 3500, FI-
02015 TKK, Finland, kestas.grigoras@tkk., Sami Franssila Micro and
Nanosciences Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O.Box
3500, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, sami.franssila@tkk., Anu
Krkkinen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1000,
FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, anu.karkkainen@vtt., Edward
Hggstrm Electronics Research Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64
Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, edward
.haeggstrom@helsinki.
Scanning white light interferometry SWLI is a well-established
method for accurate static out-of-plane 3-D proling of micromechanical
devices. Periodic displacement can be measured using stroboscopic illumi-
nation synchronized to an arbitrary phase angle of the sample oscillation.
We modied an existing SWLI setup for dynamic MEMS characterization.
A two-channel function generator drives the sample and the stroboscopic il-
lumination, and controls the inter-channel phase. A phosphorous white light
LED or single-color LED is used as light source. Currently our shortest stro-
boscopic pulse is 50 ns. We measured the out-of-plane displacement of a
thermal microbridge fabricated on SOI wafer with 20 nm accuracy. The mi-
crobridge was driven with sinusoidal and square wave signals 1 Hz - 960
Hz. The stroboscopic duty cycles were 0.1% - 5%. We also characterize the
vibration modes of the membrane of a capacitive pressure sensor. Strobo-
scopic SWLI is useful for nanoscale prole measurements of periodic
oscillations.
2pPAg9. Laser-generated narrow-band ultrasonic wave for detection of
subsurface defect. Ran Ding Nanjing University, P.O.Box44#, Pukou
Campus, 210089 Nanjing, China, snail_dr@hotmail.com, Xiaodong
Xu Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, 210093
Nanjing, China, xdxu@nju.edu.cn
Laser ultrasonics employs laser beams to excite ultrasound. Spatial an-
dor temporal modulated intensity of laser on the surface of the specimen
aluminum can serve to narrow the band of the generated ultrasound around
the desired central frequency and meanwhile obtains higher signal-noise
ratio. In the present work, we use Computer Generated Holograms CGHs
to spatial-modulate the laser beam. CGHs provide exibility of adjustment
of the intensity prole of the laser on the specimen and the online recon-
struction of CGHs by digital and electronic devices helps to reduce the com-
plexity of the experimental system and is promising in detection of subsur-
face defect and depth proling as the surface acoustic waves penetrate into
the solids a depth proportional to the wavelength. Discussion was carried
out between experimental results and a theoretical model which based on
nite element analysis.
2pPAg10. Laser-Ultrasonic Measurement of Stress in Metal. Aleksei
Podolsky Moscow State University, MSU, 1, building 2, GSP-2, Lenin-
skiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation, uzh@yandex
.ru, Vladimir Koshkin Moscow State University, MSU, 1, building 2,
GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation,
uzh@ya.ru, Viktor BelKo Moscow State University, MSU, 1, building 2,
GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation,
uzh@ya.ru, Andrei Fetisov Moscow State University, MSU, 1, building
2, GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation,
uzh@ya.ru, Alexander Karabutov Moscow State University, MSU, 1,
building 2, GSP-2, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation,
akarabutov@gmail.com
Stress in metal was investigated by acousto-elastic effect. The depen-
dence of longitudinal ultrasonic wave velocity on transverse stress was
considered. A laser-ultrasonic defectoscope was used for precise ultrasonic
velocity measurement. Optoacoustic transducer provides laser excitation and
piezoelectric wide-band detection of ultrasonic pulse. The accuracy of the
measurement exceeded 0.1% for 2 mm thick metal sample. Samples in the
form of plates with the thickness of 2 to 4 mm made of aluminum and tita-
nium alloys and stainless steel were tested. The samples were loaded qua-
sistatically, the load was changing from zero to yield point stress. Load, de-
formation and velocity of ultrasound were measured. It is shown that the
velocity changes signicantly with the load. Some features of the velocity
change under tensile stress are presented. The possibility of the local re-
sidual stress measurement with the laser-ultrasonic technology is discussed.
2pPAg11. Application of nonlinear laser photoacoustic technique to
crack detection. Jacek Zakrzewski LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit
du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France,
jzakrzew@zyka.umk.pl, Nikolay Chigarev LPECUMR 6087CNR-
SUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans
Cedex 09, France, Nikolay.Chigarev@univ-lemans.fr, Vincent
Tournat LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier
Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France, vincent.tournat@univ-lemans
.fr, Denis Mounier LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Av-
enue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France,
denis.mounier@univ-lemans.fr, Vitali Gusev LPECUMR 6087CNR-
SUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex
09, France, vitali.goussev@univ-lemans.fr
Nonlinear acoustics is a promising method for non-destructive testing
NDT as it allows to improve the sensitivity and contrast of defects
detection. The application of contactless laser photoacoustic technique for
the tasks of nonlinear acoustics looks very promising. Meanwhile, real ex-
amples of industrial systems using nonlinear photoacoustics are still absent.
In this work nonlinear photoacoustic response of articially prepared cracks
has been studied. Acoustic vibrations have been excited through the
loASAHGRcal heating caused by the absorption of a focused beam of vis-
ible or near-infrared laser radiation. Several methods have been applied for
the detection of surface displacement including piezo-transducers, air-
coupled transducers and optical laser interferometry. It has been shown, that
nonlinear acoustic response increases drastically when both pump and probe
points are localized near the crack. For this reason, the last two methods
allowing local probing look very promising. Two dimensional scans of gen-
eration and detection points on the sample surface could be used to obtain
the images of crack at new spectral components induced by crack
nonlinearity. The goal of this work is to nd optimal methods of the exci-
tation and detection of nonlinear photoacoustic response of the crack. It
should make the technique attractive for the industrial applications.
2pPAg12. Looking for shear waves in glass forming liquids. Thomas
Pezeril Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Avenue, room
6-026, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA, pezeril@mit.edu, Christoph
Klieber Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Avenue, room
6-026, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA, cklieber@mit.edu, Stephane
Andrieu Laboratoire de Physique des Matriaux UMR7556, Universit H.
PoincarNancy I, 54506 Vandoeuvre, France, stephane.andrieu@lpm
.u-nancy.fr, Keith Nelson Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77
Mass. Avenue, room 6-026, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA, kanelson@mit
.edu
The ability of the generation of picosecond shear acoustic pulses in sol-
ids using ultrashort optical pulses have been employed to look for high fre-
quency shear waves in glass forming liquids. As a transducer we used a
canted iron thin lm deposited on a glass substrate. The strong shear ef-
ciency of generation provided by this kind of samples allowed the study of
several glass forming liquids. As a rst try, we have detected shear brillouin
scattering in m-toludine at 100K, that is below the glass transition tempera-
ture, at a frequency of 9 GHz. Then, we observed shear waves propagating
at room temperature in glycerol at frequencies below 50 GHz.
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3287 3287 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAh
Physical Acoustics and Signal Processing in Acoustics: Acoustic Landmine Detection II (Poster Session)
James Sabatier, Cochair
University of Mississippi
Keith Attenborough, Cochair
Open University
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAh1. Vector surface velocity measurement using contour scanning
laser vibrometers for the detection of landmines. Patrick F.
OMalley Catholic University, 620 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064,
USA, 68omalley@cua.edu, Woods J. Teresa Catholic University, 620
Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064, USA, 59woods@cua.edu, Joseph
F. Vignola Catholic University, 620 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC
20064, USA, vignola@cua.edu, John A. Judge Catholic University, 620
Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064, USA, judge@cua.edu, Jacek
Jarzynski Catholic University, 620 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064,
USA, jjarzynski@comcast.net
Much work has been done studying the detection of buried landmines
using acoustic excitation and measuring the vibration response of the ground
using Laser Doppler Vibrometry LDV. We examine the benets of mea-
suring the full three-dimensional velocity response of the ground surface
when a landmine is present. Three-dimensional velocity measurements pro-
vide a richer data set for identication of buried targets and avoid potential
errors associated with projecting the surface velocity vector onto a single
laser line of sight direction. We present results of a study conducted using
landmines buried in sand in a laboratory environment. The data were ob-
tained using a novel ve-axis laser vibrometry system, which uses a single
point LDV system to measure the surface of the sand from multiple angles
at each measurement location. Data will be presented showing the conse-
quences of a buried landmine on the three-dimensional velocity response of
a contoured ground surface.
2pPAh2. Scattering of a buried circular membrane imbedded in a rigid
substrate in a layered uid waveguide. Michelle B. Mattingly Physics
Dept., United States Naval Academy, Chauvenet Hall Room 295, 572 C
Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, mini_matisick@hotmail.com
, James L. Buchanan Mathematics Dept., United States Naval Academy,
572 C Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, jlb@usna.edu, Reza
Malek-Madani Mathematics Dept., United States Naval Academy, 572 C
Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, mm@usna.edu, Murray S.
Korman Physics Dept., United States Naval Academy, Chauvenet Hall
Room 295, 572 C Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, korman
@usna.edu
A study of mathematical modeling of the buried landmine detection
problem involves wave propagation in a layered waveguide in the presence
of a ush mount buried circular target. In this study, emphasis is placed on
acoustic to seismic coupling of an airborne CW point source located over an
iso-velocity uid layer. The top plate of the buried landmine is modeled as
a circular elastic membrane stretched ush over a cylindrical cavity in a
rigid substrate beneath the uid layer. The nite uid layer affords a
manageable study of the modal resonances in the waveguide system with
and without the target. The Helmholtz equation is solved in the atmospheric
layer using cylindrical coordinates and a point source. The homogeneous
Helmholtz equation is used in the uid layer. Greens function techniques
involving vibrations of the membrane are incorporated into the boundary
conditions. Results of the closed form normal mode solution will be pre-
sented in a MATLAB user interface; describing the effects of frequency,
depth, density, sound, absorption, including radius and elastic parameters of
the membrane. Comparison of the results involving the uid surface par-
ticle velocity proles across the target will be made with experiments re-
ported in the literature to evaluate its usefulness.
2pPAh3. Nonlinear scattering of a surface wave by an object buried in
soil. Evgenia A. Zabolotskaya Applied Research Laboratories, The Uni-
versity of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA,
zhenia@arlut.utexas.edu, Yurii A. Ilinskii Applied Research Laborato-
ries, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA,
yura@arlut.utexas.edu, Mark F. Hamilton Applied Research Laborato-
ries, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA,
hamilton@mail.utexas.edu
Nonlinear scattering of a surface wave by an object buried in soil is in-
vestigated theoretically. The object is supposed to be excited by a mono-
chromatic seismic wave and its pulsations are considered to be nonlinear.
Specic features of soil are taken into account, namely, shear modulus less
than compressibility modulus and anomalously high nonlinearity. Two ana-
lytical approaches are applied. One is based on theory of elasticity and the
other is based on uid mechanics. The two approaches yield identical results
for the second harmonic in the scattered eld. The second harmonic is
evaluated in the near eld where the medium can be considered as
incompressible. The analysis is performed with perturbation theory for small
displacement amplitudes in the soil. The second harmonic is also investi-
gated with an asymptotic expression obtained from the general equation for
the second harmonic generated by a pulsating object in a compressible
medium. The equation is expanded for a small object at distances that are
small compared with a wavelength. The inuence of a stress-free boundary
on the scattered eld is evaluated using Greens functions. Work supported
by ONR.
2pPAh4. Numerical simulations of resonant granular layers. Joseph A.
Turner University of Nebraska, Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, W317.4
NH, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA, jaturner@unl.edu, Florin
Bobaru University of Nebraska, Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, W317.4
3288 3288 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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NH, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA, fbobaru2@unl.edu,Kitti
Rattanadit University of Nebraska, Dept. of Engineering Mechanics,
W317.4 NH, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA, kittir@bigred.unl.edu
A coupled Discrete Element Method-Finite Element Method DEM-
FEM model is developed and implemented for simulating the dynamic re-
sponse of a dry granular layer on top of an elastic beam. The implementation
is rst validated against the quasi-static results for spherical particles which
are compared with well-bonded effective-medium models. In the dynamic
regime however, the effective-medium analytical result differs from experi-
mental values in terms of the dependence of particle size. The simulations
developed are used to understand the discrepancy between the theory and
the experiments. The rst resonance of the system is examined with respect
to particle size using a variety of particle sizes and a frequency sweep input.
The particle size dependence observed experimentally is reproduced in the
simulations only through inclusion of cohesive forces between the particles.
Rolling resistance and friction between particle is shown to be of minor
importance. This new modeling tool offers promise for understanding the
dynamic interactions of granular materials. Work supported by ARL
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAi
Physical Acoustics: Nonlinear Acoustics of Unconsolidated Granular Media II (Poster Session)
Paul Johnson, Cochair
EES-11 (Geophysics) - Los Alamos National Laboratory
Vitali Gusev, Cochair
LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAi1. Low-frequency acoustoelasticity in glass beads saturated with
water using a nonlinear wave-coupling technique. Guillaume
Renaud LUSSI, 10 Bd Tonell, 37032 Tours, France, guillaume.renaud28
@etu.univ-tours.fr, Samuel Call LUSSI, 10 Bd Tonell, 37032 Tours,
France, calle_s@med.univ-tours.fr, Jean-Pierre Remenieras LUSSI, 10
Bd Tonell, 37032 Tours, France, remenier@med.univ-tours.fr, Marielle
Defontaine LUSSI, 10 Bd Tonell, 37032 Tours, France, defontai@med
.univ-tours.fr
To study non-classical acoustical nonlinearities in cracked materials,
we developed a nonlinear NL wave coupling technique. Propagation ve-
locity and amplitude of short high-frequency HF, 600 kHz bursts are
modulated as result of nonlinear interaction with a low-frequency LF, 3
kHz wave. Time Of Flight Modulation TOFM is indeed related to both
elasticity and density variations. Because high acoustic nonlinearities in
glass beads have been reported, we applied our technique to glass beads
with different diameters hundreds micrometers. A small container is lled
up with glass beads saturated with water and placed below the LF source.
The large HF to LF ratio 200 and the small sample size 6 cm compared
to the LF wavelength in water 50 cm allow: 1 to measure instantaneous
Time Of Flight Modulation TOFM and attenuation as functions of the in-
stantaneous LF pressure, 2 to consider the LF pressure eld a quasi-static
hydrostatic variation of the ambient pressure in the medium. The LF pres-
sure amplitude in water is approximately 10 kPa. Different TOFM and NL
attenuation behaviors in tension and in compression, as well as different
hysteresis patterns, are observed. The inuence of the LF pressure amplitude
is discussed.
2pPAi2. Sound in a linear array of magnetic spheres. J. Carlos
Ruiz-Suarez CINVESTAV-IPN, Antigua Carretera a Progreso Km 6,
97310 Merida, Mexico, cruiz@mda.cinvestav.mx, Florent
Malloggi PMMH-ESPCI Paris, 10 Rue Vaquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
F.G.J.Malloggi@tnw.utwente.nl,Osvaldo CarventeCINVESTAV-IPN, An-
tigua Carretera a Progreso Km 6, 97310 Merida, Mexico,
ocarven@yahoo.com.mx, Jose Cruz-Damas CINVESTAV-IPN, Antigua
Carretera a Progreso Km 6, 97310 Merida, Mexico, josia.damas
@gmail.com, Felipe Pacheco CINVESTAV-IPN, Antigua Carretera a
Progreso Km 6, 97310 Merida, Mexico, fpacheco@mda.cinvestav.mx
We study the propagation of sound in a chain of strongly magnetized
spheres. The strong dipole-dipole magnetic force allows us to hold the chain
in different positions to evaluate the effect gravity produces on sound
transmission. This strong cohesion permits us also to insert in the chain a
periodical array of impurities and study the effect this array has in the
transmission. A well dened gap of frequencies, where no sound propaga-
tion exists, is observed. We investigate as well square lattices, and look into
the effects dipole anisotropy causes to sound propagation. Finally, we study
the effects produced by vacancies.
2pPAi3. Linear and non linear acoustic waves in macroscopically
inhomogeneous unconsolidated granular crystals. Aurlien
Merkel LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier
Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France, aurelien.merkel.etu
@univ-lemans.fr, Xavier Jacob LPECUMR 6087CNRSUniversit du
Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France,
xavier.jacob@univ-lemans.fr, Vincent Tournat LPECUMR 6087CNR-
SUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex
09, France, vincent.tournat@univ-lemans.fr, Vitali Gusev LPECUMR
6087CNRSUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans Cedex 09, France, vitali.goussev@univ-lemans.fr
Ordered unconsolidated structure of spherical beads in the absence of
external loading except the gravity eld constitutes a macroscopically inho-
mogeneous and strongly nonlinear phononic crystal. We report the experi-
mental and theoretical investigation of linear and nonlinear acoustic phe-
nomena in these granular crystals of nite thickness along the gravity
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direction. In particular the dependence of the resonance frequencies on the
thickness of the crystal the number of layers is evaluated. The linear trans-
mission of acoustic waves from the bottom to the free surface of the granu-
lar crystal exhibits complicated features. It is compared to the linear trans-
mission through the same structure but with a macroscopically
homogeneous static stress. Some frequency regions of the acoustic response
function are shown to be insensitive to the transition from an inhomoge-
neous static stress gravity induced to a homogeneous one additional ex-
ternal load. The nonlinear acoustic phenomena of resonance frequency shift
and resonance curve broadening with increasing amplitude of acoustic os-
cillations are observed. It allows to measure the nonlinear parameters of the
crystal for different amounts of layers, accounting for the absolute particle
velocity amplitude detected at the free surface with a laser vibrometer. Cor-
responding theoretical models describing the acoustic eigenmodes in mac-
roscopically homogeneous and inhomogeneous granular crystals are
developed.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAj
Physical Acoustics: Nonlinear Acoustics in Earthquake Processes and Other Earth Processes II
(Poster Session)
Paul Johnson, Cochair
EES-11 (Geophysics) - Los Alamos National Laboratory
Fabrice Cotton, Cochair
Universit Joseph Fourier
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAj1. Elastic-anisotropic properties of rocks along the Finnish Drill
Hole (OKU) section in the depth range down to 1 km. Mikhail
Kovalevskiy Geological Institute of Kola Science Centre of Russian Acad-
emy of Sciences, 14, Fersman St., 184209 Apatity, Russian Federation,
koval@geoksc.apatity.ru
The Finnish drill hole OKU was drilled in the south-eastern Baltic
Shield Finland. The drill hole limiting depth is 2516m. The goal of inves-
tigations was determination of elastic and non-elastic characteristics of 14
rock samples taken within 1.0km depth. The determinations were done on
the basis of the latest improvement of the acoustopolarization method with
devices for determining elastic properties 1. The study of the rock sample
properties from the drill hole section showed that they are all elastic aniso-
tropic and pertain to the transverse-isotropic and orthorhombic symmetry
types. A slight change in the compression and shear wave velocities with
depth can be observed. The effect of linear acoustic anisotropic absorption
has been registered in the samples. The nature of this effect manifestation is
related to the presence of microcracks of the natural character. The effect of
depolarization of shear waves was registered in some samples which sug-
gests the presence of the angular unconformity between the directions of the
LAAA elements and elastic symmetry elements. The pattern of change in
the anisotropy factors for compression and shear waves with depth is mani-
fested in a similar way. REFERENCES 1. Gorbatsevich F.F. Acoustopolaris-
copy of rocks. Apatity, Acad. Sciences, 1995, 204 p.
2pPAj2. Generation and Evolution of Cavitation in Magma under
Decompression Waves. Valeriy K. Kedrinskiy Lavrentyev Institute of
Hydrodynamics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Lavrentyev prospect 15, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation,
kedr@hydro.nsc.ru, Maxim N. Davydov Lavrentyev Institute of Hydro-
dynamics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Lavrentyev prospect 15, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, davydov
@hydro.nsc.ru
Its considered that presence of the dissolved water with concentration
up to 5-7 % wt. and viscosity of magma play one of the key roles in vol-
canic processes. According to the geophysical data, both a character and a
structure of explosive volcano eruptions are dened by dynamics of cavita-
tion development and the viscosity increasing orders during the diffusion of
the dissolved gas from magma in bubbles. This paper represents a full sys-
tem of the equations, including the kinetics of phase transitions, which al-
lows us to describe dynamics of a magma melt state in a gravity eld behind
the front of a decompression wave. The problem is solved numerically, us-
ing a known expression for the nucleation frequency as a function of current
concentration of gas dissolved in magmatic melt. The notion of diffusion
zones which arise around cavitation nuclei is introduced. The latter allow us
to dene real density of cavitation kernels generated in an unit of magmatic
melt volume as a result of phase transitions behind a rarefaction-wave front.
The dynamics of the size distribution of cavitation bubbles along a magma-
melt column 1km height and also of the magma viscosity changing dy-
namically vs. a concentration of dissolved water are investigated. RFBR
06-01-00317a nancial support.
2pPAj3. Features of acoustic emission at various inuences on rock
samples. Alexander S. Voznesenskiy Moscow State Mining University,
Leninskiy Prospect 6, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
al48@mail.ru, Sergey V. Viljamov Moscow State Mining University,
Leninskiy Prospect 6, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, serjo@mail.ru
In the report special features of acoustic emission AE in the rock
samples during its deforming, loading, dissolving and heating are discussed.
The AE-activity and spectral characteristics of AE at the frequency band
from on 30 kHz up to 500 kHz versus time at various inuence stages and
forms are analyzed. For example the amplitudes at the frequencies 30-90
kHz during deforming of carnallite are higher than these ones during its
3290 3290 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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dissolving. It means the cracks at the deforming are about 4-10 mm and
these ones at the dissolution are about 1-3 mm. These results can be used for
the recognition of inuence forms and stages.
2pPAj4. Formation of ripples on sand surface as result of nonlinear
interaction of sound waves and wind drift particles. Nora A.
Vilchinska LAA-Latvian Acoustics Association, 3 Kurzemes pr, LV-1064
Riga, Latvia, vilcinska@hotmail.com
The phenomenon speaks within the limits of nonlinear acoustics, con-
sidering it as amplication of surface acoustic waves SAWs by drift of
carriers. Interaction and amplication of SAWs, borne from falling sand par-
ticles on dry sand surface and drift sand particles under wind action, is re-
sponsible for the rst ripple forming on a dry sand at surface. SAWs in-
teract with drift sand particles in the moment, when the velocity of drift is
equal to velocity of a sound propagation. The sound wave acts on drifting
particles so that sand grains, a little bit advancing wave, will be braked, and
lagging behind be accelerated. Particles will gather in a phase of a wave -
take place grouping of particles and ripple forming. The distance between
groups is a ripples wave length . Experimental in-situ are measured weak
sound eld on frequencies 25 Hz in just forming sand massif, and near sur-
face velocity of sand drug under wind action. Measured ripples wave
lengths are in good agreement with measured diapason of wind velocitys.
Measurements were carried out on the sand beach of the gulf of Riga,
Latvia. Theoretically the phenomenon speaks within the limits of nonlinear
acoustics or within the limits of nonlinear mechanic.
2pPAj5. A numerical study of the onset of granular avalanches. Lydie
Staron Institut Jean le Rond dAlembert, 4 place Jussieu, case 161-162,
75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, staron@lmm.jussieu.fr
Granular media can either exist in a jammed state, in which their behav-
iour can be seen as solid-like, or they can exist in a dilute state and ow as
a uid would. In this contribution, we are interested in the mechanisms pre-
vailing in the transition between solid-like and uid-like behaviour, speci-
cally in the case of the onset of granular avalanches. Therefore, discrete nu-
merical simulations of granular ows are carried out. The focus is set on the
analysis of the stick-slip dynamics preceeding the trigger of the avalanche;
the existence of precursors to the ow, and their distribution in space and
time will be investigated.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAk
Physical Acoustics: Sonic, Ultrasonic, and Megasonic Cleaning II (Poster Session)
Ralph Muehleisen, Cochair
Illinois Institute of Technology
Claus-Dieter Ohl, Cochair
University of Twente
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pPAk1. Ultrasonic cleaning of submerged membranes for drinking
water applications. Sonja Lauterborn TU Darmstadt, Institut WAR, Pe-
tersenstrae 13, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, s.lauterborn@iwar
.tu-darmstadt.de, Wilhelm Urban TU Darmstadt, Institut WAR, Petersen-
strae 13, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, w.urban@iwar.tu-darmstadt.de
Ultrasonic cleaning of membranes used in water purication and waste
water treatment is under investigation for avoiding fouling and scaling on
the membranes. So far chemicals are used, but their use is under scrutinity
for safety, waste removal and health issues. Chemicals often even do not
solve the cleaning problem durably. For applications in the part of drinking
water treatment it is necessary to ensure the ltered water is really clean.
Therefore in the presented experiment the outow is constantly controlled
by turbidity measurements and by using a particle counter in an online
system. A pilot plant for sonication of submerged membranes to produce
drinking water from surface water was constructed and placed at the Rhine
water works in Biebesheim. It could be shown that sonication with 130 kHz
when backushing the membranes only works with following air overow.
Then the permeability keeps high. No damage of the membranes occurs like
often has been found in former studies. Only 30 seconds of sonication after
30 min of ltration are enough to keep high performance of the membranes.
Thus energy demand is low, which is a pre-condition for an economical use
in technical applications.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-A, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPAl
Physical Acoustics: Mathematical and Numerical Methods II (Poster Session)
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPAl1. Finite element modelling of thermoviscous acoustics in closed
cavities. Nicolas Joly Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit du
Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France, nicolas.joly
@univ-lemans.fr
A numerical methodology is presented to compute the acoustic eld in a
closed domain lled by a thermoviscous uid, using the nite element
method. The formulation based upon temperature variation and particle ve-
locity is well suited for both i modelling the acoustic, thermal and viscous
effects in the uid bulk and ii accounting for the non-slip and thermal
boundary conditions on the solid. The set of coupled equations presents
usual scalar- and vector- operators for nite element modelling. Due to the
development of thin thermal- and viscous- boundary layers compared to the
acoustic wavelength, very different scales are present in the computed elds:
the nite-element mesh needs to be dramatically rened along the direction
normal to the boundary, while a coarse mesh is often sufcient along the
directions parallel to the boundary, and far from the boundaries. The opti-
mised mesh is obtained iteratively, using a loop procedure computing a the
thermoviscous solution, b the metric map suited for this eld, and c the
unstructured anisotropic adapted mesh based on this metric, until
convergence. Results are presented for two-dimensional and axisymmetric
three-dimensional applications, illustrating thermoviscous effects for various
geometries of cavities.
2pPAl2. Wave propagation in stratied uid ows: Application of the
Stroh formalism to Lagrangian acoustic perturbations. Olivier
Poncelet LMP, UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la
Libration, 33405 Talence, France, o.poncelet@lmp.u-bordeaux1
.fr, Mlanie Ottenio INRETS - Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR-T
9406, Laboratoire de Biomecanique et Mecanique des Chocs, 25, Avenue
Francois Mitterand, 69675 Bron, France, melanie.ottenio@inrets.fr
We consider the problem of harmonic waves propagating in non uniform
uid ows in presence of either solid interfaces elastic walls, or jumps of
mechanical properties or jumps of uid convection-speed. The acoustic eld
is described by taking into account Lagrangian perturbations referred to an
Eulerian frame related to the moving uid. In contrast to the case of eulerian
perturbations, the lagrangian description enables us to introduce the acous-
tical displacement in the problem and therefore to write the continuity con-
ditions in a simple and unambiguous way: normal acoustical displacement is
always continuous through an interface between either solids or moving
uids; the normal acoustical stress is also continuous in most of the practical
cases boundary layers, vibrating walls. We express the wave equation as an
ordinary differential system by making use of the Stroh formalism from
which analytical and semi-analytical results can be obtained for any arbi-
trary prole of the ow properties. This formalism, coupled with Peano-
Neumann series expansion and Frobenius power series, enable us to com-
pute modes dispersion in elastic ducts, and reective properties of a mixing
layer in between two uids in relative motion. Some analytics on those
problems is provided.
2pPAl3. Treatment of the asymptotic behaviour of the piezolectric
Greens function for nite elementboundary element analysis of surface
waveguides. Sylvain Ballandras CNRS FEMTO-ST, 32 Avenue de
lObservatoire, 25044 Besanon, France, sylvain.ballandras@femto-st
.fr, Michel Lenczner CNRS FEMTO-ST, 32 Avenue de lObservatoire,
25044 Besanon, France, michel.lenczner@femto-st.fr, Thierry
Larroche CNRS FEMTO-ST, 32 Avenue de lObservatoire, 25044 Be-
sanon, France, thierry.larroche@femto-st.fr
The simulation of surface waveguides has been dramatically improved
by the combination of analytic description of piezoelectric materials using
surface Greens function and numerical approaches sur as plane wave ex-
pansion, nite diffrence, nite element, etc. Alot of work has been dedicated
to treat the singularities of such Greens function generally derived in the
spectral domain. An interesting approach consists in using the Greens func-
tion which relates the surface stresses to the displacements which is particu-
larly well-suited for mixed nite elementboundary element formulations.
This Greens function does not exhibit any pole but presents an asymptotic
behavior which tends to innity along increasing wavenumber values, which
prevents the computation of its Fourier transform. In this work, we show
how this difculty can be overcome and we propose a formulation in which
the Greens function is factorized in order to change its asymptotic behav-
iour to a form allowing for Fourier transform computation for non periodic
problems and an analytic treatment of its asymptotic behaviour for the simu-
lation of periodic structures. Examples are provided to show the interest of
the proposed approach in terms of computation delays and precision.
2pPAl4. Maxwellian macroscopic acoustics and acoustic
metamaterials. Denis Lafarge Laboratoire dAcoustique de lUniversit
du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France,
denis.lafarge@univ-lemans.fr, Aroune Duclos Laboratoire dAcoustique
de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France, aroune.duclos@univ-lemans.fr
For electromagnetic wave propagation it was found that there exist com-
posite media exhibiting strong spatial dispersion. This has raised the ques-
tion of the relevance of the spatial dispersion in the characterization of the
new metamaterials. The present communication intends to show that exactly
the same problematic occurs in acoustics when considering long-wavelength
acoustic wave propagation in a uid in presence of solid obstacles of any
arbitrary shape. When these obstacles resemble Helmholtz resonators the
macroscopic equivalent medium may exhibit strong spatial dispersion. It is
demonstrated that the corresponding Macroscopic Acoustics, which may be
worked out in detail, is very similar to the general nonlocal Maxwellian
Macroscopic Electrodynamics. This raises the question of the relevance of
the spatial dispersion in the characterisation of porous materials, and spe-
cically the question of the possible design of acoustic metamaterials exhib-
iting enhanced absorption due to spatial dispersion.
2pPAl5. Theoretical proof of acoustic source property single denition
in liquid and solid. Leo Zagorskiy Moscow Mining Institute, Lenin
Street, 6, 16-14, Settl. Vugi, 140004 Luybertsy, Russian Federation,
ZAGORSKIY_LEV@MAIL.RU
The problem of acoustic waves property sourse single denition consists
in unknown density and elastic modules of the medium. The Greens func-
tion denition is difcult as well as the real sourse isnt point and has the
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time dependence. In the early authors papers Greens function had been de-
ned by using Levitans polynomials. In the liquid or solid medium it is
necessary for that to know only the rst eigen values and shear or P-wave
velocity at the rst step from the free surface. It provides to calculate am-
plitudes of rst mode of SH waves, and - the limits of lacunas in the
spectrum. The time function of not moving sourse F is dened from the
equation F* GU, where U is displacement, G- Greens function, * de-
nominates rolling up. That equation is solved by direct and inverse fast Fou-
rie transform. The further denition of sources location from the direct task
for P or S body waves with dened velocity isnt hard by using modern -
nite element method. The rounding of the fronts gives the location of the
sourse.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-C, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPPa
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: General Topics in Psychological and Physiological Acoustics I
(Poster Session)
Elizabeth Strickland, Cochair
Purdue University
Armin Kohlrausch, Cochair
Philips Research Europe
Alain De Cheveigne, Cochair
CNRS, Universite Paris 5, Ecole Normale Superieure
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPPa1. Detection and Cortical Representations of the Break in
Interaural Correlation of Narrowband Noises Are Affected by Center
Frequency and Interaural Delay. Ying Huang Dept. of Psychology, Pe-
king Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
innhuang@gmail.com, Lingzhi Z. Kong Dept. of Psychology, Peking
Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
konglingzhi@gmail.com, Silu Fan Graduate School of the Chinese Acad-
emy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China, slfan@gucas.ac.cn, Xihong H.
Wu Dept. of Machine Intelligence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2
Science Building, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871
Beijing, China, wxh@cis.pku.edu.cn, Liang Li Dept. of Psychology, Pe-
king Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
liangli@pku.edu.cn
When either broadband or narrowband arbitrary noises presented at the
two ears are correlated, a fused noise image is perceived inside the head if
the interaural interval interaural time difference, ITD is sufciently short,
indicating that acoustic-waveform information can be binaurally integrated.
At both the perceptual level and neurophysiological level, this study inves-
tigated whether the binaural integration of correlated noises is affected by
center frequency for narrowband noise and ITD. Results of the psycho-
physical experiment show that the duration threshold for detecting a break in
correlation BIC in the correlated noises at the two ears was higher for
high-frequency noises than for low-frequency noises, and dramatically el-
evated with the increase of the ITD from 0 to 4 ms. Moreover, the ITD-
induced threshold elevation was much larger for high-frequency narrowband
noises than for low-frequency narrowband noises. Results of the neuro-
physiological experiments show that the cortical components of scalp event-
related potentials to the BIC were markedly modulated by both the center
frequency for narrowband noise and ITD. Thus, temporal integration of
acoustic waveform details of correlated noises at the two ears is both fre-
quency and ITD dependent. Supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China.
2pPPa2. Object-related negativity indexes perception of sounds beyond
the echo threshold. Lisa D. Sanders Univ. of Massachusetts, Department
of Psychology, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, USA,
lsanders@psych.umass.edu, Benjamin Zobel Univ. of Massachusetts, De-
partment of Psychology, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, USA,
benjaminzobel@yahoo.com, Rachel Keen University of Virginia, Depart-
ment of Psychology, P. O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400,
USA, rachelkeen@virginia.edu, Richard L. Freyman Univ. of Massachu-
setts, Dept. of Communication Disorders, 358 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA
01003, USA, rlf@comdis.umass.edu
The ability to isolate a single sound source among concurrent sources
and reverberant energy is crucial for understanding the auditory world. The
precedence effect describes an experimental nding that when listeners are
presented with identical sounds from two locations with a short onset asyn-
chrony, they report hearing a single source with a location dominated by the
lead sound. We recently showed that event-related potentials ERPs elicited
by click pairs differ for trials on which listeners do and do not report hearing
the lag sound as a separate source. Specically, when participants report
hearing two sounds, we observe a negativity between 100 and 250 ms, pre-
viously termed the object-related negativity ORN. These results indicate
that the precedence effect reects top-down cognitive inuence over early
neurosensory processing. Additionally, the study provides support for the
claim that the ORN, initially reported for sounds perceived as two concur-
rent pitches, indexes auditory object perception. The effects on the ORN of
repeating identical click pairs, a condition that has previously been shown to
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increase echo thresholds, will also be discussed in the context of listeners
forming complex models of room acoustics based on what they hear in a
specic setting.
2pPPa3. Improving source localisation in multi-source, reverberant
conditions: exploiting local spectro-temporal location cues. Heidi
Christensen University of Shefeld, Regent Court, Dept. of Computer Sci-
ence, 211 Portobello Road, s1 4dp Shefeld, UK, h.christensen@dcs
.shef.ac.uk, Ning Ma University of Shefeld, Dept. of Computer Science,
Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, S1 4DP Shefeld, UK,
n.ma@dcs.shef.ac.uk, Stuart N. Wrigley University of Shefeld, Regent
Court, Dept. of Computer Science, 211 Portobello Road, s1 4dp Shefeld,
UK, s.wrigley@dcs.shef.ac.uk, Jon Barker University of Shefeld, Dept.
of Computer Science, Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, S1 4DP Shef-
eld, UK, j.barker@dcs.shef.ac.uk
This paper examines the use of binaural cues for estimating the location
of individual sources in multi-source acoustic mixtures. In most environ-
ments, location cues such as interaural time difference ITD and interaural
intensity difference IID are rendered unreliable by noise due to competing
sources and reverberation. We propose a method that examines spectro-
temporal regions where such effects are minimised. Source location is esti-
mated by combining two processing stages. First, following Christensen et
al, Interspeech 2007, as pitch cues are generally less affected by noise, a
multi-pitch estimation and tracking algorithm is used to identify local
spectro-temporal fragments in which the SNR is high. Second, the con-
dence of ITD and IID estimates arising from each time-frequency pixel is
estimated based on interaural coherence Faller and Merimaa, J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 116, 3075--3089 2004 and reverberation estimation Heckmann
et al, Int. Conf. Int. Robots and Systems 2006. A location estimate is then
constructed by integrating suitably weighted cues from each pixel within the
fragment. Experiments are carried out on a large corpus of multi-speaker
data, mixed from binaural recordings in a real, reverberant environment. The
fragment based processing is shown to provide signicant improvements
when compared to competitive baseline approaches.
2pPPa4. The effect of spectral overlap on sensitivity to interaural time
differences. Christopher A. Brown Arizona State University, Dept. of
Speech & Hearing Science, P.O. Box 870102, Tempe, AZ 85287-0102,
USA, c-b@asu.edu, William A. Yost Arizona State University, Dept. of
Speech & Hearing Science, P.O. Box 870102, Tempe, AZ 85287-0102,
USA, William.Yost@asu.edu
Cochlear implant users who have some residual low-frequency hearing
in both their implanted and unimplanted ears may have access to interaural
time differences ITDs, which could provide a cue for sound source
segregation. Speech intelligibility has been shown in simulation to improve
under these conditions. However, implant patients who stand to benet from
ITDs may have a signicant asymmetry in the conguration of loss in the
low-frequency region. It is unknown how a difference in corner frequency of
loss across ears will affect ITD sensitivity. As a rst step toward character-
izing this relationship, the present study measured ITD just-noticeable dif-
ferences JNDs of bands of noise that varied in the amount of spectral over-
lap across ears in ve normal-hearing listeners. In one ear, the center
frequency was 250 Hz, and the bandwidth was either 13 or 23 octaves. In
the other ear, the center frequency was 250, 281, 315, 354, 397, or 794 Hz,
and the bandwidth was 13 or 23 octaves. Results showed that although
ITD JNDs increased as spectral overlap decreased, ITDs were only detect-
able so long as some spectral overlap was present.
2pPPa5. Perception of speakers facing angle. Hiroaki Kato ATR
Cognitive Information Science Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai,
Seika-cho Soraku-gun, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan, kato@atr.jp, Hironori
Takemoto ATR Cognitive Information Science Laboratories, 2-2-2
Hikaridai, Seika-cho Soraku-gun, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan,
takemoto@atr.jp, Ryouichi Nishimura National Institute of Information
and Communications TechnologyATR Cognitive Information Science
Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan, ryou@atr
.jp
In pursuit of an ultimately realistic human-to-human telecommunication
technology, the ability to auditorily perceive the facing direction of a human
speaker was explored. A male speaker sat on a pivot chair in an anechoic
chamber and spoke a short sentence about 5 seconds while facing either of
eight azimuth angles 0listeners direction, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, or
315 degrees and either of three elevation angles 0horizontal direction,
-45, or 45 degrees. The azimuth angles were set solely by turning the pivot
chair. Twelve blindfolded listeners heard the spoken sentence at a distance
of either 1.2 or 2.4 meters from the speaker and were asked to indicate the
speakers facing angle. In separate sessions, the speaker changed facing
angles while speaking and the listeners indicated the perceived direction of
horizontal movement clockwise or counter-clockwise or vertical move-
ment up or down. Overall results showed that the listeners were more ac-
curate in indicating the movement of the speaker than in simply indicating
the facing angles. Effective acoustic cues were then discussed on the basis
of the transfer characteristics from the speakers mouth to the listeners ears
measured by the cross-spectral method using the speakers own voice.
2pPPa6. Auditory capture in a spatial cueing task. Marieke Van Der
Hoeven TNO, Kampweg 5, 3769ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands,
marieke.vanderhoeven@tno.nl, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst TNO, Kampweg
5, 3769ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands, adelbert.bronkhorst@tno.nl
This study examined how an auditory non-informative spatial cue inu-
ences detection and localization of auditory targets. In a go-no go task sub-
jects attended a centrally placed loudspeaker surrounded by 6 other loud-
speakers and were asked to respond only to centre targets. The cue came
from one of the loudspeakers and preceded the target tone with an SOA of
100 or 400 ms. A baseline condition with a spatially diffuse cue was in-
cluded, using out-of-phase presentation through two loudspeakers. Results
show that, compared to the baseline, cues shortened reaction times at small
cue-target angles up to 7 and increased them at larger angles. At the short-
est SOA, the reaction time difference was up to 80 ms. Furthermore, cueing
seems to have no effect on sound localization: false alarms were normally
distributed around the hits. These ndings demonstrate that strong auditory
capture effects occur that depend on cue-target distance.
2pPPa7. Spatiotemporal interactions between audition and vision.
Adelbert W. Bronkhorst TNO, Kampweg 5, 3769ZG Soesterberg, Nether-
lands, adelbert.bronkhorst@tno.nl, Thomas Koelewijn Vrije Universiteit,
van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands, T.Koelewijn
@psy.vu.nl, Erik Van Der Burg Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorst-
straat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands, E.van.der.Burg@psy.vu.nl
It is well known that spatial auditory cues can affect performance on
spatial visual tasks. One example is crossmodal cueing: response times for a
visual spatial discrimination task are shortened when the location of the vi-
sual stimuli is cued auditorily, and prolonged when an invalid location is
cued. Another example is auditory support of visual search: we normally
nd lower search times for visual items when the location of the target item
is indicated by an auditory cue. In our research we have explored two
questions: one related to crossmodal cueing, and the other to audiovisual
search. In our crossmodal cueing paradigm we have looked at the interaction
between exogenous cueing and endogenous information given before each
trial. In this way we wanted to determine whether auditory cues are able to
capture visual attention even when this attention has already been focused
endogenously. In our audiovisual search paradigm we have studied whether
nonspatial auditory cues, presented simultaneously with the visual target
item, are able to improve visual search. Because of the temporal synchrony,
the auditory stimuli do not act as actual cues but they are probably fused
with the visual stimuli into an integrated percept.
2pPPa8. The acoustical bright spot and the erroneous localization of
tones by human listeners. Brad Rakerd Michigan State University, Dept.
of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA,
3294 3294 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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rakerd@msu.edu,Zach RyanMichigan State University, Dept. of Physics
and Astronomy, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, ryanzach@msu.edu, Eric
Macaulay Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy,
East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, macaula5@msu.edu, William M.
Hartmann Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy,
East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, hartmann@pa.msu.edu
In free-eld sound localization experiments, human listeners estimated
the locations of sine tones originating at 13 loudspeakers that spanned a
range of azimuths from 0 degrees straight ahead to 90 degrees extreme
right. During the experiments the tone amplitudes and phases were mea-
sured in the listeners ear canals. Because of the acoustical bright spot, mea-
sured interaural level differences ILD were found to be a nonmonotonic
function of azimuth at frequencies above about 1000 Hz. In source identi-
cation experiments at 1500 Hz, there was no correlation between estimated
location and the interaural phase difference. There was high correlation with
ILD, causing listeners to make large localization errors for azimuths greater
than about 55 degrees. In a second experiment, listeners judged the direction
of movement of sounds from one source to another. Errors in the second
experiment could be well predicted from the localization responses in the
source identication experiment. The ear canal measurements showed that,
in principle, listeners could localize successfully by using the levels in the
two ears independently. However, localization performance remained poor
even after extensive training. Work supported by the NIDCD, grant
DC00181.
2pPPa9. Human cortical responses to change in sound lateralization
suggest non-topographical coding of interaural time differences. David
A. Magezi MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, NG7 2RD
Nottingham, UK, david.magezi@ihr.mrc.ac.uk, Katrin Krumbholz MRC
Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK,
katrin@ihr.mrc.ac.uk
It is generally assumed that interaural time differences ITDs are coded
by a parametric array of nely tuned ITD channels topographic code. An
alternative theory is that ITD is coded by a rate code, which involves only
one channel in each hemisphere, broadly tuned to the contralateral
hemispace. The aim of the current study was to investigate ITD coding in
humans by using electroencephalography EEG with a continuous stimula-
tion paradigm CSP. In this paradigm, a test sound, with a given ITD, is
immediately preceded by an appropriately matched control sound with a dif-
ferent ITD. At the transition from the test to the control sound, only neural
elements that respond to the test but not the control ITD would be expected
to be activated. Thus, the size of the transition response would be assumed
to be determined by the degree of overlap between the neural responses to
the control and test ITDs. The pattern of results was found to be inconsistent
with the topographic model, and thus lend support to the hemispheric chan-
nel model.
