Open-source intelligence

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Open-source intelligence (OSINT) is intelligence collected from publicly available sources.
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"n the intelligence community ("#), the term
$open$ refers to overt, publicly available sources (as opposed to covert or clandestine sources)% it is not related to open&source soft'are or public
intelligence.
Contents
Open sources for intelligence
( )efiners for O*"+,
- #ompetitive intelligence
. Risks for practitioners
/ 0alue
1 2rocess
3 4istory
5 O*"+, communities
5. 6overnment
5.( "ntelligence
5.- 7rmed Forces
5.. 4omeland *ecurity
5./ 8a' enforcement
5.1 9usiness
: *ee also
; References
8iterature
( <=ternal links
Open sources for intelligence
O*"+, includes a 'ide variety of information and sources>
?edia> ne'spapers, maga@ines, radio, television, and computer&based information.
Web&based communities and user&generated content> social&net'orking sites, video sharing sites, 'ikis, blogs, and folksonomies.
2ublic data> government reports, official data such as budgets, demographics, hearings, legislative debates, press conferences, speeches,
marine and aeronautical safety 'arnings, environmental impact statements and contract a'ards.
Observation and reporting> amateur airplane spotters, radio monitors and satellite observers among many others have provided significant
information not other'ise available. ,he availability of 'orld'ide satellite photography, often of high resolution, on the Web (e.g.,
6oogle <arth) has e=panded open&source capabilities into areas formerly available only to maAor intelligence services.
2rofessional and academic (including grey literature)> conferences, symposia, professional associations, academic papers, and subAect
matter e=perts.
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?ost information has geospatial dimensions, but many often overlook the geospatial side of O*"+,> not all open&source data is
unstructured te=t. <=amples of geospatial open source include hard and softcopy maps, atlases, ga@etteers, port plans, gravity data,
aeronautical data, navigation data, geodetic data, human terrain data (cultural and economic), environmental data, commercial imagery,
8")7R, hyper and multi&spectral data, airborne imagery, geo&names, geo&features, urban terrain, vertical obstruction data, boundary
marker data, geospatial mashups, spatial databases, and 'eb services. ?ost of the geospatial data mentioned above is integrated,
analy@ed, and syndicated using geospatial soft'are like a 6eographic "nformation *ystem (6"*) not a bro'ser per se.
O*"+, is distinguished from research in that it applies the process of intelligence to create tailored kno'ledge supportive of a specific decision
by a specific individual or group.
[-!
Definers for OSINT
2age of 1 Open&source intelligence & Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
:B1B(;. http>BBen.'ikipedia.orgB'ikiBOpen&sourceCintelligence
OSINT is defined by both the U.S. Director of National Intelligence and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), as "prodced from pblicly
a!ailable information that is collected, e"ploited, and disseminated in a timely manner to an appropriate adience for the prpose of addressing a
specific intelligence re#irement."
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OSINT is, as of '((), defined by the U.S. Office of *anagement and +dget nder the category of ",orces -nd Direct Spport" and
specifically for the DoD nder .ommercial .ode */'( as
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Open-source intelligence (OSINT) collection/processing
- 0ide !ariety of !endors sell information prodcts specifically 0ithin this category.
Open1sorce intelligence nder one name or another has been arond for hndreds of years. The significance today of OSINT in the US- is the
conflict bet0een military, go!ernment, and the pri!ate sector as to ho0 the bl2 of intelligence shold be obtained. 3ith the Internet, instant
commnications, and ad!anced media search the bl2 of actionable and predicti!e intelligence can be obtained from pblic, nclassified
sorces. 4o!ernment agencies ha!e been slo0 to embrace OSINT, or belie!e they already ha!e sitable information feeds from the media,
academia and pblic records.
OSINT is especially helpfl in addressing global co!erage, a term encompassing all of the contries and topics that are not considered by the
secret or national secrity 0orlds to be "!ital."