2pPPa10. Both prime length and prime position affect the spatial
release of nonsense speech from informational masking. Zhigang
Yang Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian Dis-
trict, 100871 Beijing, China, synrhine@163.com, Jing Chen Dept. of Ma-
chine Intelligence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Build-
ing, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing,
China, chenj@cis.pku.edu.cn, Qiang Huang Dept. of Machine Intelli-
gence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking
Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
QIANG.HUANG@SPREADTRUM.COM, Ying Huang Dept. of Psy-
chology, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing,
China, innhuang@gmail.com, Xihong H. Wu Dept. of Machine Intelli-
gence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking
Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
wxh@cis.pku.edu.cn, Yanhong Wu Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5
Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
wuyh@pku.edu.cn, Liang Li Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5 Ye-
heyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China, liangli@pku.edu.cn
When masking speech is present, pre-presentation of early part of non-
sense target speech improves recognition of the rest of target speech, indi-
cating a content andor voice priming effect Freyman et al., 2004; Yang et
al., 2007. Here, we examined both the prime-length effect and the prime-
position effect on recognition of nonsense target speech with twelve syl-
lables and three keywords. Target speech started 1 sec. after the onset of
two-talker masking speech. The results show that a longer prime with 10
syllables including the 1st and 2nd keywords signicantly improved rec-
ognition of the last 3rd keyword in target speech. However, when the 1st
four syllables including the 1st keyword were pre-presented, recognition
of either the 2nd or 3rd keyword was not improved. Interestingly, when the
2nd four syllables including the 2nd keyword were pre-presented, recog-
nition of the 1st but not the 3rd keyword was signicantly improved. Thus
under speech-on-speech masking conditions, both the prime length and the
prime position in the sentence inuence the priming effect on recognition of
target speech, and listeners contribute more attentional resource to the initial
part of target speech. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China.
2pPPa11. Masking release based on ne-grain temporal pitch cues in
speech-like stimuli - mechanisms and implications for the cocktail-party
phenomenon. Nicholas R. Clark MRC Institute of Hearing Research,
University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK, n.clark@ihr.mrc
.ac.uk, Katrin Krumbholz MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University
Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK, katrin@ihr.mrc.ac.uk
One of the most important cues for segregating wanted from unwanted
sounds when listening in noisy environments is temporal regularity or
harmonicity, which gives rise to the perception of pitch. This study mea-
sured masked signal detection thresholds when both the signal and the
masker are complex tonal stimuli similar to speech. Detection was consid-
erably easier when the pitch of the masker differed from that of the signal.
A control experiment involving non-simultaneous masking revealed that this
pitch-based release from masking was not due to spectral differences be-
tween the signal and the masker. Asecond experiment investigated the effect
of a pitch difference between the signal and the masker on the audibility of
certain perceptual features of the signal when the signal is presented at a
supra-threshold level. Two features were used that are known to be particu-
larly important for speech perception: amplitude modulation and spectral
prole related to formant frequencies. The supra-threshold tasks enabled to
quantify the unmasking effect of pitch on the processing of these features
over and above the effect on the signal detection threshold. The results pro-
vide new insights into the low-level processes involved in the cocktail-party
phenomenon. Acknowledgement: Work supported by the Medical Research
Council.
2pPPa12. Perceptual sensitivity to high-frequency interaural time
differences created by rustling sounds. Lutz Wiegrebe Biocenter, Uni-
versity of Munich, Grohaderner Str. 2, 82152 Munich, Germany, lutzw
@lmu.de
ITDs are recruited to localize sounds in azimuth. ITDs can be extracted
from low-frequency sounds or from the envelopes of high-frequency, com-
plex sounds. Studies of the latter have included amplitude-modulated or
transposed tones. A recent study showed that not the degree of envelope
uctuation, as quantied by the envelope 4th moment, determines sensitivity
to envelope ITDs but the envelope spectrum and with it the interaural cross-
correlation function of the auditory envelopes provide a good description of
envelope ITD sensitivity. Here we use a different class of high-frequency
stimuli, namely noise stimuli generated with different degrees of roughness
which resemble natural rustling sounds. Stimuli are generated with a
Gaussian-noise carrier and an aperiodic, rectangular modulator of statisti-
cally different duty cycle. The results show that ITD sensitivity increases
both with increasing roughness and increasing bandwidth of the rustling
sounds. While the effect of bandwidth on ITD sensitivity is in line with pre-
vious conclusions, the effect of roughness is not. ITD sensitivity for rustling
sounds elicited ITD thresholds as low as 32 s, i.e., considerably lower than
reported in previous studies with transposed stimuli. The data show that
high-frequency rustling sounds provide strong temporal localization cues
which the auditory system can effectively exploit.
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3295 3295 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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2pPPa13. Lateralization of binaural stimuli with independent
ne-structure and envelope-based temporal disparities. Mathias
Dietz Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae
114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, mathias.dietz@uni-oldenburg
.de, Stephan D. Ewert Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg, Am-
merlnder Heerstrae 114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany,
stephan.ewert@uni-oldenburg.de, Volker Hohmann Carl von Ossietzky
Universitt Oldenburg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae 114-118, 26111 Oldenburg,
Germany, volker.hohmann@uni-oldenburg.de
A computational model for the lateralization of binaural stimuli, moti-
vated by recent physiological ndings in the literature and psychoacoustic
data is presented. The model is based on the evaluation of the interaural
phase difference IPD. In the model, IPDs are separately assessed for the
stimulus ne-structure and envelope. Psychoacoustic measurements were
conducted and compared to model predictions. Sinusoidally amplitude
modulated 1-kHz tones with a modulation frequency of 25, 50, and 100 Hz
were employed. The IPD of the ne-structure and the envelope IPD were
independently matched with an interaural level difference or were traded
against each other. Lateralization increased for increasing IPDs up to 135
of either the ne-structure or envelope independent of the modulation
frequency. However, trading a ne-structure IPD with an opposing envelope
IPD revealed a most persistent ne-structure IPD at 45. The data could be
modeled assuming a physiological distribution of the best IPDs of binaural
neurons clustered around 45. The model was also utilized to correctly pre-
dict the perceived lateralization of critical stimuli from literature. Individual
differences in the perceptual salience of envelope and ne-structure cues,
also known from the literature, could be modeled by a personal weighting
coefcient for the ne-structure cue.
2pPPa14. A binaural advantage in the subjective modulation transfer
function with simple impulse responses. Eric R. Thompson Centre for
applied hearing research, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Bygn.
352, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, et@oersted.dtu.dk, Torsten Dau Centre for
applied hearing research, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Bygn.
352, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, tda@oersted.dtu.dk
The speech transmission index STI has been a popular method for pre-
dicting speech intelligibility in rooms. It is based on the magnitude of the
modulation transfer function, which can be derived from the impulse re-
sponse of the room and the background noise levels. However, it does not
take into account that humans listen with two ears. There can be large in-
teraural phase differences in the modulation transfer functions, which can
create detectable interaural level difference uctuations. Measurements were
made to determine whether these interaural modulation phase differences
can be used to enhance the detectability of sinusoidal intensity modulations
imposed on a broadband noise carrier and then convolved with simple, di-
chotic impulse responses. The results show that there can be a signicant
advantage to listening with two ears over listening with just one. Some fur-
ther investigations were made to determine whether this advantage in signal
detection can also be used as an advantage for speech intelligibility.
2pPPa15. Temporal weighting of interaural level differences in
high-rate click trains. Christopher Stecker Dept. of Speech and Hearing
Sciences, University of Washington, 1417 NE 42nd St, Seattle, WA 98105,
USA, cstecker@u.washington.edu
When high-carrier-frequency stimuli are amplitude modulated at rates
above 200 Hz, lateralization based on envelope interaural time differences
ITD becomes dominated by onset ITD. The role of onset cues in
interaural-level-difference ILD processing, however, is less well
understood. Although theoretical predictions suggest that onset dominance
should have similar effects upon ILD as upon ITD, some experimental data
suggest that ILD processing retains greater sensitivity during post-onset seg-
ments of a high-rate stimulus. In this study, subjects lateralized ILDs carried
by trains of 16 Gaussian-ltered clicks carrier frequency 4000 Hz that var-
ied in interclick interval ICI from 2 to 10 ms modulation rate 100-500
Hz. ILDs of individual clicks in each train were randomly perturbed. Mul-
tiple linear regression of listener responses onto the perturbed ILD values
was used to generate temporal weighting functions TWFs that describe
how a listeners sensitivity to ILD changes over the stimulus duration. The
resulting TWFs were compared to predictions from models of onset domi-
nance as well as to TWFs measured for ITD and in free-eld conditions. The
results have implications for binaural processing of high-rate pulsatile
stimuli experience by users of bilateral cochlear implants.
2pPPa16. Modeling the precedence effect in inferior colliculus neurons
using converging excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Jing Xia Boston
University Hearing Research Center, 677 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215,
USA, xiajing0928@hotmail.com, Andrew Brughera 44 Cummington St.,
Boston, MA 02215, USA, brughera@bu.edu, H Steven Colburn 44 Cum-
mington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA, colburn@bu.edu, Barbara
Shinn-Cunningham Boston University Hearing Research Center, 677 Bea-
con Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA, shinn@cns.bu.edu
Responses of a population model of low-frequency inferior colliculus
IC neurons to a pair of broadband clicks were evaluated. IC inputs came
from Hodgkin-Huxley models of medial superior olive MSO and cochlear
nucleus bushy cells driven by a stochastic auditory nerve model. Each IC
cell received converging inputs that were excitatory from ipsilateral MSO
and inhibitory from contralateral MSO. Convergence of multiple excitatory,
ipsilateral MSO inputs with similar interaural time difference ITD tuning
improved ITD sensitivity and reduced the inuence of MSO onset responses
caused by monaural, rather than binaural, coincidences. Inhibition that
lasted over several milliseconds suppressed IC responses to the lagging
click. The effect of the inhibition depended on the ITD tuning of the exci-
tation and inhibition converging on a given IC neuron. With appropriate
convergence, the IC population showed no response to the lagging click at
short delays, and responded to the lagging click but did not encode its ITD
at intermediate delays. Only at longer inter-click delays did IC responses
show sensitivity to the lagging click ITD, consistent with the perceptual
phenomenon of the precedence effect. Work supported by NSF and NIH.
2pPPa17. Relationship between reading and language ability and
auditory temporal processing measured with the precedence effect.
Cynthia M. Zettler University of Wisconsin, Waisman Center, 1500 High-
land Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA, zettler@waisman.wisc.edu, Rose A.
Sevcik Georgia State University, Dept of Psychology, University Plaza, At-
lanta, GA 30303, USA, psyras@langate.gsu.edu, Robin D.
Morris Georgia State University, Dept of Psychology, University Plaza, At-
lanta, GA 30303, USA, psyrdm@langate.gsu.edu, Mary Ann
Romski Georgia State University, Dept of Psychology, University Plaza,
Atlanta, GA 30303, USA, mromski@gsu.edu, Colleen ORourke Georgia
State University, Dept of Psychology, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303,
USA, corourke@gsu.edu, Marsha G. Clarkson Georgia State University,
Dept of Psychology, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA, mclarkson
@gsu.edu
Processing of timing information by the auditory system contributes to
numerous abilities, including spatial hearing and higher-order language and
reading skills. However, relationships among these abilities are poorly
understood. The present study was aimed at investigating potential common
mechanisms that involve timing. Auditory timing was measured by click
stimuli presented via two loudspeakers at a rate of 1.5sec. Fourteen-ms
clicks were presented from one single-source condition or two dual-
source condition loudspeakers. In the latter condition, the onset of one
loudspeaker was delayed relative to the other by 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, or
400 ms. Seventy-ve nave adults mean age 21.23 years listened to the
auditory stimuli and were asked to identify the source of the leading sound.
Additionally, all participants completed a battery of language and reading
measures. Results on the auditory task revealed that performance was sig-
nicantly above chance on single-source trials, dropped at short delays, and
improved with increasing delay. The mean threshold for correctly identify-
ing the source of the sound was 43.48 ms. A signicant correlation p .05
found between this threshold and a measure of word identication suggests
a relationship between timing required for auditory localization and timing
required for reading ability.
2pPPa18. Lateralization of unidirectional frequency sweeps at high
frequencies. I-Hui Hsieh University of California, Department of Cogni-
tive Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA, ihsieh@uci.edu, Kourosh
3296 3296 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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SaberiUniversity of California, Department of Cognitive Sciences, Irvine,
CA 92697, USA, saberi@uci.edu
The ability to lateralize FM sweeps at high frequencies was investigated
in a 2IFC 2-down 1-up adaptive design. Four conditions were examined in
which the unidirectional FM stimulus swept either up or down in frequency,
and either linearly or logarithmically between 3 and 8 kHz with the onset
frequency roved by 15% on each presentation. The signal was an interaural
delay in the waveforms ne-structure and hence its instantaneous
frequency. The waveforms to the left and right ears had simultaneous enve-
lopes and were ltered with the inverse of the headphone transfer functions
to eliminate frequency-dependent interaural level differences. Results
showed that sweep durations exceeding 25ms produce near-chance
performance. Thresholds monotonically improved with increasing sweep
rate to a lower asymptote of approximately 100 microseconds. Counterin-
tuitive reversals of lateral position percepts were observed for down-sweeps
which were inconsistent with lateralization based on envelope outputs of
frequency-matched lters.
2pPPa19. The localization of multiple simultaneous sounds is mediated
by attention. Brian D. Simpson AFRL, 2610 Seventh Street, WPAFB,
OH 45433, USA, Brian.Simpson@wpafb.af.mil, Douglas S.
Brungart AFRL, 2610 Seventh Street, WPAFB, OH 45433, USA,
douglas.brungart@wpafb.af.mil, Robert H. Gilkey Wright State Univer-
sity, Department of Psychology, 335 Fawcett Hall, Dayton, 45435, USA,
gilk@wright.edu, Nandini Iyer AFRL, 2610 Seventh Street, WPAFB, OH
45433, USA, nandini.iyer@wpafb.af.mil, James T. Hamil Ohio State
University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbus, 43210, USA,
hamil.3@osu.edu
Real-world listening experiences suggest that listeners possess a much
greater ability to recover spatial information from multiple simultaneous
sounds than would be predicted from the results of most multisource listen-
ing experiments. Recent data from our laboratory are consistent with these
real-world experiences, and indicate that listeners can reliably report the lo-
cation of a sound that has been deleted from a multisource scene. However,
performance degrades as the number of competing sounds increases, and it
is unclear if this set size effect arises from changes in signal-to-noise ratio
SNR related to the number of competing sources, or from attentional con-
straints that limit the number of simultaneous sources that can be monitored.
In this study, SNR was held roughly constant by xing the number of com-
peting sources at 8, and the relevant set size was varied by displaying on a
visual monitor, prior to an observation interval, a list of 1,2,3,4,6, or 8 en-
vironmental sounds, one of which was the target sound the sound that
would be deleted. The ability to localize this target sound decreased as the
relevant set size increased, suggesting that the ability to monitor complex
auditory scenes is mediated by attentional constraints.
2pPPa20. Better-ear listening strategies for normal-hearing and
hearing-impaired individuals. William M. Whitmer GN Auditory Re-
search Laboratory, 2601 Patriot Blvd, Chicago, IL 60026, USA,
whitmerb@beltone.com, Maureen Coughlin GN Auditory Research
Laboratory, 2601 Patriot Blvd, Chicago, IL 60026, USA,
mcoughlin@gnresound.com, Jeff Bondy GN Auditory Research Labora-
tory, 2601 Patriot Blvd, Chicago, IL 60026, USA,
jbondy@gnresound.com, Andrew Dittberner GN Auditory Research
Laboratory, 2601 Patriot Blvd, Chicago, IL 60026, USA, adittberner
@gnresound.com
The current study was designed to examine how hearing-impaired HI
listeners use better-ear listening. Better-ear performance was initially as-
sessed for normal-hearing NH and HI participants using a connected-
speech recognition test at two signal-to-noise-ratio SNR levels presented
over insert earphones. Test conditions consisted of monaural, symmetric and
asymmetric combinations of better and worse SNR conditions. SNRs were
different for NH and HI groups. Stimuli were presented at each participants
most comfortable level; to account for audibility with HI participants,
stimuli were spectrally shaped based on audiometric data. A second experi-
ment investigated the role of spatial information using recordings of the
same stimuli presented in a sound-dampened chamber at the same SNR dif-
ferences, with the speech signal at 0 azimuthelevation, and uncorrelated
babble presented from eight speakers at the corners of the chamber. Listen-
ing strategies between NH and HI groups were similar across experiments;
neither group consistently used an optimal listening strategy. Results will be
discussed in terms of hearing-impaired pathologies, rehabilitation and am-
plication strategies.
2pPPa21. Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Pinna Shape and
Position on the Characteristics of Head-Related Transfer Functions.
Yukio Iwaya R.I.E.C., Tohoku University, 2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-
8577 Sendai, Japan, iwaya@riec.tohoku.ac.jp, Yiti Suzuki R.I.E.C., To-
hoku University, 2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan, yoh@ais
.riec.tohoku.ac.jp
There are distinctive notches and peaks in Head-Related Transfer Func-
tions HRTFs. Some of them are considered as important cues in the per-
ception of the elevation angle and thus the roles of these peaks and notches
should be claried. It is known that the characteristics of HRTFs are deeply
related to listeners anthropometry. It is thus naturally expected that frequen-
cies of the peaks and notches also change according to the individuality of
listeners anthropometry. Therefore, in this study, effects of ear shapes and
positions on frequency positions of the peaks and notches are examined by
numerical analyses. The analysis was performed with boundary element
method BEM. A three-dimensional model of a dummy-head was con-
structed with a three-dimensional laser scanner and HRTFs of the model
were numerically computed with a BEM solver. The model was modied on
some features as follows: 1 pinna position, 2 pinna size, 3 angle of pinna
toward listeners head, and 4 existence of wrinkles of pinna. HRTFs of the
modied models were also computed. From the comparison among the re-
sults of calculation, several systematic changes were found. For example,
the frequency position of notches around 8 kHz is shifted toward lower fre-
quency as the size of pinna increases.
2pPPa22. Are interaural time and level cues processed by separate or
integrated networks in the human auditory cortex? Barrie A.
Edmonds MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, NG7 2RD
Nottingham, UK, barrie@ihr.mrc.ac.uk, Katrin Krumbholz MRC Institute
of Hearing Research, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK, katrin
@ihr.mrc.ac.uk
Listeners use two cues to localise the position of a sound source in the
horizontal plane: interaural time differences ITDs and interaural level dif-
ferences ILDs. It is thought that these two cues are encoded separately at
the level of the brainstem, but are likely to be combined at higher levels in
order to produce a representation of sound azimuth. In the current study, we
used electro-encephalography EEG to investigate whether the cortical rep-
resentation of a stimulus containing both ITDs and ILDs reects separate
processing of ITDs and ILDs or a combined code for perceived sound
location. Stimuli were presented over headphones using a continuous stimu-
lation paradigm; a diotic control sound was presented for 1.5 seconds fol-
lowed immediately by a dichotic test sound for 250 milliseconds. Evoked
responses were recorded for test stimuli containing an ITD only, an ILD
only, or both an ITD and an ILD indicating either the same or opposite
source azimuths. When the two cues were in opposition, the stimuli were
perceived as central and were indistinguishable from the diotic control
sound. However, they still elicited a strong cortical response. This suggests
that ITDs and ILDs are encoded separately in the auditory cortex.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-C, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPPb
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics and ASA Committee on Standards: Applications of
Psychoacoustics II (Poster Session)
Patricia Davies, Cochair
Ray W. Herrick Lab., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Univ.
Hugo Fastl, Cochair
AG Technische Akustik, MMK, TU Mnchen
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPPb1. Loudspeaker sound quality: comparison of assessment
procedures. Vincent Koehl LISyC EA 3883, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu,
CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France, vincent.koehl
@univ-brest.fr, Mathieu Paquier LISyC EA 3883, 6 avenue Victor Le
Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France, mathieu.paquier@univ-
brest.fr
In listening tests involving different loudspeakers and aimed at assessing
the sound quality of these sound-reproducing systems, the level is generally
adjusted to compensate for differences in sensitivity. The loudness sensation
must be alike for each system under test. Because of the non-stationary na-
ture of the musical signals used as test material in loudspeaker ratings, loud-
ness assessment by using the current models Zwicker, Moore remains
slightly inaccurate. In practice, loudness is often equalized by ear by the
experimenter. This study deals with the comparison of various test
procedures. The rst experiment was a paired comparison of loudspeakers
where short-duration stimuli were presented to listeners for preference
ratings. In the second experiment, the same listeners were allowed to switch,
at any time, from one loudspeaker to another one so that the proposed
stimuli were longer. In both experiments the loudness was equalized by the
experimenter. However, under normal listening conditions, the listener is
usually free to adjust by himself the reproduction level. At last, in a third
experiment, the listeners had the opportunity, at any time, to not only to
switch from one system to another one, but also to adjust the loudness of the
stimuli.
2pPPb2. Study of the perceptive space linked to dashboard tapping
sounds. Francois Montignies Renault Technocentre, FR TCR LAB 252, 1
avenue du Golf, 78288 Guyancourt Cedex, France, francois.montignies
@insa-lyon.fr, Etienne Parizet Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, Insa
Lyon, 25 bis, av. J. Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, etienne
.parizet@insa-lyon.fr
It was observed that dashboard tapping sounds can be produced by cus-
tomers exploring static vehicles. To master the perceived quality of the dash-
board, a global sound design process has thus been engaged. The specic
aim of the present study was to identify the acoustical and technological
characteristics being major determinants in the discrimination of the sounds
and in the evaluation of the sound sources. 47 sounds were used for a per-
ceptive test in laboratory. They were recorded in 22 vehicles by hand-
tapping on different dashboard parts. In a same session, each subject per-
formed 3 different tasks: categorisation free sorting of sounds, description
free verbalisations and evaluation the score of a freely selected prototype
was attributed to the whole group. Data analysis took advantage of the
combination of various multidimensional analysis techniques, already used
in psychoacoustics or sensory analysis. This low-cost methodology allowed
us to describe a wide range of product samples with complementary psy-
chological data. Results will help us to propose a sound metric which rep-
resent the evaluation of dashboard quality evoked by the sound. Further-
more, they give rst hypotheses for the technological variables that could be
decisive in the design process.
2pPPb3. Perceptual pitch compensation for low frequency bandwidth
extension. Kim Seung So. EECSEE at Seoul National University,
INMC, 132-302 Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu,
151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea, bandwalk@acoustics.snu
.ac.kr, Koeng-Mo Sung Applied Acoustics Lab., INMC, 132-302, Seoul
National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Re-
public of Korea, kmsung@snu.ac.kr
As the size of speakers decreases with miniaturization of audio devices
and thickness of TV, there is increased demand to ensure low-frequency
sound quality. Psychoacoustics bandwidth extension for low-frequency has
been applied to recent audio devices. A perceptual pitch does not correspond
with fundamental frequency of missing fundamental, because the perceptual
pitch is heard highly than desirable fundamental frequency. Consequently,
the algorithm compensating perceptual pitch with difference is needed. This
paper describes the algorithm compensating the difference using mel scale
curve, and the listening test result of sound source applying the algorithm in
comparison with sound source applying conventional algorithm.
2pPPb4. Towards an hearing threshold prediction model in car noise.
Jean-Franois Sciabica PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de Vlizy,
Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France, jean-francois.sciabica
@mpsa.com, Florent Richard PSA Peugeot Citron, Centre Technique de
Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay, France,
orent.richard@mpsa.com, Vincent Roussarie PSA Peugeot Citron,
Centre Technique de Vlizy, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay,
France, vincent.roussarie@mpsa.com
Sound design is an important challenge at PSA Research Center. Engine
noise is rich in harmonics and interacts with aerodynamic and road noise. In
this context, comprehension of masking phenomenon is indispensable to ob-
tain a good description of sound attributes like roughness and booming. In
this paper, we present a study about interaction between engine harmonics
and road and aerodynamic noise. Thresholds for the detection of one har-
monic in noise are rstly measured as a function of noise level. We propose
also a prediction model for thresholds as a linear function of noise level in
critical band. Results were compared to data available in the literature. Sec-
ondly, masking of harmonics by a harmonic and noise is measured. The
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masker frequency is 100 Hz and its level varies from 65 to 85 dB SPL in 5
dB steps. Noise level is 80dB SPL. Masking patterns are traced for 8 fre-
quencies 50 to 225 Hz.
2pPPb5. The noise induced harmful effects assessment using
psychoacoustical noise dosimeter. Jozef Kotus Gdansk University of
Technology, Multimedia Systems Department, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza
Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland, joseph@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl, Bozena
Kostek Gdansk University of Technology, Multimedia Systems Depart-
ment, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland,
bozenka@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl, Andrzej Czyzewski Gdansk University of
Technology, Multimedia Systems Department, 1112 Gabriela Narutowicza
Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland, andcz@sound.eti.pg.gda.pl, Krzysztof
Kochanek The Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing,
Pstrowskiego 1, 01-943 Warsaw, Poland, k.kochanek@ifps.org.pl, Henryk
Skarzynski The Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing,
Pstrowskiego 1, 01-943 Warsaw, Poland, h.skarzynski@ifps.org.pl
A new way of assessment of noise-induced harmful effects on human
hearing system was presented in the paper. Employing the developed psy-
choacoustical noise dosimeter the new indicators of noise harmfulness were
veried on the basis of hearing examinations and noise measurement results.
The indicators were based on some psychoacoustical properties of the hu-
man hearing system and, at the same time, on evaluation of the time and
frequency characteristics of noise. Additionally, time properties of the Tem-
porary Threshold Shift are calculated during the noise exposure. The evalu-
ation of the proposed indicators were conducted on the basis of hearing ex-
aminations in the real noise exposure situations and also on the basis of
simulation results employing standard test signals such as: white, pink and
brown noise. The standard noise dose analysis results were also presented
for the purpose of comparison. The performed analysis and obtained results
conrmed correctness and practical usefulness of the proposed indicators.
2pPPb6. Subjective and objective evaluation of localisation accuracy in
wave eld sysnthesis. Joseph Sanson IRCAM, 1 Place Igor Stravinsky,
75004 Paris, France, joseph.sanson@ircam.fr, Etienne Corteel Sonic
Emotion, Eichweg, 6, CH-8154 Oberglatt, Switzerland,
etienne.corteel@sonicemotion.com, Olivier Warusfel IRCAM, 1 Place
Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, Olivier.Warusfel@ircam.fr
Wave Field Synthesis WFS is a holophonic technique that relies on the
reproduction of physical properties of sound elds in an extended listening
area. Limitations of this technique are due to approximations regarding the
mathematical basis and have been studied in Ber88 dB04. The synthesis
remains correct up to a corner frequency referred to as the spatial aliasing
frequency and inside an area limited by the length of the WFS array and the
position of the virtual sources. A Multichannel Equalization lter MEQ is
applied to the driving limentation signals of the loudspeakers, as described
in Cor06. The aim of the present study is to evaluate localisation in WFS
depending on both listening and source positions. An objective analysis of
the binaural signals is compared to the results of a localisation task for
which spatialised high-pass ltered white noises served as stimuli. The re-
sults of the psycho-acoustic test are compared to the binaural localisation
cues, namely ITD interaural time differences and ILD interaural level
differences. Above the aliasing frequency, ITD and ILD are conicting and
ILD errors account in most cases for the perceptual errors.
2pPPb7. Analysis of everyday sounds which are extremely annoying
for children with autism. rjan Johansson Lule University of Technol-
ogy, Dept Human Work Sciences, Div of Sound and Vibration, SE-97187
Lule, Sweden, orjan.johansson@ltu.se, David Lindegren Lule Univer-
sity of Technology, Dept Human Work Sciences, Div of Sound and Vibra-
tion, SE-97187 Lule, Sweden, david.lindegren@gmail.com
Extreme sensitivity to noise is a problem that almost all autistic children
suffer from. A sound that is extremely annoying does not need to be loud.
However, the characteristics and temporal variations of these sounds are
sparsely investigated. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge
about these extremely annoying sounds so they can be avoided by better de-
sign criteria for classrooms and venues like that. By interviewing teachers
and parents a number of everyday sounds were identied and binaurally
recorded. Examples are vacuum cleaners, ventilation noise, washing ma-
chines and pouring water. Detailed psychoacoustic analyses of this type of
sounds were achieved by a listening test procedure in three parts. First 16
children composed different types of vacuum cleaner sounds trying to mini-
mize annoyance in two different tests, a keeping original sound pressure
level. b adjusting to acceptable loudness. In the second part, teachers work-
ing with autistic children performed a listening test to evaluate some of the
composed sounds from part 1 and modied versions of them. The third part
was performed by children to validate the results. The results showed that
Roughness, Loudness and an index dened as High frequency tonality were
the most important characteristics.
2pPPb8. Application of psychoacoustic tests for the evaluation of
acoustical characteristics of Bartk Bla Concert Hall in Palace of Arts,
Budapest. Zsuzsanna Alabardos St Stephan King Technical School of
Music Arts, Columbus u.11, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary,
alabardos.zsuzsanna@aratokft.hu, Eva Arato-Borsi Arato Acoustics Ltd,
Mezo u.7, H-1038 Budapest, Hungary, arato.eva@aratokft.hu
The objective characterisation of the subjective listening effect of single
number quantities are well known in concert halls such: reverberation time,
clarity, centre time, lateral energy fraction and so on. The Bartk Bla Con-
cert Hall in the Palace of Arts in Budapest has been inaugurated at 15th of
March 2005. The acoustic consultant ofce of the hall was ARTEC Ltd. A
set of objective measurements has been carried out in the Concert Hall and
a series of listening tests were accomplished. Results of the experiment
show clear correlations in the relationship of architectural and room acous-
tical parameters. Apart from the important conclusions, there are some ques-
tions revealed.
2pPPb9. Parametric quality prediction for IP-based audio. Alexander
Raake Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, Berlin Institute of Technology,
Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7, 10587 Berlin, Germany, alexander.raake
@telekom.de, Marieneige Garcia Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, Berlin
Institute of Technology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7, 10587 Berlin, Germany,
marie-neige.garcia@telekom.de, Bernhard Feiten T-Systems Enterprise
Services GmbH, Goslarer Ufer 35, 13437 Berlin, Germany,
bernhard.feiten@telekom.de, Sebastian Mller Deutsche Telekom Labo-
ratories, Berlin Institute of Technology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7, 10587 Berlin,
Germany, sebastian.moeller@telekom.de
Different multimedia services are more and more transmitted over a
common network infrastructure, e.g. using the Internet Protocol IP. Ex-
amples are the widespread voice over Internet Protocol VoIP, and Internet
Protocol Television IPTV. The streaming of pure audio over IP even has a
longer tradition, with applications such as internet radio. For an efcient de-
velopment, planning and monitoring of such services, models can be used
that predict user-perceived quality based on technical service characteristics.
Speech quality models for telephony are among the most advanced ones in
this context, with different model types like the signal-based PESQ ITU-T
Rec. P.862, 2001 or the parametric E-model ITU-T Rec. G.107, 2005. In
this paper, we describe a parametric approach for predicting the quality of
IP-based audio. The main parameters are the audio codec, codec bitrate,
packet loss characteristics and the audio content. We base our considerations
on own listening tests conducted in the framework of IPTV quality assess-
ment, on approaches and test data described in the literature and on comple-
mentary knowledge from the elds of speech and video quality models. In
this context, we identify similarities and discrepancies between different
types of services in the light of a common model framework.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-C, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPPc
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Loudness, from Controlled Stimuli to Environmental Sounds I
(Poster Session)
Jeremy Marozeau, Cochair
Northeastern University
Sabine Meunier, Cochair
CNRS-LMA
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pPPc1. Effect of reverberation on loudness perception. Andrew
Raimond Reading University, Department of Psychology, RG6 6AL Read-
ing, UK, a.raimond@reading.ac.uk, Anthony J. Watkins Reading Univer-
sity, Department of Psychology, RG6 6AL Reading, UK, syswatkn@rdg.ac
.uk
Stimuli with a slow-attackfast-decay S-F envelope are judged to be
louder than stimuli with a temporally-reversed, equal-energy version of the
same envelope fast-attackslow-decay or F-S. It may be that the energy in
the tails of F-S stimuli is discounted from loudness judgments because it is
perceptually attributed to room reverberation. Here we examine the charac-
teristics of real-room reverberation that affect loudness perception, particu-
larly the way that reverberant tails tend to be de-correlated at the two ears.
Our experiments used reverberation from real-room measurements of bin-
aural room impulse responses BRIRs. We ask if the perceived reduction in
loudness of F-S stimuli relative to S-F stimuli is still apparent with dichotic
sounds processed by the BRIRs.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-C, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPPd
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Integrated Approaches to Auditory Scene Analysis II
(Poster Session)
Mounya Elhilali, Cochair
Johns Hopkins University
Daniel Pressnitzer, Cochair
CNRS UMR 8158; Univ. Paris Descartes; Ecole Normale Suprieure
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPPd1. The ability of temporally integrating acoustic waveforms is
associated with release of speech from informational masking under
reverberant conditions. Liang Li Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5
Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
liangli@pku.edu.cn, Ying Huang Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5
Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
innhuang@gmail.com, Qiang Huang Dept. of Machine Intelligence,
Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking Univ., 5
Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
QIANG.HUANG@SPREADTRUM.COM, Xun Chen National Key Lab.
on Machine Perception, Peking Univ., 5 Yiheyuan Road, 100871 Beijing,
China, Xun.Chen@sonyericsson.com, Xihong H. Wu Dept. of Machine
Intelligence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Pe-
king Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China, wxh
@cis.pku.edu.cn
Perceptual integration of the sound wave directly emanating from the
source with reections of the source needs both bridging temporal gaps and
calculating correlations between sound waves. In this study, we examined
whether the temporal integration of sourcereection signals is frequency
dependent and associated with speech unmasking under simulated reverber-
ant conditions. In Experiment 1, a break in correlation BIC between cor-
related wideband or narrowband noises at the two ears was detectable even
when an interaural interval IAI was introduced. The longest IAI varied
markedly across listeners. In wideband noise, it could be up to 21 ms; in
narrowband noise, it decreased as the center frequency was increased. In Ex-
periment 2, when the interval between target speech and its single-reection
simulation inter-target interval, ITI was reduced from 64 to 0 ms, intelli-
gibility of target speech was markedly improved under the speech-masking
condition but not the noise-masking condition. The longest effective ITI un-
der the speech-masking condition signicantly correlated with the longest
IAI for detecting the BIC in low-frequency or 400 Hz narrowband
noises. Thus the frequency-dependent temporal integration of sound-
waveform signals is critical for releasing speech from informational mask-
ing in reverberant environments. Supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China.
2pPPd2. A computational model for auditory scene analysis. Maria E.
Niessen University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, m.niessen@ai.rug.nl, Ronald A.
Van Elburg University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, r.van.elburg@ai.rug.nl, Dirkjan J.
Krijnders University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, j.d.krijnders@ai.rug.nl,Tjeerd C.
Andringa University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, t.andringa@ai.rug.nl
Primitive auditory scene analysis ASA is based on intrinsic properties
of the auditory environment. Acoustic features such as continuity and prox-
imity in time or frequency cause perceptual grouping of acoustic elements.
Various grouping attributes have been translated into successful signal pro-
cessing techniques that may be used in source separation. A next step be-
yond primitive ASA is source identication through schema-based ASA. We
present a computational model for ASA that is inspired by models from cog-
nitive research. It dynamically builds a hierarchical network of hypotheses,
which is based on learned knowledge of the sources. Each hypothesis in
the network, initiated by bottom-up evidence, represents a possible sound
event. The network is updated for each new input event, which may be any
sound in an unconstrained environment. The analysis of new input events is
guided by knowledge of the environment and previous events. As a result of
this adaptive behavior, information about the environment increases and the
set of possible hypotheses decreases. With this method of continuously im-
proving sound event identication we make a promising advance in compu-
tational ASA of complex real-world environments.
2pPPd3. Pitch-based streaming of vowel sequences, speech-in-speech
segregation, and frequency selectivity. Etienne Gaudrain Laboratoire
Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, UMR 5020, Univer-
sit Lyon 1 - CNRS, 50 av. Tony Garnier, 69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
egaudrain@gmail.com, Nicolas Grimault Laboratoire Neurosciences
Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, UMR 5020, Universit Lyon 1 -
CNRS, 50 av. Tony Garnier, 69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
ngrimault@olfac.univ-lyon1.fr, Eric W. Healy University of South Caro-
lina, Speech Psychoacoustics Laboratory, Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, William Brice Bldg., 1621 Greene St., Columbia,
SC 29208, USA, ewh@sc.edu, Jean-Christophe Bra INSERM U556,
151 cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France, jean-christophe
.bera@ec-lyon.fr
Simultaneous and sequential segregation are described as the base
mechanisms for auditory scene analysis and are likely to be involved in con-
current speech segregation. However, speech-in-noise perception has been
found to be uncorrelated to simultaneous segregation, but related to pure-
tone fusion threshold. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between
pitch-based speech-in-speech segregation, pitch-based streaming and fre-
quency selectivity. Twenty-ve listeners with close to normal hearing were
involved. Auditory lter widths were derived from a notched-noise method.
Speech-in-speech perception was measured using words presented in a time
reversed single talker background, with various pitch differences between
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target and masker. The streaming performance was measured using an ob-
jective order-naming task on vowel sequences. The results showed a corre-
lation between frequency selectivity and performance in speech-in-speech
perception suggesting that intelligibility relies on simultaneous masking. A
correlation was also found between the effect of pitch on speech-in-speech
perception and the effect of pitch on streaming performance. However, no
correlation was found between streaming and frequency selectivity. These
latter results suggest that pitch-based segregation probably relies on pitch
discrimination which is only weakly correlated to frequency selectivity.
2pPPd4. Speech- synchronized visual cues release speech from
informational masking. Mengyuan Y. Wang Dept. of Psychology, Pe-
king Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
motoluto@163.com, Jingyu Y. Li Dept. of Machine Intelligence, Speech
and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan
Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China, lijy@cis.pku.edu.cn, Ying
Huang Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian Dis-
trict, 100871 Beijing, China, innhuang@gmail.com, Yanhong Wu Dept.
of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871
Beijing, China, wuyh@pku.edu.cn, Xihong H. Wu Dept. of Machine In-
telligence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking
Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
wxh@cis.pku.edu.cn, Liang Li Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5 Ye-
heyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China, liangli@pku.edu.cn
Visual speech information, such as lipreading cues, can assist listeners to
segregate a target voice from competing voices Helfer and Freyman, 2005.
However, because signals contained in lipreading are multidimensional, it is
not clear whether a simple visual cue, such as the light ash that is synchro-
nous to the onset of each syllable in target speech, is sufcient to release
target speech from noise or speech masking. In this study, when target
speech was of a constant rate, the speech-synchronized light ash had no
effects on speech recognition under either speech or noise masking
condition. However, when the rate of target speech was articially manipu-
lated unstable or an intense noise burst occurred in the middle of the target
sentence, the speech-synchronized light ash improved speech recognition
when the two-talker speech masker but not the speech-spectrum noise
masker was co-presented. These data suggest that only when the rate of tar-
get speech cannot be predicted and the masker is speech, speech-
synchronized visual cues play a role in helping listeners attend to the target
voice and follow the stream of target speech, leading to a release of target
speech from informational masking. Supported by the National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China.
2pPPd5. Phonemic restoration with hearing-impaired listeners. Deniz
Baskent Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408,
Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, deniz_baskent@starkey.com, Cheryl
Eiler Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408, Ber-
keley, CA 94704, USA, cheryl_eiler@starkey.com, Brent
Edwards Starkey Hearing Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 408,
Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, brent_edwards@starkey.com
Baskent et al. ISAAR 2007 showed that simulated undershoot that may
happen due to release from hearing-aid compression may reduce phonemic
restoration by normal-hearing NH listeners. Phonemic restoration was
measured as the increase in recognition of interrupted speech when the silent
intervals were lled with loud noise bursts. These results would be more
crucial for hearing-impaired HI listeners who might encounter such prob-
lems in real life as hearing-aid users. However, it has not been previously
shown if HI listeners benet from phonemic restoration similar to NH
listeners. Factors such as adverse effects of background noise on speech per-
ception and increased forward masking observed with HI listeners might af-
fect phonemic restoration. The present study explored phonemic restoration
with mildly and moderately HI listeners with a method similar to the previ-
ous study. NH listeners participated as the control group. Perception of
speech interrupted at rates of 1.5 and 2.2 Hz was measured with silent in-
tervals and with noise bursts lling the silent intervals. The preliminary re-
sults showed that many HI listeners, especially with mild hearing loss, were
able to benet from phonemic restoration. However, in each subject group,
there were a small number of listeners who did not show any benet.
2pPPd6. Effect of lip movement cues on auditory streaming of
concurrent speech. Aymeric Devergie Universit Lyon 1, UMR 5020
CNRS, 50 av. T. Garnier, 69366 Lyon cedex 07, France,
aymeric.devergie@olfac.univ-lyon1.fr, Nicolas Grimault Laboratoire
Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, UMR 5020, Univer-
sit Lyon 1 - CNRS, 50 av. Tony Garnier, 69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
ngrimault@olfac.univ-lyon1.fr, Frdric Berthommier Gipsa-lab UMR
5216, 46 avenue Flix Viallet - INPG, F - 38031 Grenoble cedex, France,
frederic.berthommier@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Etienne Gaudrain Laboratoire
Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, UMR 5020, Univer-
sit Lyon 1 - CNRS, 50 av. Tony Garnier, 69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
egaudrain@gmail.com, Eric W. Healy University of South Carolina,
Speech Psychoacoustics Laboratory, Department of Communication Sci-
ences and Disorders, William Brice Bldg., 1621 Greene St., Columbia, SC
29208, USA, ewh@sc.edu
Lip reading is known to induce audio-visual integration processes that
enhance speech-in-speech intelligibility. Recent work in auditory scene
analysis see Gaudrain et al., Acoustic08 found correlations between se-
quential segregation performance and intelligibility of speech-in-speech.
Our working hypothesis is that an audiovisual binding process is involved in
speech understanding in multi-talker situations. However, the potential ef-
fect of audio-visual integration on auditory stream segregation remains
unclear. A single previous study Gaudrain et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122,
3065 2007 found that lip movements congruent with the presentation of
vowels may enhance segregation. In this paradigm, audio-visual sequences
of vowels with alternating low and high fundamental frequencies have been
generated, in which the lip movements are paired with the second ones. The
current experiment is built to test further the potential effect of visual cues
on segregation. As in the previous study, lips movements were either steady
control condition, open-closed rhythm condition or congruent with each
particular vowel. Moreover, a congruent but asynchronous audio-visual con-
dition has been introduced as a new control. This is expected to disrupt the
audiovisual binding process. Results are interpreted as an evaluation of the
contribution of visual cues in Cocktail Party situations.
2pPPd7. Modelling the temporal response of the auditory nerve to the
pitch of complex tones in reverberation. Lowel P. OMard Centre for
the Neural Basis of Hearing, The Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street,
CB2 3EG Cambridge, UK, lpo21@cam.ac.uk, Mark Sayles Centre for
the Neural Basis of Hearing, The Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street,
CB2 3EG Cambridge, UK, ms417@cam.ac.uk, Ian M. Winter Centre for
the Neural Basis of Hearing, The Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street,
CB2 3EG Cambridge, UK, imw1001@cam.ac.uk
A computational model of the auditory nerve has been used to investi-
gate the effect of reverberation on the response to the fundamental fre-
quency F0 of frequency-swept harmonic complexes. The model used a
computationally efcient dual resonance non-linear DRNL model of basi-
lar membrane frequency selectivity. The DRNL architecture comprises two
parallel lter paths providing linear and non-linear responses. The model
successfully reproduced the results of a physiological investigation using the
same stimuli in a population of single units from the ventral cochlear
nucleus VCN. In particular the effect of reverberation was dependent upon
unit best frequency, F0 and source-to-receiver distance. The model results
suggest that the effects of reverberation observed at the level of the VCN are
already present in the auditory periphery. The use of the model has also en-
abled us to examine the effect of hearing impairment by the removal of the
non-linear path response. This simulation of a sensorineural hearing loss ac-
centuated the loss of the temporal representation of F0 in the presence of
reverberation.
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2pPPd8. Blind source separation and sound source localization on
time-frequency domain considering time lag information. Shogo
Ueda Department of Architecture, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3
Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan, shogo_0604@yahoo
.co.jp, Fumio Sasaki Department of Architecture, Tokyo University of
Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan,
fsasaki@rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp, Osamu Tanaka Department of Architecture,
Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601 To-
kyo, Japan, otanaka@rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp, Masahito Yasuoka Department of
Architecture, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku,
162-8601 Tokyo, Japan, shogoarc@ybb.ne.jp
The blind source separation and sound source localization based on in-
dependent component analysis on time-frequency domain considering time
lag information between source signals and observation signals are
conducted. The formulation based on the independency of time-frequency
domain and the linearity of source signal is presented. The method which
can be conducted not only the separation of source signals but also the
specication of location of source signals is proposed through the consider-
ation of time lags. Using this method, it can be analyzed even if observation
signals include an intermittent noise, under the assumption of some inde-
pendency of source signals. First of all, the number of source signals is
specied through the quotient of complex valued time-frequency informa-
tion of two observation signals. Next, the locations of source signals are
specied using the relationship of relative time lags between source signal
and observation signal. Then, the source signals are obtained by use of the
Fourier information. The numerical test is conducted to conrm our method,
and then the locations of source signals and source signals are obtained by
high accuracy.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-C, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPPe
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Cochlear Implants: Going Beyond the Envelope II
(Poster Session)
Bernhard Seeber, Cochair
MRC Institute of Hearing Research
H Steven Colburn, Cochair
Boston University
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPPe1. Perception of speech and environmental sounds in cochlear
implant patients. Valeriy Sharo Rush University Medical Center, Dept.
Communication Disorders, 600 S. Paulina Str., 1015 AAC, Chicago, IL
60612, USA, valeriy_sharo@rush.edu, Brian Gygi East Bay Institute for
Research and Education, 150 Muir Road 151-I, Martinez, CA 94552, USA,
bgygi@ebire.org, Min-Yu Cheng Rush University Medical Center, Dept.
Communication Disorders, 600 S. Paulina Str., 1015 AAC, Chicago, IL
60612, USA, min-yu_cheng@rush.edu, Megan Mulvey Rush University
Medical Center, Dept. Communication Disorders, 600 S. Paulina Str., 1015
AAC, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, megan_mulvey@rush.edu, Blythe
Holmes Rush University Medical Center, Dept. Communication Disorders,
600 S. Paulina Str., 1015 AAC, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, blythe_holmes
@rush.edu
Limited research has investigated cochlear implant CI patients ability
to perceive environmental sounds. In this study, environmental sound per-
ception was assessed with a large-item test composed of 40 sound sources,
each represented by four different tokens. The relationship between speech
and environmental sound perception and the role of working memory and
basic auditory abilities was examined based on patient performance on a
battery of speech tests HINT, CNC, and individual consonant and vowel
tests, tests of basic auditory abilities audiometric thresholds, gap detection,
temporal pattern and temporal order tests, and a backward digit recall test.
Twelve postlingually deaf adult CI patients, having 1-5 years of implant ex-
perience participated. The results indicate substantially reduced ability to
identify common environmental sounds in CI patients. Speech test scores
correlated strongly with the scores on the environmental sound test. Both
speech and environmental sound tests moderately correlated with gap detec-
tion, temporal order test and backward digit recall test. However, the corre-
lation between speech and environmental sounds changed little after partial-
ling out the variance due to other variables. These results suggest that
speech and environmental sounds may overlap considerably in their percep-
tual processing, being largely independent of peripheral limitations that may
affect both sound classes.
2pPPe2. Intelligibility of interrupted speech in normal-hearing
listeners and cochlear implantees. Dan Gnansia Univ Paris Descartes,
CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, DEC, 29 rue dUlm, 75005 Paris,
France, dan.gnansia@ens.fr, Vincent Pean MXM Neurelec, 2729
Chemin St Bernard, 06224 Vallauris Cedex, France, vpean@neurelec
.com, Christian Lorenzi Univ Paris Descartes, CNRS, Ecole Normale
Superieure, DEC, 29 rue dUlm, 75005 Paris, France, lorenzi@ens.fr
The intelligibility of a target speech signal is substantially degraded in
the presence of a competing talker in cochlear implantees. The current study
aimed to test whether this degradation is caused by an inability to i make
use of the partial target speech information glimpsed into the competing
talker valleys, and ii fuse perceptually those successive glimpses into co-
herent speech streams. This hypothesis was tested by assessing the intelli-
gibility of periodically interrupted vowel-consonant-vowel VCV signals
pronounced by a male F0113 Hz and female F0216 Hz speaker in
normal-hearing listeners and implantees. A 4-Hz square-wave modulator
with random phase was used to interrupt periodically each signal. The in-
terrupted VCVs from each speaker were either presented alone Experiment
1 or interleaved Experiment 2: the two speakers were alternated. In ex-
periment 1, the mean identication score calculated for each voice was
about 90% in normal-hearing listeners, and 40% in implantees. In experi-
ment 2, the mean identication score corresponding to correct identication
of both voices was about 50% in normal-hearing listeners, but at chance
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level in implantees. Taken together, these data suggest that implantees can
make use of partial speech information, but cannot organize this partial
speech information into coherent streams.
2pPPe3. Electrode Discrimination and the effect on Speech Perception
for Adults with Cochlear Implants. Debi A. Vickers UCL Ear Institute,
332-336 Grays Inn Road, WC1X 8EE London, UK,
d.vickers@ucl.ac.uk, Leah Meerton UCL Cochlear Implant Team, 332-
336 Grays Inn Road, WC1X 8EE London, UK, leah.meerton@royalfree
.nhs.uk
Zwolan et al 1997 showed that electrode discrimination can have an
effect on speech perception for adult cochlear implant users with the
Nucleus Mini 22 multi-channel device. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate electrode discrimination in subjects using different implant systems
and speech processing strategies to observe the effect that switching off un-
discriminable electrodes has on speech perception. 17 postlingually deaf-
ened adults were tested; they used either a Nucleus 24 device either using
SPEAK or ACE processing strategies or an Advanced Bionics HiRes co-
chlear implant either using HiRes or HiRes120 strategies. Only electrodes
that were activated in the subjects clinical maps were tested in the electrode
discrimination task. Electrode discrimination was performed using standard
clinical software at comfortable listening level and pairs of electrodes that
scored less than 60% were deemed undiscriminable. One of the undiscrim-
inable pair was switched off and the electrode selected was determined from
the results of the other electrode pairs. Performance was evaluated prior to
and immediately after switch off and at a follow up appointment 1 month
later. Zwolan T, Collins L and Wakeeld G 1997. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102
6, 3673-3685.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-C, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pPPf
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Auditory Perception and Signal Processing by Prostheses II
(Poster Session)
Huanping Dai, Cochair
University of Arizona
Birger Kollmeier, Cochair
Universitt Oldenburg, Medizinische Physik
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pPPf1. A model for predicting hearing aid benet. Michael
Nilsson Sonic Innovations, 2795 East Cottonwood Parkway, Suite 660,
Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA, mnilsson@sonici.com, Victor
Bray Sonic Innovations, 2795 East Cottonwood Parkway, Suite 660, Salt
Lake City, UT 84121, USA, vbray@sonici.com
A large n database was created incorporating demographic information
as well as speech-recognition-in-noise measurements from several hundred
subjects who participated in eld trials with wearable DSP hearing aids. Per-
formance measures were obtained across multiple hearing aid styles CIC to
BTE with multiple signal processing technologies multi-channel compres-
sion, digital noise reduction, directionality. The database was previously
analyzed using various regression techniques results presented at AAS-
2005, IHCON-2006, AAS-2007. The current analysis includes additional
parameters that were not in the earlier models and uses a more robust sta-
tistical analysis. Aided speech-understanding-in-noise can be predicted
based on factors of a unaided thresholds for tones b unaided thresholds
for speech in quiet, c unaided thresholds for speech in noise, d hearing
aid technology, and e subject age. We conclude that a model for hearing
aid benet can be used as a new tool for evidence-based management of
hearing aid clients. Patient parameters may be entered into the model to
serve as a basis for prediction of benet in speech-understanding-in-noise
using various forms of amplication treatment.
2pPPf2. Temporal manipulations in multi-channel compression
effecting sound quality and performance. Michael Nilsson Sonic Inno-
vations, 2795 East Cottonwood Parkway, Suite 660, Salt Lake City, UT
84121, USA, mnilsson@sonici.com, Michelle Hicks Sonic Innovations,
2795 East Cottonwood Parkway, Suite 660, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA,
mhicks@sonici.com, Robert Ghent Sonic Innovations, 2795 East Cotton-
wood Parkway, Suite 660, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA, bghent
@sonici.com, Victor Bray Sonic Innovations, 2795 East Cottonwood
Parkway, Suite 660, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA, vbray@sonici.com
Multi-channel compression in four or more compression channels is
expected in modern hearing aids, but compression temporal characteristics
vary without an understanding of what is optimal and why. This study takes
a 16 channel system using linearly spaced compressors with minimal over-
lap and evaluates sound quality ratings and speech recognition performance
with the HINT in quiet and noise with various attack and release settings in
a 2 x 2 x 2 design. The rst variable is the relationship between attack and
release times, with asymmetric time constants attack faster than release or
symmetric time constants attack and release set the same. The second vari-
able is the relationship of time constants across frequency channels, with
uniform settings across frequencies, or frequency dependent time constants
faster settings for higher frequencies with shorter wavelengths. The third
variable is absolute speed, with fast or slow time constants. No characteris-
tics other than the temporal settings of the compressor were changed be-
tween conditions. Results will be presented showing optimal settings for
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sound quality as well as speech recognition. The interaction between com-
pression characteristics and additional signal processing, such as single-
microphone noise reduction, will be discussed.
2pPPf3. Speech Intelligibility in Virtual Environments Simulating an
Asymmetric Directional Microphone Conguration. Lorenzo
Picinali De Montfort University, Music, Technology and Innovation Re-
search Centre, LE1 9BH Leicester, UK, lorenzo@limsi.fr, Silvano
Prosser Dipartimento di Audiologia, Universit degli Studi di Ferrara,
Corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, prssvn@unife.it, Antonio
Mancuso DICO-LIM, Universit degli Studi di Milano, Via Comelico, 39,
20135 Milano, Italy, knmbm@tin.it, Giancarlo Vercellesi DICO-LIM,
Universit degli Studi di Milano, Via Comelico, 39, 20135 Milano, Italy,
giancarlo.vercellesi@dico.unimi.it
The benet of directional processing and binaural listening in terms of
speech intelligibility for frontal sound sources has been well documented in
recent and past studies. Nevertheless, only the 20% of the situations in real
life present a speaker located exactly in the frontal position. Different at-
tempt have been done so far in order to allow, manually or automatically, a
change in the directional pattern of the hearing aid, but the results of these
studies are far from being satisfying. The purpose of this study is to explore
the advantages brought by the asymmetric directional microphone congu-
ration of hearing aids in terms of speech intelligibility for frontal, lateral and
rear sound sources in noisy environments, and in terms of the quality of the
spatial perception of the surrounding sound-scape. Through a 3D Am-
bisonic virtual environment manipulation, the presence of two microphones
the two hearing aids is simulated in a noisy environment with a speech
sound source. The listeners are presented with the signal recorded from the
two simulated microphones, calibrated with symmetrical and asymmetrical
directional patterns, and played through a pair of headphones. The speech
intelligibility is measured for all the directional microphones congurations
and for all the speech sound source positions.
2pPPf4. Simulation of an electro-acoustic implant (EAS) with a hybrid
vocoder. Fabien Seldran Univ. Lyon 1 - Lab. Neurosciences, Service Pr
Collet, Pavillon U, Hpital Edouard Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France,
fseldran@yahoo.fr, Eric Truy Hpital Edouard Herriot, Service ORL,
Place dArsonval, 69003 Lyon, France, eric.truy@chu-lyon.fr, Stphane
Gallgo Univ. Lyon 1 - Lab. Neurosciences, Service Pr Collet, Pavillon U,
Hpital Edouard Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France,
iakhoun@olfac.univ-lyon1.fr, Christian Berger-Vachon Univ. Lyon 1 -
Lab. Neurosciences, Service Pr Collet, Pavillon U, Hpital Edouard Herriot,
F-69003 Lyon, France, iakhoun@olfac.univ-lyon1.fr, Lionel Collet Univ.
Lyon 1 - Lab. Neurosciences, Service Pr Collet, Pavillon U, Hpital Ed-
ouard Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France, iakhoun@olfac.univ-lyon1.fr, Hung
Thai-Van Univ. Lyon 1 - Lab. Neurosciences, Service Pr Collet, Pavillon
U, Hpital Edouard Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France, iakhoun@olfac.univ-
lyon1.fr
Electroacoustic stimulation EAS is indicated for hearing impaired pa-
tients with enough residual hearing in low frequencies and severe hearing
loss in high frequencies. We aimed at simulating the speech intelligibility
provided by EAS with a hybrid vocoder model. The French Fournier word
set was used in this study. We therefore tested several parameters on 24 nor-
mal hearing adults. First, the boundary between acoustic and electric stimu-
lation frequency areas Fc was taken at 500, 707, 1000 and 1414Hz. Sec-
ond, we assessed the effect of electrical stimulation channel numbers 1 to
4. Third, we tested the effect of background noise with a cocktail party
noise at -6, 0 and 6 dB SNR. It appeared that the 3 electrical channels &
707 Hz Fc condition produced normal-hearing-like results at least in quiet.
In noisy auditory scene, 4 electrical channels & 500 Hz Fc could produce
fair speech intelligibility. Work supported by CNRS, Lyon1 University and
Medel.
2pPPf5. Cartilage conduction hearing aid for the patient with atresia
auris. Takefumi Sakaguchi Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, 634-
8522 Kashihara, Japan, t-saka@naramed-u.ac.jp, Osamu
Saito Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nara Medical University, 840
Shijo-cho, 634-8522 Kashihara, Japan, osam0502@yahoo.co.jp, Hiroshi
Hosoi Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, 634-8522 Kashihara, Ja-
pan, hosoi@naramed-u.ac.jp
Although bone conduction hearing aid is considered to be better to com-
pensate the hearing loss of the patients who have atresia auris, some of these
patients tend to wear air conduction hearing aid because of the feeling of
tightness when wearing bone conduction haring aid. We expected cartilage
conduction would reduce feeling of tightness compared to bone conduction,
and improve compensation compared to air conduction. In this study, we
report the result of the basic studies performed to evaluate the usefulness of
cartilage conduction hearing aid. Patient who has atresia auris participated in
the hearing test. Stimuli were presented to the patient by means of two types
of transmitter. One was piezoelectric transducer placed on antilobium, an-
other one was insertion earphone. We found that the hearing threshold of the
patient improved about 25 dB or greater when the transducer was located on
antilobium compared to the result when insertion earphone was used. These
results suggest that the cartilage conduction hearing aid can be an option of
the hearing aid for the patient who has atresia auris which is better than air
conduction hearing aid in compensating their hearing, and more comfortable
to wear compared to the bone conduction hearing aid.
2pPPf6. Verifying the attenuation of earplugs in situ: variability of
transfer functions among human subjects. Annelies Bockstael Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185 2P1, 9000 Gent, Belgium,
annelies.bockstael@ugent.be, Dick Botteldooren University Ghent - De-
partment Information Technology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent,
Belgium, dick.botteldooren@intec.ugent.be, Bart Vinck Ghent Univer-
sity, De Pintelaan 185 2P1, 9000 Gent, Belgium, bart.vinck@ugent.be
The use of in situ measurements of hearing protectors HPDs attenu-
ation following the MIRE-protocol Microphone In Real Ear is increasing.
The attenuation is hereby calculated from the difference in sound levels out-
side the ear and inside the ear canal behind the HPD. Custom-made earplugs
have been designed with an inner bore that allows inserting a miniature
microphone. A thorough understanding of the difference, henceforth called
transfer function, between the sound pressure of interest at the eardrum
and the one measured at the inner bore of the HPD is indispensable for op-
timizing this technique and extending its eld of application. Of particular
interest is the variation of these transfer functions among humans. This was
checked experimentally on 19 subjects. Differences in sound pressure were
measured at the HPDs inner bore, by the MIRE-microphone, and at the ear-
drum by inserting an extra tube microphone in the ear canal. All transfer
functions showed a comparable shape, however variability was substantial
for the exact frequency and amplitude of the resonance peaks. The link be-
tween this variability and the morphology of the individuals HPD and ear
canal was addressed using FDTD-simulations Finite-Difference Time-
Domain of the outer ear canal occluded by an earplug with inner bore.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 242A, 5:20 TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2pPPg
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Loudness, from Controlled Stimuli to Environmental Sounds II
Jeremy Marozeau, Cochair
Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave - 106A Forsyth Building - SLPA, Institute for Hearing, Speech & Language,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Sabine Meunier, Cochair
CNRS-LMA, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille, 13402, France
Invited Papers
5:20
2pPPg1. Does induced loudness reduction explain contextual effects in loudness judgment? Lawrence E. Marks John B. Pierce
Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA, MARKS@JBPIERCE.ORG
Briey presenting an inducing tone of 70-80 dB can substantially reduce the loudness of a subsequent test tone at or near the
inducers frequency, a phenomenon called Induced Loudness Reduction ILR. The study of ILR emerged from earlier observations on
differential contextual effects in loudness judgment: Tones of a given SPL and frequency were judged softer when presented as part of
an ensemble of high rather than low SPL tones at the same frequency, relative to judgments of loudness of tones at a different sound
frequency. At rst, these effects of stimulus context on loudness judgment were assumed to reect decisional processes, that is, to reect
biases in loudness judgment. On the other hand, ILR is often assumed to reect a depression in the intensity response of the auditory
system. While it is tempting to explain differential contextual effects in loudness judgment wholly in terms of ILR, the properties of ILR
and the properties of contextual effects may not be identical, leaving open a possible role for decisional processes as well as sensory
processes in contextual effects, and perhaps also in ILR, in both laboratory and real-world settings.
5:40
2pPPg2. The effects of induced loudness reduction on tone-burst otoacoustic emissions. Michael Epstein Northeastern Uni-
versity, 360 Huntington Ave - 106A Forsyth Building - SLPA, Institute for Hearing, Speech & Language, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
m.epstein@neu.edu, Jeremy Marozeau Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave - 106A Forsyth Building - SLPA, Institute for
Hearing, Speech & Language, Boston, MA 02115, USA, marozeau@gmail.com
Induced loudness reduction ILR is a phenomenon by which the loudness of a sound is reduced when it is preceded by a higher-
level sound inducer. Because the effects of ILR can last for at least several minutes after exposure to an inducer, many clinical and
laboratory test procedures may be unintentionally confounded. However, little is known about the physiologic manifestation of ILR or
how it might affect clinical tests. The present study examined whether ILR could be observed in otoacoustic emission measurements,
which have been shown to correlate well with loudness. Otoacoustic emissions were measured monaurally in 12 normal-hearing lis-
teners in response to a 1 kHz 70 dB SPL tone-burst stimulus before and after a series of 1 kHz 90 dB SPL tone-burst inducers. Addi-
tionally, otoacoustic emissions were measured in two control conditions in which ILR was not expected to occur. For most listeners, the
level of otoacoustic emissions decreased after inducer exposure and did not decrease in the control conditions. The results indicate that
at least some component of ILR is likely to arise as a cochlear process and that although the observed effects are small, ILR may affect
measures beyond just loudness judgments.
6:00
2pPPg3. Modelling categorical loudness perception for arbitrary listeners and sounds. Birger Kollmeier Universitt Olden-
burg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, birger.kollmeier@uni-oldenburg.de, Jens E.
Appell Universitt Oldenburg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany,
jens.appell@ofs.de, Jesko Verhey Universitt Oldenburg, Medizinische Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg,
Germany, jesko.verhey@uni-oldenburg.de, Volker Hohmann Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg, Ammerlnder Heerstrae
114-118, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, volker.hohmann@uni-oldenburg.de
While classical loudness models predict loudness in sone using the concepts of Stevens compressive power law, subdivided
categorical loudness perception after Heller follows the compressive logarithmic Weber-Fechner law. To bridge the gap between both
approaches, this contribution reviews various steps towards a loudness model that predicts categorical loudness in categorical units,
CU for normal and hearing-impaired listeners for arbitrary sounds. It uses a modied classical loudness model for stationary signals
to derive the loudness in sone and a nonlinear transformation from sone to CU. This transformation is approximated by a cubic poly-
nomial equation wich is derived from categorical loudness data of 84 normal-hearing subjects. The model parameters are further set to
predict the standard isophones that are in good agreement with the equal loudness level contours derived from categorical loudness data.
Also, the model predicts the loudness functions near threshold both for normal and hearing-impaired listeners and can be extended to
predict duration-dependent loudness perception. Since categorical loudness can be measured more easily and directly than loudness in
sone, the current modelling approach can be experimentally tested and can be used in various applications, such as, e.g. hearing aid
processing and tting procedures.
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6:20
2pPPg4. Binaural loudness summation in and out of the laboratory. Mary Florentine Northeastern University, 360 Huntington
Ave - 106AForsyth Building - SLPA, Institute for Hearing, Speech & Language, Boston, MA02115, USA, orentin@neu.edu, Michael
Epstein Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave - 106A Forsyth Building - SLPA, Institute for Hearing, Speech & Language,
Boston, MA 02115, USA, m.epstein@neu.edu
Textbooks state that a tone presented binaurally is louder than the same tone presented monaurally. This is called Binaural Loudness
Summation, BLS. Recent data and classroom demonstrations of BLS using speech stimuli from a visually present talker yield much less
BLS than previously reported. Are conclusions about BLS drawn from tones presented via earphones in the laboratory applicable to
live- voice speech in a room? To answer this question, eight normal listeners were presented three types of stimuli monitored live voice
MLV spondees, recorded spondees, and tones monaurally and binaurally across a wide range of levels. The same stimuli were pre-
sented via earphones and loudspeakers. Loudness was measured using magnitude estimation. Results show that the amount of BLS was
signicantly less for MLV spondees than for tones or recorded spondees. It was also signicantly less for loudspeaker presentation than
for earphone presentation. The amount of BLS was least for MLV spondees presented via loudspeakers. Results indicate that BLS in
loudspeaker conditions is signicantly less than BLS in typical laboratory test conditions using earphones. A new phenomena-called
Binaural Loudness Constancy-will be described that may result from expectations about loudness of a visually present talker. Work
supported by NIH-NIDCD grant R01DC02241
6:40
2pPPg5. Loudness asymmetry ratings between accelerating and decelerating car sounds. Patrick Susini IRCAM - UMR
CNRS 9912, Equipe Perception et Design Sonores, 1, place Igor Stravinsky, 75004 Paris, France, susini@ircam.fr, Stephen McAdams
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media & Technology CIRMMT - Schulich School of Music - McGill Univ., 555
Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A1E3, Canada, smc@music.mcgill.ca
Loudness change has been studied for tones with linearly varying levels revealing an asymmetry depending on the direction of
change increasing vs. decreasing and the range of levels high vs. low. Different assumptions were proposed to explain this asym-
metry in favour of linearly increasing sounds. Teghtsoonian et al. 2005 and, more recently, Susini et al. 2006 explain that loudness
of an increasing sound is inuenced by the end level. Neuhoff 1999 describes this result by a survival advantage for detecting an
approaching sound source. Whatever the assumption is, the results show that loudness judgments for abstract sounds 1000-Hz tones
and synthetic vowel sounds were signicantly higher for increasing ramps. Those results are compared here with continuous and global
ratings obtained on everyday sounds such as accelerating and decelerating car sounds with a same duration 43 s, but with different
temporal functions and range of levels. Global loudness judgments made after the end of the sound are signicantly higher for accel-
erating than decelerating car sounds, but are judged on average similar using continuous judgments. In addition, an increase in the speed
acceleration is evaluated primarily in terms of its level at the end. These results conrm the previous studies.
Contributed Papers
7:00
2pPPg6. Temporal weighting in loudness judgments of time-varying
sounds containing a gradual change in level. Daniel Oberfeld Dept. of
Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Staudingerweg 9,
55128 Mainz, Germany, oberfeld@uni-mainz.de
Two experiments studied how listeners weight the level information
from different portions of a noise consisting of ten temporal segments, the
levels of which were sampled independently from a normal distribution. If a
gradual increase in level fade-in is imposed on the rst few segments in
such a sound, temporal weights in global loudness judgments in a one-
interval paradigm show a delayed primacy effect Oberfeld and Plank,
Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA2005, 227-228 2005. The maximum
weight is assigned to the rst segment presented at the full level, while the
weights assigned to the fade-in segments are close to zero. In Experiment 1,
a similar pattern of weights was observed in a two-interval paradigm. Thus,
listeners do not use intensity information from the fade-in segments even
when making within-trial comparisons. In Experiment 2, the rst three seg-
ments gradually decreased rather than increased in level i.e., the rst seg-
ment had the highest level. Listeners gave near exclusive weight to the rst
segment. The results are compatible with a tendency to assign greater weight
to loud elements Lut and Jesteadt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 3853-3860
2006 rather than with segmentation of the noise into a gradually chang-
ing and a stable part.
7:20
2pPPg7. Magnitude judgments of loudness change for discrete,
dynamic, and hybrid stimuli. Jesse D. Flint Binghamton University
SUNY, Department of Psychology, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA,
jdint@binghamton.edu, Richard E. Pastore Binghamton University
SUNY, Department of Psychology, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA,
pastore@binghamton.edu,Jeremy R. GastonBinghamton University
SUNY, Department of Psychology, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA,
jgaston1@binghamton.edu
Recent investigations of loudness change across dynamically varying
stimuli have identied differences between increasing versus decreasing
power that depends upon stimulus complexity and intensity range e.g.,
Canvet, Acustica, 62, 2136-2142 1986; Neuhoff, Nature, 3956698, 123-
124, Sep 1998. Some explanations of these ndings are based upon
known psychophysical effects Teghtsoonian, Teghtsoonian & Canvet, Per-
ception & Psychophysics, 674, 699-712 2005, whereas others posit
qualitative differences in the perception of discrete laboratory and dynamic
natural sound structures Neuhoff, 1998. For discrete, static stimuli, the re-
lationship between loudness and power is dependant upon a number of fac-
tors, including frequency, intensity range, perceptual anchoring, temporal or-
der, and integration of power across time. The current investigation
examines listener perception of loudness for sound structures that vary sys-
tematically from discrete to dynamic changes in power, allowing evaluation
of the contributions of static versus dynamic change, as well as other factors
in the perception of loudness change within complex stimuli. Relevant
methodology, as well as commonalities and differences with predictions of
traditional psychophysics, are discussed.
7:40
2pPPg8. Loudness of impulsive sounds as a function of duration: a
parametric study of the effect of level and frequency. Sabine
Meunier CNRS-LMA, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille,
France, meunier@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr, Guy Rabau CNRS-LMA, 31, chemin
Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France, rabau@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr
Loudness of brief signals increases when signal duration increases up to
about 100 ms, this increase is called temporal summation. The question ex-
amined in this study is to determine how loudness change as a function of
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duration. Literature shows different results that lead to different conclusions:
when duration increases i the loudness increases in direct proportion to en-
ergy intensity x duration; ii the loudness increases faster than energy;
iii the loudness increases slower than energy. We have shown, in previous
experiments, that loudness change with duration can follow either i or ii
depending on signal level. The present study provides a parametric exami-
nation of this question. Loudness was measured for signals whose energy
was kept constant while the duration was varied. The parameters of the ex-
periment were the signal frequency and level. The results allow us to explain
part of the discrepancies found in literature. Moreover, the results of this
study are used into a model of impulsive sounds that calculate with a good
precision the loudness of environnemental short-duration sounds.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 252B, 2:00 TO 8:00 P.M.
Session 2pSAa
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: Acoustic Imaging in Conned Space I
Earl G. Williams, Cochair
Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, Washington, DC 20375, USA
Alexandre Garcia, Cochair
CNAM, 292 rue Saint Martin, Paris, 75003, France
Invited Papers
2:00
2pSAa1. Analysis of enclosed sound elds using spherical microphone array processing. Boaz Rafaely Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel, br@ee.bgu.ac.il
Enclosed sound elds in rooms and auditoria are characterized by multiple reections in addition to the direct sound. The spatial and
temporal manner in which sound propagates from the sound source to a listener determines the acoustics of the enclosed space. Recent
studies showed that spherical microphone arrays and associated array processing can be used effectively in the experimental study of the
acoustics of auditoria. The main advantages presented are the true three-dimensional analysis and the effectiveness of array processing
in the spherical harmonics domain. Spherical microphone array design issues will rst be reviewed in this work, in particular concerning
the design of open-sphere arrays useful in room acoustics analysis with high spatial resolution. Then, beam-forming methods will be
presented which can facilitate identication of individual room reections, and computation of directional room impulse responses.
Finally, the use of optimal array processing methods will be presented which facilitates improved sound eld analysis.
2:20
2pSAa2. Resolution improvement of beamformers using spherical microphone array. Jean-Claude Pascal ENSIM - LAUM,
Universit du Maine, rue Aristote, 72085 Le Mans, France, Jean-Claude.Pascal@univ-lemans.fr, Jing-Fang Li Visual VibroAcous-
tics, 51 rue dAlger, 72000 Le Mans, France, jingfang.li@visualvibroacoustics.com
Spherical microphone array has been studied for various applications. In enclosed space, spherical array eliminates forward-
backward grating lobes occurring in two-dimensional arrays. Beamforming and spherical harmonic decomposition are both used to map
the distribution of source strength. The two approaches show similar performance at frequencies where the upper spherical harmonic
order equals the product of the wave number and sphere radius. However, at lower frequencies, processing using spherical harmonics
maintains the same directivity while the spatial resolution for delay-and-sum beamformer deteriorates. It has been shown that the scat-
tering of sound by a rigid sphere improves the directivity of the same open sphere microphone beamformer, by increasing the path
length travelled by incident sound. This paper concerns focused beamformer using rigid and open sphere. The concept of statistically
optimized array processing SOAP is applied to adapt to a particular interior geometry, considering the scattered eld in case of rigid
sphere. The regularization process makes it possible to use a model of partially coherent sound eld in the enclosed space. A decon-
volution post-processing based on the knowledge of the actual steering vector leads to an efcient and robust solution to improve
considerably the resolution of the source strength distribution.
2:40
2pSAa3. Measurement of low-frequency sources in non-anechoic room using near-eld acoustic holography. Manuel Melon
CNAM, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France, melon@cnam.fr, Christophe Langrenne CNAM, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003
Paris, France, christophe.langrenne@cnam.fr, Alexandre Garcia CNAM, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France,
garcia@cnam.fr, Philippe Herzog Laboratoire de Mcanique et dAcoustique - CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille,
France, herzog@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr
Low frequency 20 Hz-200 Hz measurements of sound sources are rather difcult to perform because free eld conditions can not
be easily achieved properly. Moreover, some industrial sources have to be measured in situ. In such a case, a Field Separation Method
FSM can be used to subtract the pressure eld reected by walls of the testing room from the measured data. This approach required
the knowledge of both acoustic pressure and velocity on a closed surface surrounding the source. In this paper, a spherical harmonic
expansion of measured data is used to solve the problem. The proposed method is applied to the measurement of the frequency response
3308 3308 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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of a closed box subwoofer tested under various conditions: in a room with variable reverberation time 6.4 s to 0.6 s. Theoretical
frequency response of the subwoofer is also calculated using the Thiele and Small model. Results show a good agreement between
separated data and simulations. The inuences of the measurement distance and of the measurement point number required on the
separation process are discussed.
3:00
2pSAa4. Vector intensity reconstructions in a volume surrounding a rigid spherical measurement array. Earl G. Williams
Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, Washington, DC 20375, USA, earl.williams@nrl.navy.mil, Kazuhiro Takashima
Nittobo Acoustic Engineering Co., Ltd., 1-21-10, Midori, Sumida-Ku, 130-0021 Tokyo, Japan, taka@noe.co.jp
An approach is presented that provides a prediction of the vector intensity eld throughout a volume exterior to a rigid spherical
measurement array consisting of 31 ush mounted microphones. The theory is based on spherical harmonic expansions of the measured
eld with the radial variation of the near-eld pressure obtained using the Greens function with vanishing normal derivative at the rigid
sphere surface. Experimental results with rigid spherical arrays of differing radii are presented using multiple incoherent sources. Suc-
cessful intensity reconstructions are obtained over a volume three times the sphere radius up to a frequency of 1.5 kHz that clearly
reveal the locations and levels of the two sources. This volumetric intensity probe is very similar mathematically to one described
recently by the author EGW that used 50 microphones in an open array. The latter was used successfully inside an aircraft cabin in
ight to uncover sources of noise. This work was supported by the US Ofce of Naval Research and Nittobo Acoustic Engineering Co.
Ltd.
3:20
2pSAa5. A boundary element method for near-eld acoustical holography in bounded noisy environment. Christophe
Langrenne CNAM, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France, christophe.langrenne@cnam.fr, Manuel Melon CNAM, 292 rue
Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France, melon@cnam.fr, Alexandre Garcia CNAM, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France, garcia
@cnam.fr
This paper presents a boundary element method to recover free eld conditions from noisy bounded space situations. The proposed
approach is based on the Helmholtz integral formulation and requires the knowledge of double layer pressure elds on two parallel
closed surfaces surrounding the source. First, the outgoing and ingoing pressure elds are separated. Then, the incident eld scattered
by the tested source is subtracted from the outgoing eld to estimate the pressure eld which would have been radiated in free eld. The
method had been numerically tested and an experimental example is given here. The source is a rectangular box with seven loudspeak-
ers mounted on it driven by bandwith limited white noise. The source is put at 0.4 m from the ground of a semi-anechoc room. The
ground plays a disturbant role because it produces secondary sources. The results show the effectiveness of the method particularly at
frequencies where stationary waves between the ground and the underside of the box exist.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Papers
5:20
2pSAa6. Acoustically invisible cylinder. Yuri Bobrovnitskii Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, 4, M. Kharitonievky Str.,
101990 Moscow, Russian Federation, yuri@imash.ac.ru
Coatings of new type recently proposed by the author Acoustical Physics, 2007, vol. 53, N5, pp. 535-545 are applied to bodies of
cylindrical geometry to reduce reection or scattering of sound and thus to make them undetectable by imaging systems. Such a coating,
called as a coating with extended reaction, represents a periodic set of small elements with coupling between the neighboring elements.
Appropriate choice of the coupling parameters makes its efciency much higher than that of commonly used coatings. In the present
paper, it is shown by computer simulation that a rather simple coating of this type can reduce the back-scattered pressure amplitude
more than 40 dB with respect to the rigid cylinder practically at all frequencies. Considerable reduction of the scattered power can also
be achieved in a low frequency range. The width of this range and the reduction index depend on the number of couplings introduced
into the coating.
5:40
2pSAa7. Acoustic source identication in an enclosed space using the inverse phased beam tracing at medium frequencies.
Jeong-Guon Ih KAIST, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Science Town, 305-701 Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
J.G.Ih@kaist.ac.kr, Cheol-Ho Jeong Acoustic Technology, DTU Elektro, Technical University of Denmark, Building 352, rsted
plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, chj@oersted.dtu.dk
When the source is enclosed by room surfaces, it is not easy, though not totally impossible, to apply conventional modal methods
for source identication. This is because there are too many complicated wave interferences and effects of wall impedance, in particular
at medium frequencies. The phased beam tracing method was suggested as a fast and efcient acoustic simulation tool at the medium
frequencies in an enclosure, which overcomes the defects of geometrical acoustics techniques. In this study, the phased beam tracing
method, implemented in its inverse form, was applied to the identication of the acoustic sources inside a chamber. In the simulation
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tests, spherical and rectangular shaped sources operating in a room were taken as examples. When the source pressure distribution was
reconstructed by this numerical inverse technique, the sound power spectrum radiated from the source could be estimated by eliminating
the contribution from surface reections. Reconstruction error was investigated by the Monte Carlo simulation in terms of the signal-
to-noise ratio.
Contributed Papers
6:00
2pSAa8. Noise source characterisation using patch impedance
technique. G Pavi INSA de Lyon - LVA, Btiment St. Exupry, 25 bis
avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, goran.pavic
@insa-lyon.fr, Nicolas Totaro INSA de Lyon - LVA, Btiment St. Ex-
upry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France,
nicolas.totaro@insa-lyon.fr
A novel approach of an environment-independent sound source charac-
terisation is discussed. The source is dened via a suitable enveloping in-
terface surface by its blocked sound pressure and its surface impedance.
Both the blocked pressure and the impedance are discretised using the av-
eraging patch concept. Such a denition avoids singularity of point acoustic
impedance and is suitable for numerical as well as experimental
implementation. The characterisation of a source by the patch concept al-
lows for the acoustical sub-structuring, which in turn enables the prediction
of the sound eld created by the source coupled to an arbitrary environment.
Numerical simulations are presented which demonstrate the feasibility of the
approach. It is hoped that the proposed approach can serve as a universal
tool for noise synthesis of complex equipment incorporating noise sources.
6:20
2pSAa9. Local patch acoustic holography methods in enclosed spaces.
Zdenek Havranek Brno University of Technology, UAMT-FEEC, Kolejni
4, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic, havranek@feec.vutbr.cz,Ludvik
Bejcek Brno University of Technology, UAMT-FEEC, Kolejni 4, 61200
Brno, Czech Republic, bejcek@feec.vutbr.cz
The paper compares reconstruction accuracy and computational cost of
three patch acoustic holography algorithms applicable in the enclosed spaces
for prediction of sound eld near sources. Algorithms under investigation
were DL-SONAH, IBEM and classical NAH with spatial transformations
and hologram aperture enlargement. All of the selected algorithms take an
advantage of using double layer microphone array for measurement of
sound pressure eld. The reconstruction accuracy of all algorithms is deter-
mined by using of simple 3D model of curved radiating surface on the basis
of calculation of difference between true acoustic quantity pressure, veloc-
ity or intensity values very close to the surface and predicted sound eld at
same positions. All these methods use different calculation procedure to ob-
tain predicted sound eld near source surface, thus comparison of effective-
ness of these algorithms including prediction accuracy-to-computational
cost ratio is useful to determination their applicability in practice. Results of
prediction error and calculation time including regularization with different
parameter choice methods L-curve, GCV, etc., are presented and compared.
Initial comparison of the selected methods conrms shorter calculation time
in non-element based methods, especially in NAH with transformations,
while reconstruction error is in the same order.
Invited Papers
6:40
2pSAa10. Identication of source velocities with Inverse Patch Transfer Functions method. Mathieu Aucejo INSA de Lyon -
LVA, Btiment St. Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, mathieu.aucejo@insa-lyon.fr, Nicolas
Totaro INSA de Lyon - LVA, Btiment St. Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France,
nicolas.totaro@insa-lyon.fr, Jean-Louis Guyader INSA de Lyon - LVA, Btiment St. Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621
Villeurbanne Cedex, France, jean-louis.guyader@insa-lyon.fr
The identication of source velocities remains an important problem in noise control. For this purpose, several methods were de-
veloped such as Near-eld Acoustic Holography NAH or inverse Boundary Elements Method iBEM. An alternative method, based
on the double measurement of pressure and particle velocity elds surrounding the source is presented. This method has been developed
in the SILENCE European project framework. In this method, called inverse Patch Transfer Functions method iPTF, measurement and
identication surfaces are divided into elementary areas called patches. Then, source velocities are computed from acoustic eld and
inversion of impedances matrices obtained by FEM. Theoretically, this method presents two main advantages: it can be applied to
sources with complex 3D geometries and measurements can be carried out in a non-anechoic environment, even in the presence of other
sources. In the present paper, theoretical background of iPTF is exposed and results are presented on a source with simple geometry an
L-shaped plate and discussed.
7:00
2pSAa11. Detection of acoustic radiating areas of a generic helicopter cabin by beamforming. Grard Martin ONERA, 2
avenue Edouard Belin, BP 4025, 31055 Toulouse, France, Gerard.Martin@onecert.fr, Frank Simon ONERA, 2 avenue Edouard Be-
lin, BP 4025, 31055 Toulouse, France, Frank.Simon@onecert.fr, Daniel Biron ONERA, 2 avenue Edouard Belin, BP 4025, 31055
Toulouse, France, Daniel.Biron@onecert.fr
Improvement of the helicopter internal noise is essential to decrease the fatigue effects of passengers. This requires having a met-
rological tool, able to give information on acoustic radiating areas in cabin in order to target appropriate acoustic passive or active
solutions. In this context, the authors have shown, in previous papers, capability of modied beamforming using a cross-shaped array
of microphones, associated with an acoustic mask, to localize isolated sources in a generic composite helicopter cabin VASCo, thus,
in spite of free elds hypothesis. The present paper deals with the feasibility of this measurement method to identify main acoustic
pressure areas radiated by an helicopter mechanical deck whose vibration is generated by gear box beams between 800 and 5000 Hz.
This conguration is performed, thanks to simulations and experiments on a sandwich composite panel of VASCo, excited by 4 cor-
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related shakers. It appears that beamforming can be used to identify main acoustic area coming from the radiating of many coupled
vibration modes. Nevertheless, the dynamic range decreases with the number of pressure anti-nodes and it is necessary to introduce an
inverse method to reject the ghost images and to reconstruct amplitude and phase of synthesized sources.
Contributed Papers
7:20
2pSAa12. 3D localization of acoustic sources with a spherical array.
Karim Haddad Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement AS,
Skodsborgvej 307, DK-2850 Nrum, Denmark, khaddad@bksv
.com, Jrgen Hald Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement AS,
Skodsborgvej 307, DK-2850 Nrum, Denmark, JHALD@bksv.com
This paper describes a technique dedicated for the localization of acous-
tic sources in all directions and in the far-eld. Classical beamforming tech-
niques based on planar arrays provides an acoustic map restricted to a lim-
ited aperture, but a spherical array does not have such a limitation since
there is no preferential direction. In this processing called Spherical Har-
monics Beamforming, the sound eld on the sphere is decomposed with
spherical harmonics functions, and then a corrected summation gives the
acoustic contribution from a given direction. We have used a rigid spherical
array, which has the advantage that cabling of microphones and integrated
cameras can be hidden inside the sphere. A rigid surface also provides better
numerical stability in connection with Spherical Harmonics Beamforming.
In this study, this technique is evaluated in connection with the resolution
and the dynamic range. Simulated and experimental results are presented.
7:40
2pSAa13. Near-eld Acoustic Holography for partial measurements
inside complex structures. Nicolas Valdivia Naval Research Laboratory,
4555 Overlook Ave, Washington, DC 20375, USA, valdivia@pa
.nrl.navy.mil, Earl G. Williams Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Over-
look Ave, Washington, DC 20375, USA, earl.williams@nrl.navy.mil
Near-eld acoustical holography NAH requires the measurement of the
near-eld pressure eld over a closed surface in order to recover the acoustic
eld on a nearby conformal surface. Very often we encounter applications
where pressure measurements are available only over a patch of the mea-
surement surface. In these cases the strict NAH theory does not hold, but
still there are techniques that have been developed to overcome this
difculty. The best-known technique for planar surfaces is patch NAH and,
recently proposed, for arbitrarily shaped surfaces patch IBEM and patch
ESM. It was found in a recent study by the authors that these techniques will
be affected by the problem of back-source contamination for interior NAH,
but it was showed that this problem could be overcome by the use of
Cauchy measurements. In this work we will compare the reconstruction of
the acoustic eld from patch based techniques with the technique that uses
Cauchy measurements, and discuss the problem of back-source contamina-
tion in more detail. We use a cylindrical surface excited by a point force as
an example to validate our results. This work was supported by the US Of-
ce of Naval Research.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSAb
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: Source Characterization in Structure Borne Noise
Problems II (Poster Session)
Evan Davis, Cochair
The Boeing Company
Charles Pezerat, Cochair
Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique - INSA Lyon
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSAb1. The signicance of cross-order terms in interface mobilities for
structure-borne sound source characterization. Hannes A.
Bonhoff Berlin Institute of Technology, Einsteinufer 25, TA7, 10587 Ber-
lin, Germany, hannes.bonhoff@tu-berlin.de, Bjrn A. Petersson Berlin
Institute of Technology, Einsteinufer 25, TA7, 10587 Berlin, Germany, b.a.t
.petersson@tu-berlin.de
For the characterization of structure-borne sound sources and the de-
scription of the associated transmission process, the source descriptor and
coupling function were introduced. The concept of source descriptor and
coupling function can be reformulated by incorporating the interface
mobilities. The applicability for source-receiver assemblies with a multi-
point or continuous connection is thereby granted. The accuracy of the re-
sults and consequently the validity of this approach, however, depends on
the signicance of the so-called cross-order terms. Such cross-order terms
consist of force orders and cross-order interface mobilities. In recent theo-
retical and experimental work, the inuence of cross-order interface mobili-
ties as well as the distribution of force-orders have been investigated. Based
on this knowledge, the signicance of the cross-order terms is assessed in
the present contribution.
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2pSAb2. Measurement of force and moment mobilities using a nite
difference technique. Andrew Elliott University of Salford, Acoustic Re-
search Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, a.s.elliott
@pgr.salford.ac.uk, G Pavi INSA de Lyon - LVA, Btiment St. Exupry,
25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France,
goran.pavic@insa-lyon.fr, Andy T. Moorhouse University of Salford,
Acoustic Research Centre, Newton Building, M5 4WT Salford, UK, a.t
.moorhouse@salford.ac.uk
Measuring only force mobilities it is possible to derive a moment mo-
bility without the need for an externally applied moment. The method uses
nite differences of both forces and velocities about a central point. In this
way pure forces and moments can be extracted as can pure velocities and
angular velocities. There are, however, errors associated with nite differ-
ence techniques. In this case the purity of the extracted quantities depends
on the area over which they are measured and its signicance in terms of
wavelength. Meanwhile experimental errors such as noise dictate that the
area is sufciently large to provide differences which are incorruptible. The
paper aims to quantify the nite difference error in a general way free of
situation specics.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSAc
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: Acoustic Imaging in Conned Space II
(Poster Session)
Earl Williams, Cochair
Naval Research Laboratory
Alexandre Garcia, Cochair
CNAM
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSAc1. Experimental feasibility of in-duct sound source
reconstruction. Teresa Bravo Universit de Technologie de Compigne,
Centre de Recherche Royallieu, BP20529, 60205 Compigne, France,
teresa.bravo-maria@utc.fr, Cdric Maury Universit de Technologie de
Compigne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, BP20529, 60205 Compigne,
France, cedric.maury@utc.fr
Due to the expected air transport growth and stringent environmental
regulations, there is a strong need to develop noise reduction techniques at
acceptable cost in the aeronautical sector. A sound characterisation of the
aero-acoustic sources in the nacelle acoustic duct problem plays a crucial
role. In this study, it is shown how the liners optimized impedances strongly
depend on the noise source characteristics under both tonal and broadband
excitation conditions, and in the latter case, for varying degree of correla-
tions between the random source strengths. The limitations for source iden-
tication methods, such as pointwise model-based inverse techniques, have
been studied. These methods are able to provide reliable models of equiva-
lent sound sources from a limited number of in-duct measurements, but re-
quire a priori knowledge of the source location. The performance of such
techniques are compared with two different approaches, namely the use of
focussed in-duct beamforming techniques to locate the unknown sources,
and a decomposition of the assumed source strengths into angular Fourier
series for both the location and the determination of the source amplitudes.
Experimental results are presented for the location and the reconstruction of
the particle velocity spectrum of wall-mounted compression drivers from in-
duct measurements.
2pSAc2. Vector intensity measurement with a rigid spherical
microphone array in a vehicle cabin. Kazuhiro Takashima Nittobo
Acoustic Engineering Co., Ltd., 1-21-10, Midori, Sumida-Ku, 130-0021 To-
kyo, Japan, taka@noe.co.jp, Hiroshi Nakagawa Nittobo Acoustic
Engineering Co., Ltd., 1-21-10, Midori, Sumida-Ku, 130-0021 Tokyo, Ja-
pan, nakagawa@noe.co.jp, Earl G. Williams Naval Research Laboratory,
4555 Overlook Ave, Washington, DC 20375, USA, earl.williams@nrl.navy
.mil
Measurement results showing intensity vector reconstructions using a
rigid spherical microphone array in a vehicle cabin are presented. The mea-
surement equipment developed by Nittobo was used in previous demonstra-
tions to visualize the acoustic eld using a beamforming technique super-
imposed on a picture from an on-board camera. In the present study
intensity reconstructions are shown and are successful in locating and quan-
tifying sources, demonstrating the usefulness of this technique in an en-
closed space like a vehicle cabin, aircraft cabin, small room, etc. This work
was supported by the US Ofce of Naval Research and Nittobo Acoustic
Engineering Co. Ltd.
2pSAc3. An improved method of visualizing the energy ow: the
Rayleigh wave. Cleon E. Dean Physics Department, Georgia Southern
University, P. O. Box 8031, Statesboro, GA 30460-8031, USA, cdean
@GeorgiaSouthern.edu, James P. Braselton Department of Mathematical
Sciences, Georgia Southern University, P.O.B. 8093, Statesboro, GA 30460-
8093, USA, jbraselton@GeorgiaSouthern.edu
A variety of ways of visualizing the energy ux or elastodynamic Poyn-
ting vector eld are demonstrated including gridded vector eld, color cod-
ing, and other methods for the simple example of a Rayleigh wave. In par-
ticular an improved version of a technique shown at the 8th International
Conference on Theoretical and Computational Acoustics, ICTCA 2007 is
demonstrated David M. F. Chapman, Visualizing acoustic energy ow into
the seabed using energy streamlines, Eighth International Conference on
Theoretical and Computational Acoustics, ICTCA 2007, Heraklion, Crete,
GREECE, 2-5 July 2007.. The improved streamline method shows both the
direction and the intensity of the energy ow.
3312 3312 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSAd
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: Vibration and Radiation from Complex Structural
Systems III (Poster Session)
David Feit, Cochair
Applied Physical Sciences Corp.
Jean-Louis Guyader, Cochair
INSA de Lyon - LVA
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSAd1. Implementation of the high order asymptotic models of linings
and coatings to the SAW spectra evaluation. Dmitry Zakharov LMP,
UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la Libration,
33405 Talence, France, dmitrii.zakharov@gmail.com, Alexander
Shuvalov LMP, UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I, 351, cours de la
Libration, 33405 Talence, France, a.shuvalov@lmp.u-bordeaux1
.fr, Olivier Poncelet LMP, UMR CNRS 5469, Universit Bordeaux I,
351, cours de la Libration, 33405 Talence, France, o.poncelet@lmp.u-
bordeaux1.fr
High order asymptotic models of the relatively thin linings and coatings
are used to reduce the problem dimension when dealing with a reasonable
frequency range. The essential point consists in the use of asymptotic ex-
pansion for the internal stress and strain state of a laminate, subjected to the
tight conditions at least on one of its faces, i.e., the conditions formulated for
the displacements. The respective algorithm, based on it, is shorter than for
the direct evaluation of the SAW spectra. It can be implemented to the cal-
culation of Rayleigh waves or Lamb waves in layered media. Numerical ex-
amples are presented with both asymptotical and numerical evaluation of
error.
2pSAd2. Plate Sound Radiation Prediction in Machines Using Multiple
Input Techniques. Armand Nejade Institut National de Recherche et de
Scurit INRS, Ave. de Bourgogne, B.P. 27, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Cedex,
France, armand.nejade@inrs.fr
In systems with various types of noise sources, the characterization and
ranking of each source may require a different approach. Also, one of the
main challenges in such investigations, consists of isolating each source
from the inuence of the others. Often in the machines, the constituting
plates are efcient radiators whose specic contributions need to be properly
determined. In this presentation, we describe a method of plate radiation
characterization using multiple input techniques. These techniques have fre-
quently been used in case of discrete sources such as, for instance, vehicle
engine cylinders where the pressure variations are modelled as the inputs.
This application differs from the traditional ones by the fact that the inputs
are now, the elements of a continuous medium. Here the surface of a plate is
meshed, each element is taken as a sub-source and consequently, the plate is
modelled as an assembly of sub-sources. The plate contributions at the op-
erational modes, are then obtained through vibration measurements and
therefore, are not affected by the noise from the other sources. Investigations
on structures of various geometries and materials have so far, demonstrated
the efciency of this type of application.
2pSAd3. Forced vibrations of a cylindric panel with regular orthogonal
system of stiffeners. Leonid A. Lazarev Central Aerohydrodynamic In-
stitute TsAGI, 17, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russian Federation,
leonidl74@mail.ru, Boris M. Emtsov Central Aerohydrodynamic Insti-
tute TsAGI, 17, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russian Federation, emtsov
@prob-lab.ru
Forced vibrations of a cylindrical panel freely supported in contour, with
regular orthogonal system of stiffeners typical of aircraft fuselage structure
are investigated. The connection of all three components of displacement of
the skin and of discrete stiffeners as well as of the respective elastic and
inertial forces and moments are taken into account in the case of excitation
by normal and tangential forces. This connection can be described correctly
at joint application of the recreptance method and the method of space-
harmonics. The task of forced vibrations is solved directly except the pro-
cedure of solving the task in terms of eigen-values. Some illustrative ex-
amples of the aircraft fuselage panel by a concentric harmonic force are
presented. They demonstrate a high efciency of applying this combined
method. Potential possibilities of using this combined method for solving
the tasks related to vibrations of a framed skin modeling the aircraft fuselage
section and to the sound eld in the volume bounded by it are considered.
2pSAd4. Optimisation of building vibration isolation by means of
numerical methods. Flp Augusztinovicz Budapest University of Tech-
nology and Economics, BME Dept. of Telecommunications, Magyar tud-
sok krtja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, fulop@hit.bme.hu
Ground-borne vibrations pose a steadily increasing environmental prob-
lem in densely populated areas of large cities. Although not the cheapest, the
application of resilient elements in the construction of new buildings is an
effective and viable method. Obviously, experimentation with parameters
and placement of the isolators is not possible in this case. Therefore, a care-
ful and watchful optimization of the static and dynamic characteristics of the
supporting elements is a must. The proposed paper gives an overview of the
vibration isolation design and reports on the expected effect of some basic
design versions of a typical multi-storey building. Standard structural nite
element method is used as a basic design tool, but a number of vibro-
acoustic aspects are also considered and treated. Experimental results as
well as comparisons of measurements and predictions will be reported too.
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2pSAd5. Refracto-vibrometry - a novel method for visualizing sound
waves in transparent media. Lothar Zipser HTW University of Applied
Sciences, Friedrich-List-Pl. 1, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, zipser
@et.htw-dresden.de, Heinz H. Franke HTW University of Applied Sci-
ences, Friedrich-List-Pl. 1, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, zipser@et.htw-
dresde.de
For optimization of new sonic techniques, for development of acoustic
sensors or for understanding of complex sonic phenomena it is often desir-
able to visualize the generation and distribution of the invisible sound
waves. A novel method for measuring and visualizing the sound waves in
transparent media was developed and tested by the authors. This non-contact
method is based on a scanning laser-Doppler vibrometer. It can be used for
measuring and visualizing sound elds in gases, uids and even pellucid
solid objects. The variation of the optical refractive index n of transparent
media, caused by the sound waves is used as measuring effect. This justies
the denomination refracto-vibrometry. The paper describes the theoretical
fundamentals and the technical equipment required for the novel method. As
examples, the generation and radiation of sound in air, water and transparent
solid objects are presented. The animation of the results as videos is very
impressive and instructive. In research, education and system design
refracto-vibrometry has a large potential to make acoustics clearer and more
feasible for application.
2pSAd6. Inuence of the pre-stress state on the wave propagation in a
shearable Timoshenko beam. Nicolas Bideau Institute of Mathematical
Research of Rennes IRMAR, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France,
nicolas.bideau@univ-rennes1.fr, Polynice Eyi-Assoumou Institut de Re-
cherche Mathmatique de Rennes, Universit de Rennes 1, Campus de
Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France, polynice.eyi-assoumou
@univ-rennes1.fr, Loic Le Marrec Institute of Mathematical Research of
Rennes IRMAR, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France,
loic.lemarrec@univ-rennes1.fr, Lalaonirina Rakotomanana Institut de
Recherche Mathmatique de Rennes, Universit de Rennes 1, Campus de
Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France, lalaonirina.rakotomanana-ravelonarivo
@univ-rennes1.fr
It is very common to use pre-stressed beam models in the structure
design. However in the nonlinear domain, the modal analysis remains dif-
cult especially when shearability is taken into account. This work aims to
study the natural vibrations of pre-stretched nonlinear shearable Timoshenko
beam using Cosserat continuum mechanics. In this paper, a three dimen-
sional nonlinear beam model is rst developed. Then we analyse waves
which are superimposed on a nite pre-stretch state. Namely, analytical dis-
persion relations are given for different values of pre-strech. The complete
spectrum, including propagating and evanescent tractioncompression, shear
and bending modes, of a pre- stretched shearable beam is calculated through
dispersion pattern. Spectrum strongly depends on initial pre-stress value. A
signicant qualitative and quantitative difference with the classical Timosh-
enko beam theory is pointed out even for small pre-stretch values.
2pSAd7. Temporal prediction of the acoustic radiation of vibrating
structures: subjective evaluation of a simplied approach. Nacer
Hamzaoui LVA, INSA de Lyon, Bat. Saint-Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean
Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France, nacer.hamzaoui
@insa-lyon.fr, Juliette Pierangelo LVA, INSA de Lyon, Bat. Saint-
Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France,
juliette.pierangelo@insa-lyon.fr, Antoine Levy LVA, INSA de Lyon, Bat.
Saint-Exupry, 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France,
antoine.levy@insa-lyon.fr
The goal of the approach presented in this paper is to predict the noise
radiated by vibrating structures with acquired vibratory measurements, in
the temporal eld, on their surface. In the frequential eld this prediction is
based on the resolution of the Kirchhoff integral equation, which requires a
lot of computing time and is thus limited to low and intermediate
frequencies; the boundary element method BEM is used for the resolution.
Simplications were already brought to low Flim1 and to high
Flim2 frequencies, leading to a simple calculation of a fast integral. The
limiting frequencies Flim1 and Flim2 depend on the structure dimensions
and its position towards the observation point. In this paper we will present
an approach developed in the temporal eld in which a complete calculation
BEM is avoided by choosing a minimal distance in order to have Flim1
Flim2 and use only the simplied calculations. The vibratory data is mea-
sured in the temporal eld and the studied structure is a parallelepipedic box
excited by two mechanical excitation pots which excite one or two faces.
The acoustic pressures calculated in the temporal eld will be confronted
with measurements, by using similarity subjective tests and integrating a
variation of the principal parameters intervening in this approach.
2pSAd8. Radiation efciency of natural modes of plates with beam
stiffeners. Andreas Rousounelos Loughborough University, Department
of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Ashby Road, LE11 3TU
Loughborough, UK, a.rousounelos@lboro.ac.uk, Stephen J.
Walsh Loughborough University, Department of Aeronautical and Auto-
motive Engineering, Ashby Road, LE11 3TU Loughborough, UK,
S.J.Walsh@lboro.ac.uk, Victor V. Krylov Loughborough University, De-
partment of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Ashby Road, LE11
3TU Loughborough, UK, V.V.Krylov@lboro.ac.uk
In this paper, the radiation efciency of the natural modes of nite plates
with attached beams is considered. Firstly, the scattering of exural waves,
by the beams and the boundaries, in the plate is considered. The reection
and transmission coefcients along with the near-eld coefcients of the
beam are used to calculate the vibration eld of the plate, by taking into
account an innite number of reections from the boundaries. A wavenum-
ber transform of the vibration velocity eld is used to calculate the sound
power and the radiation efciency. Numerical results are presented, for a
number of attached beams, and show that the beams introduce ripples in the
radiation efciency curve, below a certain frequency. The amplitude of the
ripples is controlled by the mass and the torsional stiffness of the attached
beams whereas the stiffness of the beam has little inuence. The results are
compared with measurements of the radiation efciency of plates with at-
tached beams.
2pSAd9. Virtual statistical energy analysis for vibroacoustic industrial
prediction. Grard Borello InterAC, 10 impasse Borde-Basse, ZA. La
Violette, 31240 LUnion, France, gerard.borello@interac.fr, Laurent
Gagliardini PSA Peugeot Citron, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-
Villacoublay Cedex, France, laurent.gagliardini@mpsa.com, Denis
Thenail PSA Peugeot Citron, Route de Gisy, 78943 Vlizy-Villacoublay
Cedex, France, denis.thenail@mpsa.com
In the mid-frequency range 200-2000 Hz, difculty is encountered
when modeling car body vibroacoustic interactions, mainly due to the com-
plexity of automotive design. Analytical Statistical Energy Analysis ASEA
is efcient to bring to the fore regions of interest regarding NVH design but
was proven to be accurate only above 2000 Hz. To overcome ASEA limita-
tions at lower frequencies, Virtual SEA VSEA technique was introduced to
translate the dynamic information contained in a nite element FE model
into an SEA model. Any FE model, whatever its complexity, can thus be
processed thanks to an automatic sub-structuring algorithm and a built-in
VSEA modal synthesis solver, fast leading to robust numerical SEA model.
VSEA also addresses structure-borne noise problems by coupling structural
VSEA subsystems to analytical acoustic subsystems through a virtual wave
number. Investigation of damping and trim treatment effects on mixed
acoustic and structural subsystems are thus possible. While reviewing VSEA
theory, industrial application cases will be presented.
2pSAd10. Noise Prediction for a Pumping Loop using the Noise
Synthesis Technology Approach. Henri Pepin CETIM, 52 Avenue Felix
Louat, 60300 Senlis, France, henri.pepin@cetim.fr, Axel Hass 52, avenue
Flix Louat, 60304 Senlis, France, Axel.Haas@cetim.fr
A collective project involving the french manufacturers of industrial
pumps and valves is dedicated to the noise prediction in pumping plants.
This paper presents a methodology based on virtual acoustic prototyping,
and specically on the noise synthesis technology NST. Prediction of ra-
diated noise in particular locations, such as operator stations or contractual
specications, allows us to control from the conception stage if the indus-
trial plant will meet the prescribed noise criteria regulations or user
specications. In addition, related noise control recommendations can be
3314 3314 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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achieved by comparison of data obtained from the individual response of the
components and their interaction. This methodology does not work as an
absolute predictive process, and thus requires experimental validation. Com-
ponents are taken into account by establishing their detailed vibroacoustic
characteristics technical data or measurements; in the present work on a
simplied pumping loop, selected components are a centrifugal pumping
unit, an open pipe circuit and several type of valves. Vibroacoustic and hy-
droacoustic measurements have to be adjusted according to the NST
requirements. Comparison of the NST results with experimental data show a
wide validity domain, covering the 100-10kHz third-octave range.
2pSAd11. Design of air springs for improved frequency response
characteristics using computational uid dynamics. Grace R.
Kessenich IPTRADE, Inc, 1 Gateway Center Suite 601, Newton, MA
02458, USA, grace.kessenich@iptrade.com, Allan D. Pierce College of
Enginering, Boston University, 110 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215,
USA, adp@bu.edu, Baruch Pletner IPTRADE, Inc, 1 Gateway Center
Suite 601, Newton, MA 02458, USA, baruch.pletner@iptrade.com
High performance air springs can be limited as vibration isolation de-
vices by aeroacoustic cavity resonances. Such systems require detailed
knowledge of their frequency response over all frequencies of interest. Tran-
sient computational uid dynamics CFD simulations can derive quantita-
tive magnitude and phase data early in the design cycle, before
manufacturing. CFD models are unaffected by ambient noise, resonances
from other sources, and sensor sensitivity, major experimental concerns. Un-
like analytical methods, CFD modeling is applicable to complex as well as
simple geometries. The modeling methodology is illustrated in the present
study with 2D and 3D simulations of three different prototypical chambers.
A chamber wall section, representing a piston, is moved with a sinusoidal
displacement at constant frequency. Measurement of the magnitude and
phase from the resulting sinusoidal force on this surface provides one point
of a frequency response. By running multiple simulations over a wide fre-
quency range, the null and resonant frequencies are readily apparent. Com-
parison with analytical predictions for simple geometries validates this
technique. Insertion of porous membranes in the air spring cavity is modeled
and is shown to be an effective method for mitigating aeroacoustic effects
on air spring performance. Simulations provide crucial information for
membrane parameter and placement optimization.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-B, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSAe
Structural Acoustics and Vibration and EURONOISE: General Topics in Structural Acoustics and Vibration
III (Poster Session)
Wolfgang Kropp, Cochair
Chalmers University of Technology
Sean Wu, Cochair
Wayne State University
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSAe1. The investigation on sound souce indentication in semi-space
by NAH. Dejiang Shang Harbin Engineering University, College of Un-
derwater Acoustic Engineering, 150001 Harbin, China,
chizhafengyun1979@126.com, Yongwei Liu Harbin Engineering Univer-
sity, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, 150001 Harbin, China,
chizhafengyun1979@126.com
The near eld acoustic holography NAH theory model in semi-space
has been constructed on the foundation of NAH theory in full-space. The
technique of semi-space acoustic eld reconstruction by NAH has been de-
veloped on Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm. This method has considered
the water surface as soft boundary condition. The equivalent free sound eld
can be acquired if the measured sound eld has been handled dissymmetri-
cally by the principle of the mirror. This method can overcome the disad-
vantages of the boundary element method which can be used to resolve the
problems of sound source identication in semi-space, such as the using of
the semi-space Green function, complex transformation matrix calculation,
more time consummation and singularity solution existence. This method
has been veried by numerical calculation and by experiment respectively.
The experimental frequency is between 3 and 10 kHz. The distance between
the hologram plane and source plane is 3 centimeter. The results show that
its an efciency way to deal with the problem of sound source identication
in semi-space.
2pSAe2. An analysis of the modes of wave propagation in cylindrical
shells. Yu-Cheng Liu Graduate Institute of the Mechanical & Aeronauti-
cal Engineering, Feng Chia University, No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen,
40724 Taichung, Taiwan, p9245215@fcu.edu.tw, Yun-Fun
Hwang Electroacoustic Graduate Program, No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen,
40724 Taichung, Taiwan, yfhwang@fcu.edu.tw, Jin-Huang
Huang Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, No.
100 Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen, 40724 Taichung, Taiwan, jhhuang@fcu.edu.tw
Similar to a recent paper by Karczub J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 1196,
3553-3557, 2006, this work utilizes a symbolic math solution to obtain ana-
lytical solutions for the dispersion relation in a thin circular cylindrical shell.
Analyses on the propagating wave mode shapes are particularly emphasized.
The analytical solutions provide a straightforward calculation for all four
branches of the dispersion curves, and the cumbersome numerical root
searching technique is avoided. The dispersion relations for the breathing
and torsional modes n0 circular harmonic, which were neglected by
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Karczub, are included. Mode shapes that characterize the types of wave that
are predominantly transversal, longitudinal, circumferential, or in any com-
bination of the three are analyzed in considerable detail. Effects by thickness
and Poisson ratio variations are considered and examined. The cutoff fre-
quencies for the higher order propagating modes are compared among the
various orders of circular harmonics, from n 0 to 10. Finally, comparison
among several shell theories in the dispersion relation prospective, which is
directly related to their accuracy in predicting the vibratory resonant fre-
quencies of a nite shell, is also included in the discussion.
2pSAe3. Inuence of Constructional Parameters Of Small
Reciprocating Compressors on Sound Power Emissions. Peter J.
Kral Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Engineering Design
and Logistics Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9E307, 1230 Vienna, Austria,
peter.kral@tuwien.ac.at
Noise in the environment is an increasing problem in industrial countries
and is often strongly restricted by governmental laws. Therefore reducing
sound levels must be one target in every design process. This paper de-
scribes in detail the inuence of constructional parameters on the total sound
power emitted by a small reciprocating compressor V
H
159 m
3
with reed
valves. Measurements sound power levels, sound pressure levels, FFT-
analysis, time-signal analysis on a test bed situated in an anechoic room by
varying the operating conditions - for example - rotational speed, maximum
pressure, and suction terms, were done. Additionally sound power measure-
ments with regard to reed valve parameters thickness of the reed, area of
the inlet and outlet port of the valve plate, material of the valve plate were
achieved. Theoretically researches with the aid of computational methods
FEM-Analysis with Ansys, Calculations with MatLab are presented and
show very good accordance compared to the sound level measurements.
These results should lead to a better understanding of the causal connection
between constructional valve parametersoperating conditions and the re-
sulting sound power emissions. Finally the differentiation of airborne and
structure born noise may be helpful to minimize the noise emissions of com-
pressors already within the design process.
2pSAe4. Modelling of the hydro and aero acoustic sources in piping.
Vronique Villouvier EDFR&D, 1 avenue du Gnral de Gaulle, 92141
Clamart, France, veronique.villouvier@edf.fr
In the industrial piping networks, various components are crossed by
ows, generally in air or in water. The pressure uctuations generated lo-
cally close to these singularities are propagated then in all the network and
can lead to important vibrations of the structures. A research program based
on many laboratory tests made it possible to highlight a hydroacoustic mod-
elling of the buttery valves in the low frequencies domain. The model,
which describes the acoustic sources, generated by the turbulence, has a
general applicability. In this paper, one presents the application of this model
to orices openings and slits working in air and in water. These various
orices were studied from an acoustic point of view on different test loops
and for several hydraulic conditions ow rate and head loss. These experi-
mental cases were then simulated using the source model of turbulence
noise, associated to the transfer matrix of each singularity, which is deter-
mined by another way. The comparison between these calculations and the
corresponding measurements makes it possible to consolidate the general
character of the model of turbulence noise for singularities in piping.
2pSAe5. Hydroacoustic modeling of the buttery valves - some
industrial applications. Vronique Villouvier EDFR&D, 1 avenue du
Gnral de Gaulle, 92141 Clamart, France, veronique.villouvier@edf.fr
The French PWR units include a large number of control valves which
are sometimes at cavitation working for certain operating conditions. The
very high excitations which are then created may lead to the cracking of
some small lines located nearby. These devices have been tested on labora-
tory test loops. An hydroacoustic behaviour model has been set up on the
basis of very precise identications obtained from numerous experimental
tests. The model obtained describes the acoustic transfers through the valve
and the sources generated by turbulence and cavitation in the low frequency
domain, according to the main operating parameters: aperture, ow rate,
cavitation number, upstream pressure and diameter. Hydraulic and vibratory
measurements were carried out on several Residual Heat Removal circuits
for many control congurations. When this circuit is functioning under cer-
tain conditions, the two valves which regulate the hot and cold ow rates
operate according to a cavitation system. The hydroacoustic valve model is
used to simulate of the valves under the hydraulic conditions of
measurements. The results are compared at the vibratory levels recorded on
site. The model also makes it possible to determine the optimal operating
conditions in order to limit the vibrations of the circuit.
2pSAe6. Use of noise and vibration signal for detection and monitoring
of cavitation in kinetic pumps. Jan erneti University of Ljubljana,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Akereva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,
jan.cernetic@fs.uni-lj.si, Jurij Prezelj University of Ljubljana, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Akereva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,
jurij.prezelj@fs.uni-lj.si, Mirko udina University of Ljubljana, Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Akereva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, mirko
.cudina@fs.uni-lj.si
Cavitation in kinetic pumps causes lowering performance, mechanical
damage and increase of vibrations and noise. Therefore, it is important to
detect inception and development of cavitation phenomenon in the pump.
This paper deals with signals of vibrations and noise, which will be used for
detection and monitoring of cavitation in kinetic pumps, and also to prevent
the effect of cavitation in the pump and pumping system. When the cavita-
tion is increasing, the owing conditions are changing, which leads to an
increase of vibrations of the pump and emitted noise in the surroundings.
Because vibrations and noise are transferred from the pump through its cas-
ing, the signal is non-uniformly distorted due to transfer losses and structure
of the casing surfaces. Even so, it is possible to determine development of
cavitation phenomena from the measured signal. Noise and vibrations are
increasing steadily, but in some specic frequency ranges the signal is more
pronounced than in other part of the spectrum. Experimental results have
shown that when the cavitation is fully developed, the measured signals at a
characteristic frequency or range of frequencies start to decrease. This char-
acteristic frequency or band of frequency is discussed in this paper, and also
comparison between theoretical expectations and measurement results was
performed.
2pSAe7. The wavelet analysis the acoustic emission signals generated
by multi-source partial discharges. Andrzej Cichon Technical Univer-
sity of Opole, ul. Miko
3
ajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland,
a.cichon@po.opole.pl, Sebastian Borucki Technical University of Opole,
ul. Miko
3
ajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland, s.borucki@po.opole.pl, Tomasz
Boczar Technical University of Opole, ul. Miko
3
ajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole,
Poland, t.boczar@po.opole.pl
Within the research work, the results of which are presented in this pa-
per, a comparative analysis of the acoustic emission AE signals generated
by multi-source partial discharges PDs was carried out. The research in-
vestigations were carried out in a model system in which PDs were gener-
ated with two spark-gaps. A spark-gap in the surface system and a point-
plane spark-gap were used due to the fact that these are the most commonly
occurring PD forms in power transformers. The AE signals were registered
with a contact transducer placed on the external part of the tub. The analysis
in the time-frequency domain using a short-time Fourier transform STFT
was carried out for the AE signals generated by PDs. The results of the
analysis are shown in the form of two- and three-dimensional spectrograms
of the power spectral density and three-dimensional spectrograms of the am-
plitude spectrum.
2pSAe8. Using wavelet transform to locate acoustic emission source in
composite plate with one sensor. Amir Refahi Oskouei Polytechnic of
Tehran, AmirKabir University of Technology, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, NDT Lab., 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-4413 Tehran, Iran,
amir.refahi@cic.aut.ac.ir, Mehdi Ahmadi Polytechnic of Tehran,
3316 3316 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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AmirKabir University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, NDT Lab., 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-4413 Tehran, Iran, ahmadin@cic.aut
.ac.ir
In this paper a new method for locating the AE source with one sensor is
presented. When acoustic emission signals propagate in wave-guided, they
have multi-mode and dispersion characteristics. The separation of the modes
at the sensors could make it possible to extract the exact information about
the source that produced the waves. Based on the modal nature of AE, it can
be understood that a good location would have two methods to determine
the arrival times. One is determined on the same part of the waves not only
the same mode, but also the same frequency at all sensors. The other is
determined on the different modes at one sensor, which makes it possible to
reduce the number of sensors needed. First, through modal analysis of the
propagation of elastic waves in a thin plate, the dispersion characteristics of
the modes are predicted. Second, the wavelet transform theory is briey out-
lined and its application in elastic waves is explained. It is shown that by
using the peak of the magnitude of the wavelet transform, the arrival times
of the different modes can be determined. Additionally, experiments were
undertaken using a lead break on the edge of the plate. These demonstrated
the feasibility of the one sensor linear location scheme.
2pSAe9. Effect of boundary restraints on sound radiation. Wen
Li Wayne State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 5050
Anthony Wayne Dr., Detroit, MI 48202, USA, wli@wayne.edu
This study is focused on the effect of boundary restraints on the sound
radiation from a rectangular plate. The modal and acoustic characteristics of
square plates are studied for different restraining stiffnesses and
congurations. It is shown that the modes of the restrained plates can be
considerably different from those for the familar simply supported boundary
condition, so are the corresponding modal radiation efciencies. The pro-
posed method generally applies to the plates elastically restrained along any
edges and for any stiffness values. The acoustic calculations are also valid
for any acoustic wavenumber, instead of only for some extreme acoustic-
structural wavenumbers as in other investigations.
2pSAe10. Progress in Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission
Sensors. Jiri Keprt Brno University of Technology, UAMT-FEEC, Kole-
jni 29064, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic, keprt@feec.vutbr.cz, Petr
Benes Brno University of Technology, UAMT-FEEC, Kolejni 29064,
61200 Brno, Czech Republic, benesp@feec.vutbr.cz
The paper reviews the background of the primary calibration of acoustic
emission sensors and the determination of uncertainty by this calibration.
There are discussed the aims and the purpose of the primary calibration and
main sources of uncertainty in practical usage of calibration results. The
comparison of the results of the both method is presented. The shape of cali-
bration characteristics corresponds well up to 500 kHz. The calculation of
the uncertainty in the reciprocity and step function calibration is closely
described. The problem of propagation of uncertainty in the fast fourier al-
gorithm was solved. Uncertainty of measurement by primary calibration is
determined and presented in the paper. The uncertainty in reciprocity cali-
bration of UT 1000 in range from 60 kHz to 285 kHz was 3dB and from
285 kHz to 1 MHz up to 8 dB and the same results in the calibration by
step function. The calculation of the uncertainty includes all the presumable
sources. Such as variation of input coefcient of reciprocity parameter, im-
pact of thickness of glass capillary Also the main problems, that were solved
and have to be solved, are presented.
2pSAe11. High-speed electronic speckle pattern interferometry of a
struck at plate. Thomas Moore Rollins College, Department of Phys-
ics, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA, tmoore@rollins.edu, Daniel
Zietlow Rollins College, Department of Physics, Winter Park, FL 32789,
USA, dzietlow@rollins.edu, Christopher Gorman Rollins College, De-
partment of Physics, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA, cgorman@rollins.edu
An electronic speckle pattern interferometer capable of imaging 33,000
frames per second has been used to study the transient motion of a at plate
which was struck at a point near the edge. Multiple interferograms, each
with an exposure time of 25 microseconds, were combined to construct a
video of the plate motion that can be used for both qualitative and quanti-
tative analysis. The interferograms reveal the expected evolution of the
bending waves created when a thin circular plate is struck near the edge;
however, anomalous displacement of the surface of the plate is also
observed. This unusual displacement of the surface takes the form of a trans-
verse wave that precedes the motion directly attributable to the normal
propagation of the initial bending wave.
2pSAe12. The Investigation on Measuring the Reection Coefcient of
Materials in Semi-space by Spatial Fourier Transforms. Yongwei
Liu Harbin Engineering University, College of Underwater Acoustic Engi-
neering, 150001 Harbin, China, chizhafengyun1979@126.com, Dejiang
Shang Harbin Engineering University, College of Underwater Acoustic
Engineering, 150001 Harbin, China, chizhafengyun1979@126.com, Qi
Li Harbin Engineering University, College of Underwater Acoustic Engi-
neering, 150001 Harbin, China, chizhafengyun1979@126.com
A new method using SFT Spatial Fourier Transforms has been inves-
tigated to measure reection coefcient at arbitrary angles of incidence by
NAHNear-eld Acoustical holography in semi-space. The paper gives an
experimental verication of this method. The experimental frequency is
from 3 kHz to 10 kHz. The size of test steel plate is 1.6m1.5m,the size of
hologram surfaces is 1.32m1.14m, the distance between two hologram
surface and the test material is about 2cm, the distance between sound
source and water surface is about 4cm. The measured results are generally in
good agreement with the theoretical value; the mean-square error of data is
below 0.06. The experimental results show that this method eliminates the
effect of the scattered sound eld of the water surface completely. Because
the sound source and the test material are set near the water surface during
the experiment, it is very easy to set the measuring system, and this is very
useful in practice.
2pSAe13. Optimizing the Dynamic Behaviour of a Large Portal Robot.
Christian R. Koenig University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, FZB -
Room 2140, 28359 Bremen, Germany, chkoenig@uni-bremen.de, Markus
Kochmann University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, FZB - Room 2140,
28359 Bremen, Germany, kochmann@uni-bremen.de, Jan
Ohlendorf University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, FZB - Room 2140,
28359 Bremen, Germany, johlendorf@uni-bremen.de, Dieter H.
Mller University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, FZB - Room 2140,
28359 Bremen, Germany, ml@biba.uni-bremen.de, K.-D.
Thoben University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, FZB - Room 2140,
28359 Bremen, Germany, tho@biba.uni-bremen.de
The object under investigation in this work is a portal robot used for the
production of large bre reinforced structures. The achieved product quality
and the production speed of the device are inuenced by the vibration and
the damping behaviour of the system. The required process time is deter-
mined by kinematic parameters, i.e. speed and acceleration of the system
and the dead time required for the vibration level to decay to a threshold
level given by the required precision of process. In the rst step, a Design of
Experiments is used in order to identify the ideal combination of accelera-
tion and speed. At this optimum, the sum of the drive time and the dead time
reaches a minimum for a given precision. In the second step, an experimen-
tal Modal Analysis is performed in order to identify the potential for an op-
timization of the structure.
2pSAe14. Evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration exposure on basis
of a questionnaire. Rauno Pkknen Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, P.O:Box 486, 33101 Tampere, Finland,
rauno.paakkonen@ttl., Riitta Sauni Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, P.O:Box 486, 33101 Tampere, Finland, riittta.sauni@ttl., Jukka
Uitti Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O:Box 486, 33101 Tam-
pere, Finland, jukka.uitti@ttl., Esko Toppila Finnish Institute of Occu-
pational Health, P.O:Box 486, 33101 Tampere, Finland, esko.toppila@ttl.
We made a survey to see if metal workers had symptoms caused by
vibration. The vibration exposure over lifetime was also asked. The cumu-
lative HAV dose was calculated as a HAV index determined on the basis of
the questionnaire, in which jobs, tools and active work time hoursday, day-
sweek, mothsyear had been requested. An index, I, describing the total
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HAV exposure was determined by I a8h2 x y x d, where I cumulative
exposure index m2ads4, y exposure time in years a, and d annual
exposure time in days. The exposure of metal workers varied 1-5 ms2, and
the average was 2.4 ms2. The limit value of European directive 5 ms2 is
not usually exceeded. However, there is a wide unaccuracy area that needs
to be cleared one way or another. We also connected symptoms and expo-
sure on statistical level. The total exposure times did not differ signicantly
in these groups, but, when the daily HAV exposure was taken into account
in the calculation of the cumulative index, the difference was statistically
signicant.
2pSAe15. Experimental investigation of the acoustic black hole effect
for vibration damping in elliptical plates. Franois Gautier Laboratoire
dAcoustique de lUniversit du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le
Mans, France, francois.gautier@univ-lemans.fr, Jacques Cuenca LAUM,
CNRS, Universit du Maine, Lab. dAcoustique Universit du Maine, UMR
CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France, Jacques.Cuenca.etu@univ
-lemans.fr, Victor V. Krylov Loughborough University, Department of
Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Ashby Road, LE11 3TU Lough-
borough, UK, V.V.Krylov@lboro.ac.uk, Laurent Simon LAUM, CNRS,
Universit du Maine, Lab. dAcoustique Universit du Maine, UMR CNRS
6613, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France, Laurent.Simon@univ-lemans.fr
It is well known that exural waves in beams or plates slow down if
their thickness decreases. A beam or a plate with a decreasing thickness in
the vicinity of one of their boundaries can be designed so that the travel time
needed for a wave to reach the edge becomes innite. Thus, the reection
coefcient associated with the corresponding region is zero. This effect is
referred to as the acoustic black hole effect. The use of acoustic black
holes in combination with thin damping layers for wedges of power-law
prole has been theoretically and experimentally studied by V.V. Krylov and
R.E.T.B. Winward JSV 300 2007 43-49. The aim of this paper is to show
experimentally the acoustic black hole effect in a two-dimensional congu-
ration comprising an elliptical plate with a pit of power-law prole placed in
one of its focuses. The elliptical shape of the plate induces a focalization of
waves towards the black hole, which is observed by means of scanning laser
vibrometry. Comparison of input mobility measurements for plates with and
without black hole shows the reduction in vibrational level induced by the
black hole effect.
2pSAe16. Characterising elastic layers as non-lightly damped SDOF
systems for the reduction of impact transmission noise. Francisco
Simon Instituto de Acstica CSIC, C Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain,
psimon@ia.cetef.csic.es, David K. Anthony Instituto de Acstica CSIC,
C Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain, iaca344@ia.cetef.csic.es
There is a wealth of literature dealing with modal determination of
lightly damped viscous systems, however there is relatively little reported
for medium and heavily damped systems or with non-viscous damping. The
most commonly reported and applied methods have signicant errors in the
determination of both modal frequency and damping ratio for systems with
high damping. For the lightly damped case simplication can be often con-
veniently made to allow the performance of each method to be studied theo-
retically, however for the non-lightly damped case this is not possible and
the analysis must proceed on a heuristic basis. For the application modal
parameter determination of elastic oor layers designed to reduce building
transmission noise by impact testing, traditional and new methods of modal
parameter determination for non-lightly are presented and heuristically
evaluated for both viscous and non-viscous SDOF systems. It is also shown
the performance often depends on the type of damping. This either must be
known a priori or can be gleaned by comparing results from different
methods.
2pSAe17. Eigenvalue imaging method for subsurface defects detection.
Kenbu Teramoto Saga University, 1-Honjo, 8408502 Saga, Japan, tera
@me.saga-u.ac.jp
This paper proposes the eigenvalue imaging method to be independent
of frequency and phase velocity and to characterize the Lamb-wave eld.
Lamb-waves play important roles in NDE elds. Being placed on the sur-
face of a plate, a sound source excites several kinds of waves: a pressure
and shear waves, b a Rayleigh wave, and c symmetric and anti-
symmetric Lamb-waves traveling along the plate. The rst two waves are
utilized for traditional ultrasonic techniques such as pulse-echo methods. In
contrast to these classical techniques, in which the wavelength is shorter
than the plate thickness, the Lamb-wave has the advantage of propagating
over large area. The variation of the Lamb-wave velocity, however, causes
difculties for interpretation of observed signals. It is important, therefore,
to establish the crack detection criterion independent of local wave numbers.
This paper proposes a novel imaging method which utilizes the 3rd and 4th
eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, which is dened over the 4- dimen-
sional vector space which is spanned by following components: 1 a verti-
cal displacement, 2 its particle velocity, 3 the orthogonal pair of out-of-
plane strains. This study shows that the 3rd eigenvalue detects a wave
scattered by defects and the 4th one has an ability to localize defects.
3318 3318 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 240, 2:00 TO 3:40 P.M.
Session 2pSCa
Speech Communication: Speech Perception II
Souhila Messaoud-Galusi, Chair
University College London, Wolfson House, Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, 4 Stephenson Way, London, NW1 2HE,
UK
Contributed Papers
2:00
2pSCa1. Cue switching in the perception of approximants: Evidence
from two English dialects. Rachael-Anne Knight City University, De-
partment of Language and Communication Science, Northampton Square,
EC1V 0HB London, UK, knight@city.ac.uk, Christina Villafana Dalcher
City University, Department of Language and Communication Science,
Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB London, UK,
cvdalcher@mac.com, Mark J. Jones University of Cambridge, Phonetics
Lab, Department of Linguistics, Raised Faculty Building, Sidgwick Avenue,
CB3 9DA Cambridge, UK, markjjones@hotmail.com
A surprising dissimilarity is attested in the perception of approximants
by speakers of American and Standard Southern British English. Eighteen
subjects 6 AE and 12 SSBE performed an identication task in which they
judged whether stimuli were more like r or w. The stimuli comprised
ve sounds, copy-synthesised from a source r, where the values of F2 and
F3 we adjusted to fall between the frequencies typical for turned r and
w. The only signicant difference between the two dialect groups perfor-
mance occurred with a token in which F3 was at a frequency typical for r
and F2 was lowered to that of w. AE and SSBE speakers identied this
token as r 90% and 59% of the time, respectively. This is unexpected as r
in both dialects is characterised by a low F3. However, the difference may
be due to the existence of the labiodental variant of r in SSBE. As this
variant does not have a low F3, SSBE speakers must tolerate a wider diver-
sity of r-types than AE speakers. Therefore, the r category in SSBE may
be becoming increasingly dened by F2, rather than F3, which also has im-
plications for the future production of r in this accent
2:20
2pSCa2. Dialectal effects in the perception of vowels produced by rst
and second language speakers: North Carolinian versus Southern Welsh
listeners. Ricardo Augusto Hoffmann Bion SISSA - Cognitive Neuro-
science, VL Stock 22, 34135 Trieste, Italy, ricardobion@gmail.com, Paola
Escudero University of Amsterdam, Institute of Phonetic Sciences, Spuis-
traat 210, 1012 VT Amsterdam, Netherlands, P.R.EscuderoNeyra@uva.nl
, Geoffrey Stewart Morrison Australian National University, School of
Language Studies, Building 110, ACT 0200 Canberra, Australia, geoff
.morrison@anu.edu.au
This paper investigated the effect of listeners regional origin on the per-
ception of vowels. Listeners from North Carolina and South Wales were pre-
sented with natural tokens of the four English vowels i, I, E and
which were produced by L1 and L2 speakers. Randomization tests revealed
a signicant difference between the listener groups confusion matrices. Ex-
amination of the confusion matrixes suggested that the dialectal differences
were primarily in the vowel contrasts I-E and E-. In order to explore
these ndings, logistic regression models were tted to each listener groups
responses predictor variables in the models were initial and nal formant
values and duration. Territorial maps based on the logistic regression mod-
els indicated that there was a substantial difference in the locations of the
E-, and a smaller difference in the location of the I-E boundary.
2:40
2pSCa3. Is there evidence of an allophonic mode of speech perception
in dyslexic children. Souhila Messaoud-Galusi University College Lon-
don, Wolfson House, Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, 4 Stephen-
son Way, NW1 2HE London, UK, souhila@phon.ucl.ac.uk, Valerie
Hazan University College London, Wolfson House, Department of Phonet-
ics and Linguistics, 4 Stephenson Way, NW1 2HE London, UK,
val@phon.ucl.ac.uk, Stuart Rosen UCL, Wolfson House, 4, Stephenson
Way, NW1 2HE London, UK, stuart@phon.ucl.ac.uk
Recent studies have suggested that dyslexics perceive phonemic catego-
ries in a less categorical fashion than individuals of average reading ability
due to increased within-category discrimination allophonic mode of
perception. In the present study, 62 dyslexic and 51 typically-developing
TD children aged between 6;6 and 13;7 years old were tested on the per-
ception of a pi-bi continuum using an adaptive identication task pre-
sented in clear and in background noise, and a xed-level discrimination
task presented in clear. They also undertook a battery of tests of reading, IQ,
phonological awareness, phonological short-term memory and word percep-
tion in noise. The gradient of the identication function was signicantly
weaker for the dyslexic than TD group in clear, but the two groups did not
differ in the noisy condition. In the discrimination test, there was no evi-
dence of increased within-category discrimination in the dyslexic group but
the TD group showed better cross-category discrimination. These results do
not support the existence of an allophonic model of speech perception in
dyslexic children. Also, they do not support the view that dyslexic children
are more affected by noise as a result of more poorly specied phonemic
categories. Work supported by Wellcome Trust.
3:00
2pSCa4. fMRI evidence for central auditory processing of speech in
deaf infants under sedation. Scott K. Holland Cincinnati Childrens
Hospital Medical Center, Imaging Research Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cin-
cinnati, OH 45229, USA, scott.holland@cchmc.org, Prasanna
Karunanayaka Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Imaging
Research Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA,
KAR4RP@cchmc.org, Akila Rajagopal Cincinnati Childrens Hospital
Medical Center, Imaging Research Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH
45229, USA, RAJA7Y@cchmc.org, Kristen Smith Cincinnati Childrens
Hospital Medical Center, Imaging Research Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cin-
cinnati, OH 45229, USA, SMIJ6D@cchmc.org
Functional MRI fMRI performed in infants with congenital hearing
loss provides evidence that auditory language stimulation produces activa-
tion of the central auditory system in the brain. Babies are normally sedated
for clinical MRI scans. With IRB approval we have added a 10 minute fMRI
scanning procedure to clinically indicated MRI scans in infants with severe
to profound hearing impairment n18 or normal hearing n22. Sedation
is performed according to clinical guidelines at our institution using either
Propofol 200-250 mcgkgmin i.v. or pentobarbital 5 mgkg orally.
fMRI scanning is performed using Echo-planar gradient echo acquisitions
on a 3 Tesla clinical MRI system while a mothers voice reads stories to the
babies at a sound level 10 dB above the measured hearing threshold. Brain
activation is measured in primary auditory cortex and planum temporale
speech recognition areas. Results in the normal hearing group of infants
demonstrates that the central auditory system is stimulated by speech in in-
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fants, although sedation does attenuate brain activation in a dose dependent
manner. Central auditory and language activation is also detected in hearing
impaired infants with levels of activation correlating to measured hearing
thresholds.
3:20
2pSCa5. Left parietal activation during the production of pointing in
several modalities: prosodic focus, syntactic extraction, digital- and
ocular- pointing. Hlne Loevenbruck Speech and Cognition Depart-
ment, GIPSA-lab, 46 avenue Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble, France,
Helene.Loevenbruck@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Coriandre Vilain Speech and
Cognition Department, GIPSA-lab, 46 avenue Flix Viallet, 38031
Grenoble, France, coriandre.vilain@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Francesca
Carota Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, 67, Boulevard Pinel, 69675
Bron, France, Francesca.Carota@isc.cnrs.fr, Monica Baciu Laboratoire
de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, UFR Sciences de lHomme et de la So-
cit, BP47, 38040 Grenoble, France, monica.baciu@upmf-grenoble
.fr, Christian Abry Centre de Recherche sur lImaginaire CRI, Univer-
sit Stendhal, Grenoble 3, BP 25, 38040 Grenoble cedex 9, France,
christian.abru@u-grenoble3.fr, Laurent Lamalle Plateforme rgionale
IRM 3Tesla, IFR n 1, RMN Biomdicale : de la cellule lhomme, CHU de
Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Laurent.Lamalle
@ujf-grenoble.fr, Cdric Pichat Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neu-
roCognition, UFR Sciences de lHomme et de la Socit, BP47,
38040 Grenoble, France, cedric.pichat@upmf-grenoble.fr, Christoph
Segebarth Grenoble Institut de Neurosciences, CHU de Grenoble - B.P.
217, 38043 Grenoble, France, csegebar@ujf-grenoble.fr
Deixis, or pointing, is the ability to draw the viewerlisteners attention
to an object, a person, a direction or an event. Pointing is gradually acquired
by children, rst with the eyes, then with the nger, then with intonation and
nally with syntax. The crucial role of digital pointing in language acquisi-
tion suggests that all modalities of pointing may share a common cerebral
network. An fMRI study of the production of multimodal pointing was car-
ried out on 15 subjects. Subjects were scanned during the execution of index
nger pointing gestures, eye pointing gestures, prosodic pointing focus and
syntactic pointing extraction. The results of a random effect group analysis
show that the left superior parietal lobule BA 7 was activated in all three
digital, ocular and prosodic pointing but not in syntactic pointing. These re-
sults indicate that pointing in different modalities may recruit the left supe-
rior parietal lobule, with ocular pointing more anterior than prosodic point-
ing, itself more anterior than digital pointing. A grammaticalisation process
is suggested to explain the lack of parietal activation in syntactic pointing.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 250B, 2:00 TO 3:40 P.M.
Session 2pSCb
Speech Communication: Speech Articulation I
Helen M. Hanson, Chair
Union College, 807 Union St., Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
Contributed Papers
2:00
2pSCb1. Acoustic cues to the voicing contrast in coda stops in the
speech of 2-year-olds learning American English. Helen M.
Hanson Union College, 807 Union St., Schenectady, NY 12308, USA,
hansonh@union.edu, Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Speech Communication
Group, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, stef@speech
.mit.edu
Developing a model of how children acquire the phonological feature
contrasts and phonetic cues of their adult speech community requires a de-
tailed understanding of how production changes during development. Earlier
studies based on listening provided an initial estimate of these patterns; re-
cent instrumental studies of the acoustic and articulatory details of produc-
tion during development have revealed some surprises, including covert
contrasts between distinctive feature categories e.g., Scobbie et al., 1996
and of incomplete acquisition of adult feature-cue patterns Imbrie, 2005,
which can be difcult for adults to hear. Few instrumental studies, however,
have focused on the childs cue patterns for coda consonants although see
Song and Demuth, in press. Our study of cues to the feature voice for
coda stops used quantitative acoustic analyses of tokens from the Imbrie
corpus of 2-year-old speech to compare child productions with those of their
adult caretakers. Results show that a many children produce a noisy region
at the end of the vowel for voiceless codas in duck, cup but a long strong
voice bar during closure for voiced codas in bug, tub, and b these cues
may be exaggerated versions of the feature cues of their adult caretakers.
2:20
2pSCb2. Are acoustic and articulatory changes of speech produced in
noise only related to the increase in vocal intensity? Maeva
Garnier University of New South Wales, Music Acoustics, School of Phys-
ics, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia, maeva.garnier@gmail.com, Nathalie
Henrich Dpartement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-lab, 46, avenue Flix
Viallet, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France, Nathalie.Henrich@gipsa-lab
.inpg.fr, Danile S. Dubois CNRS, LCPELAM 11 rue de Lourmel,
75015 Paris, France, ddubois@ccr.jussieu.fr
Speech acoustics and articulation are modied in speech produced in
noisy environments. Is this simply a result of the increase in vocal intensity
or may these modications be some communicative strategies to increase
audiovisual intelligibility? We recorded a rst acoustic database with ten
speakers and a second acoustic and articulatory database with three speak-
ers, for quiet and for two kinds of background noise. We rst veried pre-
vious observations about speech modications in noise and observed that
some are not strongly correlated to the increase in vocal intensity and cannot
be entirely explained by previous models of vocal effort. We also made ad-
ditional observations. Pitch does not only rise in noise but also extends its
dynamic. For female speakers, pitch not only rises but also ts spectrum
holes of cocktail-party noise. Speech modications are not only global
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over the whole utterance but also specic to some of its units. Articulatory
modications consist not only of an amplication of lip movements, but also
correspond to an enhancement of the potentially visible contrast between
vowels. Lastly, some articulatory changes may be compensation for formant
modications induced by the increase in vocal intensity, rather than a con-
sequence of it.
2:40
2pSCb3. Muscle saturation effect in i production: Counterevidence
from a 3D biomechanical model of the tongue. Stphanie
Buchaillard ICPGIPSA-lab, INPG, 46 Avenue Flix Viallet, 38031
Grenoble Cedex 01, France, stephanie.buchaillard@gipsa-lab
.inpg.fr, Pascal Perrier ICPGIPSA-lab, INPG, 46 Avenue Flix Viallet,
38031 Grenoble Cedex 01, France, Pascal.Perrier@gipsa-lab
.inpg.fr, Yohan Payan TIMC-IMAG, Pavillon Taillefer, Facult de Mde-
cine, 38706 La Tronche cedex, France, yohan.payan@imag.fr
Numerous works suppose the existence of a saturation effect to facilitate
the control of the constriction area when producing vowel \i\. This study ex-
ploits a 3D biomechanical Finite Element model of the vocal tract to evalu-
ate the effectiveness of this assumption. The model includes the tongue and
its major muscles, represented as a hyperelastic body, inserted in the oral
cavity including jaw, palate, pharyngeal walls and hyoid bone. Muscles ac-
tivations are controlled with the lambda model Equilibrium-Point
Hypothesis. After determining a set of possible motor commands to gener-
ate vowel \i\, the impact of local variations of these commands on tongue
shape was studied. The main tongue muscles motor commands were inde-
pendently modied by 2%, 5%, 8% around their values at target and the
effect on the tongue shape and on the acoustic signal was studied. The simu-
lations showed a global stabilization of the tongue body, thanks to the pala-
tal contacts, but also variability in the alveolar groove due to the anterior
genioglossus activation. Though extremely localized, this variation has an
important impact on the constriction size and, then, on the acoustic signal.
Consequently, a specic control of the articulatory variability could be nec-
essary to explain experimental data for vowel \i\.
3:00
2pSCb4. Compensatory tongue patterns in glossectomy patients. Emi
Murano University of Maryland Dental School, 650 W Baltimore St.
#8402, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
emurano@umaryland.edu, Maureen Stone Vocal Tract Visualization Lab,
Depts of Biomedical Sciences and Orthodontics, University of Maryland
Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
mstone@umaryland.edu, Xiaofeng Liu The Johns Hopkins University,
3400 N Charles Street, 105 Barton Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA,
xiaofeng@jhu.edu, Jiachen Zhuo University of Maryland Medical
System, 22 South Greene Street, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Bal-
timore, MD 21201, USA, JZHUO@umm.edu, Andrew
Salama University of Maryland Dental School, 650 W Baltimore St.
#8402, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
asalama@umm.edu, Rao Gullapalli University of Maryland Medical Sys-
tem, 22 South Greene Street, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Balti-
more, MD 21201, USA, RGULLAPALLI@umm.edu, Robert
Ord University of Maryland Dental School, 650 W Baltimore St. #8402,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
rord@umm.edu, Jerry Prince The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N
Charles Street, 105 Barton Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, prince@jhu
.edu
To examine the effects of glossectomy surgery on tongue deformation
strategies, a unique combination of data was used, including internal tongue
strain patterns from tagged-cine-MRI and detailed muscle architecture from
high-resolution MR images. Two glossectomy patient groups were studied
and compared to normal controls. They differed in the type of reconstruction
after cancer excision: primary closure or reconstruction with forearm ap.
All patients included in this study had the same tumor type Squamous Cell
Carcinoma, size T1 and T2 and location unilateral mid-third of oral
tongue. The tongue developed distinct deformation strategies that move the
remaining tongue tissue, the ap and the scar tissue. Compensatory patterns
such as pivot points and areas of rigidity will be shown and discussed. These
appear to be compensatory strategies to optimize speech output after
surgery. This presentation is based on viewing the tongue as a muscular hy-
drostat, which provides the basis for hypotheses about the formation and re-
lease of areas of rigidity within the tongue. The rigidity might be a way to
simplify sound-specic strategies for moving the tongue and controlling
changes in its shape in normal and patient subjects. Supported by NIH
K99DC009279, and R01DC01758 from the NIDCD.
3:20
2pSCb5. Statistical identication of critical, dependent and redundant
articulators. Philip J. Jackson University of Surrey, Centre for Vision,
Speech and Signal Processing, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK,
p.jackson@surrey.ac.uk, Veena D. Singampalli University of Surrey,
Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK,
v.singampalli@surrey.ac.uk
An automatic method for identifying critical, dependent and redundant
roles in speech articulation is presented. Critical articulators are identied
using the Kullback-Leibler divergence between phone-specic and model
pdfs, which are initialised to the grand pdfs for each articulator. Model pdfs
of critical and dependent articulators, those signicantly correlated with the
critical ones, are updated accordingly for both 1D and 2D cases, as long as
the divergence exceeds the threshold. Those unaffected are termed
redundant. Algorithm performance is evaluated on the MOCHA-TIMIT da-
tabase by comparison with phonetic features. Results are also given for an
exhaustive search, and principal component analysis of articulatory
eshpoints. Implications of being able to extract phonetic constraints auto-
matically from articulatory recordings are discussed.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P2-D, LEVEL 2, 3:40 TO 6:40 P.M.
Session 2pSCc
Speech Communication: General Topics in Speech Communication II (Poster Session)
Yukari Hirata, Cochair
Colgate University, Dept. of East Asian Lang. and Lit., 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
James Hillenbrand, Cochair
Western Michigan University, Dept. Speech Path. and Aud., 1903 W. Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
Natasha Warner, Cochair
University of Arizona, MPI NIjmegen, Dept. of Linguistics, Box 210028, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSCc1. A grouping approach to harmonic complexes. Dirkjan J.
Krijnders University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, j.d.krijnders@ai.rug.nl, Maria E.
Niessen University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, m.niessen@ai.rug.nl, Tjeerd C.
Andringa University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box
407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands, t.andringa@ai.rug.nl
Humans seem to perform sound-source separation for quasi-periodic
sounds, such as speech, mostly on harmonicity cues. To model this function,
most machine algorithms use a pitch-based approach to group the speech
parts of the spectrum. In these methods the pitch is obtained either explic-
itly, in autocorrelation methods, or implicitly, as in harmonic sieves. If the
estimation of pitch is wrong, the grouping will fail as well. In this paper we
show a method that performs harmonic grouping without rst calculating
the pitch. Instead a pitch estimate is associated with each grouping
hypothesis. Making the grouping independent of the pitch estimate makes it
more robust in noisy settings. The algorithm obtains possible harmonics by
tracking energy peaks in a cochleogram. Co-occuring harmonics are com-
pared in terms of frequency difference. Grouping hypotheses are formed by
combining harmonics with similar frequency differences. Consistency
checks are performed on these hypotheses and hypotheses with compatible
properties are combined into harmonic complexes. Every harmonic complex
is evaluated on the number of the harmonics, the number of subsequent har-
monics and the presence of a harmonic at the pitch position. By using the
number of subsequent harmonics octave errors are prevented. Multiple con-
current harmonic complexes can be found as long as the spectral overlap is
small.
2pSCc2. The role of generalization in learning perceptual contrasts.
Meghan Sumner Stanford University, Department of Linguistics, Margaret
Jacks Hall, Stanford, CA 94305-2150, USA, sumner@stanford.edu
Understanding spoken language is a difcult task. Variation caused by
accents make this task even more daunting. This project examines the gen-
eralization of novel phonetic cues by listeners of non-native speech. Native
speakers of English were trained on Korean-English pronunciations of mini-
mal pairs with word-nal contrasts e.g., bed - bet. While native English
speakers rely on vowel duration to cue a nal voicing contrast, native Ko-
rean speakers of English do not produce a vowel duration contrast, but use
a different distinguishing phonetic cue e.g., voicing into closure duration.
Listeners were trained on a subset of minimal pairs ending in nal stops bet
- bed. Following successful training, listeners participated in an immediate
or long-term form priming task. Four conditions included: Trained Identity
bet - bet, Trained Non-identity bed - bet, Novel Non-identity, Trained
Rime wet - wed, and Novel Non-identity, Novel Rime beat - bead. Pre-
liminary results show episodic treatment of words in the immediate priming
task, but generalization to novel forms in the long-term priming task. These
data suggest that early learning is mediated by episodic representations -
learning proceeds episodically until sufcient information is available to
support a more abstract generalization.
2pSCc3. Vocalizations of deaf infants before and after cochlear
implantation. Mary K. Fagan Indiana University School of Medicine,
Riley Research Wing 044, 699 West Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,
mkfagan@indiana.edu
Critical aspects of spoken language depend on perceiving and under-
standing speech sounds. For deaf infants, however, neither sound perception
nor awareness of the sound-making consequences of their actions is
available. The goal of this study was to uncover and document early, mea-
surable effects of hearing loss on infant vocalization and changes in these
behaviors following cochlear implantation. Participants were 8 deaf infants,
7-11 months old, and 8 infants with cochlear-implants, 12-20 months old
and 1-6 months post-implantation. Dependent variables include number of
vocalizations, mean vocalization duration, and mean frequency before and
after cochlear implantation and in relation to reduplicated babble onset and
word production. Post-implant changes in vocal behaviors may have clinical
implications for decisions regarding age of implantation and auditory habili-
tation as well as for understanding post-implant variability.
2pSCc4. Contrastive Focus in Taiwan Mandarin. Ho-Hsien Pan Dept.
of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Chiao Tung University,
1001 TA Hsueh Road, 300 Hsinchu, Taiwan, hhpan@faculty.nctu
.edu.tw, Hui-Ying Tsou Dept. of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Na-
tional Chiao Tung University, 1001 TA Hsueh Road, 300 Hsinchu, Taiwan,
hytsou@ms11.hinet.net, Wan-Ting Huang Dept. of Foreign Languages
and Literatures, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 TA Hsueh Road, 300
Hsinchu, Taiwan, caissybelle@yahoo.com.tw
This study investigated the production and perception of given, new, and
contrastive information in Taiwan Mandarin. Spontaneous dialogues elicited
through a game were analyzed to access the acoustical parameters marking
different information structures. In perceptual studies, two perceptual ex-
periments, 1 a dialogue history experiment, of which listeners identied
the questions preceding the sentences, and 2 a pair comparison experi-
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ment, of which subject compared sentence with same wording but different
information structures were used. The stimuli were either natural utterances
form elicited spontaneous dialogues or resynthesized utterances with con-
icting duration and f0 cues swapped from utterances of different informa-
tion structures. Preliminary results of production experiments showed that
duration elongation is a more consistent cue for marking narrow and con-
trastive foci than f0 range expansion. Listeners performed better in the pair
comparison experiments than in the dialogue history experiment. For nature
utterances, listeners were able to identify sentences with given information,
given versus new information, and given versus contrastive information, but
were not able to identify utterances with more than two contrastive foci. Lis-
teners performances declined when resynthesized utterances with conict-
ing duration and f0 cues were presented. When presented with conicting
cues, listeners relied more on durational than f0 cues.
2pSCc5. Comparison of Japanese expressive speech perception by
Japanese and Taiwanese listeners. Chun-Fang Huang Japan Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292 Sendai,
Japan, chuang@jaist.ac.jp, Donna Erickson Showa University of Music,
808 Sekiguchi, Atsugi, 243-8521 Kanagawa, Japan,
EricksonDonna2000@gmail.com, Masato Akagi Japan Advanced Insti-
tute of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292 Sendai, Ja-
pan, akagi@jaist.ac.jp
Language is an important tool in speech communication. Even without
the understanding of one language, we can still judge the expressive content
of a voice, such as happiness or sadness. However, sometimes misunder-
standing of emotional communication occurs. It is not clear what the com-
mondifferent features are that help or hinder people with different
culturenative-languages background in making judgments about the expres-
sivity of speech. In order to explore this question, we focus on Japanese and
Taiwanese listeners perception of Japanese expressive speech utterances. We
used the perceptual model proposed by Huang and Akagi, InterSpeech
2005; 2007, which involves a concept called semantic primitives-- adjec-
tives for describing voice perception. This concept simplies and claries
the discussion of commondifferent features in terms of acoustic cues and
expressive speech perception categories. Using this model, we found some
commondifferent features in the perception of expressive speech. Speci-
cally, our results suggest that there may be primary and secondary semantic
primitives associated with acoustic speech characteristics which are in-
volved in the perception of expressive speech, and that people from different
culturesnative-language background tend to use the same primary semantic
primitives in perceiving expressive speech but different secondary ones.
2pSCc6. Acoustic analysis of the vocal tract during vowel production
by nite-difference time-domain method. Hironori Takemoto ATR
Cognitive Information Science Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho
Soraku-gun, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan, takemoto@atr.jp, Parham
Mokhtari ATR Cognitive Information Science Laboratories, 2-2-2
Hikaridai, Seika-cho Soraku-gun, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan,
parham@atr.jp, Tatsuya Kitamura Konan University, Okamoto 8-9-1, Hi-
gashinada, 658-8501 Kobe, Japan, t-kitamu@konan-u.ac.jp
An acoustic simulator based on the nite-difference time-domain
FDTD method was evaluated by acoustic measurements on solid models
of the vocal tract. Three-dimensional vocal tract 3D VT shapes for a male
subject during production of the ve Japanese vowels were measured by
magnetic resonance imaging. Transfer functions of the 3D VT shapes were
computed by the acoustic simulator. The accuracy of the nite-difference al-
gorithm was second-order in time and fourth-order in space. From the same
3D VT shapes, solid models were made of epoxide resin by a stereo-
lithographic technique, and their acoustic transfer functions were measured
using a time-stretched pulse signal. The calculated and measured spectra
were compared up to 8 kHz. Although locations of major poles and zeros
were common between calculated and measured spectra, the calculated
spectra showed a larger number of small zeros, possibly caused by under-
estimation of VT acoustic losses in the simulation. However, the lower four
formants were simulated remarkably accurately, with a mean absolute error
of only 2.2 % compared with the acoustic measurements. These facts indi-
cated that the acoustic simulator can reasonably account for acoustic phe-
nomena within the VT.
2pSCc7. Speech intelligibility determined with various tests presented
against noise. Edward Ozimek Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland,
ozimaku@amu.edu.pl, Dariusz Kutzner Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan,
Poland, konsbol@wp.pl, Anna Warzybok Umultowska 85, 61-614
Poznan, Poland, a_warzybok@poczta.onet.pl
The paper describes three Polish tests for assessment of speech intelli-
gibility under noisy conditions: the matrix test, the sentence test and the
digit triplet test. The matrix test contains semantically unpredictable sen-
tences of xed syntactical structures. This test is very useful for long-term
intelligibility measurements and is applicable for subjects with profound
hearing loss or cochlear implants users. The sentence test comprises utter-
ances taken from everyday speech and aims at clinical speech intelligibility
measurements. The digit triplet test contains sequences of three digits that
are spoken separately and is aimed at screening measurements, especially
via telephone. The statistical and phonemic properties of the tests are ana-
lyzed and compared. The correlation between results obtained in the respec-
tive tests and the tests applicability are also discussed.
2pSCc8. Consonants, but not vowels, prime lexical decision following
masked priming. Boris New CNRS - Universit Paris Descartes, 71 Av-
enue Edouard Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France,
boris.new@univ-paris5.fr, Veronica Araujo CNRS - Universit Paris
Descartes, 71 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt,
France, veronica.cruzaraujo@gmail.com, Nathalie Bour CNRS - Univer-
sit Paris Descartes, 71 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-
Billancourt, France, psynat93@hotmail.com, Thierry Nazzi CNRS - Uni-
versit Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pres, 75006 Paris, France, thierry
.nazzi@univ-paris5.fr
Recently, Nespor et al 2003 have argued that consonants play a more
important role at the lexical level than vowels. This proposal has received
direct support from studies showing that 162030-month-old infants are
better at processing specic consonantal than vocalic information while
learning new words Nazzi, 2005; Nazzi & New, 2007. This proposal is
also supported, although indirectly, by studies on adults. Adults have been
found to rely more on consonants than on vowels when asked to transform
a nonword into a real word Cutler et al., 2000. Moreover, adults presented
with a continuous stream of syllables are able to segment it into lexical
units by relying on consonantal but not vocalic information Bonatti et al.,
2005. In our study, we directly investigate this issue using a visual masked
priming lexical decision task an oral version being currently implemented.
The test items are bisyllabic CVCV or VCVC and trisyllabic CVCVCV or
VCVCVC words, which are presented following four different primes:
identity e.g., joli-joli, unrelated vabu-joli, same consonants jalu-joli and
same vowels vobi-joli. Priming was found for the identity and same con-
sonants conditions, not for the same vowels condition, supporting the privi-
leged role of consonants at the lexical level.
2pSCc9. Frequency importance function of Mandarin Chinese speech.
Jing Chen Dept. of Machine Intelligence, Speech and Hearing Research
Center, 2 Science Building, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian Dis-
trict, 100871 Beijing, China, chenj@cis.pku.edu.cn, Tianshu S. Qu Dept.
of Machine Intelligence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science
Building, Peking Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing,
China, qutianshu@cis.pku.edu.cn, Xihong H. Wu Dept. of Machine Intel-
ligence, Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking
Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
wxh@cis.pku.edu.cn, Qiang Huang Dept. of Machine Intelligence,
Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking Univ., 5
Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China, QIANG
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.HUANG@SPREADTRUM.COM,Ying HuangDept. of Psychology, Pe-
king Univ., 5 Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
innhuang@gmail.com, Liang Li Dept. of Psychology, Peking Univ., 5 Ye-
heyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China,
liangli@pku.edu.cn, Huisheng S. Chi Dept. of Machine Intelligence,
Speech and Hearing Research Center, 2 Science Building, Peking Univ., 5
Yeheyuan Road, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China, chi@pku.edu.cn
The speech intelligibility index SII theory objectively assesses speech
intelligibility, and the frequency-importance function FIF, which reects
the relative importance of various frequency bands to speech intelligibility
for various languages, occupies the central part of the theory. However, the
FIF has not been examined for tonal Chinese Mandarin speech. In this study,
considering the characteristics of Mandarin speech, 50 phonemically-
balanced one-syllable words were selected as the speech stimuli from the
speech corpus A Method for Calculating Articulation Index GBT 15508-
1995, which meets the National Standards of China, and the 13 octave
FIF was measured and computed with the Fletchers method. The results
show that spectrum regions with frequencies 2000-4000 Hz are more im-
portant in Chinese speech than those in English speech. The results pre-
dicted by SII model with the new FIF t the result of human psychophysical
studies well, which indicate that the new FIF model is effective and appro-
priate for assessing the intelligibility of Mandarin speech even when a
steady-state noise masker is co-presented. Supported by the NSFC
60435010; 60535030; 60605016; 30670704
2pSCc10. Arabic Diagnostic Rhyme Test using minimal pairs. Bachir
Boudraa USTHB Facult dlectronique et dinformatique, BP 32, El-Alia,
16031 Alger, Algeria, b.boudraa@yahoo.fr, Malika Boudraa USTHB
Facult dlectronique et dinformatique, BP 32, El-Alia, 16031 Alger, Al-
geria, mk.boudraa@yahoo.fr, Bernard Guerin INPG, Avenue Flix Vial-
let, 38031 Grenoble, France, Bernard.Guerin@enserg.fr
In this paper, we try to adapt to Arabic the diagnostic rhyme test DRT
developed by Voiers for English and adapted to French by Peckels & Rossi.
DRT is specic to each language and is essential to subjective assessments
of coders and synthesizers. Six Arabic pertinent dimensions are used which
are acuteness, compactness, tenseness, stridence, nasality and atness. 72
monosyllabic meaningful pairs of words called minimal pairs have been
developed. The apprehensibility of every attribute is tested in each of six
vowel contexts. Every feature has been repeated six times and has been
paired twice with every vowel.
2pSCc11. A fascinating personage in the history of phonetics: The
phonetics and the politics of Elise Richter. Natasha Warner University
of Arizona, MPI NIjmegen, Box 210028, Dept. of Linguistics, Tucson, AZ
85721-0028, USA, nwarner@u.arizona.edu
Elise Richter 1865-1943 was the rst woman lecturer or professor in
Austria or Germany, and she was also an experimental phonetician and even
an experimental phonologist. Richters career was delayed by the roles al-
lowed for women at the time, and the end of her career, and her life, came
about through the Nazis policies toward Jews. Richter began her scientic
work in Romance philology, but decided to seek explanations for historical
sound change in phonetics. This led her to a productive career in experimen-
tal phonetics, and she even applied phonetic methods to study questions of
phonological structure. Richter was a leader in exploring new methods and
bringing together questions across widely differing elds. Although her spe-
cic experimental ndings were superseded with time, Richters refusal to
be constrained by the limits of a eld led her to ideas that have become
current in phonetics just recently. In addition to her scientic career, Richter
was politically active, both in working to expand womens opportunities and
in general politics. This poster presents a new perspective on Richters con-
tributions to phonetics and on her view of feminism. Furthermore, it makes
new observations of a parallel between Richters political activities and her
scientic work.
2pSCc12. The role of tongue articulation for s and z production in
whispered speech. Hirohide Yoshioka University of Tsukuba, 1-4-5
Shinmei, Urawa, 336-0023 Saitama, Japan, hirohide-y@mtc.biglobe.ne.jp
Although the timing of the initiation and cessation of vocal fold vibra-
tions is crucial to characterize the voiced and voiceless cognates, other cues,
such as the duration of preceding vowels, the patterns of the formant tran-
sitions in the following vowels, and the period of stop closure, may also play
important roles in performing these distinctions. The present study is to fur-
ther investigate the role of tongue articulatory movements during voiced and
unvoiced consonant production, specically when the vocal folds do not vi-
brate during the production of fricative consonants, s and z in whispered
speech. A normal Japanese speaker served as the subject. The palato-lingual
contact patterns during the intervocalic consonant s and z in whispered
speech were recoded using dynamic electro-palatography. The results show
that the area of palato-lingual contact is clearly wider during z production
than s production; the opening for fricative turbulent noise production is
narrower and longer for z than for s. In addition, the contact pattern is
unstable for s production.
2pSCc13. Production and perception of V1V2 described in terms of
formant transition rates. Ren Carr Laboratoire Dynamique du Lan-
gage, UMR 5596, CNRS, Universit Lyon 2, 14 Avenue Marcelin Berthelot,
69363 Lyon cedex 07, France, recarre@wanadoo.fr
Vowels can be produced with static articulatory congurations leading to
stable formant frequencies targets. Here, an algorithm computes area func-
tions according to the criterion of minimal deformation leading to maximal
acoustic variations. Within this evolutionary dynamics, the deformations of
the tube are not performed to reach targets, unknown during the process, but
to move in the acoustic space in order to increase acoustic contrast. The cor-
responding formant trajectories in the acoustic space can be described in
terms of formant transition rates. For example, following this dynamic ap-
proach, to produce ae from a, the transition rates of F1 and F2 are nec-
essary and sufcient to represent e and at the very beginning of the tran-
sition and throughout the transition there is sufcient information to detect
e. This assertion means that the transition duration is more or less constant.
Studies of V1V2 production and perception characterized by their formant
transition rates are presented. Such a representation leads to new interpreta-
tions of vowel reduction, coarticulation, perceptual overshoot, hyper and
hypo speech, normalization.
2pSCc14. The effect of facal dynamics on infant perception of
adult-directed speech in noise. Linda Polka McGill University, School
of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Beatty Hall, 1266 Pine Avenue
West, Montreal, QC H3G 1A8, Canada, linda.polka@mcgill.ca, Robin
Panneton Virginia Polytechnic Instit. & State Univer., Williams Hall,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, USA, Panneton@vt.edu, Jessica
Versele Virginia Polytechnic Instit. & State Univer., Williams Hall, Blacks-
burg, VA 24061-0436, USA, Versele@vt.edu
Recently Polka and Rvachew in press found that 6- to 8-month-old in-
fants discriminated a native contrastbu - gu when familiarized and
tested with syllables presented in quiet, but not when familiarized with syl-
lables mixed with a competing noise, even when testing was conducted in
quiet. Because the competing noise segments of cricket and bird song did
not create energetic masking, infant failure to encode the familiarization syl-
lable was due to a disruption in attention to the speech stream. Importantly,
in this study, infants watched a checkerboard while listening to syllables
spoken in an adult-directed AD style. The current study investigated if the
addition of a dynamic face facilitates infants speech processing in the same
task. Six-month-olds were habituated to repetitions of the native syllable
ba mixed with the same noise but these infants saw and heard syllables
produced in AD style. Following habituation, infants were presented famil-
iar repetitions of ba and novel test trials repetitions of ga. Infants
failed to show syllable discrimination as indexed by a reliable preference for
3324 3324 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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the novel test trials. These ndings show that a dynamic face producing AD
speech does not engage infant attention to speech enough to support syllable
discrimination in noise.
2pSCc15. Voicing offsets and onsets in relation to intraoral pressure
values in lingual obstruents of German. Laura L. Koenig Haskins Labs.
and Long Island Univ., Brooklyn, New York, NY 11201-8423, USA,
koenig@haskins.yale.edu, Susanne Fuchs ZAS, Schuetzenstr. 18, 10117
Berlin, Germany, fuchs@zas.gwz-berlin.de
Phonation requires that tracheal pressure remain higher than intraoral
pressure Pio. In obstruent consonants, a major constriction in the upper
vocal tract yields an increase in Pio, inhibiting phonation. The degree of Pio
increase in consonants varies as a function of laryngeal and supraglottal
apertures. Voiceless stops involve a rapid buildup and discharge of Pio,
whereas fricatives involve more gradual changes in Pio. This work quanti-
es phonation offsets and onsets in German obstruents in relation to the Pio
at these times. Pio signals were recorded via a pressure transducer afxed to
the posterior end of an EPG palate while 9 speakers of standard German
produced intervocalic voiceless consonant sequences stops, fricatives, affri-
cates, and clusters. Past theoretical work suggests that phonation offsets and
onsets will show a hysteresis effect, with onsets requiring higher driving
pressures than offsets. Of particular interest here is whether the extent of
hysteresis differs among stops, fricatives, and obstruent sequences. Data on
intraoral pressure change will also be compared with EPG data to explore
how supraglottal constrictions affect Pio, and thus, phonation.
2pSCc16. Magnetic Resonance investigation of palatalized stop
consonants and spirants in Russian. Galina Y. Kedrova Moscow State
Lomonosov University, GSP-2, Leninskije Gory, MGU, 1st Humanities, R.
983, Centre for New Technologies in Humanities, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, kedr@philol.msu.ru, Nikolay V. Anisimov Moscow State
Lomonosov University, GSP-2, Leninskije Gory, MGU, 1st Humanities, R.
983, Centre for New Technologies in Humanities, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, kedr@philol.msu.ru, Leonid M. Zaharov Moscow State
Lomonosov University, GSP-2, Leninskije Gory, MGU, 1st Humanities, R.
983, Centre for New Technologies in Humanities, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, kedr@philol.msu.ru, Yurij A. Pirogov Moscow State
Lomonosov University, GSP-2, Leninskije Gory, MGU, 1st Humanities, R.
983, Centre for New Technologies in Humanities, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, kedr@philol.msu.ru
The research in question is aimed at the experimental MRI-investigation
of articulatory gestures corresponding to the palatalized Russian stop con-
sonants p, t, k, b, d, g and spirants s, z h countered
with their non-palatalized counterparts p, t, k, b, d, g, s, z h in
Russian speech production. An experimental dataset was based upon 2D
MR-images, audio- and video recordings taken from 4 native speakers of
Russian 3 males and 1 female producing VCCV sequencies Russian
pseudo-words with the second vowel stressed containing Russian conso-
nants under investigation in the vocalic contexts a_a and a_i. All
speaking subjects had standard pronunciation and were without any percep-
tible articulation disease. MRI investigation of the Russian consonantal pho-
nemes was based upon admitted procedures and techniques though ex-
panded with several new original methods elaborated by the Russian team of
experimentalists. Experimental data was collected through several MRI ses-
sions done in a month and in a year with participation of the same speaking
subjects, ensuring thereby credibility and robustness of the experimental
results. A detailed analysis of the whole dataset of MR-images of palatalised
Russian consonants countered with their non-palatalized counterparts re-
vealed special articulatory pattern of palatalisation in Russian.
2pSCc17. Duration of Japanese singleton and geminate obstruents in
two- to four-mora words. Yukari Hirata Colgate University, 13 Oak
Drive, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, Hamilton, NY
13346, USA, yhirata@mail.colgate.edu, Hiroaki Kato ATR Cognitive
Information Science Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho Soraku-gun,
619-0288 Kyoto, Japan, kato@atr.jp, Keiichi Tajima Hosei University,
2-17-1 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8160 Tokyo, Japan, tajima@hosei.ac.jp
Hirata and Whiton J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 1647-1660 2005 found
an invariant durational structure for Japanese stop quantity distinction in
two- and three-mora words across different speaking rates. The present
study examined whether their nding extends to include fricative and affri-
cate quantity distinctions and three- and four-mora words. Stimuli were stop,
fricative, and affricate contrasts in four types of words, including 1 a long
vowel e.g., ka.so.o vs. ka.s.so.o, 2 a moraic nasal e.g., ji.se.n vs. ji.s.se
.n, 3 CV sequence e.g., ho.so.ku vs. ho.s.so.ku, and 4 shorter words
e.g., i.shi vs. i.s.shi, spoken in isolation at three speaking rates by four na-
tive Japanese speakers. Duration of contrasting obstruents, words, and the
interval between the onsets of the rst and the second vowels VOI was
measured. Results indicated durational patterns similar to those found pre-
viously for stop contrasts. In addition, duration of words, regardless of their
segmental composition, reected well the number of moras they contained.
Finally, the ratio of the contrasting obstruent to the word and the ratio of the
VOI to the mean mora duration were useful in classifying the singleton and
geminate categories across rates. Supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientic
Research, JSPS
2pSCc18. Effects of hand gesture and lip movements on auditory
learning of second language speech sounds. Spencer Kelly Colgate
University, 13 Oak Drive, Department of Psychology, Hamilton, NY 13346,
USA, skelly@mail.colgate.edu, Yukari Hirata Colgate University, 13 Oak
Drive, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, Hamilton, NY
13346, USA, yhirata@mail.colgate.edu, Jen Simester Colgate University,
13 Oak Drive, Department of Psychology, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA,
jsimester@gmail.com, Jackie Burch University of Rochester, 585 Elm-
wood Ave., Box 645, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, Jaclyn_Burch
@mail.urmc.rochester.edu, Emily Cullings Colgate University, 13 Oak
Drive, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, Hamilton, NY
13346, USA, ecullings@mail.colgate.edu, Jason Demakakos Colgate
University, 13 Oak Drive, Department of Psychology, Hamilton, NY 13346,
USA, jdemakakos@mail.colgate.edu
Previous research found that auditory training helps native English
speakers to perceive phonemic vowel length distinction in Japanese, but that
their performance has never reached native levels Hirata et al., 2007.
Given that multimodal information, such as hand gesture and lip move-
ments, inuences semantic aspects of language processing and development
Kelly et al., 2002, we examined whether this multimodal information helps
to improve native English speakers ability to perceive Japanese vowel
length distinction. Forty-ve native English speakers participated in one of
three types of training: 1 audio alone; 2 audio with hand gestures; and 3
audio with lip movements and hand gestures. Before and after training, par-
ticipants were given phoneme perception tests that measured their ability to
distinguish between short and long vowels in Japanese, e.g., kato versus
kato:. Our original prediction was that more modalities in training would
result in greater learning. Although all three groups improved from pre- to
post-test, there were no signicant differences among the three training
groups. Unlike the original prediction, hand gestures and lip movements did
not seem to augment learning of difcult sound distinctions. We will discuss
possible benets and limitations of using multimodal information in second
language speech learning.
2pSCc19. MRI-based 3-D vocal tract acoustic analysis of an American
English lateral sound. Xinhui Zhou Speech communication lab, Institute
of systems research and department of electrical and computer engineering,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, zxinhui
@umd.edu, Carol Y. Espy-Wilson Speech communication lab, Institute of
systems research and department of electrical and computer engineering,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, espy
2
p
T
U
E
.
P
M
3325 3325 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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@glue.umd.edu,Mark TiedeHaskins lab and MIT Research lab of electron-
ics, 300 George street suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,
tiede@haskins.yale.edu, Suzanne Boyce Department of communication
sciences and disorders, University of Cincinnati, Mail location 0394, Cin-
cinnati, OH 45267, USA, boycese@email.uc.edu
The lateral sound l in American English involves a complex articula-
tory conguration that includes one or two lateral channels along the sides
of the tongue, and sometimes a lingual-alveolar contact. The acoustic char-
acteristics of l consist of a third formant F3 that is close in frequency to
the F3 of the adjacent vowels, but is often considerably weaker in
amplitude. Generally, there is relatively weak energy in the F3-F5 region.
The articulatory-acoustic relationship is not well understood. Previous stud-
ies did not consider the 3-D vocal tract model and the area function extrac-
tion was based on some assumed model. In this study, we constructed a 3-D
vocal tract geometry based on magnetic resonance images from one subject
during sustained production of syllabic dark l as in pole, and performed
nite-element analysis. The harmonic analysis showed that the frequency re-
sponse of the 3-D vocal tract is comparable in many ways to the spectrum of
the acoustic signal, suggesting good agreement between the actual and re-
constructed vocal tracts. A pole-zero pair is found in F3-F4 region, which
may explain the weak energy level in this frequency region. Application of
the 3-D wave propagation property to vocal tract area function extraction
will also be discussed. Research supported by NIH.
2pSCc20. The acoustics of yer and non-yer vowels [e] and [o] in Slovak.
Stefan Benus Constantine the Philosopher University, Stefanikova 67,
94901 Nitra, Slovakia, sbenus@ukf.sk
Yers of Slavic languages are vowels that alternate with zero and histori-
cally developed from high short lax vowels. In Slovak, both front and back
yers were preserved and surface as e and o respectively. For example, the
second o in kotol cauldron-Nom-Sg is a yer because it disappears with
adding a sufx vowel: kotla cauldron-Gen-Sg. Compare with a non-yer o
in kostol church-Nom-Sg, kostola church-Gen-Sg. Traditional phono-
logical accounts of this difference e.g. Rubach 1993 assume that yer vow-
els are underlyingly different from non-yer vowels and merge with e and
o through a phonological process. Therefore, these accounts predict that
yer and non-yer vowels should be phonetically identical since they enter the
phonetic component already merged as e or o. The results of our acoustic
experiments show that yer vowels are phonetically different from non-yer
vowels. The most salient differences were observed in the rst formant and
duration: yers have lower F1 than non-yers, and for some subjects they are
also shorter. This nding supports the view that the phonetic component has
access to deep phonological alternations and that phonetics-phonology is a
single cognitive system in which the components have different granularities
and interact bidirectionally.
2pSCc21. Behavioral and physiological correlates of language
preference. Megha Sundara UCLA Department of Linguistics, 3125
Campbell Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1543, USA,
megha.sundara@humnet.ucla.edu, Christine Kitamura MARCS Auditory
Laboratories, Bankstown Campus, Building 1, University of Western Syd-
ney, Locked Bag 1797, 1797 Penrith South DC NSW, Australia,
c.kitamura@uws.edu.au, Thierry Nazzi CNRS - Universit Paris Des-
cartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pres, 75006 Paris, France, thierry.nazzi@univ-
paris5.fr
With increasing experience listening to language, infants sensitivity to
the patterns of their native language becomes more specialized. In monolin-
gual, hearing infants, this tuning-in into the native language has been dem-
onstrated in an elegant experiment. Hayashi et al. 2001 tested Japanese-
learning infants between 4 and 14 months on their preference for listening to
Japanese when compared to English. Not surprisingly, Japanese-learning in-
fants preferred to listen to Japanese over English. Critically, the magnitude
of this native language preference increased linearly from 4- to 14-months.
In this study, we replicated and extended Hayashi et al.s results. We tested
65 Australian-English learning infants aged 3 - 16 months on their prefer-
ence for Australian-English compared to Japanese sentences. Our results
conrm the ndings of Hayashi et al.: Australian-English hearing infants
prefer their native language, and this preference increases linearly with age.
We also tested preference when the same infants heard Australian-English
and German sentences. English and German are rhythmically similar, while
differing in segmental characteristics. Results indicate that similar to early
language discrimination, rhythmic distance affects the emergence of lan-
guage preference. We are currently analysing concomitant heart rate mea-
sured from these infants when they were listening to native and non-native
sentences.
2pSCc22. Improvement of speech recognition thresholds by spectral
modulation enhancement. Chang Liu University of Texas, Dept. of
Comm. Sci. & Dis., 1 University Station A1100, Austin, TX 78712, USA,
changliu@mail.utexas.edu, David A. Eddins University of Rochester,
Department of Otolaryngology, Rochester, NY 14618, USA, David_Eddins
@URMC.Rochester.edu
Our previous studies have shown that vowel identication in noise was
signicantly improved by spectral enhancement resulting from modica-
tions in the spectral modulation domain. The present study investigates
whether spectral enhancement results in improved speech recognition in
background competition. Speech recognition thresholds SRT were mea-
sured in a long-term speech shaped LTSS noise and in multi-talker babble
using NU-6 words with and without spectral enhancement for young
normal-hearing listeners. Results indicated that SRTs were signicantly re-
duced, by 2.2 dB, in LTSS noise and in babble when speech sounds were
spectrally enhanced between 2.0 and 2.5 cyclesoctave, while no signicant
changes in SRTs occurred for enhancement between 1.5 and 2 cyclesoctave
or between 1.5 and 2.5 cyclesoctave. Spectral modulation transfer functions
were also measured for each listener. Linear regression analyses showed that
SRT improvement was moderately correlated with modulation detection
thresholds at a spectral modulation frequency of 0.5 cyclesoctave. Thus, it
appears that better modulation detection at low spectral modulation frequen-
cies is associated with greater improvement in word recognition in back-
ground competition.
2pSCc23. Perception of sinewave vowels. James M.
Hillenbrand Western Michigan University, Dept of Speech Path & Aud.,
1903 W. Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA,
james.hillenbrand@wmich.edu, Michael J. Clark Western Michigan Uni-
versity, Dept of Speech Path & Aud., 1903 W. Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo,
MI 49008, USA, michael.clark@wmich.edu
There is a signicant body of research examining the intelligibility of
sinusoidal replicas of naturally spoken utterances. Discussion has followed
about what the sinewave speech phenomenon might imply about the audi-
tory and perceptual mechanisms that are involved in phonetic recognition.
However, this work has typically been conducted using meaningful and syn-
tactically well formed sentences, making it unclear what the relative contri-
butions are of higher level, top-down processes as opposed to lower level
auditory and phonetic mechanisms. The simple purpose of this study was to
measure vowel intelligibility using sinusoidal replicas of naturally spoken
hVd syllables. The sinusoidal signals were modeled after 300 utterances
selected from a database of 1,668 syllables spoken by men, women, and
children Hillenbrand, Getty, Clark, and Wheeler, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 97,
3099-3111 1995. Listeners consisted of 74 students enrolled in an intro-
ductory phonetics course. Recognition rates for the sinusoidal vowels aver-
aged 55%, with considerable variability across listeners. This gure is sub-
stantially lower than the 95% intelligibility measured in several earlier
studies of the naturally spoken signals upon which the sinusoidal replicas
were modeled. Attempts to improve performance using three different train-
ing methods met with modest success, with post-training recognition rates
rising by 5-12 percentage points, depending on the training method.
2pSCc24. Complexity of acoustic-production-based models of speech
perception. Geoffrey Stewart Morrison Australian National University,
School of Language Studies, Building 110, ACT 0200 Canberra, Australia,
geoff.morrison@anu.edu.au
Discriminant analysis models trained on acoustic vowel production data
have been found to have signicant correlation with listeners perception.
Two regularised discriminant analysis models were trained on monolingual
speakers vowels. One model was trained on North Central Peninsular Span-
3326 3326 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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ish vowel tokens, and the other on Western Canadian English vowel tokens.
For each language the model which resulted in the lowest cross-validated
classication error rate was close to the least complex model possible, i.e.,
close to linear discriminant analysis using the variances of each acoustic
variable but not the covariances between variables. In order to make cross-
language vowel perception predictions the Spanish model was used to clas-
sify English vowel tokens and the English model was used to classify Span-
ish vowel tokens. Results suggest that monolingual North Central Peninsular
Spanish listeners would assimilate most tokens of Western Canadian English
i and I to Spanish i and e respectively, and thus for this combination
of dialects, Spanish-speaking learners of English would not be expected to
have difculty with the English i-I contrast.
2pSCc25. Letter sound and letter name recognition for automated
literacy assessment of young children. Shrikanth Narayanan University
of Southern California, 3740 McClintock Ave, EEB430, Los Angeles, CA
90089-2561, USA, shri@sipi.usc.edu, A Kazemzadeh University of
Southern California, 3740 McClintock Ave, EEB430, Los Angeles, CA
90089-2561, USA, kazemzad@usc.edu, Matthew Black University of
Southern California, 3740 McClintock Ave, EEB430, Los Angeles,
CA 90089-2561, USA, Matthew.Black@usc.edu, Joseph
Tepperman University of Southern California, 3740 McClintock Ave,
EEB430, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2561, USA, tepperma@usc
.edu, Sungbok Lee University of Southern California, 3740 McClintock
Ave, EEB430, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2561, USA,
sungbokl@usc.edu, Abeer Alwan University of California, 405 Hilgard
Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, alwan@ee.ucla.edu
Evaluations of letter naming and letter sounding are commonly used to
measure a young childs growing reading ability, since performance in them
is well-correlated with future reading development. Assessing a childs oral
reading skills requires teachers, as well as technologies that attempt to au-
tomate such assessment, to form an item-level acceptreject decision based
on speech cues and prior knowledge of the childs literacy level and linguis-
tic background. With data collected from 171 K-2 children, both learners
and native speakers of American English, we designed and evaluated an au-
tomated letter naming assessment method using a simple word-loop HMM
decoding for the word-level letter names. The automated acceptreject
evaluation performance, 81.9%, approached the agreement of human raters,
83.2% 0.62 kappa. However, the task where children must produce the
sound that the letter represents was more difcult: English orthography al-
lows one-to many letter-to-sound mapping, teachers showed less agreement
in their assessment 80.9%, 0.55 kappa, and the brief durations of some of
the letter sounds made it difcult to distinguish them from each other and
from background noises. Phone-level HMM based evaluation accuracy was
58.2%. Preprocessing the recordings into speech, silence, and noise im-
proved these results, especially for plosive sounds. Supported by NSF
2pSCc26. Neighbors as competitors: Phonological analysis of spoken
word recognition errors. Adam Buchwald NYU, 665 Broadway, Suite
910, New York, NY 10012, USA, buchwald@nyu.edu, Robert A.
Felty Indiana University - Speech Research Laboratory, 1101 E 10th St.,
Dept. of Psychology, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA,
robfelty@indiana.edu, David B. Pisoni Indiana University - Speech Re-
search Laboratory, 1101 E 10th St., Dept. of Psychology, Bloomington, IN
47401, USA, pisoni@indiana.edu
Theories of speech perception and spoken word recognition widely as-
sume that phonetically similar words compete for selection during lexical
access. These competitors - called lexical neighbors - are classically dened
as differing by a single segment, with little attention paid to other levels of
phonological structure such as featural content or syllabic structure. This pa-
per reports on analyses of over 15,000 word recognition errors made on a
representative sample of the lexicon N1428 that includes the same vari-
ety of syllable structures, lengths, and lexical frequencies that exists in the
English lexicon. The analyses reveal that competitors share segmental infor-
mation as has been previously suggested, but that the classic denition of
neighbor cannot capture the level at which featural and syllabic properties of
the target constrain the error responses. We will discuss several analyses on
these issues and discuss the implications for our understanding of the orga-
nization of the lexicon. Work supported by NIH-NIDCD R01 00111 and
T32 00012
2pSCc27. The prosody of second position clitic placement and focus in
Croatian. Kristine Yu Dept. of Linguistics, University of California,
3125 Campbell Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, krisyu@humnet.ucla
.edu
Since Browne 1974, the placement of second position clitics in Bosnian-
CroatianSerbian has inspired debate about interaction at the syntax-
phonology interface. The placement of these clitics can alternate quite
freely: either after the rst phonological word or after the rst syntactic
constituent. While its generally agreed that prosodic phonology, in addition
to morphosyntax, plays a role in clitic placement in BosnianCroatianSer-
bian, the prosodic patterns for the different placements have not been stud-
ied acoustically. In addition, it has been suggested that clitic placement and
pragmatic focus may interact Bokovi 2001, but this has not been sys-
tematically studied. We recorded adult Zagreb Croatian speakers producing
subject noun phrases with initially stressed trisyllabic adjectives and nouns
in transitive sentences. We varied clitic placement after the rst word or
rst constituent and focus domain broad focus, and narrow focus on ad-
jective, noun, both the adjective and the noun, or the entire noun phrase and
controlled for dialect and pitch accents. Preliminary results from three
speakers indicate that gross differences in prosodic patterns occur only as a
function of focus domain but not clitic placement. Further work will conrm
if these patterns hold for more speakers and if clitic placement is correlated
with ner-grained prosodic differences.
2pSCc28. English r-l pronunciation training for Japanese speakers.
Kota Hattori University College London, Department of Phonetics and
Linguistics, 4, Stephenson Way, NW1 2HE London, UK,
k.hattori@ucl.ac.uk, Paul Iverson University College London, Depart-
ment of Phonetics and Linguistics, 4, Stephenson Way, NW1 2HE London,
UK, p.iverson@ucl.ac.uk
Previous studies have demonstrated that perceptual training improves
both perception and production by adult second-language L2 learners. The
present study examined whether production training likewise improves both
perception and production. Japanese speakers underwent ten sessions of pro-
duction training for English r and l. The training combined three
methods: 1 subjects received audio-visual examples and pronunciation in-
structions for r and l; 2 they produced mono syllables i.e., ra and
la and minimal-pair words, with online feedback about their formant fre-
quencies using a real-time spectrogram as well as pronunciation feedback
from an instructor; and 3 they made recordings of minimal-pair words and
compared them to enhanced versions of these recordings i.e., signal-
processed versions with the correct F3 frequencies and transition durations.
All participants completed a battery of prepost training tests i.e., English
r-l identication, discrimination, perceptual mapping of best exemplars,
and production. The preliminary results indicate that this training approach
improves production; the results will be further discussed in terms of its ef-
fect on perception and the underlying representation of these categories.
2pSCc29. Production of American English [eI] and [] by Mandarin
speakers: mono- vs. disyllabic words. Chung-Lin Yang Dept. of Lin-
guistics, Indiana Univ.-Bloomington, Memorial Hall 322, Bloomington, IN
47405, USA, cy1@indiana.edu
Mandarin productions of English tense vs. lax vowels are difcult for
English speakers to differentiate Chen et al. 2006. In this study the pro-
duction of American English eI and by Mandarin and American par-
ticipants was investigated. The target vowels were embedded in monosyl-
labic and disyllabic words with a stop-V-voiceless stop context in carrier
sentences of variable length. There were two formant measurements for
each vowel 20% after the onset and before the end of the vowel. In the
monosyllabic condition, Mandarin speakers performance was similar to
American speakers in duration and formant values except that eI started
too low. However, in the disyllabic condition, Mandarin speakers formants
for eI and were overlapped and there was no signicant durational dis-
tinction between eI and . One possible account for this difference is that
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when producing a disyllabic word, Mandarin speakers tend to shorten the
vowel duration of the rst syllable to compensate for the production of the
following syllable. The difference in syllable conditions may reect a ten-
dency that Chinese regularizes word durations regardless of the number of
syllables. Reference: Chen, Y. et al. 2006. Vowel production by Mandarin
speakers of English. Clinical linguistics and phonetics, 15, 427-440
2pSCc30. A numerical analysis of uctuations in pressure wave within
the larynx using two-dimensional asymmetrical vocal folds model.
Hideyuki Nomura Dept. of Electronic Eng., Univ. of Electro-
Communications, 1-5-1, Chofugaoka, 182-8585 Chofu-shi, Japan,
nomu@ee.uec.ac.jp, Tomoo Kamakura Dept. of Electronic Eng., Univ. of
Electro-Communications, 1-5-1, Chofugaoka, 182-8585 Chofu-shi, Japan,
kamakura@ee.uec.ac.jp, Tetsuo Funada Div. of Electronic Eng. and
Computer Sci., Kanazawa Univ., Kakuma-machi, 920-1192 Kanazawa-shi,
Japan, funada@t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
Numerical simulations of pathological voice production and estimations
of pressure wave uctuations are performed based on a two-dimensional
asymmetrical vocal folds VFs model. The asymmetrical VFs model takes
into account of geometrical asymmetries the thickness, effective depth of
vibration region, and lateral rest position and mechanical asymmetries the
Youngs modulus, density, and viscosity of VF tissues. Simulation results
based on the asymmetrical VFs model show that the left and right VFs vi-
brate with a phase difference. Obtained pressure waves within the larynx
and vocal tract indicate uctuations of fundamental frequency, amplitude,
and waveform. In order to quantitatively evaluate the uctuations, the coef-
cient of variation of the fundamental frequency, the coefcient of variation
of the amplitude, and the harmonic-to-noise ratio are estimated. With in-
creasing the VF asymmetries, especially on the effective depth and the den-
sity of VF elements, remarkable uctuations are observed not only at the
glottis but also in the regions downstream of the glottis and faraway from
the glottis. This suggests that the estimation of uctuation in pressure wave
is useful for the diagnosis of pathological VFs.
2pSCc31. Differential effects of the phonemes on identication of
previously unknown speakers. Kanae Amino Dept. of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Sophia University, 7-1 Kiyoi-cho, Chiyoda-ku,
102-8554 Tokyo, Japan, amino-k@sophia.ac.jp, Takayuki Arai Dept. of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sophia University, 7-1 Kiyoi-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554 Tokyo, Japan, arai@sophia.ac.jp
In perceptual speaker identication, it is known that the identication
accuracy depends on the contents of the stimuli presented to the listeners. In
our previous experiments, we found that the stimuli containing a nasal
sound are effective for human speaker identication, and that coronal
sounds are more effective than labial ones. This tendency was observed in
the identications of both familiar and previously unknown speakers. In this
present study, we investigated the effects of the speech contents again, by
focusing on the vowels in CV monosyllabic stimuli. Through the experiment
we obtained several ndings: 1 stimuli containing a nasal gained signi-
cantly higher accuracy compared to stimuli with only oral sounds; 2 coro-
nal sounds were more effective than labial sounds; 3 palatalisation caused
an improvement in performance; and 4 back vowels were more effective
than front vowels signicantly. These results can be explained by speaker-
specic morphologies of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, and also
of the pharyngeal cavity. We will also show analyses and discussions on the
acoustical properties of the stimuli and the performance differences among
the subjects. Work supported by Sophia University Open Research Centre
from MEXT.
2pSCc32. Coarticulation in CV sequences: Locus Equation data.
Simone Graetzer University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville Victo-
ria, 3010 Melbourne, Australia, n.graetzer@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au
Background: Speech sounds are known to be inuenced by the context
in which they occur, and to be produced in an overlapping way. These pro-
cesses are referred to by the term coarticulation. Objective: The aim of the
study was to compare the magnitude of anticipatory coarticulation of oral
voiceless plosives by following vowels in four Australian languages, Ar-
rernte, Burarra, Gupapuyngu, and Warlpiri. Methods: The corpus consists of
approximately six hundred isolated real words spoken by eight female adult
speakers of the four languages. Locus equations are calculated for intervo-
calic consonants p,c,t,tr,k where tr represents a voiceless oral retroex
plosive and all following vowels in consonant-vowel sequences. Measure-
ment points are 0.1 and 0.5 into the vowel. The relationship between these
two measurement points is linear and is expressed as a locus equation. The
slope of the tted line associated with the equation is a measure of the mag-
nitude of coarticulation of the consonant by the following vowels. Results:
There was a general tendency towards relatively highly coarticulated bila-
bial and velar plosives, weakly coarticulated retroex plosives, and moder-
ately coarticulated alveolar plosives. Results were variable for palatal
plosives. These results are for the most part in accordance with ndings for
other Australian languages.
2pSCc33. Lexical analysis of spoken word recognition errors. Robert
A. Felty Indiana University - Speech Research Laboratory, 1101 E 10th
St., Dept. of Psychology, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA,
robfelty@indiana.edu, Adam Buchwald NYU, 665 Broadway, Suite 910,
New York, NY 10012, USA, buchwald@nyu.edu, David B.
Pisoni Indiana University - Speech Research Laboratory, 1101 E 10th St.,
Dept. of Psychology, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA, pisoni@indiana.edu
In speech perception and spoken word recognition, a lexical neighbor
of a target word is a phonetically similar word that competes with the target
during lexical access. A commonly-used denition is that neighbors differ
from one another by a single segment. While this basic denition accounts
for many results of lexical decision and word recognition tasks among
monosyllabic words, it also suggests that approximately half of the words in
the English lexicon are hermits words without neighbors. To generate a
more inclusive denition of neighbor, we created a representative sample of
the lexicon N1428 to examine spoken word recognition errors, and we
used the incorrectly selected competitors as a means of indexing neighbor
status. Analysis of over 15,000 errors reveals several patterns: 1 Errors
tend to be of higher frequency than the target word; 2 Less than 13 of the
errors were neighbors according to the traditional denition of neighborhood
density; and 3 Errors differed in phonetic similarity more as the SN ratio
decreased. We use these data to test several alternative denitions of neigh-
bor and their ability to predict actual word recognition errors. Work sup-
ported by NIH-NIDCD R01 00111 and T32 00012
2pSCc34. Articulatory constaints on coarticulation in fricatives as a
function of tongue involvement. Carole E. Gelfer William Paterson Uni-
versity, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA,
gelferc@wpunj.edu, Fredericka Bell-Berti St. Johns University, 8000
Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA, bellf@stjohns.edu
Numerous studies have shown coarticulatory effects of vowel rounding
on the spectra of sibilants. However, the extent to which the tongue contrib-
utes to coarticulation is not clear because most studies have used only fri-
catives whose constriction is formed with the tongue. This study examines
the effects of vowel environment on coarticulation in fricatives under two
conditions: when the constriction is formed with the tongue i.e., s and
when it is not i.e., f, paired with the English vowels occurring at the ex-
tremes of the vowel quadrilateral. Preliminary results for adult native speak-
ers of American English suggest that in the absence of tongue constraint i
.e., f, there is a greater effect of vowel context on the fricative spectrum.
This result reinforces the importance of considering the freedom of an ar-
ticulator to anticipate an upcoming gesture when examining the extent of
coarticulation.
2pSCc35. Acquisition of rhythm: evidence from spontaneous L2
speech. Irina Shport University of Oregon, Department of Linguistics,
1290, Eugene, OR 97403, USA, ishport@uoregon.edu
This study examined the acquisition of Japanese rhythm by comparing
the rhythmic characteristics of elicited spontaneous speech of English learn-
ers in the setting of an oral prociency test. Two metrics for the quantica-
tion of speech rhythm that have been shown to reliably discriminate rhyth-
mic classes in both L1 and L2 speech White and Mattys, 2007 were
utilized for the analysis - 1 the proportion of vowel intervals within the sen-
tence %V, and 2 the standard deviation of vowel intervals divided by the
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mean vowel interval duration and multiplied by 100 VarcoV. A difference
in the rhythm scores of novice-mid and intermediate-high learners of Japa-
nese was found. Furthermore, the learners scores were signicantly differ-
ent from Japanese native speakers scores, suggesting that speakers start ac-
quiring speech rhythm relatively early, but they are still short of the target at
the intermediate level of prociency. By comparing the obtained scores with
scores of stress-timed languages, such as English, the difference in the
scores may be attributed to an L1 transfer into the rhythmic organization of
the L2 speech.
2pSCc36. Effects of training, style, and rate of speaking on speech
perception of young people in reverberation. Nao Hodoshima Dept. of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sophia University, 7-1 Kiyoi-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554 Tokyo, Japan, n-hodosh@sophia.ac.jp, Takayuki
Arai Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sophia University,
7-1 Kiyoi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554 Tokyo, Japan,
arai@sophia.ac.jp, Kiyohiro Kurisu TOA Corporation, 2-1 Takamatsu-
cho, Takarazuka, 665-0043 Hyogo, Japan, kurisu_kiyohiro@toa.co.jp
Because of the difculty of listening to speech in reverberation e.g.
train stations or airports, we need to nd characteristics of intelligible
speech sounds that are appropriate for announcements over loudspeakers in
public spaces. This study investigated the effects of training seven talkers
who have received speech training or not, style conversationalclear and
rate normalslow of speaking on speech perception of young people in
simulated reverberant environments. The talkers were instructed to speak
nonsense words embedded within a carrier sentence clearly or normally in
an anechoic room, and listening tests were carried out with young people in
simulated reverberant environments. Results showed that correct rates sig-
nicantly differed among the talkers, but no difference in correct rates was
found between the two speaking rates, and conversational speech had sig-
nicantly higher correct rates than clear speech. Casual inspections of the
stimuli indicate that vowels are enhanced as well as consonants in clear
speech so that clear speech had lower correct rates than conversational
speech due to increased reverberant masking in clear speech compared to
conversational speech. Work supported by Sophia University Open Re-
search Center from MEXT.
2pSCc37. Prosody in French theatrical declamation traced backwards
in time. George Brock-Nannestad Patent Tactics, Resedavej 40, DK-2820
Gentofte, Denmark, pattac@image.dk
Listening to early recordings of a French theatrical personality, such as
Sarah Bernhardt, the emphatic emission of words is very noticeable. It is
sometimes ascribed to Bernhardts theatrical mannerisms, but possibly also
caused by an erroneous speed of reproduction. But even at correct speed,
huge variations in intenseness are very noticeable. Literature does not give a
clear indication whether this manner of performance was considered devi-
ating at the time ca. 1900. New research into the original handwritten
patent documents of douard-Lon Scott led 1857 and 1859 has analyzed
his method of recording the performance of the human voice. Scott docu-
mented the performance of a complete stanza from a French play, and look-
ing at his graphical output and interpretation it becomes clear that the
prosody of Mme. Bernhardt was already in place in 1859. Having identied
the French play, even earlier descriptions of the prosodic approach in French
declamation were found. The paper also discusses the patents of douard-
Lon Scott and his desire for the use of his invention, which was different
from that of his manufacturer, Rudolph Koenig. Furthermore, the prosodic
documentation will be demonstrated, and a historically informed reproduc-
tion of a recording by Sarah Bernhardt will be presented.
2pSCc38. Articulatory coordination in German and English onset and
coda clusters. Marianne Pouplier Institute of Phonetics and Speech Pro-
cessing, University of Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany,
pouplier@phonetik.uni-muenchen.de, Stefania Marin Institute of Phonet-
ics and Speech Processing, University of Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany,
stefania.marin@gmail.com
Articulatorily, onset consonants differ from coda consonants in their spa-
tial as well as their temporal characteristics in that onsets exhibit greater
spatial displacement and are generally less variable than codas. As to their
temporal organization, it has been claimed that onsets, but not codas exhibit
a so-called c-center organization in which all consonant gestures of a cluster
are organized as a single complex structure with respect to the vowel, while
consonant clusters in codas have been hypothesized to be organized sequen-
tially Browman & Goldstein 1988 Phonetica. While some studies have
conrmed the c-center hypothesis for onsets but not codas, others found a
c-center organization for both onset and coda consonants. The current study
uses German and English onset and coda clusters to test systematically the
c-center hypothesis on the basis of EMA data. Results for both languages
indicate that a c-center organization may be observed in both onset and coda
position, yet it does not appear consistently for all clusters. Also cross word-
boundary clusters may exhibit c-center organization, possibly indicating
resyllabication.
2pSCc39. Acoustic consequences of gestural intrusion errors. Stefania
Marin Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, University of Munich,
80799 Munich, Germany, stefania.marin@gmail.com, Marianne
Pouplier Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, University of Mu-
nich, 80799 Munich, Germany, pouplier@phonetik.uni-muenchen
.de, Jonathan Harrington Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing,
University of Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany, jmh@phonetik
.uni-muenchen.de, Susanne Waltl IPS, LMU, Schellingstr. 3II, 80799
Mnchen, Germany, susanne@phonetik.uni-muenchen.de
An increasing number of studies have elicited speech errors in articula-
tory experiments, and thus evaluated errors on the basis of their articulatory
properties, yet there has been no study that relates the articulatory variability
observed in errors to the acoustic consequences. The present study aims to
evaluate the acoustic properties of errorfulerror-free k and t stimuli with
known articulatory congurations and articulatorily categorized as
errorfulerror-free, and determine the extent to which articulatory errors
have acoustically observable consequences. The most frequent error ob-
served in the articulatory data is an intrusion of a second gesture, resulting
in a simultaneous presence of both tongue tip and tongue body gestures dur-
ing production of k or t. Spectral analysis of these stimulis bursts shows
that k and t are differently affected by intrusion gestures: intrusion errors
during intended k tokens are more robustly grouped with error-free k
across speakers, while intrusion errors during intended t tokens are more
variable, some being acoustically like t, some like k, and some like nei-
ther category, matching previous perceptual results Pouplier & Goldstein
2004, Journal of Phonetics. These results will be discussed in the context of
different timing patterns between the two co-occurring gestures during in-
trusion errors.
2pSCc40. Embodiment, not imitation, leads to the replication of timing
phenomena. Piers Messum 112 Warner Road, SE5 9HQ London, UK,
p.messum@gmail.com
In many languages, a spoken vowel is shorter before phonologically
voiceless consonants than before voiced ones. In West Germanic languages,
including English, tense and lax vowels have different lengths and there is a
characteristic stress-timed rhythm. For these phenomena and some others,
it is generally assumed that time is the controlled variable for production,
and that children replicate these speech behaviors through the reproduction
of timing patterns abstracted from the adult input i.e. by imitation. The de-
velopmental data does not support these assumptions, and an imitative
mechanism would present a young speaker with a highly complex challenge.
Instead, these behaviors are more plausibly the result of the embodiment of
speech. Embodiment goes beyond laryngeal and articulatory function. A
childs speech breathing is not a scaled-down version of the adult model but
a distinctly different skill, and one that must be learnt during speech
production. Similarly, the aerodynamic setting of child speech differs sig-
nicantly from that of adults. The constraints that these factors impose be-
come manifest in speech as changes in timing, but these changes are epiphe-
nomenal, not modelled directly. Phenomena particular to West Germanic
languages reect the style of speech breathing these languages require of a
child.
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2pSCc41. Investigating the perception of noise-vocoded speech - an
individual differences approach. Carolyn McGettigan University Col-
lege London, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, WC1N
3AR London, UK, c.mcgettigan@ucl.ac.uk, Stuart Rosen UCL, Wolfson
House, 4, Stephenson Way, NW1 2HE London, UK,
stuart@phon.ucl.ac.uk, Sophie K. Scott University College London, In-
stitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London,
UK, sophie.scott@ucl.ac.uk
We used a cochlear implant simulation noise-vocoded speech to inves-
tigate speech recognition and perceptual learning in normal-hearing adult
speakers of English. In two separate sessions 1-2 weeks apart, 28 listeners
were tested on recognition of noise-vocoded Sentences, Words, and isolated
segments Consonants and Vowels. There was evidence of signicant per-
ceptual learning that survived until Session 2 for all tasks. An individual dif-
ferences analysis of Session 1 data suggested two independently-varying
levels of processing at work in the initial perception of the distorted speech
stimuli - a top-down listening mode making use of contextual and lexical
information, and a bottom-up mode focussed on acoustic-phonetic
discriminations. By Session 2, a more generalised listening mode emerged,
reecting listeners consolidation of basic sound-to-representation
mappings. Further exploration of Consonant and Vowel confusion data
using Information Transfer analyses suggested that better speech recogni-
tion performance may be achieved through more efcient use of the pre-
served cues to duration and voicing in noise-vocoded stimuli, but that lis-
teners failed to take full advantage of such information. We conclude that
training regimes involving directed attention to specic features, such as
vowel length, may help to improve performance with noise-vocoded speech.
2pSCc42. Speed-curvature relations in speech production: a
multilingual experimental and modeling study. Pascal
Perrier ICPGIPSA-lab, INPG, 46 Avenue Flix Viallet, 38031 Grenoble
Cedex 01, France, Pascal.Perrier@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr, Susanne Fuchs ZAS,
Schuetzenstr. 18, 10117 Berlin, Germany, fuchs@zas.gwz-berlin.de
Regularities in the relations between tangential velocity and trajectory
curvature have been found in a number of human movements. They were
formalized in the 13 power law Viviani and Terzuolo, Neuroscience 7:
431-437, 1982. Viviani and colleagues also found that modifying the speed-
curvature relations would inuence the perception of synthetic movements
in terms of naturalness and classication. Hence, these relations could be at
the core of the perception-action link in human movements. In this paper,
tongue movement collected from speakers of French, German and Mandarin
are analyzed. They are compared with data from simulations using a biome-
chanical tongue model, which is controlled on a target-to-target basis. Our
results for experimental data and simulations are very similar. It is found
that the 13 power law offers a fair description of the velocity-curvature re-
lations when a large amount of movements are considered together. How-
ever, a rened analysis of individual movements reveals that the exceptions
to this law are numerous. It is concluded that the velocity-curvature relation
is not controlled in speech movements, and that the 13 power law only ac-
counts for general characteristics of movements, which could arise from dy-
namical properties of the articulators.
2pSCc43. Vowel spaces in Swedish children with cochlear implants.
Tina Ibertsson Lund University, Dept. Logopedics, Phoniatrics & Audiol-
ogy, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden,
Tina.Ibertssont@med.lu.se, Birgitta Sahln Lund University, Dept. Logo-
pedics, Phoniatrics & Audiology, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund,
Sweden, Birgitta.Sahlen@med.lu.se, Anders Lofqvist Lund University,
Dept. Logopedics, Phoniatrics & Audiology, University Hospital, SE-221 85
Lund, Sweden, Anders.Lofqvist@med.lu.se
This study analyzed vowel productions of Swedish children with co-
chlear implants, capitalizing on the rich vowel system of Swedish with nine
vowels. Minimal word pairs were used as linguistic material. A group of 12
children with CI mean age 184 months, range 144-229 months, and a
group of children with normal hearing mean age 105 months, range 103-
118 months were recruited. The age at implantation of the CI was 79
months range 31-155 months. The rst two formants were measured for
each vowel. To estimate the vowel space, the average Euclidean distance in
the F1-F2 plane between each vowel and the mean rst and second formant
frequencies of all the vowels was calculated for each child. The results show
a signicantly smaller vowel space for the children with a cochlear implant.
However, there was no overall signicant correlations between the vowel
space and measures of speech recognition and vowel production in the CI
group. Although the present results show that speech recognition ability af-
fects intelligibility and vowel production, the vowel space may not be a suit-
able measure for assessing speech production in this population. Work sup-
ported by the Sunnderdahl Disability Foundation.
2pSCc44. Detection of obstruent consonant landmark for knowledge
based speech recgonition system. Jung-In Lee Yonsei University, 134
Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea,
junginida@dsp.yonsei.ac.kr, Jeung-Yoon Choi Yonsei University, 134
Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea, jychoi
@yonsei.ac.kr
Obstruent consonant landmarks are detected using spectral energy dif-
ference proles. This study expands upon previous work by Liu. AJ.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 3417-3430, 1996. The proposed algorithm detects
four types of landmarks : stop closure, stop release, fricative closure
and fricative release, where affricates are detected by combining stop clo-
sure, fricative closure and fricative release. In addition to nding abrupt
changes in energy differences, we use energy contours, relative energy and
spectral center of gravity differences. This method results in improved per-
formance particularly for CV obstruents. Overall detection rates for stop clo-
sure and release are 76.9% and 85.7% for obstruent landmarks in TIMIT,
and fricatives yield 82.2% and 83.6% respectively. For strident fricatives,
the gures are 94.7% and 93.6%.
2pSCc45. Acoustic-phonetic features for stop consonant place detection
in clean and telephone speech. Jung-Won Lee Yonsei University, 134
Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea,
jaesuk2002@dsp.yonsei.ac.kr, Jeung-Yoon Choi Yonsei University, 134
Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea, jychoi
@yonsei.ac.kr
This work classies voiceless stop consonant place in CV tokens of En-
glish using burst release cues for clean TIMIT and telephone speech
NTIMIT. We compared the performance of cepstral coefcients to acous-
tic phonetics-motivated features such as center of gravity, burst amplitude
and relative difference of formant amplitudes. In clean speech, cepstral co-
efcients resulted in better classication. However, for test data from
NTIMIT, acoustic phonetic-based features outperformed cepstral coef-
cients, particularly if models were trained on clean speech. In addition, aug-
menting cepstral coefcients with acoustic phonetic-based measurements re-
sulted in the best performance. These ndings suggest that cepstral
coefcients are able to model speech in a given environment in ner detail,
whereas acoustic phonetic-based features are more robust to changes in en-
vironment, so that combining both types of measurements leads to the best
performance.
2pSCc46. Vowel place detection for a knowledge-based speech
recognition system. Sukmyung Lee Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-
dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea,
pooh390@dsp.yonsei.ac.kr, Jeung-Yoon Choi Yonsei University, 134
Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea, jychoi
@yonsei.ac.kr
This work aims to detect vowel place as part of a knowledge-based
speech recognition system. Vowel place was classied into 6 groups based
on tongue advancement FrontBack and height HighMidLow. Experi-
ments were performed using 300 hVd utterance data from Hillenbrand J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3099-3111 and 6600 TIMIT vowels. Features used
include fundamental frequency F0 and formant value F1F3, where for-
mant measurements were classied into separate groups using F0
measurements. The nearest class was found using a simple Mahalanobis dis-
tance measure, and yielded a 91.5% classication rate for the hVd data.
3330 3330 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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The results for the TIMIT data were 64.4%, and error analysis with regard to
adjacent segment manner and place was carried out to observe the effects of
coarticulation, which was not observed in the hVd data.
2pSCc47. Cross-modal perceptual learning of spectrally degraded
speech: Behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Frank Eisner University
College London, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square,
WC1N 3AR London, UK, f.eisner@ucl.ac.uk, Carolyn
McGettigan University College London, Institute of Cognitive Neuro-
science, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London, UK,
c.mcgettigan@ucl.ac.uk, Stuart Rosen UCL, Wolfson House, 4, Stephen-
son Way, NW1 2HE London, UK, stuart@phon.ucl.ac.uk, Andrew
Faulkner UCL, Wolfson House, 4, Stephenson Way, NW1 2HE London,
UK, andyf@phon.ucl.ac.uk, Sophie K. Scott University College London,
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London,
UK, sophie.scott@ucl.ac.uk
We investigated normal-hearing listeners ability to adapt to a speech
signal that simulates aspects of the stimulation received from a cochlear
implant. The training materials were spoken sentences which were spectrally
degraded by noiseband-vocoding and shifted upwards in frequency. A con-
trol condition consisted of spectrally inverted, unintelligible versions of
these stimuli. Participants listened passively to these sentences, and on each
trial received visual feedback which could be either a written version of the
sentence or a video of the talker who originally produced it. Learning under
both feedback conditions was relatively fast: Subjects improved on average
by 25% on keyword recognition scores after 100 trials. No learning effects
were observed in the control condition. We further used functional magnetic
resonance imaging to investigate which cortical areas may be recruited dur-
ing learning. A comparison of degraded and learnable sentences with the un-
learnable control stimuli showed activity in the left superior temporal sulcus
both during passive listening and receiving feedback. In contrast, the left
inferior frontal gyrus was activated only when subjects were receiving feed-
back in the learnable condition. These results suggest that the inferior frontal
gyrus plays an important role in integrating acoustic-phonetic processing
with externally provided feedback.
2pSCc48. Robust harmonic grouping by octave error correction.
Hedde Van De Vooren University of Groningen, Dept. Articial Intelli-
gence, P.O. Box 407, 9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands,
h.van.de.vooren@ai.rug.nl, Renante R. Violanda University of Gronin-
gen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box 407, 9700 AK Groningen, Neth-
erlands, R.Violanda@ai.rug.nl, Tjeerd C. Andringa University of Gronin-
gen, Dept. Articial Intelligence, P.O. Box 407, 9700 AK Groningen,
Netherlands, t.andringa@ai.rug.nl
Harmonic grouping is a frequently applied technique in computational
auditory scene analysis and automatic speech recognition systems. However,
grouping is easily disrupted by noise and reverberation. For instance, a noise
induced signal component positioned roughly between two harmonics,
might undesirably be assigned to the harmonic complex HC as well. This
results in an octave error: harmonics in an HC are assigned to harmonic
numbers twice as high as the correct values. We propose a cost function
based method to correct these octave errors. This function is designed to, on
the one hand, improve the balance between odd and even harmonic num-
bers, and, on the other hand, minimize the amount of signal components to
be rejected. As a preprocessing step we applied short-time Fourier analysis
to derive an instantaneous frequency representation from which we obtained
the signal components. We used these as input for our harmonic grouping
algorithm to obtain the HCs. Then we selected the optimal solution from the
cost function and modied the composition of the HCs accordingly. As long
as enough harmonics are sufciently above the local noise level, this octave
error correction mechanism works well for various sorts of harmonic sounds
including speech.
2pSCc49. A cross-language familiar talker advantage? Susannah
Levi University of Michigan, 440 Lorch Hall, 611 Tappan Street, Ann Ar-
bor, MI 48109, USA, svlevi@umich.edu, Stephen Winters University of
Calgary, Social Sciences Bldg. Room 820, Department of Linguistics, Cal-
gary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada, swinters@basesproduced.com, David B.
Pisoni Indiana University - Speech Research Laboratory, 1101 E 10th St.,
Dept. of Psychology, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA, pisoni@indiana.edu
Previous research has shown that familiar talkers are more intelligible
than unfamiliar talkers. In the current study, we tested the source of this fa-
miliar talker advantage by manipulating the type of talker information avail-
able to listeners. Two groups of native English listeners were familiarized
with the voices of ve German-English bilingual talkers; one group learned
the voices from German stimuli and the other from English stimuli. Thus,
English-trained listeners had access to both language-independent and
English-specic talker information, while German-trained listeners had ac-
cess to language-independent and German-specic talker information. After
three days of voice learning, all listeners performed a word recognition task
in English. Consistent with previous ndings, English-trained listeners
found the speech of familiar talkers to be more intelligible than unfamiliar
talkers, as measured by whole words and phonemes correct. In contrast,
German-trained listeners showed no familiar talker advantage, suggesting
that listeners must have knowledge of talker-specic, linguistically relevant
information to elicit the familiar talker advantage and that knowledge of
language-independent talker information - such as size and shape of the vo-
cal tract - does not facilitate speech perception.
2pSCc50. Prosodic effects on articulatory coordination in initial
consonant clusters in German. Lasse Bombien Institut fr Phonetik und
Sprachverarbeitung, Schellingstr. 3, 80799 Mnchen, Germany,
lasse@phonetik.uni-muenchen.de, Christine Mooshammer Haskins lab
and MIT Research lab of electronics, 300 George street suite 900, New Ha-
ven, CT 06511, USA, tine@haskins.yale.edu, Phil Hoole Institut fr Pho-
netik und Sprachverarbeitung, Schellingstr. 3, 80799 Mnchen, Germany,
hoole@phonetik.uni-muenchen.de, Barbara Kuehnert Laboratoire de
Phontique et Phonologie - UMR 7018 CNRS - Paris 3, 19, rue des Berna-
dins, 75005 Paris, France, barbara.kuhnert@univ-paris3.fr
This study examines how articulatory coordination in heterorganic initial
consonant clusters is modulated by prosodic condition. Extending the para-
digm of articulatory strengthening at domain edges to clusters, we provide
EPG data of 7 speakers as well as EMA data of two speakers including
domain-initial clusters kl, kn and sk in different prosodic positions,
varying the strength of the preceding boundary and the position of lexical
stress. e.g. Claudia vs. Klausur, i.e. stressed vs. unstressed target cluster.
The results show that C1 was consistently lengthened at higher boundaries,
but only if the cluster was preceded by a clear pause. C2 was only weakly
and inconsistently affected. There were no effects on the spatial domain at
all. No consistent effects of lexical stress were found for either C1 or C2.
Regarding overlap of C1 and C2 there was a tendency, albeit quite weak, in
the direction of more overlap at the lower boundary levels and in unstressed
condition. However, differences in timing between segmentally different
clusters were consistent and much larger than boundary and stress effects.
Especially for kl vs. kn we nd that the laterals timing to k is much
closer than the nasals.
2pSCc51. Hierarchical approach to voice activity detection in realistic
environmental noise. Jrg-Hendrik Bach Universitt Oldenburg, Mediz-
inische Physik, Fakultt V, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany,
j.bach@uni-oldenburg.de, Jrn Anemller Universitt Oldenburg, Mediz-
inische Physik, Fakultt V, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, joern.anemueller
@uni-oldenburg.de
The automatic identication of acoustic objects, particularly speech, in
adverse backgrounds can pose a difcult problem. In this work, the problem
of speech detection in different backgrounds is tackled using a hierarchical
decision tree: The root node provides a coarse classication of the noise
background, while the next nodes are optimised to detect speech in one par-
ticular background each. The results of this approach are compared to the
ITU G729B standard VAD and to a binary classier trained on speech vs a
mixture of the backgrounds. The features employed are amplitude modula-
tion spectra of the signals Kollmeier & Koch, 1993 that represent the
modulation content of a signal as a two-dimensional modulation-frequency
vs centre frequency spectral pattern. The best features for classication at
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each node are selected independently node-specic using a sequential
oating forward search algorithm. The statistical learner is an open source
support vector machine Chang & Lin, 2001.
2pSCc52. Visual Inuences on Alignment to Voice Onset Time.
Kauyumari Sanchez University of California, Riverside, Department of
Psychology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA,
ksanc004@student.ucr.edu, Rachel M. Miller University of California,
Riverside, Department of Psychology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA
92521, USA, rmill002@ucr.edu, Lawrence D. Rosenblum University of
California, Riverside, Department of Psychology, 900 University Ave., Riv-
erside, CA 92521, USA, rosenblu@citrus.ucr.edu
In speech alignment, interlocutors inadvertently imitate aspects of each
others utterances. Alignment also occurs when talkers are asked to shadow
identify out loud recorded words heard over headphones. For example, the
voice onset time VOT of consonants produced by subjects will be greater
when shadowing heard words whose consonants have been modied to have
extended VOTs K. Shockley, et al., Percept. Psychophys. 66, 422 2004.
An experiment was conducted to test whether alignment to VOT has a
purely acoustic basis. For this purpose, visual speech tokens composed of a
face articulating ba syllables at three different rates, were each dubbed
onto a series of seven audio ba syllables varying in VOT. Subjects were
asked to simply shadow the audiovisual bas. Results revealed that both the
visible syllable rate and audio VOT of the stimuli inuenced the VOTs of
the shadowers produced syllables. The implications of these results for
theories of alignment, audiovisual integration, and the perceptual primitives
of speech are discussed.
2pSCc53. The [English] effect in acquisition of English as a second
language: Novel- category biases in second language perception and
production. Kenneth De Jong Indiana University, 322 Memorial Hall,
1021 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA, kdejong@indiana
.edu, Yen-Chen Hao Indiana University, 322 Memorial Hall, 1021 E. 3rd
Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA, yehao@indiana.edu, Hanyong
Park Indiana University, 322 Memorial Hall, 1021 E. 3rd Street, Bloom-
ington, IN 47405, USA, hanypark@indiana.edu, Noah H. Silbert Indiana
University, 322 Memorial Hall, 1021 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405,
USA, nosilber@indiana.edu
Silbert & de Jong JASA, 122: 3092 investigated correlations between
response bias and segment frequency in a number of previously published
segment identication data sets. In general, bias tends to be positively cor-
related with frequency. When applied to second language L2 learning, this
pattern predicts biases toward identifying novel L2 categories as L1 catego-
ries, since the number of instances of L1 categories far outweighs those of
novel categories in learners experience. Nagao, Lim, & de Jong 2003,
ICPhS conrm this: Japanese listeners tend to label ambiguous English
coda consonants as onsets. However, younger and less experienced learners
of English tend to label ambiguous tokens as codas; they tend toward using
the novel category even though it is less frequent in their experience. This
paper reports experiments in which Korean EFL learners identied English
obstruents and in which they produced them. Cases of novel category re-
sponse bias are observed in identication, and less so in production. Such
novel category effects suggest a model in which novel categories serve, in
part, as indicators of the L2 itself and stand out as response options in L2
identication tasks. These effects are likely counteracted by motor difcul-
ties in L2 production tasks.
2pSCc54. Study on voice quality parameters for anger degree
estimation. Yoshiko Arimoto Tokyo University of Technology, Graduate
School of Bionics, Information and Media Science, Faculty of MS, Iida la-
bolatory, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, 192-0982 Tokyo, Japan,
ar@mf.teu.ac.jp, Sumio Ohno Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1
Katakura, 192-0982 Hachioji, Japan, ohno@cc.teu.ac.jp, Hitoshi
Iida Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, 192-0982 Ha-
chioji, Japan, iida@media.teu.ac.jp
With great advance of automatic speech recognition ASR systems and
a voice command system are demanded to be more sensitive to users in-
tention or emotion. These systems currently process linguistic information,
but not process nonlinguistic information or paralinguistic information
which users expressed during dialogs. For that reason, computers can obtain
less information about a user through a dialog than human listeners can. If
computers will recognize users emotions conveyed by acoustic information,
more appropriate response can be made toward users. For realization of
emotion recognition, we have continued our study on anger degree estima-
tion by both prosodic features and segmental features with anger utterances
which were recorded during two kinds of pseudo-dialogs. This report fo-
cuses on only segmental features related to voice quality and examines them
for capabilities to estimate anger degree. The rst cepstral coefcient of an-
ger utterances has been analyzed to obtain acoustic parameters related to
spectral tilt in our previous works. In addition to the previous voice quality
parameters, features related to amplitude of formants and harmonics were
extracted from the same anger utterances as that in the previous works.
Comparisons were made with the previous parameters to evaluate estimation
accuracy of each voice quality parameters.
2pSCc55. Identication of place of articulation and voicing in white
and babble noise. Magnus Alm Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Psychology Dept, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway,
magnusal@stud.ntnu.no, Dawn Behne Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, Psychology Dept, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway, dawn
.behne@svt.ntnu.no
Previous research shows that white noise inuences the degree auditory
and visual modalities are used in audio-visual AV speech perception. This
study assesses identication of voicing and place of articulation POA in
the infrequently studied natural babble noise. Incongruent monosyllabic AV
stimuli were presented to 15 young adults in white and babble noise at 0 and
-12 dB SNR where voicing stimuli differed in voicing and voicing structure
and POA stimuli differed in POA and POA structure. In white noise POA
stimuli received fewer audio responses than in babble whereas voicing
stimuli received more audio responses in white noise than in babble. Voiced
syllables received more audio responses than voiceless. Findings suggest
that differences in noise type for POA and voicing identication are attrib-
utable to discrepancies in acoustical attributes of noise and target stimuli. In
voicing identication, the spectral transition between aspiration stabile
signal and voicing uctuating signal is less distinct in the uctuating
babble noise than in the at power white noise. Voiceless consonants are
more spectrally similar to white noise than voiced consonants, making the
latter more auditorily accessible. Visual cues aid voicing identication, but
only when POA is visually salient and auditorily susceptible to the noise
type.
2pSCc56. A comparison of task and non-task related variability in
speech production and acoustics, with implications to speech perception.
Khalil Iskarous Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St, New Haven, CT
06511, USA, iskarous@haskins.yale.edu
Task Dynamics provides a way of testing whether production goals are
acoustic or articulatory. According to this theory, during the production of a
segment, the vocal tract can be divided into locations where a task is speci-
ed and locations where no task is specied. The goal is for articulators to
synergetically achieve the constriction in the task location. Articulatory vari-
ability in the non-task locations is permitted due to overlap. However, ar-
ticulatory activity in both task and non-task locations affects the area func-
tion and acoustic output. Therefore it is possible that an articulatory synergy
stabilizes an articulatory task variable, without stabilizing the acoustics, evi-
dence that the goal is articulatory. An experiment on the articulation and
acoustics of Vd in Ameican English by 26 subjects, using the Wisconsin
Xray Microbeam database, shows that there is a synergy between jaw and
tongue tip that explains 79% of the variability in articulator locations. This
synergy stabilizes the position of the tongue tip in the alveolar region. But
the formant transitions and bursts are highly variable, since the back of the
tongue and jaw assume positions consistent with the preceding vowel-
evidence that the goal is articulatory Funded by NIH DC-02717.
3332 3332 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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2pSCc57. Evaluation of a simplied phonetic annotation scheme for
disordered speech. Kathleen Murray Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and
Neck Surgery, 1721 Pine Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA,
kathleen.murray@drexel.edu, David Graff Linguistic Data Consortium,
3600 Market St. Suite 810, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2653, USA,
graff@ldc.upenn.edu, Yolanda D. Heman-Ackah Head and Neck Surgery,
Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, 1721 Pine Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA,
Phillyvoicemd@aol.com, Robert T. Sataloff Head and Neck Surgery,
Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, 1721 Pine Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA,
rtsataloff@phillyent.com
Attempts to train a computer to mimic a vocal pathology experts per-
ception of perceivable voice problems have had limited success. A recent
study successfully used a Cepstrum-based calculation CPPs to detect dys-
phonic speech, but it made signicant false negative and false positive errors
1. Appropriate training data could improve calculation accuracy, but logis-
tical and legal issues from the medical domain render large amounts of de-
tailed, consistent training data difcult to produce. A simple scheme has
been developed based on labeling one point in time for each of a few vowels
in a read statement. Calculations from 1 and 2, centered on neighbor-
hoods of these vowels will augment the CPPs classier. The annotation
scheme will be evaluated with respect to its ability to assist a classier to
automatically predict perceptual labels 1 from data, and practicalities such
as interintra-annotator agreement. 1. Heman-Ackah, Y.D., Heuer, R.J.,
Michael, D.D., Ostrowski, R., Horman, M., Baroody, M., Hillenbrand, J.M.,
and Sataloff, R.T. 2003. Cepstral peak prominence: A more reliable mea-
sure of dysphonia, Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 112,
324-333. 2. Perceived Level of Noise by Mark VII and Decibels E S. S.
Stevens, J. Acoustical Soc. Am. v. 512, part 2 1972. pp. 575-602.
2pSCc58. Neural correlates of speech and non-speech processing: Role
of language experience in brain activation. Alexis N.
Bosseler University of Washington, Dept. of Speech & Hearing Sciences,
and Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, Box 357988, Seattle, WA
98195, USA, bosseler@u.washington.edu, Toshiaki Imada University of
Washington, Dept. of Speech & Hearing Sciences, and Institute for Learning
& Brain Sciences, Box 357988, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
imada@u.washington.edu, Elina Pihko BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki
University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland, pihko@biomag
.hus., Jyrki Mkel BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Central
Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland, jyrki.makela@hus., Samu
Taulu Elekta-Neuromag Oy, 22 Elimenkatu, 00510 Helsinki, Finland,
samu@squid.neuromag.,Antti AhonenElekta-Neuromag Oy, 22 Elimen-
katu, 00510 Helsinki, Finland, antti.ahonen@elekta.com, Patricia K.
Kuhl University of Washington, Dept. of Speech & Hearing Sciences, and
Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, Box 357988, Seattle, WA 98195,
USA, pkkuhl@u.washington.edu
In adults, neural responses to the acoustic properties of native and non-
native speech sounds differ. Recent magnetoencephalography MEG stud-
ies indicate that two regions of the brain, the superior temporal area and in-
ferior parietal area Brocas, in both the left and right hemispheres, may
contribute to how the adult brain responds to the acoustic properties of
speech. The aim of the present study was to investigate neural activation in
adults when listening to native and non-native speech, and to non-speech
analogs of speech. We used MEG to examine activation of the superior tem-
poral and inferior parietal areas. Native speakers of Finnish were presented
with Finnish pa and ta and Chinese t looped c superscript h i and
looped c i syllables, and sine-wave replicas of pa and ta, in a passive
oddball paradigm. Our analysis examines the properties of localized neural
activities to determine how activation of sensory and motor speech areas dif-
fers for speech and non-speech, and the role of language experience in brain
activation.
2pSCc59. Why words do not have a psychological alphabet. Robert F.
Port Indiana University, 330 Memorial Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405,
USA, port@indiana.edu
Linguists and psychologists share a powerful intuition that the psycho-
logical form of language in memory employs letter-like units for spelling
words and any other linguistic material. However evidence accumulating
over the decades shows that memory for linguistic material actually consists
of continuous-time representations containing much more information than
we thought, plus there are episodic representations with much redundancy.
So Libermans di and du share nothing in their representation. There
need not be an abstract d in the memory representations of language. Our
intuition that a letter-like representation is necessary for speech perception
and production turns out to be shared only with literate people. Because we
cultivate our reading and writing skills, we bias our brains and
consciousness to model speech using something like letters e.g, phones -
either from an orthographic or a technical alphabet. So our conscious expe-
rience of language is shaped by our cultural tradition of training children to
hear speech as letters and letters as speech - all to exploit the technology of
literacy. When we can overcome this education-based bias toward phones
and phonemes, we will discover the phonemic emperor has no supporting
evidence. Linguistic material in memory is richly detailed - relative to what
an alphabet represents.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 343, 2:00 TO 3:40 P.M.
Session 2pSPa
Signal Processing in Acoustics: Beamforming, Localization, and Tracking I
Michael Roan, Cochair
Virginia Tech, 917 Village Way North, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
Natalia Sidorovskaia, Cochair
Department of Physics, University of Louisiana, UL BOX 44210, Lafayette, LA 70504-4210, USA
Contributed Papers
2:00
2pSPa1. Acoustic vector-sensor array beamforming based on
fourth-order cumulants. Tingting Li College of Underwater Acoustic
Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001 Harbin, China,
liqiaocheng@hrbeu.edu.cn, Xiukun Li College of Underwater Acoustic
Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001 Harbin, China, xiukun
_li@yahoo.com.cn
Abstract: Some high-resolution direction-of-arrival DOA estimation
methods, such as the MUSIC method, have been developed based on vector-
sensor array. However, these high-resolution methods suffer from serious
drawbacks. Indeed, they are not able to estimate coherent signals and sen-
sitive to calibration errors. Mainly to overcome these limitations and in par-
ticular to satisfy practical engineering application, vector-sensor array beam-
forming based on fourth-order cumulants is adopted in this paper. The main
interest in using fourth-order cumulants instead of second-order ones in
vector-sensor array processing application is the aperture extension property
of higher-order cumulants, which makes it possible to increase both the res-
olution and the number of sources to be processed from a given array, and
suppress the Gaussian noise. Based on this method, smaller size of array and
higher accuracy of DOA estimation can be realized, besides, this method is
less sensitive to the coherence of the signals and calibration errors, which
makes it possible to work well in engineering application. The results of
computer simulation and analysis of data from outeld trials show that this
method excels traditional direct estimation and can improve estimation ca-
pability of vector-sensor arrays.
2:20
2pSPa2. Robust array pattern synthesis with uncertain manifold
vector. Shefeng Yan Department of Electronics and Telecommunications,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstads plass 2A,
7491 Trondheim, Norway, sfyan@ieee.org
The knowledge of the array manifold vectors of an acoustic array can be
imprecise, which is often the case in practice. This may cause undesirably
high sidelobes for a nominal optimal beamformer where the array manifold
vectors are assumed to be known exactly. Although the norm constraint on
beamformer weights can be imposed to improve the robustness of the opti-
mal beamformer, it is not clear how to choose the optimal constrained pa-
rameter based on the known level of uncertainty of the array manifold
vectors. A pattern synthesis approach to arbitrary arrays with robustness
against array manifold vectors errors is developed. Our technique optimizes
the worst-case performance by minimizing the worst-case sidelobe level
while maintaining a distortionless response to the worst-case signal steering
vector. The parameters can be optimally chosen based on the uncertainty of
the array manifold vector. The robust beamformer problem is shown to be
convex, which can be efciently solved using second-order cone
programming. A simple lower bound on how much worse the robust optimal
beamformer will be compared to the nominal one is also derived. Computer
simulations show better performance of the proposed robust beamformer.
2:40
2pSPa3. Analytical prediction of sample eigenvector quality
deterioration in large arrays due to SNR or sample size constraints. Raj
Nadakuditi MIT, Department of Mathematics, 77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, raj@mit.edu, Arthur B. Baggeroer MIT,
Department of Mathematics, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA
02139, USA, abb@boreas.mit.edu
It is well-known that subspace-based estimation methods in adaptive ar-
ray processing suffer a rapid degradation in performance as either the signal-
to-noise ratio SNR or the number of available snapshots drops below a
certain threshold value. In the large system, relative large sample size limit,
one can use random matrix theory to analytically predict this threshold and
the degradation in the quality of the corresponding subspace estimates. In
certain settings, one observes a phase transition phenonemon so that if the
signals are too weak or there are insufcient number of snapshots or both,
the subspace estimates are, statistically speaking, noise-like. We discuss the
implication of these results for the subspace based detection of signals in
white and colored noise using large arrays and illustrate the accuracy of the
predictions with numerical simulations.
3:00
2pSPa4. Efcient Replica Generation for Space Time Adaptive
Processing of Acoustic Signals. Neena Imam Oak Ridge National Labo-
ratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6015, USA,
imamn@ornl.gov, Jacob Barhen Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Be-
thel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6015, USA,
barhenj@ornl.gov, Michael Traweek Ofce of Naval Research, 875
North Randolph Street, Arlington, VA 22203, USA, Mike.Traweek@navy
.mil
This paper addresses an innovative method for real-time replica genera-
tion using generalized Greens function for Space Time Adaptive Processing
STAP technology for sonar applications. In hypothesis processing for
STAP algorithms, the rst step is to generate replicas for various target hy-
pothesis such as the innite-range xed-direction IRFD target hypotheses
or the tracking trajectory hypotheses. Once generated, these replicas are
used in multiple steps of the STAP algorithm for computing system param-
eters such as the signal to noise ratio. Replicas are traditionally pre-
computed or hard-wired due to computational load constraints. Such a pre-
computation precludes direct application of array shape corrections, and
limits the ability to process arbitrary target trajectories. W propose to use a
generalized Greens function for efcient and ultra-fast real-time generation
of replicas on multi-core processors Specically, for an arbitrary target tra-
jectory r
T
t
i
x
T
t
i
, y
T
t
i
, z
T
t
i
, arbitrary receive array trajectory
r
Rk
t
i
x
Rk
t
i
, y
Rk
t
i
, z
Rk
t
i
, k1,...,N
EL
, arbitrary vector of frequen-
cies in homogeneous acoustic medium ff
1
,f
2
,....,f
n
,..., and sound speed c
0
,
we can write Gr
T
t
i
,r
Rk
t
i
,f
n
c
0
expj2f
n
c
0
r
Rk
t
i
- r
T
t
i

r
Rk
t
i
- r
T
t
i
In terms of rationale, this is the simplest possible replica set
for any STAP algorithm. The efcient implementation of the generalized
Greens function on a multi-core processor will allow real-time adjustment-
modication of acoustical target tracking resulting in improved numerical
accuracy and time performance.
3334 3334 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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3:20
2pSPa5. Beam-forming with progressive focalisation. Gaetano
Caronna Universit La Sapienza - Dept. Fisica Tecnica, Via Eudossiana 18,
00184 Roma, Italy, gaetano.caronna@uniroma1.it, Pierluigi
Testa Universit La Sapienza - Dept. Fisica Tecnica, Via Eudossiana 18,
00184 Roma, Italy, pierluigi.testa@uniroma1.it
This investigation is aiming to detect and track a moving target using its
acoustic emissions and applying a new beam-forming approach. An original
algorithm of medium computational complexity is reported that is capable
of locating, with good accuracy, the direction of an acoustic source with
only a few microphones. This algorithm circumvents the known localisation
ambiguities due to the unwanted grating lobes, by using all spectral con-
tent of the acoustic source and progressively and narrowly focusing its beam
in the direction of the target. The algorithm starts by locating the direction of
the target with low angular resolution, using only low frequency compo-
nents of the acoustic emissions; in this way, no grating lobes occur even
with only a few microphones. Then, the angular resolution is increased by
processing higher frequencies of the spectrum, but proting of the informa-
tion on the angular position achieved in the previous stages. Some algorith-
mic means are introduced to increase the performance of the algorithmic
against environmental noise. This scheme is described in detail. Some ex-
perimental tests are included and discussed.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSPb
Signal Processing in Acoustics: Beamforming, Localization, and Tracking II (Poster Session)
Michael Roan, Cochair
Virginia Tech
Natalia Sidorovskaia, Cochair
Department of Physics, University of Louisiana
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSPb1. Particles lter applied in the real-time bearings-only tracking
problem of a sonar target. Cleide V. Rodrigues Ipiru 2 Ilha do Gover-
nador, 21931-095 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, clevital@hotmail.com, William
Soares-Filho Ipiru 2 Ilha do Governador, 21931-095 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
wsoaresf@hotmail.com
The development of a passive sonar tracking system in real-time needs
algorithms each time more accurate and that can be able to follow rapid
changes in the signal characteristics. In a bearings-only tracking problem,
the bearing model is a nonlinear function of the target states. Nowadays,
methods that deal with nonlinear and non-Gaussian estimation are receiving
great attention. Particles lter is one of these methods. Particles lters are
Sequential Monte Carlo methods that represent the required probability den-
sity function as a set of random samples. This present paper describes the
particles lter application in the bearings-only tracking problem. Real data
of targets are displayed in energy versus bearing graphics obtained in an op-
erational naval environment. These data were used with the Sampling Im-
portance Resampling algorithm SIR. The particles lter is formulated in
the Cartesian coordinates and then are transformed to modied polar
coordinates. Results are compared with Kalman Extended Filter and the ef-
fectiveness and limitations of SIR algorithm for tracking target using a bear-
ingtime record are examined.
2pSPb2. Tracking of underwater acoustic tone sources with linear
antenna arrays. Denis Orlov Institute of Applied Physics of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny
Novgorod, Russian Federation, denis@hydro.appl.sci-nnov.ru, Alexander
Rodionov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sci-
ences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation,
alexr@hydro.appl.sci-nnov.ru
Track determination is a necessary task for a variety of underwater mea-
surement applications, such as measurement of acoustic elds of ships. The
use of linear antenna arrays provides great advantages for measurements and
tracking. The investigated ship may be equipped by a special sound source
of either pulse or tone signal utilized for tracking. The work considers two
scenarios involving the case of a tone source. The scenarios are conditioned
by parameters of the array and the source, which may vary depending on
task. When a source is of relatively high frequency several thousands Hz,
tracking can be based on the dependence of the Doppler frequency shift and
bearing on time; in this case, the parameters to be estimated are the ones of
the whole track velocity, traverse instant, etc.. If the source frequency is
relatively low up to 300 Hz, the array is large greater than a typical dis-
tance from the source to the array aperture, the array focusing ability allows
to perform the determination of instant locations of the source at various
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instances; estimating of parameters of the track as a whole is then based on
the set of the obtained coordinates. The developed methods have been suc-
cessfully tested using a large amount of experimental data.
2pSPb3. Robust beamforming and beamspace DOA estimation using
measured array manifold of arbitrary geometry acoustic array. Yixin
Yang Institute of Acoustic Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical Uni-
versity, 710072 Xian, China, yxyang@nwpu.edu.cn, Chao Sun Institute
of Acoustic Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072
Xian, China, csun@nwpu.edu.cn
The acoustic diffraction of array supporting structure will result in the
large difference of the amplitude and phase response of each hydrophone,
which leads to the distortion of beampattern. A method for obtaining the ar-
ray manifold of arbitrary geometry acoustic array is proposed in this paper.
We measured the array response vector in many directions with a xed an-
gular step in anechoic water tank. The array response vectors were smoothed
to eliminate the measurement system error. Using these smoothed array re-
sponse vectors, the robust beampattern of arbitrary geometry array is ob-
tained via beam synthesis method. A 16 element volumetric acoustic array
was constructed and tested in an anechoic water tank. Robust low sidelobe
beampatterns based on the measured manifold were formed, and then the
beamouputs were used to apply to beamspace high resolution DOA estima-
tion methods. The experimental results show that our method can suppress
noise and interferences outside the beam coverage regions, and get high res-
olution DOA estimation results. When the array geometry has some distor-
tion, the weighting vectors of beamforming can still work well to form good
beampatterns, and then get accurate DOA estimation results. This veries
the effectiveness of our proposed method.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSPc
Signal Processing in Acoustics: Acoustical Nondestructive Evaluation, Ultrasonics, and Imaging II
(Poster Session)
Grace Clark, Cochair
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Ning Xiang, Cochair
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSPc1. Identication of Noise Emission in a Gear Unit. Ales
Belsak University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Smet-
anova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia, ales.belsak@uni-mb.si, Jurij
Prezelj University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Akereva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, jurij.prezelj@fs.uni-lj.si
Today it is very important to ensure a stable production without un-
scheduled outages. To achieve this objective it is required to use advanced
production technologies, to ensure adequate maintenance of mechanical sys-
tems and to monitor the condition of a device or machine. Reliable and ac-
curate operation of machines and devices with as few outages as possible is
desired. The signicance of a life cycle design of machines and devices is
growing. Possible damages in gear units can be dened by means of moni-
toring acoustic emission. A crack in the tooth root is usually indicated by
signicant changes in tooth stiffness. A difference in dynamic responses of
an undamaged gear and of a damaged gear can be noted. The possibility of
the use of an acoustic method in the eld of condition diagostics is dealt
with. The noises produced by a gear unit have been analysed, the noise
sources within a gear unit have been determined and the corresponding
time-frequency analysis of these sources have been performed, using an
acoustic camera.
2pSPc2. Detection of Ultrasonic closer aws using Nonlinear signal
processing. Abdessalem Benammar Image and signal processing
laboratory. Welding and NDT Centre, Route de Dely-Ibrahim, BP 64,
Chraga, 16035 Alger, Algeria, Abs_benammar@yahoo.fr, Redouane
Drai Image and signal processing laboratory. Welding and NDT Centre,
Route de Dely-Ibrahim, BP 64, Chraga, 16035 Alger, Algeria,
drai_r@yahoo.fr, Ahmed Kechida Image and signal processing
laboratory. Welding and NDT Centre, Route de Dely-Ibrahim, BP 64,
Chraga, 16035 Alger, Algeria, Abs_benammar@yahoo.fr, Abderrezak
Guessoum Image and signal processing laboratory. Welding and NDT Cen-
tre, Route de Dely-Ibrahim, BP 64, Chraga, 16035 Alger, Algeria, Abs
_benammar@yahoo.fr
The ultrasonic aw detection is an important problem in the nondestruc-
tive evaluation NDE of materials. In order to successfully detect and clas-
sify aw echoes from high scattering grain echoes, an efcient and robust
method is required. In this paper, a method using split-spectrum processing
SSP combined with a neural network NN has been developed and ap-
plied on the ultrasonic signals to perform the detection of closer echoes. SSP
can display signal diversity and is therefore able to provide the signal fea-
ture vectors for signal classication. The neural network NN performs
3336 3336 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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highly complex nonlinear mapping by which signals can be classied ac-
cording to their feature vectors. Therefore, the combination of SSP and NN
SSP-NN presents a powerful technique for ultrasonic NDE. The SSP is
achieved by using Gaussian bandpass lters. Then, an adaptive three layer
neural network using a backpropagation learning process is applied to per-
form the classication processing of frequency diverse data. The SSP-NN
method has been tested using both simulated and experimental ultrasonic
signals, and the results show that SSP-NN has good sensitivity in the detec-
tion of ultrasonic closer aws echoes drowned in the noise.
2pSPc3. Quantitative Ultrasonics for Inclusion and Pore
Characterization of Steel Billets. Ville Kananen Univ. of Helsinki
Dept. of Physical Sciences, POB 64 Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, 00014 Hel-
sinki, Finland, ville.kananen@helsinki., Joona Eskelinen Univ. of Hels-
inki Dept. of Physical Sciences, POB 64 Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2,
00014 Helsinki, Finland, joona.eskelinen@helsinki., Edward
Hggstrm Electronics Research Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64
Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, edward
.haeggstrom@helsinki.
We present ultrasonic quantitative inclusion and pore characterization in
bearing steel 100Cr6. A 9.5MHz focused transducer 14cm focal length,
6.3MHz bandwidth scanned across the top surface of immersed
22*12*6cm
3
production samples 8pcs. Automatic pre-processing was em-
ployed to detect inclusions in samples. Recorded RF-data were analyzed.
Continuous wavelet transform and cross-correlation were applied to mea-
sured and registered RF-signals from known veried by SEM inclusions
and pores. This allowed characterizing the echoes by shape from wavelet
coefcients WC and cross-correlation coefcients: the echo is a superpo-
sition of the reection from the inclusion front and back surface, whereas
pores exhibit no back surface echo due to their large acoustic impedance
mismatch. Fourier transform allows characterizing echo RF-signals by fre-
quency content. Dissimilarities -signal phase and WCs- in echo characteris-
tics between different inclusion and pore classes allows quantitative inclu-
sion and pore characterization. We discriminate three classes: oxide-
inclusions aluminium-oxides, calcium-aluminates, sulphides manganese-
sulphide, and pores. We also estimate inclusion size, position, and
orientation. Rolled reduction ratio 4 and 10 and unrolled production
samples are characterized. The instrument functionality was validated by
blind tests using SEM. Inclusion distributions in different classes of steel
100Cr6 and classication probabilities are presented. Our software saves
sample preparation and image analysis work.
2pSPc4. Digital High Frequency Coded Imaging System. Marcin
Lewandowski Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Swi-
etokrzyska 21, 00-049 Warsaw, Poland, mlew@ippt.gov.pl, Andrzej
NowickiInstitute of Fundamental Technological Research, Swietokrzyska
21, 00-049 Warsaw, Poland, anowicki@ippt.gov.pl
Coded transmission is an approach to solve the inherent compromise be-
tween penetration and resolution required in ultrasound imaging. It is uni-
versally acknowledged that this technique gives major improvement in
SNR. A novel high frequency 20-35 MHz ultrasound real-time imaging
system for research and evaluation was developed. The digital program-
mable coder-digitizer module based on the eld programmable gate array
FPGA supports arbitrary waveform coded transmission and RF echoes
sampling up to 200 MSPS, as well as real-time streaming of digitized RF
data via a high speed USB interface to the PC. All RF and image data pro-
cessing were implemented in the software. A novel balanced software archi-
tecture using CPU and GPU processing supports real-time processing and
display at rates up to 30 framessec. The system was used to acquire data for
sine burst and 16-bit Golay code excitation using a single element scanning
head with thick lm focused spherical transducer 25 MHz center frequency
and 56% system bandwidth. SNR gain for the Golay codes referenced to
single burst of 15 dB for 20 MHz and 16 dB for 35 MHz were obtained. In
water the axial resolution for both single burst and the Golay codes was the
same FWMH20 ns at 20 MHz and FWMH15 ns at 35 MHz.
2pSPc5. Wavelet threshold enhancement by an energetic
characterization of ultrasonic signal Ndt analysis. Fairouz
Bettayeb Research Center on Welding and Control, CSC, Route de Delly
Brahim, Bp: 64. Chraga, 16800 Algiers, Algeria, fairouz_bettayeb@email
.com
In ultrasonic NDE of industrial components, the visibility of aw echoes
is corrupted by noise due to multiple scattering. Grain boundaries can reach
the size of the same order of magnitude than discontinuities to be detected,
becoming scatters of ultrasonic noise and could be confused with defect
indications. Many studies have been conducted on the use of the wavelet
theory for ultrasonic signal de-noising, but nothing has been done on the
structural noise features and its analyzing wavelet function. In the frame-
work of the automation of the ultrasonic signal analysis project, we have
followed the exploration of the wavelet theory, from the continuous trans-
forms to the discrete ones, and the experiments give us some ambivalent
results. So for a best threshold control, our idea was directed to the inves-
tigation of the noise analyzing function. In this work the noise features were
extracted by an energetic smoothing algorithm that allows the exploration of
the noise analyzing function; by which the random nature of the noise in the
spatial domain is bypassed. The energetic characterization of the noise and
the defects allows an improved ltering process. The new smoothing algo-
rithm performs an accurate signal reconstruction in an interesting computing
time.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSPd
Signal Processing in Acoustics and Physical Acoustics: Biomedical Applications of Time-Reversal II
(Poster Session)
Oleg Sapozhnikov, Cochair
Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab.
Mickael Tanter, Cochair
Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSPd1. Time reversal elastography in soft solids. Thomas GallotLGIT
Universit Joseph FourierCNRS, Maison des Gosciences Domaine Uni-
versitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France, thomas.gallot@obs.ujf-grenoble
.fr, Stefan Catheline LOA, Universit Paris 7 Denis Diderot, ESPCI, 10
rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, stefan.catheline@espci.fr, Nicolas
Benech Science University of Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay,
nbenech@sica.edu.uy, Javier Brum Science University of Montevideo,
11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, jbrum@sica.edu.uy, Carlos
Negreira Science University of Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay,
carlosn@sica.edu.uy, Philippe Roux LGIT - CNRS - Universit Joseph
Fourier, Maison des Gosciences, 1381 rue de la Piscine, BP 53, 38041
Grenoble, France, philippe.roux@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
One channel time-reversal TR experiments allow focalization of waves
in reverberant cavities. According to Rayleigh criteria, the focal spot width
is directly related to wavelength and therefore depends on the mechanical
properties of the medium. Thus the general idea of this work is to extract
quantitative estimations of these mechanical properties from TR
experiments. They were performed inside 3D soft solid cavities gelatin
based phantoms. An external source creates mechanical waves in the au-
dible frequency range and one component of the vectorial eld is measured
as function of time by ultrasonic techniques developed in elastography. The
wavelength information of shear waves, that dominates the vectorial eld, is
deduced from TR experiments. The advantage is that the technique works
with sources of any shape and with any time dependence. This robustness as
regard to shear wave source allows to think about many applications in the
medical eld, including deep or moving organs. Examples of elasticity im-
age will be shown in inhomogeneous soft tissues.
2pSPd2. Time Reversal Acoustic focusing with random reverberator.
Laurent Fillinger Artann Laboratories Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA, laurent.llinger@artannlabs
.com, Alexander Sutin Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on
Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA, asutin@stevens.edu, Armen
Sarvazyan Artann Laboratories, 1753 Linvale-Harbourton, Lambertville,
NJ 08350, USA, armen@artannlabs.com
Time Reversal Acoustic TRA focusing system based on an external re-
verberator can provide good focusing with minimum side lobes even with a
few transducers. The focusing ability of such system can be increased using
reverberator with rough boundaries or by adding internal random scatterers.
The experiments were conducted with a reverberator made of a polyethylene
bottle lled with water and a single piezoceramic disk attached externally to
its wall. Experiments demonstrated that inserting in the bottle random hard
scatterers or altering of the bottle surface signicantly decreases the size of
the focused spot and the level of side lobes. The new pseudo-impulse
method of TRA focusing allowed suppressing piezotransducer resonances
and provided formation of short wide band signals. The ability of such TRA
focusing system based on random reverberator to form simultaneously mul-
tiple focuses and produce focal spots of the complex shape has been
demonstrated. The application of binary radiation regime led to several fold
increasing of the amplitude of the focal spot while the focal structure prac-
tically was not affected. Applications of such random focusing system for
medical imaging and HIFU treatment is discussed.
3338 3338 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSPe
Signal Processing in Acoustics, Acoustical Oceanography, and ECUA: Bayesian Signal Processing I
(Poster Session)
Zoi-Heleni Michalopoulou, Cochair
Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Simon Godsill, Cochair
Dept. of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St., CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSPe1. Continuous estimation of VTL from vowels using a linearly
VTL-covariant speech feature. Christian Feldbauer Centre for the Neu-
ral Basis of Hearing, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuro-
science, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, CB23EG Cambridge, UK,
feldbauer@tugraz.at, Jessica J. Monaghan Centre for the Neural Basis of
Hearing, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Uni-
versity of Cambridge, Downing Site, CB23EG Cambridge, UK, jjmm2
@cam.ac.uk, Roy D. Patterson Centre for the Neural Basis of Hearing,
Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of
Cambridge, Downing Site, CB23EG Cambridge, UK, rdp1@cam.ac.uk
Vowel sounds encode information about the speakers vocal tract length
VTL as well as vowel type. This paper shows how VTL can be estimated
on a frame-by-frame basis from vowels to facilitate speaker tracking and
make automatic speech recognition ASR more robust in multi-speaker
environments. The algorithm is based on a new, VTL-covariant speech fea-
ture that encodes the size information linearly. The paper shows that this
new speech feature is better suited for VTL estimation than the more tradi-
tional cepstral coefcients. The VTL estimation is based on a Gaussian mix-
ture model that was trained on the speech material of speakers with known
body height but unknown VTL. Research supported by the Austrian Science
Fund FWF J2541-N15, EOARD FA8655-05-1-3043, and the UK-MRC
G0500221.
2pSPe2. A sequential Bayesian approach to vertical slice tomography
of a shallow water environment. Olivier Carrire Universit libre de
Bruxelles U.L.B. - Environmental hydroacoustics lab, av. Franklin D.
Roosevelt 50, CP 1945, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, ocarrier@ulb.ac
.be, Jean-Pierre Hermand Universit libre de Bruxelles U.L.B. - Envi-
ronmental hydroacoustics lab, av. Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, CP 1945, 1050
Bruxelles, Belgium, jhermand@ulb.ac.be
A major challenge of acoustic tomography in shallow water environ-
ments is to track physical features that are highly variable in time and space
and to properly account for sound interaction with the subbottom. In a pre-
vious work an extended Kalman lter EKF scheme was proposed to track
the sound-speed eld variations in a vertical slice of the water column for
known bottom geoacoustic parameters. Although the results were encourag-
ing, it was shown that some biases were encountered when using the stan-
dard EKF, principally because of the high nonlinearity between the obser-
vations the multi-frequency pressure eld and the environmental
parameters here the sound-speed eld. In this paper, we show that En-
semble Kalman or sequential Monte Carlo ltering signicantly enhance the
estimation of the sound-speed eld, for both range-independent and range-
dependent cases. Reproducible results show that the temporal variations are
well tracked, even in presence of measurement noise and model uncertainty.
Furthermore the sampling approach allows to increase the time interval be-
tween successive measurements, which is an advantage from an operational
viewpoint. The performances of the different nonlinear lters are also
discussed.
2pSPe3. Source localization and tracking in a waveguide via sequential
bayesian estimation. Kevin Cockrell MIT, 77 Mass Ave, 5-204, Cam-
bridge, MA 02139, USA, cockrell@mit.edu, Henrik Schmidt MIT, 77
Mass Ave, 5-204, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, henrik@mit.edu
This talk addresses the problem of sequentially estimating the location
of a moving acoustic source in a waveguide, given a series of acoustic eld
measurements from an array. The approach taken, in its most general form,
is known as sequential Bayesian estimation. A well known special case of
sequential Baysian estimation is the Kalman lter. However, the Kalman l-
ter is only optimal when the relationship between the measured parameters
and the ones to be estimated is linear with Gaussian noise. Given the highly
non-linear relationship between the acoustic source location and the mea-
sured acoustic eld, other approaches must be taken. The performance and
computational feasibility of various approaches, such as grid-based meth-
ods, will be explored using simulated data.
2pSPe4. The role of reproducing densities in a joint likelihood
approach to multi-sensor detection and estimation. Michael
Roan Virginia Tech, 917 Village Way North, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA,
mroan@vt.edu, Elizabeth Hoppe Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, 141 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, ehoppe@vt
.edu
In this work, a Bayesian, joint estimation-detection approach is used for
computation of sufcient statistics and development of a general multi-
sensor information fusion architecture. An approach borrowed from sequen-
tial Bayesian processing is used to compute prior densities for joint Baye-
sian estimation-detection. In this approach, a posteriori densities calculated
at one sensor become priors at the next sensor after a coordinate transfor-
mation that transforms the outputs of each sensor to a common reference
frame for all sensors. Reproducing prior densities are used to simplify the
Bayesian iteration scheme and reduce communications requirements. The
framework that is developed is equally applicable to networks where all sen-
sors communicate with a centralized detection and estimation processor as
well as those networks where sensors relay information from point to point.
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We anticipate using Bayesian iteration to convert posterior information into
prior information on the next data gather cycle, iterate on estimates by ex-
changing information between sensors, i.e., turbo likelihood fusion, and
having the central decision maker decide when sensors should or should not
communicate, depending on a cost criterion which combines information
gain versus communication energy expenditure. Simulation are used to show
detection and estimation performance under various conditions of sensor po-
sition and orientation uncertainty.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSPf
Signal Processing in Acoustics, Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration, and Underwater Acoustics:
Time Reversal Methods for Array Imaging and Signal Processing II (Poster Session)
David Chambers, Cochair
LLNL
Claire Prada, Cochair
Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pSPf1. Isolation of backscattering resonances of a thin spherical shell
using iterative time reversal. Zachary J. Waters Boston University,
Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215,
USA, zjwaters@bu.edu, Benjamin R. Dzikowicz Naval Surface Warfare
Center, Panama City Division, Code HS-11, 100 Vernon Ave., Panama City,
FL 32407, USA, benjamin.dzikowicz@navy.mil, R. Glynn Holt Boston
University, Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., 110 Cummington St., Boston,
MA 02215, USA, rgholt@bu.edu, Ronald A. Roy Boston University,
Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215,
USA, ronroy@bu.edu
The backscattering spectrum of thin spherical shells show resonance
peaks due to several different physical processes including high frequency
Lamb wave excitation and low frequency modal ringing Kaduchak et al., J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 2699-2708 1995. These different processes can be
isolated in both time and frequency by using simulated iterative time
reversal. This is accomplished by windowing in the time domain andor l-
tering in the frequency domain. Iterative time reversal techniques developed
for buried target detection Waters et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 3023
2007 are applied to the partial wave series solution for the backscattering
of plane acoustic waves by a thin-walled spherical shell. Tank experiments
are performed to verify theoretical results. Targets loaded with both water
and sediment are considered. Understanding the relationship between the
time reversal windows sizeposition and the dominant target scattering
mechanisms is key to the development of time reversal as a detection and
identication technique. Work supported by The Ofce of Naval Research.
2pSPf2. The Decomposition of the Time Reversal Operator with virtual
transducers. Jean-Luc Robert Philips Research, 345 Scarborough Road,
Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, USA, jean-luc.robert@philips.com, Mathias
Fink Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS,
10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, mathias.nk@espci.fr
The FDORT method French acronym for Decomposition Of the Time
Reversal Operator using Focused beams is a variant of the DORT method
using focused transmits instead of single element transmits. An intuitive in-
terpretation of the method is presented here. It is shown that the FDORT
method is equivalent to a DORT method with two different arrays: the actual
array and a virtual array whose transducers are located at the foci of the
transmits. By changing the focal depth, it is possible to change the position
of the virtual array and thus obtain different information. An application to
aberration correction in a far eld phase screen model will be presented.
2pSPf3. Reconstruction of temporal invariants of the time-reversal
operator for communication in shallow water. Franck D.
Philippe Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7,
CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, franck.philippe
@espci.fr, Thomas Folgot NATO Undersea Research Center, Viale San
Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy, folegot@nurc.nato.int, Claire
Prada Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS,
10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, claire.prada-julia@espci.fr, Mathias
Fink Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS,
10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France, mathias.nk@espci.fr
Time-reversal techniques allow focusing in waveguides with application
for detection or telecommunication Kupperman et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
1031, 25-40, 1998. It has been shown that the DORT method French
acronym for Decomposition of the Time Reversal Operator can be used to
achieve detection and selective focusing on pointlike scatterers in a wave-
guide Mordant et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 2634-2642 1999. How-
ever, the decomposition is done in frequency domain providing eigenvectors
V of undetermined phase. In order to achieve temporal focusing, it is
necessary to built temporal eigenvectors Vt as an appropriate combina-
tion of the eigenvectors V. Due to dispersion, the reconstruction of the
temporal eigenvectors is difcult in waveguides. One solution was proposed
by Mordant et al., using the symmetry of the array response matrix and as-
suming continuous frequency dependence of the invariants. However this
method does not work if eigenvalues crossings occur. Furthermore, it cannot
be applied to distinct arrays of transmitters and receivers. We propose a
simple method to reconstruct the temporal invariants by using the back
propagation of eigenvector in free space. Application to data from a labora-
tory experiment and from the DOREV 2005 shallow water experiment are
presented.
3340 3340 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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2pSPf4. Modeling time-reversal focusing in a multiple scattering
medium. Kevin J. Haworth University of Michigan, Department of Ra-
diology, Kresge III, R3320, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553, USA,
khaworth@umich.edu, Jeffrey B. Fowlkes University of Michigan, De-
partment of Radiology, Kresge III, R3320, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553,
USA, fowlkes@umich.edu, Paul L. Carson University of Michigan, De-
partment of Radiology, Kresge III, R3320, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553,
USA, pcarson@umich.edu, Oliver D. Kripfgans University of Michigan,
Department of Radiology, Kresge III, R3320, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553,
USA, greentom@umich.edu
Time-reversal acoustics has been shown to be effective at focusing
sound through high-order multiple-scattering media. In addition to signals
being refocused, large amplitudes via pulse compression have also been
observed. Previously, a statistical model was developed to simulate a time-
reversal experiment where an impulse is sent into the scattering medium and
the entire response is time-reversed A. Derode et al., J. App. Phys. 85,
6343-6352 1999. The high-order multiple-scattering process is modeled
as a shot noise process. Again postulating a shot noise process the model has
been extended to allow for arbitrary input functions and arbitrary window-
ing before time-reversal. The model has been shown to accurately predict
the variance and expectation value of ensembles of simulated data. The ana-
lytical model is also tied directly to the governing physical processes, which
is useful in attempting to optimize refocused signals. This extension is mo-
tivated by a desire to achieve high-amplitude long-pulse focusing, as would
be useful in thermal therapies and radiation force experiments. However, the
model can nd application beyond this specic end-point. The model, its
physical implications, and several time-reversal simulations will be
presented.
2pSPf5. Spectral properties of the backscattering matrix in random
scattering media. Alexandre Aubry Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique,
ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France,
alexandre.aubry@espci.fr, Arnaud Derode Laboratoire Ondes et Acous-
tique, ESPCI, Universit Paris 7, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris,
France, arnaud.derode@ujf-grenoble.fr
We investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the spectral prop-
erties of the backscattering operator in random media. The experimental set
up consists in an array of 64 programmable ultrasonic transducers placed in
front of a random scattering medium. The impulse responses between each
couple of transducers are measured and form the interelement matrix.The
evolution of the singular values with time and frequency is computed by
means of a short-time Fourier analysis. Our aim is to compare the mean dis-
tribution of the singular values with the predictions of Random Matrix
Theory RMT. Two kinds of random media have been investigated: a
highly scattering medium in which multiple scattering predominates and a
weakly scattering medium. In both cases, residual correlations that may ex-
ist between matrix elements are shown to be a key parameter. The mean
distribution of singular values exhibits, surprisingly, very different behaviors
in the single and multiple scattering regimes. The agreement between ex-
perimental results and RMT predictions is found to be very good in both
cases. The results are applied to the detection of a target embedded in a ran-
dom scattering medium with the DORT method.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pSPg
Signal Processing in Acoustics, Physical Acoustics, Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration, and
Underwater Acoutics: Overview of Time Reversal in Acoustics II (Poster Session)
David Chambers, Cochair
LLNL
Claire Prada, Cochair
Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pSPg1. Numerical modeling of the effects of nite size transducers for
time reversal acoustics in solid media. Michele Griffa EES-11
Geophysics - Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos,
NM 87545, USA, mgriffa@lanl.gov, Brian E. Anderson EES-11
Geophysics - Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos,
NM 87545, USA, bea@lanl.gov, Paul A. Johnson EES-11 Geophysics -
Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA,
paj@lanl.gov
Time Reversal Acoustics TRA has been shown to be very robust not
only in uids but also in solid bounded media. The most relevant limitations
to the Time Reversal Process TRP in solid specimens are the co-existence
of several propagation modes, mode conversion at each interface
inhomogeneities or boundaries, attenuation mechanisms and the multidi-
mensional nature of the propagating wave elds. Additional limitations arise
in practical applications, for example for Non Destructive Evaluation pur-
poses, when the Time Reversal Mirror TRM piezoelectric transducers are
usually attached to the surface of the solid. We have investigated the role of
the nite size of the TRM transducers and their sensitivity to only certain
components of the incident wave elds in the TRP when they are attached to
the surface of the sample under study. We have developed a theoretical
analysis and performed numerical simulations and laboratory experiments in
order to examine the robustness of TRA in solid media, including where the
TRM is composed of nite size elements attached to the specimen surface.
The results lead to useful information about the efciency of the TRP as
well as the optimization of the TRM setup in terms of transducer size.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 343, 5:00 TO 7:00 P.M.
Session 2pSPh
Signal Processing in Acoustics: Advances in Acoustic Sensors and Networks for Defense Applications I
Brian G. Ferguson, Cochair
Defence Science and Technology Organisation, PO Box 44, Pyrmont NSW, Sydney, 2009, Australia
Pierre Naz, Cochair
ISL, 5 rue du Gnral Cassagnou, 68300 Saint Louis, France
Contributed Papers
5:00
2pSPh1. Acoustic signal processing methods for detecting intrusions
and threats in the battlespace. Brian G. Ferguson Defence Science and
Technology Organisation, PO Box 44, Pyrmont NSW, 2009 Sydney, Austra-
lia, Brian.Ferguson@dsto.defence.gov.au, Kam W. Lo Defence Science
and Technology Organisation, PO Box 44, Pyrmont NSW, 2009 Sydney,
Australia, Kam.Lo@dsto.defence.gov.au
The processing of acoustic sensor data enables the detection, classica-
tion, localization and tracking of intrusions and threats in the battlespace.
Initially, passive acoustic signal processing methods that are used in unat-
tended ground sensor networks and onboard uninhabited aerial vehicles are
reviewed. These methods process radiated noise acoustic signature data
generated by sources of military interest and extract tactical information on
air and ground vehicles as well as direct rie and indirect artillerymortar
re weapons. Examples of applying various passive acoustic signal process-
ing methods to real sensor data collected during eld experiments are
presented. The tactical parameter estimates derived from these acoustic
methods are then compared with ground truth data. Next, the application of
active sonar signal processing to the automatic detection and tracking of a
fast inshore watercraft in a cluttered harbor environment is demonstrated us-
ing real data. The air bubbles associated with wakes from high-speed surface
craft are highly reective of incident high frequency sonar signal
transmissions. Finally, various high frequency active sonar methods that use
both real and synthetic apertures to image sea mines are reviewed and
demonstrated.
5:20
2pSPh2. Networking and Fusion of Disparate Acoustic Sensors for
Battlespace Applications. Tien Pham US Army Research Laboratory,
2800 Powder Mill Road, Attn: AMSRD-ARL-SE-SA, Adelphi, MD 20783-
1197, USA, tien.pham1@us.army.mil, Gene Whipps US Army Research
Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Attn: AMSRD-ARL-SE-SA, Adelphi,
MD 20783-1197, USA, gene.whipps@us.army.mil
A network of distributed acoustic sensor systems on the ground andor
in the air can be used effectively for autonomous and remote intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance ISR applications. However interoperabil-
ity of disparate sensor systems is a major challenge for current coalition
force applications. Specically, a network of acoustic sensor nodes can ex-
hibit heterogeneity in a variety of dimensions. At the sensor-level, the acous-
tic sensors can vary in their types e.g., cardioid vs. omni-direction and in
their responsiveness to transient and continuous sources. At the node-level,
the acoustic systems can vary in their array conguration, platform mobility,
node reactiveness e.g., timeliness of response, and information processing
and output. At the network-level, the acoustic systems can vary in their com-
munication protocols and access mediums. Current R&D efforts within the
US-UK International Technology Alliance seek to develop a sensor fabric
technology to seamlessly connect disparate systems for networked sensing
applications. Results from a recent eld experiment to detect and locate
moving ground targets, weapon rings, and explosions via a network of dis-
parate acoustic sensor systems and sensing platforms e.g., PDAs, worksta-
tions, motes and unattended ground sensor systems are presented.
5:40
2pSPh3. Performace Bounds for a Multi-Array Network Approach to
Gunre Detection and Localization. Michael Roan Virginia Tech, 917
Village Way North, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA, mroan@vt.edu, Elizabeth
Hoppe Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 141 Durham
Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, ehoppe@vt.edu, Marty
Johnson Virginia Tech, Mechanical Engineering, 143 Durham 0238,
Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, martyj@vt.edu
Acoustics-based gunre detection and sniper localization have become
important in both military and civilian sectors. For the case of rie re, most
current localization algorithms rely on estimating parameters using the pro-
jectiles cone-shaped shockwave and the muzzle blast. Previous studies have
attempted to quantify shockwave detection performance as a function of
range for various approaches such as wavelet matched ltering for the N
shaped shockwave. Accurately detecting the shockwave is important be-
cause the shockwave shape can be used to determine bullet trajectory if the
bullet velocity is known. A second layer of direction of arrival DOA esti-
mation can be added by using the time difference of arrival between the
shockwave and the muzzle blast. These DOA methods require a two step
process of detection and estimation. In this work, a signal model is devel-
oped for a network of microphone arrays that receives the acoustic wave-
form generated by supersonic projectiles. The best-case localization perfor-
mance of the multi-array network is quantied via the Cramer-Rao lower
bound on the error in estimating shooter position. Results are illustrated us-
ing simulated data to generate CRLB ellipses on shooter position estimation
error and via live re experiments using several calibers and a multi-array
network of microphones.
6:00
2pSPh4. Automated Identication of Vehicles using Acoustic Signal
Processing. Naoko Evans University of York, Department of Electronics,
Heslington, YO10 5DD York, UK, ne502@ohm.york.ac.uk, David
Chesmore University of York, Department of Electronics, Heslington,
YO10 5DD York, UK, edc1@ohm.york.ac.uk
Automated identication of unauthorised intruding vehicles approaching
protected infrastructure is becoming increasingly important for security
purposes. This three-year project, which is now in its second year, aims to
develop a real-time acoustic vehicle type recognition system that will be
predominantly composed of three main parts; acoustic signal pre-processing,
feature extraction, and decision making or classication. The main study
area covers various signal processing techniques in time, time-frequency
and potentially frequency domains with signal classication implemented
using a range of articial intelligence techniques such as articial neural
networks. So far the focus has been on time domain signal processing and
neural network classication. Whilst the work is at an early stage, the time
domain methods such as Time Domain Signal Coding TDSC and Co-
Occurrence Matrix combined with neural networks have already shown
some promise. The presentation will introduce the project, describe method-
ologies involved as well as the results to date for the novel acoustic identi-
cation of categories of vehicles.
3342 3342 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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6:20
2pSPh5. Source detection and tracking in 3-D space using efcient
subspace methods. Colin Barnhill Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N.
Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, shaolin_cb@yahoo.com
This presentation will demonstrate the versatility and robustness of a
MUSIC-based subspace algorithm for acoustic source detection and
tracking. The new algorithm MUSIC3D is designed for use with spherical
arrays and performs three dimensional source detection and tracking.
MUSIC3D operates on a spherical decomposition of the received array sig-
nals which results in its high efciency. Spherical decomposition of the ar-
ray signals allows for data reduction, frequency selection, and direct sub-
space calculations. The appeal of the MUSIC3D algorithm is that it offers a
large variety of implementations which can be tailored for specic environ-
ments, signal sources or noise sources. Source tracking is accomplished
through a combination of a Kalman-based lter and the MUSIC3D
algorithm.
6:40
2pSPh6. Optimal estimation of aircraft noise with four microphones in
a spatial conguration. Nico Roosnek Roosnek Research & Develop-
ment, Vlaskamp 82, 2592 AC The Hague, Netherlands, nico@roosnek.nl
By using all time shifts between the arrivals of the acoustic signal at the
four microphones - in a spatial conguration - the source direction is
obtained. The used correlation technique reduces signicantly noise from
other sources and the error in the estimated level of noise from the tracked
aircraftsource. By taking into account a motion model for the source, the
history of that motion and the measured acoustic data a very robust sound
monitor system is obtained. The sensitivity for other sources, wind and rain
noise is greatly reduced - theoretically almost unlimited - in comparison
with classical monitor systems. Four aircraft can be tracked simultaneously.
Another system capability is the estimation of the true ightpath with a sys-
tem error depending on the system conguration and the environmental
conditions. Using this path information the soundscape can be calculated by
inter- and extrapolation. The design goal of the system is truly met!
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 AMPHI BORDEAUX, 2:00 TO 6:40 P.M.
Session 2pUWa
Underwater Acoustics and ECUA: Auralization of Sonar Signals
Paul C. Hines, Cochair
Defence R&D Canada - Atlantic, P.O. Box 1012, Dartmouth, NS B2Y3Z7, Canada
Paul R. White, Cochair
Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
Invited Papers
2:00
2pUWa1. Active sonar clutter and auralization. Douglas Abraham CausaSci LLC, PO Box 5892, Arlington, VA 22205, USA,
abrahad@ieee.org
Target-like false alarms generically termed clutter are the primary hindrance to active sonar in shallow water operational areas.
Clutter can arise from a myriad of sources with geologic, biologic and anthropogenic origin. The clutter-source echoes are often de-
termined by automatic signal processing to be target-like and therefore potentially of interest. These numerous false alarms consume
either the sonar operators time or ood automated data and information processing algorithms. Aural analysis of clutter echoes
auralization can increase active sonar performance through improved operator or algorithmic classication. An overview of active
sonar clutter is presented with a focus on the role of auralization for clutter reduction. Supported by the Ofce of Naval Research Code
321US under contract number N0001407C0092
2:20
2pUWa2. Insights to dolphin sonar discrimination capabilities with human listening experiments. Whitlow W. Au Univ. of
Hawaii, P.O. Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA, wau@hawaii.edu, Caroline M. Delong Brown University, Box 1953, Providence,
RI 02912, USA, Caroline_Delong@brown.edu
Dolphins have a very keen sonar system that is able to make ne discriminations between complex targets such as proud and buried
mines. To understand the cues that dolphins use for ne target discrimination, human listening experiments have been conducted with
echoes from real targets using a simulated broadband dolphin echo-ranger. Echoes are stretched in time to translate the echoes into the
human auditory range. The human performance is usually as accurate as the dolphin, with the additional benet of being able to get
feedback on cues used. Various types of discrimination and detection experiments have been conducted paralleling dolphin sonar
experiments. Discrimination of material composition of cylinders and spheres, detection of target in clutter and cylinder wall thickness
difference discrimination experiment have been performed. The human listeners performed as well or better than the dolphins at the task
of discriminating between a standard target and comparison targets. Click pitch, echo duration, time-separation pitch and timbre are
some of the cues used by human listeners to discriminate targets. Dolphins may use some of the same echo features as humans. Human
listening studies can quickly identify salient combinations of echo features that permit object discrimination and also help rene dolphin
experiments.
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2:40
2pUWa3. Similarity-Based Perceptual Feature Identication for Active Sonar Signal Classication. Scott M. Philips MIT
Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420-9108, USA, scott.philips@ll.mit.edu, James W. Pitton Ofce of Naval
Research Global, Blenheim Crescent, West Ruislip, Middlesex, HA4 7HL London, UK, jpitton@onrglobal.navy.mil
In many acoustic signal processing applications human listeners are able to outperform automated processing techniques, particu-
larly in the identication and classication of acoustic events. This paper develops a framework for employing perceptual information
from human listening experiments to improve automatic classication of active sonar signals. We focus on the identication of new
signal features that are able to predict the human performance observed in formal listening experiments. Using this framework, our
newly identied features have the ability to elevate automatic classication performance closer to the level of human listeners. We
develop several new methods for learning a perceptual feature transform from human similarity measures. In addition to providing a
more fundamental basis for uncovering perceptual features than previous approaches, these methods also lead to a greater insight into
how humans perceive sounds in a dataset. We also develop a new approach for learning a perceptual distance metric. This metric is
shown to be applicable to modern kernel-based techniques used in machine learning and provides a connection between the elds of
psychoacoustics and machine learning.
3:00
2pUWa4. Auditory-motivated techniques for detection and classication of passive sonar signals. Guy J. Brown University of
Shefeld, Dept. of Computer Science, Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, S1 4DP Shefeld, UK, g.brown@dcs.shef.ac.uk, Robert W.
Mill University of Shefeld, Dept. of Computer Science, Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, S1 4DP Shefeld, UK,
r.mill@dcs.shef.ac.uk, Simon Tucker University of Shefeld, Dept. of Information Studies, Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, S1
4DP Shefeld, UK, s.tucker@dcs.shef.ac.uk
Hydrophone arrays used to make passive sonar recordings are becoming increasingly complex, thus placing great demands on sonar
operators who are required to identify transient and tonal events. Machine hearing systems can mitigate this problem, by performing
initial classication and detection of passive sonar signals based on perceptually relevant principles. We describe two such systems. In
the rst system, transient sounds are characterised using measures of timbre and acoustic pattern. Acoustic features relating to timbre
were identied by a multidimensional scaling study, in which human listeners judged the similarity of transient sonar sounds. The
perceptual features give improved classication performance compared to commonly-used statistical measures derived from the power
spectrum. The second system is an auditory-motivated approach to narrowband detection, which is based on information in zero-
crossing intervals rather than signal power. This is motivated by the observation that the ne time structure of an acoustic stimulus is
preserved by the phase locking of auditory nerve bres. We show that a power detector outperforms the interval detector when the signal
is centred on the analysis lter. However, when the signal frequency deviates from the centre of the analysis band, interval-based de-
tection improves and power-based detection worsens.
3:20
2pUWa5. Auditory models and nonlinear lterbanks in underwater auralization. Stefan Bleeck National Physical Laboratory,
Hampton Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, bleeck@gmail.com, Paul D. Fox National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road,
TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, pf@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Paul R. White Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, Univer-
sity Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, prw@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Niamh OMeara National Physical Laboratory, Hampton
Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, niamh17@gmail.com
Mammals like dolphins and humans have the ability to distinguish between different objects by listening to their scattered signals.
We explore this phenomenon by evaluating the Auditory Image Model AIM, a biologically inspired model of the human auditory
system from the outer ear up to central processing. AIM aims to simulate the spectral analysis of the basilar membrane, the neural
encoding and the temporal integration performed by the auditory system. Simulated scattered signals from the same object objects of
different sizes and different objects of same size subjected to an incident pulse were analysed numerically with AIM, simulating the
response of the human auditory system. The resulting neuronal activity patterns were analysed in two independent dimensions using the
lter centre frequency and the relative timing intervals of the responses. The results are interpreted globally as reecting the size and the
shapeproperties of the object respectively. We show for a series of calibration stimuli that the model can distinguish between same
objects of different size and different objects of the same size. We also discuss how a nonlinear model of the basilar membrane, per-
forming a GammachirpMellin transformation, may act as a possible feature extraction tool for classication methods
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for presentation of poster papers on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
3344 3344 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
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Contributed Papers
5:20
2pUWa6. What it is like to be a bat: A sonar system for humans.
Cameron Morland Boston University, Dept. of Cognitive and Neural Sys-
tems, 677 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02215, USA, cjmorlan@bu.edu, David
Mountain Boston University, Biomedical Engineering Dept., 44 Cumming-
ton St., Boston, MA 02215, USA, dcm@bu.edu
Echolocation is a method of perceiving the world by emitting noises
then listening to the reections of these noises off objects in the world. It is
used by animals for hunting and navigation. Some visually impaired humans
use echolocation as part of their orienting repertoire. This work describes a
device designed to enhanced ones existing echolocation ability. The device
repeatedly emits an inaudible, ultrasonic click, several times per second.
Each click reects off surfaces; this reection is detected by head-mounted
microphones. Computer processing converts the signals into audible signals,
which are presented to the user over custom open-ear earphones. ILD, ITD,
HRTF, and Doppler shifts in the reections allow the user to distinguish the
location and sizesurface properties of objects. The spatial cues presented by
our device match those used to localize ordinary audible objects. The audi-
tory image generated in this way causes objects in the world to seem to
emit sounds, and for objects with different shapestextures to have subtly
different sounds. A prototype has been constructed. Simple detection of ob-
jects and open spaces is readily possible, as well as Doppler-based gross sur-
face texture. Further renement in the areas of emission design, spectral spa-
tialization, externalization, and miniaturization is required.
5:40
2pUWa7. Modeling the mechanism and neural substrate for aural
categorization of sonar echoes. Jason E. Summers U.S. Naval Res. Lab.,
Acoust. Div., Code 7142, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375,
USA, jason.summers@nrl.navy.mil, Charles F. Gaumond U.S. Naval
Res. Lab., Acoust. Div., Code 7142, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington,
DC 20375, USA, charlie.gaumond@nrl.navy.mil, Derek Brock U.S. Na-
val Res. Lab., Acoust. Div., Code 7142, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washing-
ton, DC 20375, USA, derek.brock@nrl.navy.mil, Ralph N. Baer U.S. Na-
val Res. Lab., Acoust. Div., Code 7142, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW,
Washington, DC 20375, USA, ralph.baer@nrl.navy.mil
Previously, human perception of impulsive active-sonar echoes was in-
vestigated through paired-comparison ratings and multidimensional scaling
MDS. In the resulting MDS conguration, stimuli formed clusters repre-
senting aurally distinct categories. An interpretation is presented which sug-
gests that dissimilarity judgments reect separate processes for within- and
between- category comparisons. The process of categorization is not based
on decision boundaries in a low- dimensional space of ordinal-scale percep-
tual features, while within-category judgments do reect such features. A
class-specic paradigm seems appropriate as a model of human
categorization: signals are compared to category archetypes, each described
by a set of features that may be unique to that category. Regardless of the
specic mechanism, listeners must carry out categorization on a particular
signal representation: the neural substrate of the process. The suitability of
various temporal, spectral, and time-frequency signal representations are in-
vestigated through observing categories formed by hierarchical clustering. A
signal-processing model of the spectrotemporal receptive elds of the audi-
tory cortex and the processing of the auditory periphery T. Chi et al., J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 887-906 2005 is shown to yield good agreement
with human categorization. Techniques for feature selection from this rep-
resentation are discussed. Work supported by ONR.
6:00
2pUWa8. Automatic classication of vocalizations with Gaussian
Mixture Models and Hidden Markov Models. Judith C. Brown MIT
Media Lab, 37 Indian Ridge Rd, Natick, MA 01760, USA,
brown@media.mit.edu, Paris Smaragdis Adobe Systems Inc., 275 Grove
St., Newton, MA 02466, USA, paris@media.mit.edu
The automatic classication of marine mammal sounds is very attractive
as a means of assessing massive quantities of recorded data, freeing humans
and offering rigorous and consistent output. Calculations on a set of vocal-
izations of Northern Resident killer whales using Dynamic Time Warping
have been reported recently. Brown, J. C., and P.J.O. Miller, Automatic
classication of killer whale vocalizations using dynamic time warping, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 1201-1207, 2007. Since this method requires the
time-consuming pre-processing measurement of the frequency contours, we
have explored the use of Gaussian Mixture Models GMM and Hidden
Markov Models HMM. These methods can be applied directly to time-
frequency decompositions of the recorded signals. Calculations have been
made on a set of 75 calls previously classied perceptually into 7 call types.
Preliminary results give an agreement of roughly 85% agreement with the
perceptual classication for the GMM and over 90% for an HMM.
6:20
2pUWa9. Incorporation of acoustic level analysis with sonar operator
workstation workow using hierarchical hidden Markov models. Justin
Nevitt Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook AVE SW, Washington,
DC 20375, USA, justin.nevitt@nrl.navy.mil, James Ballas Naval Re-
search Laboratory, 4555 Overlook AVE SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA,
james.ballas@nrl.navy.mil
Future Anti Submarine Warfare ASW systems will be highly auto-
mated, and utilize multiple sonar signal processing, non-acoustic informa-
tion, off platform information, and environmental information to maximize
the detection, tracking, and classication of undersea threats. Recently, a
hidden Markov model HMM was developed to describe and characterize
the workow strategies that expert sonar operators used during the IUSW-21
Integrated UnderSea Warfare for the 21st Century Sea Test. Abandoning
the normative workow designed into the system, the sonar operators de-
veloped and utilized unanticipated strategies to gather evidence to conrm
or disconrm automated classications or to manually classify contacts. The
workow included detailed visual inspection of and listening to the sonar
return. This initial HMM did not include a characterization of the auditory
processing. Hidden Markov models are well suited to this purpose. Adding
this component to the operator workow was achieved by a hierarchical
HMM which represents the acoustic processing as an embedded HMM in
the overall workow HMM. The resulting model is not just an operator
workow but denes a system processing model that could be used as a
framework to develop automated processing of selected components.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 ROOM 341, 2:00 TO 6:40 P.M.
Session 2pUWb
Underwater Acoustics and ECUA: Sonar System and Transducer Calibration Methodology I
Kenneth G. Foote, Cochair
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Stephen P. Robinson, Cochair
National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 OLW, UK
Invited Papers
2:00
2pUWb1. The sonar equations: denitions, dimensions and units of individual terms. Michael A. Ainslie TNO Defence, Se-
curity and Safety, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK The Hague, Netherlands, michael.ainslie@tno.nl
The passive and active sonar equations are reviewed with regard to the denitions of individual terms and their units. It is shown on
the one hand that ambiguities exist in conventional denitions that can lead to misinterpretation, and on the other that under special
conditions correction terms are needed that are not included in the standard equations. Revised denitions are proposed that remove the
need for some of the correction terms and reduce the likelihood of misunderstanding. Particular emphasis is placed on the terms propa-
gation loss and source level for both active and passive sonar. For example, the effect on changes in impedance between the source
and receiver of the sound is considered in the case of passive sonar, and between the source, receiver and scatterer of sound in the case
of active sonar.
2:20
2pUWb2. Validation of primary hydrophone calibrations by inter-laboratory comparisons and by independent calibration
methods. Stephen P. Robinson National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK,
Stephen.Robinson@npl.co.uk, Peter D. Theobald National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, pdt
@npl.co.uk
A description is presented of two approaches which may be used to validate primary calibration methods for hydrophones and
transducers. Firstly, a comparison may be made with another independent absolute calibration method, preferably one based on a dif-
ferent physical principle and therefore with few common sources of uncertainty. Secondly, an inter-laboratory comparison of calibra-
tions may be undertaken between different institutes operating at a similar level. This paper describes the results of such exercises for
free-eld calibration of hydrophones in the range from 1 kHz to 500 kHz. Firstly, two independent calibration methods are compared:
the three-transducer reciprocity method and a method based on optical interferometry. The differences observed in the results are typi-
cally less than 0.5 dB, which is of the same order as the overall uncertainties of each of the methods. Secondly, the results are shown
of a recent international comparison of hydrophone calibrations involving institutes from Canada, China, Germany, Russia, South Af-
rica, UK, and USA. Here, the agreement was generally within quoted uncertainties, the results generally lying within a 0.5 dB band
for frequencies up to 300 kHz. A discussion is given of the general sources of uncertainties in the calibrations.
2:40
2pUWb3. Phase calibration of hydrophone and its application in the reconstruction of underwater acoustic waveforms.
Yuebing Wang Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, 96 Huaxing Road, 310012 Hangzhou, China,
wang_yuebing@tom.com, Shui Li Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, 96 Huaxing Road, 310012 Hangzhou, China,
lishui9861@163.com, Yongjun Huang Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, 96 Huaxing Road, 310012 Hangzhou, China,
pink2701@126.com
Abstract: In this paper, both the reciprocal method and the optical method for the calibration of plural sensitivities of hydrophones
are reviewed rstly. Then an experimental system is introduced in which with a 1.5MHz focusing transducer acting as a position in-
dicator, phase responses of hydrophones can be calibrated easily and accurately. Measurements are carried out for different types of
hydrophones and results are given in the frequency range 20kHz to 400kHz. Finally, with the plural responses of hydrophones included
in the construction for the transfer function of the receiving system, acoustic waveforms produced by a projector are reconstructed in
wide band from received signals, and a few conclusions are summarized from the experiment.
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Contributed Papers
3:00
2pUWb4. The hydrophone free-eld calibration in the non-anechoic
water tank using continuous radiation mode. Alexander
Isaev VNIIFTRI, Mendeleevo, 141570 Moscow, Russian Federation,
isaev@vniiftri.ru, Anton Matveev VNIIFTRI, Mendeleevo, 141570 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, matveev@vniiftri.ru
Anechoic chambers are used at free-eld measurements in acoustic.
Quality of the anechoic chamber estimate by comparing the dependence of
sound pressure with distance between a projector and the receiver with the
inversely proportional law. Creation of an anechoic water tank is a difcult
technical problem. Therefore measurements in a water tank usually use tone
burst radiation technique. In a non-anechoic water tank it is possible to pro-
vide free-eld conditions at a continuous radiation mode. It is achieved by
using a signal with the distributed spectrum and mathematical processing of
results of measurements. The measurement procedure and results of free
eld calibration of this method are considered in the paper. Efciency of
measuring procedure was estimated by a check of the inversely proportional
law in conditions of a non-anechoic water tank.
3:20
2pUWb5. Calibration of vector sensors. Joseph A. Clark NSWCCD,
Code 7340, 9500 MacArthur Blvd., West Bethesda, MD 20817-5000, USA,
joseph.a.clark1@navy.mil
Vector sensors that combine a hydrophone and a triaxial arrangement of
accelerometers in a neutrally buoyant package are currently being used for
underwater radiated noise measurements and other applications. Precise am-
plitude and phase calibration is required to obtain high quality
measurements. A basic procedure that has been used successfully to cali-
brate measured radiated noise spectra in one-third-octave and narrowband
formats will be described. Results of validation experiments that compared
vector sensor measurements with other reference data will be presented. An
iterative calibration scheme for improving the performance of a vector sen-
sor employed as part of an active sonar system will also be presented.
3:40-5:20 Posters
Lecture sessions will recess for the presentation of poster sessions on various topics in acoustics. See poster sessions for topics and abstracts.
Invited Papers
5:20
2pUWb6. Array gain degradation due to nearby bubbles. Richard Lee Culver ARL Penn State, PO Box 30, State College, PA
16804, USA, rlc5@psu.edu, Mario F. Trujillo ARL Penn State, PO Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA, mft10@psu.edu
Signal-to-noise ratio SNR is signal power divided by noise power, usually expressed in dB SNR 20*log10PsigPnoise. Array
gain AG is the increase in SNR at an array output relative to that at a single element. AG assumes spatially-compact signals embedded
in spatially-diffuse noise or interference. When the array is steered in the direction of a signal, AG is maximum when the signal is fully
coherent across the array i.e. the signals add in phase for all elements while the noise or interference is incoherent across the array i.e.
adds with random phase. For an acoustic array operating in the ocean, we would like to understand the degree to which nearby bubbles
degrade AG. Scattering by bubbles represents interference at the array. Bubble attenuation can also degrades array performance by
attenuating the signal of interest, but that is separate from AG degradation. Previously we applied the single scattering approximation
of Ishimaru 1977, Chap. 6 and found that scattering from bubbles very close to the array can generate correlated interference, thereby
decreasing AG. Here we validate the theory using in-water measurements of AG as the distance of from the array to the bubbles varies.
Work sponsored by Ofce of Naval Research, Code 321 Undersea Signal Processing.
5:40
2pUWb7. A method for calibrating hydrophones immersed in sandy sediment. Gary B. Robb National Oceanography Centre,
University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK, gbor199@noc.soton.ac.uk, Gary
Hayman National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, Gary.Hayman@npl.co.uk, Peter D. Theobald
National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, pdt@npl.co.uk, Victor F. Humphrey Institute of Sound
and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, vh@isvr.soton.ac.uk, Stephen P.
Robinson National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, TW11 OLW Teddington, UK, Stephen.Robinson@npl.co.uk, Timothy G.
Leighton Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK,
T.G.Leighton@soton.ac.uk, Justin K. Dix National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European
Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK, jkd@noc.soton.ac.uk, Angus I. Best National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton
Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK, aib@noc.soton.ac.uk
Hydrophones are frequently used as receivers for in situ sediment acoustic experiments. At present, processing techniques use re-
ceiver sensitivities measured from water-based calibrations. It is, however, accepted that the receive sensitivity will depend on the
medium surrounding the hydrophone, particularly at frequencies close to the transducers resonance frequency. To assess this affect, a
series of calibrations were performed over the frequency range of 10 to 200 kHz on two types of hydrophones with cylindrical and
spherical elements inserted into degassed sandy sediment. Sensitivities were measured using a modied three-transducer reciprocity
technique, which uses a co-linear arrangement to allow the sediment attenuation to be omitted from the sensitivity calculation. The
insertion of the hydrophones into the sediment reduced the measured receive sensitivities by a maximum value of 3.8 dB with respect
to the equivalent water-based calibrations. The co-linear arrangement adopted allowed the transmission between the outer devices to be
recorded with and without the central hydrophone present. Repeat measurements indicated that the sediment disturbance associated with
the removal of the central hydrophone caused sensitivity differences of less than 1.2 dB, while the inclusion of the central hydrophone
caused a shadowing effect which increased sensitivities by between 1.3 to 4.0 dB.
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6:00
2pUWb8. Standard-target method of calibrating active sonars: principles, applications, benets. Kenneth G. Foote Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, kfoote@whoi.edu
The standard-target method of calibrating active sonar involves suspending a target at a known position in a sonar beam, insonifying
it with a known signal, measuring the scattered pressure eld, and relating this to the scattering properties of the target. These properties
are known a priori for standard targets, rendering the calibration primary. Repetition of the procedure for different relative sonar-target
positions can enable determination of directional and neareld characteristics. Following a review of standard-target calibration prin-
ciples, the method is illustrated for both narrowband and broadband scientic echo sounders and multibeam sonars, with operating
frequencies in the range 18-3200 kHz. Applications to sidescan sonar and to low-frequency parametric sonars and other mid-frequency
sonars in the nominal range 1-10 kHz have not yet been developed, but are evidently feasible given preliminary standard-target designs,
which are described. In every case, the standard targets are of a proven manageable size, with immersion weight less than 200 N.
Benets of standard-target calibration, including accuracy, operational convenience, and cost-effectiveness, among others, are
emphasized. The method, which is useful for both quantitative and qualitative imaging applications, extends to borehole acoustic sen-
sors and medical ultrasonic devices.
Contributed Paper
6:20
2pUWb9. Calibration of broadband active acoustic systems using a
single standard spherical target. Timothy K. Stanton Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Depart-
ment, 98 Water Street, MS #11, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA,
tstanton@whoi.edu, Dezhang Chu NOAANMFSNWFSCFRAMD,
Montlake Blvd., E. Seattle, WA 98112, USA, dchu@whoi.edu
When calibrating a broadband active acoustic system with a single stan-
dard target such as a sphere, the inherent resonances associated with the
scattering by the sphere pose a signicant challenge. In this research, a
method is developed which completely eliminates the source of resonances
through isolating and exploiting the echo from the front interface of a
sphere. This echo is relatively insensitive to frequency over a wide range of
frequencies, lacking resonances, and relatively insensitive to small changes
in material properties and, in the case of spherical shells, shell thickness.
The research builds upon the concept of using this echo for calibration in the
work of Dragonette et al. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1186-1189 1981. This
current work generalizes that of Dragonette by 1 incorporating a pulse com-
pression technique to signicantly improve the ability to resolve the echo,
and 2 rigorously accounting for the scattering physics of the echo so that
the technique is applicable over a wide range of frequencies and material
properties of the sphere. The utility of the new approach is illustrated
through application to data collected at sea with an air-lled aluminum
spherical shell and long broadband chirp signals 30-105 kHz.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pUWd
Underwater Acoustics and ECUA: Sonar System and Transducer Calibration Methodology II
(Poster Session)
Kenneth Foote, Cochair
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Stephen Robinson, Cochair
National Physical Laboratory
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pUWd1. Low frequency hydrophone calibration with using
tensometric pressure sensor. Alexander Isaev VNIIFTRI, Mendeleevo,
141570 Moscow, Russian Federation, isaev@vniiftri.ru, Alexander
Shchelkunov VNIIFTRI, Mendeleevo, 141570 Moscow, Russian Federa-
tion, for_my_reg@mail.ru
Usually when calibrating a hydrophone in an acoustic coupler the piezo-
electric hydrophones use an auxiliary transducer. Widely applicable reci-
procity calibration is high-ly accurate, but difcult in realization and
laborious. The method of comparison with a reference transducer is more
simple and quick, but less accurate. In the paper the method of low fre-
quency hydrophone calibration using the auxiliary transducer with a at fre-
quency response up to 3 kHz is considered. The auxiliary transducer is cali-
brated accurately by changing the water column in the acoustic coupler. It
nally allows us to calibrate measuring hydrophones more accurately too.
The measuring equipment on the basis of tensometric pressure sensor type
MPX 5010 is considered.
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TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pUWe
Underwater Acoustics and ECUA: Geoacoustic Sediment Modeling I (Poster Session)
Nicholas Chotiros, Cochair
Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas
Jean-Pierre Sessarego, Cochair
Laboratory for Mechanics and Acoustics CNRS
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pUWe1. Estimating the frequency dependent behavior of marine
sediment sound speeds using low frequency aircraft sound. Alireza
Amiri-Simkooei Acoustic Remote Sensing Group, Delft Institute of Earth
Observation and Space Systems, Delft University of Technology, Kluyver-
weg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, a.amirisimkooei@tudelft.nl, Mirjam
Snellen Acoustic Remote Sensing Group, Delft Institute of Earth Observa-
tion and Space Systems, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1,
2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, m.snellen@tudelft.nl, Dick G. Simons Delft
University of Technology, P.O. Box Postbus 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Nether-
lands, d.g.simons@tudelft.nl, Michael Buckingham Marine Physical Lab,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC 0238,
La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA, mjb@mpl.ucsd.edu
For investigating the dispersion behavior of sediment sound speeds,
broadband sound speed measurements are required. Sediment sound speed
dispersion models predict the largest sound speed variations typically at low
frequencies. Aircraft y-over noise acquired on receivers placed in sediment
proved to be a promising approach towards broadband low-frequency
measurements. Since the magnitude of the Doppler-shift depends on sound
speed at the receiver position, the observed Doppler-shift can be used to de-
rive the sound speed. We propose a new approach using the entire time se-
ries instead of employing only the two observed frequencies at approaching
and departing. It is based on a model for received signals, accounting for the
Doppler-shifted frequency. By maximizing the match between modeled and
measured time series as a function of sound speed and frequency in a least-
squares framework, estimates of the frequency-dependent sound speed are
obtained. The method is applied to data acquired at receivers placed in air,
water and sediment. Statistical tests indicate that the marine sediment sound
speed depends indeed on frequency, i.e. sound speed decreases signicantly
below 300 Hz. A comparison is made with a modied viscous uid model
from which realistic values for the geotechnical parameters of the consid-
ered sediment were obtained.
2pUWe2. Imaging of Large-Scale Sediment Transport Dynamics with
Multibeam Sonar. Stephen M. Simmons University of Leeds, School of
Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS29JT Leeds, UK,
s.m.simmons@leeds.ac.uk, Dan R. Parsons University of Leeds, School
of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS29JT Leeds, UK,
parsons.daniel@btinternet.com, Jim L. Best Departments of Geology and
Geography and Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, 1301 W. Green St.,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, jimbest@uiuc.edu, Chris
Malzone Reson Inc., Goleta, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA, CMalzone
@reson.com, Gareth M. Keevil University of Leeds, School of Earth and
Environment, University of Leeds, LS29JT Leeds, UK, g.keevil@see.leeds
.ac.uk
Multibeam Echo-Sounder MBES systems have developed rapidly over
recent decades and are routinely deployed to provide high-resolution bathy-
metric imaging. Modern data handling and storage technologies have facili-
tated the logging of the back-scatter information previously discarded by
these systems. This paper develops a novel methodology to exploit this log-
ging capability to quantify the concentration and dynamics of suspended
sediment within the water column. This development provides a multi-
purpose tool for the holistic surveying of sediment transport by imaging sus-
pended sediment concentration, associated ow structures and providing
concurrent high-resolution bathymetry. This paper presents the results ob-
tained from the deployment a RESON 7125 MBES in the eld, with the aim
of examining the dynamics of suspended sediment transport over dune bed-
forms and in the region of ow mixing between large rivers of signicantly
different suspended sediment concentration. Results from controlled tank
tests are also presented, obtained using different types and mixes of
sediment. The results demonstrate the capability of MBES systems to suc-
cessfully resolve the contrast in suspended sediment concentrations. The
large sets of data recorded in the two-dimensional MBES swath enables the
real-time monitoring of suspended sediment transport and related ow pro-
cesses on a scale previously unrealisable with single-beam acoustic systems.
2pUWe3. The inuence of topography on sidescan sonar images.
Dietmar Brk GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Institute for
Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany, dietmar.buerk
@gkss.de, Ingo Klaucke IFM-GEOMAR, Leibniz-Institute of Marine
Sciences, Wischhofstrae 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany, iklaucke@ifm-geomar
.de
The backscattering signal on sidescan sonar images is to a large degree
dependent on the incident angle of the acoustic beam onto the seaoor. As
sidescan sonar systems are often used for mapping seaoor lithologies, it is
necessary to reduce or even remove the effect of different backscattering
strengths caused by varying incidence angles. This study evaluates the in-
uence of seaoor morphology on the acoustic backscattering signal of the
deep-towed IFM-GEOMAR DTS-1 sidescan sonar system. Data used are
from the Pacic continental slope offshore Nicaragua in a water depth be-
tween 800 and 2400 metres. There authigenic carbonate patches formed by
cold uid venting are imaged with a high backscattering level. The carbon-
ates are often located on top or on the anks of mound structures with a
strong morphology. The specic DTS-1 backscattering function is deter-
mined on normal, uniform seaoor sediment, and then applied in a new pro-
cessing algorithm to the raw data of two test areas. The change in amplitude
strength when considering seaoor morphology is calculated. The topo-
graphic inuence on the backscattering signal can be quite signicant when
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imaging mound structures. Nevertheless the high backscatter on mounds is
not completely removed, leading to the conclusion that it originates from a
different seaoor lithology and roughness.
2pUWe4. Theoretical justication of a coherent forward model for
subbottom proler data inversion. Sandrine Rakotonarivo Laboratoire
E3I2, ENSIETA, 2, rue Franois Verny, 29806 Brest, France,
rakotosa@ensieta.fr, Michel Legris Laboratoire E3I2, ENSIETA, 2, rue
Franois Verny, 29806 Brest, France, legrismi@ensieta.fr, Rozenn
Desmare Institut de Recherche de lEcole Navale, IRENav, BP 600, 29240
Brest Armes, France, desmare@ecole-navale.fr, Frdric Jean IXSEA,
46, quai Franois Mitterrand, 13600 La Ciotat, France, frj@ixsea.com
Subbottom proling systems measure and identify sediment layers that
exist below the sedimentwater interface. Nowadays, very-high resolution
chirp prolers provide calibrated wideband signals which may enable quan-
titative seabed characterisation. In literature, sediment classication is based
on attenuation and reectivity estimation and backscattering models used for
the inversion consider plane wave propagation through layered homoge-
neous attenuated bottom. But this bottom modelling may be in contradiction
with the emitted spherical front wave and core samples observations which
point out a heterogeneous structure of marine subbottom. Therefore, impacts
of proler features, geometry measurement and subbottom structure
layering, attenuation, rugosity, and volumetric inhomogeneity on back-
scattering signal are all reviewed in this paper. This analysis shows that clas-
sical model of wave coherent propagation through layered homogeneous at-
tenuated media offers the best compromise between its accuracy and
inversion possibility, if bottom heterogeneities are insignicant Rayleigh
scatterers. For bigger heterogeneities Rayleigh parameter close to unity,
coherent backscattering still prevails though wave propagation is affected by
scattering. In this case, the same coherent forward model is used with modi-
ed reectivity and transmission coefcients. Then, sensitiviy and inversion
possibility of the coherent bottom backscattering model are discussed.
2pUWe5. Use of dual methods to infer methane bubble populations in
gassy sediments: Inversion of combination-frequency data. Agni
Mantouka Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of Southampton, Univer-
sity Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK, am2@isvr.soton
.ac.uk, Timothy G. Leighton Institute of Sound and Vibration, Univ. of
Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK,
T.G.Leighton@soton.ac.uk, Gary B. Robb National Oceanography Cen-
tre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14
3ZH Southampton, UK, gbor199@noc.soton.ac.uk, Angus I.
Best National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Water-
front Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK,
aib@noc.soton.ac.uk, Justin K. Dix National Oceanography Centre, Uni-
versity of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH
Southampton, UK, jkd@noc.soton.ac.uk,Zygmunt KlusekInstitute of
Oceanography, Polish Academy of Science, P.O. Box 148 Sopot, Poland,
klusek@iopan.gda.pl, Paul R. White Institute of Sound and Vibration,
Univ. of Southampton, University Road, Higheld, SO17 1BJ Southampton,
UK, prw@isvr.soton.ac.uk
Bubbles can dramatically change the acoustic properties of their host
medium even if they are present in very small amounts. This paper describes
the combination-frequency component of tank and eld measurements taken
using a device which measures bubbles in marine sediments using multiple
acoustic techniques allowing the results of the various techniques to be
compared. The combination-frequency method uses the nonlinear scattering
property of bubbles when insonied by two primary frequencies. For low
void fractions, there is a monotonic relationship between the scattered eld
and the population of bubbles resonant at either of the primary frequencies
or combination of these andor their subharmonics. This principle is used to
infer the bubble size distribution. In contrast to the case of gas bubbles in
water, in marine sediments the shear properties of the host medium must be
incorporated into the model for the bubble dynamics and a new model for
this is presented. This model is then inverted to obtain the bubble size
distribution. The predictions of this method were compared with the method
of inversion of propagation data detailed in a companion paper, obtained
from in situ experiments on the South coast of England.
2pUWe6. Comparisons of Biot and grain-shearing theories: sound
speed, attenuation and acoustic impedance. Brian T. Hefner Applied
Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St,
Seattle, WA 98105, USA, hefner@apl.washington.edu, Kevin L.
Williams Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE
40th St, Seattle, WA 98105, USA, williams@apl.washington.edu
The comparison of sediment sound speed and attenuation measurements
to predictions has been the primary method used to test Biot theory and the
grain-shearing model. Examples of datamodel comparisons will be shown.
Subsequent renements made to these models result in similar predictions
for sound speed and attenuation. However, the underlying physics is sub-
stantially different suggesting other, more indirect means for discriminating
between sediment propagation theories. One technique that has received re-
cent attention is the measurement of forward scattering from the sediment
interface. Model predictions of these measurements depend not only the
sound speed and attenuation, but also on the acoustic impedance of the
medium. Examination of the physics incorporated into Biot Theory shows
that the
3
effective density
2
seen by the acoustic wave is lower than the bulk
density, thus lowering the acoustic impedance. This results in a difference in
the predicted at surface reection coefcient for Biot-type models as com-
pared to grain-shearing models. The at surface reection coefcients de-
rived from experiment will be compared with predictions using the Biot
model and the viscosity grain shearing VGS model for a sand sediment.
The validity of obtaining reection coefcients using forward scattering
from rough surfaces will also be discussed. Work supported by ONR.
3350 3350 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
Downloaded 25 Aug 2011 to 81.141.29.157. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/journals/doc/ASALIB-home/info/terms.jsp
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pUWf
Underwater Acoustics, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and ECUA: Acoustic Vector Fields and Sensor
Processing I (Poster Session)
Kevin Smith, Cochair
Naval Postgraduate SchoolNaval Undersea Warfare Center
Jean-Pierre Hermand, Cochair
Universit libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) - Environmental hydroacoustics lab
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
2pUWf1. Vector-phase methods of bottom reecting properties research
in shallow shelf area. Elena Ermolaeva Moscow Lomonosov State Uni-
versity, Leninskie Gory, Physics Faculty, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federa-
tion, ermolaeva@phys.msu.ru, Boris Goncharenko Moscow Lomonosov
State University, Leninskie Gory, Physics Faculty, 119992 Moscow, Russian
Federation, goncharenko@phys.msu.ru, Valery Gordienko Moscow
Lomonosov State University, Leninskie Gory, Physics Faculty, 119992 Mos-
cow, Russian Federation, gordienko@phys.msu.ru
It is known, that parameters of bottom have essential inuence on the
signal propagation in the shallow water. Variation of the attenuation coef-
cient can amount to tens dB. Therefore, research of bottom properties and its
structure rst of all - thickness and acoustics parameters of alluvial soil is
actual problem, especially at low frequencies. Using of receivers, which
record both sound pressure and its gradient make it easier to solve this prob-
lem in a number of cases. The following methods are considered: impedance
method, which is based on direct measurement of relation between pressure
and vertical component of oscillatory velocity in one point on the water
bottom boundary; method, which is based on measuring phase difference
between pressure and horizontal or vertical component of particle velocity;
method in which additive combination of sound pressure and vertical com-
ponent of oscillatory velocity are used. The essence of the last method con-
sists in formation of minima of reception system directional characteristic in
the direction at the signals extending from surface to bottom and reected
from bottom. The suggested methods of acoustic characteristics research of
a ground repeatedly have been checked in shallow shelf area of the Baltic
and the Black seas, and also in conditions of shallow inland water areas.
2pUWf2. Geoacoustic Inversion Based on a Vector Hydrophone Array.
Fenghua Li National Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chi-
nese Academy of Sciences, No 21, Beisihuanxilu, 100080 Beijing, China,
lfh@mail.ioa.ac.cn, Renhe Zhang National Laboratory of Acoustics, In-
stitute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 21, Beisihuanxilu,
100080 Beijing, China, zrh@mail.ioa.ac.cn
Vector sensor has attracted much attention in recent years. However,
there are few papers involving in geoacoustic inversion from vector sensor.
In this research, a geoacoustic inversion scheme employing a vector hydro-
phone array has been developed based on the fact that vector hydrophone
can provide more acoustic eld information than traditional pressure
hydrophones. The inversion scheme is the combination of the Matched Field
Processing and the difference of transmission losses between pressure and
velocity. The advantages of this method are that it can decrease the uncer-
tainty of the inverted sediment sound speed and the inversion of the sedi-
ment attenuation is independent on the source level. Work supported by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grand No. 10574136.
2pUWf3. Underwater low frequency sound eld simulation with the
digital waveguide mesh method. Shengchun Piao College of Underwa-
ter Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong
Street, 150001 Harbin, China, shengchunpiao@hrbeu.edu.cn, Lingai
Tian Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, 96 Huaxing Road,
310012 Hangzhou, China, tianling_ai@hrbeu.edu.cn, Jing Yang College
of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145
Nantong Street, 150001 Harbin, China, bambooyang7@163.com
Digital waveguide mesh method has been widely used to model musical
instruments and simulation for room acoustics. In this paper, this method
was applied to calculation the acoustic vector elds in the Pekeris
waveguide. After introducing a boundary condition treatment method for the
ocean bottom in the digital waveguide mesh, the acoustic pressure and par-
ticle velocity elds are calculated in spatial and temporal dimensions. Using
these calculation results, the waveforms for the received signals and distri-
bution of acoustic intensity in the underwater sound channel can also be
obtained. Numerical simulation shows that the digital waveguide mesh
method can be used to simulate the low frequency two-dimensional acoustic
vector elds in shallow water and this method is easy to applied to three-
dimensional acoustic elds calculation.
2
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3351 3351 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
Downloaded 25 Aug 2011 to 81.141.29.157. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/journals/doc/ASALIB-home/info/terms.jsp
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JULY 2008 P3-C, LEVEL 3, 3:40 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 2pUWg
Underwater Acoustics and ECUA: High Frequency Variability I (Poster Session)
Marcia Isakson, Cochair
Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas
Thomas Folgot, Cochair
NATO Undersea Research Center
All posters will be on display from 3:40 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 3:40 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 4:30 p.m. to 5:20 p.m.
Contributed Paper
2pUWg1. Correcting bathymetry measurements for water sound speed
effects using inversion theory. Jelle De Plaa Delft Institute of Earth Ob-
servation and Space Systems, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg
1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, j.deplaa@tudelft.nl, M. Snellen Delft In-
stitute of Earth Observation and Space Systems, Delft University of
Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands,
M.Snellen@tudelft.nl, Dick G. Simons Delft University of Technology,
P.O. Box Postbus 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands, d.g.simons@tudelft.nl
We present a method to accurately estimate the bathymetry and water
sound speed in shallow waters using overlapping swaths obtained from a
Multi-Beam Echo Sounder MBES. The method is designed to correct the
errors in the bathymetry manifested mainly in the outer beams of the MBES.
The errors are caused by deviations in sound speed, which occur, for ex-
ample, in estuaries where fresh river water mixes with seawater. Simulations
show that we are able to simultaneously estimate the mean sound speed and
the bathymetry. This is accomplished by minimizing the differences between
the MBES measurements in the overlap region using a Levenberg-
Marquardt optimization routine. We also present an application of the
method to real data obtained at the fairway to the harbour of Rotterdam, The
Netherlands. Analysis shows that the inverted sound speed agrees well with
the measured sound speed at the transducer. However, the uncertainties are
larger when the track-to-track distance is 2 times the depth. Therefore, we
also discuss the optimal distance between sailed tracks. The method appears
to be a promising tool for the accurate mapping of sea oors in shallow-
water areas with a complex sound-speed prole.
3352 3352 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 123, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 2008 Acoustics08 Paris
Downloaded 25 Aug 2011 to 81.141.29.157. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/journals/doc/ASALIB-home/info/terms.jsp