Competitive intelligence
In the pri!ate sector, competiti!e intelligence has become a tool for mar2eting strategies that focs on strategically prepared information nder
the direction of pri!ate companies or indi!idals 0ho sell organi5ed information to specific secrity, la0 enforcement and military indstries,
amongst other strategic applications, often on a contractal basis. 4o!ernments and ci!ilians both se open sorce intelligence, both legitimately
and illegitimately, the latter being the case 0ith criminals 0ho se information to gain an edge in planning and condcting criminal acti!ities.
There are still opportnities for small and medim bsinesses to compete in niche mar2ets, bt this too is being consolidated by ma6or
information pro!iders (e.g.7). OSINT is not a no!el concept in media 0here e!eryday operations of traditional ne0sroom methods of operations
engage in sefl strategies to0ards obtaining information for ni#e and original content throgh in!estigations of story leads, absent of
reliance on formal methods of obtaining inside information throgh legal docments or basic inter!ie0 techni#es. In!estigati!e 6ornalists se
searches, databases, primary inter!ie0s, original sorces, and lea2s (informants80itnesses) 0ho come for0ard either anonymosly or openly, as
direct contribtors of inside information for 6ornalists. In!estigati!e 6ornalists se specific strategies to obtain information. Sometimes
informants come for0ard on their o0n to contribte original information that might not other0ise be made a!ailable, 0hich often directly
contribtes to the pblication of original featre stories. Sch has been the case 0ith regard to many 0histle blo0ers in politics, go!ernment,
la0 enforcement and also in commercial, financial and pri!ate sectors.
Risks for practitioners
-ccredited 6ornalists ha!e some protection in as2ing #estions, and researching for recogni5ed media otlets. 9!en so they can be imprisoned,
e!en e"ected, for see2ing ot OSINT. :ri!ate indi!idals illegally collecting data for a foreign military or intelligence agency is considered
espionage in most contries. Of corse, espionage that is not treason (i.e. betraying one;s contry of citi5enship) has been a tool of statecraft
since ancient times, is 0idely engaged in by nearly all contries, and is considered an honorable trade.
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*ost contries recogni5e this, and if
their conterintelligence agencies captre a foreign spy, that spy is sally nceremoniosly deported or traded bac2 to their homeland (for
other spies) after a hostile debriefing= actal e"ection or refsal to trade bac2 foreign spies 0ith non1official co!er 0old reslt in
conse#ences in bilateral relations of the gra!est possible magnitde, being an e"traordinarily hostile act, e!en if those conse#ences 0ere
nofficially and e"tra6dicially imposed.
Value
-ccording to the .ommission on the Intelligence .apabilities of the United States >egarding 3eapons of *ass Destrction report sbmitted in
*arch '((), OSINT mst be inclded in the all1sorce intelligence process for the follo0ing reasons (as stated in the report)?
@. The e!er1shifting natre of or intelligence needs compels the I. to #ic2ly and easily nderstand a 0ide range of foreign contries and
cltres. A B today;s threats are rapidly changing and geographically diffse= it is a fact of life that an intelligence analyst may be forced
to shift rapidly from one topic to the ne"t. Increasingly, I. professionals need to #ic2ly assimilate social, economic, and cltral
information abot a contryCinformation often detailed in open sorces.
'. Open1sorce information pro!ides a base for nderstanding classified materials. Despite large #antities of classified material prodced
by the I., the amont of classified information prodced on any one topic can be #ite limited, and may be ta2en ot of conte"t if !ie0ed
only from a classified1sorce perspecti!e. :erhaps the most important e"ample today relates to terrorism, 0here open1sorce information
can fill gaps and create lin2s that allo0 analysts to better nderstand fragmented intelligence, rmored terrorist plans, possible means of
attac2, and potential targets.
/. Open1sorce materials can protect sorces and methods. Sometimes an intelligence 6dgment that is actally informed 0ith sensiti!e,
classified information can be defended on the basis of open1sorce reporting. This can pro!e sefl 0hen policy1ma2ers need to e"plain
policy decisions or commnicate 0ith foreign officials 0ithot compromising classified sorces.
:age ' of < Open1sorce intelligence 1 3i2ipedia, the free encyclopedia
D8@<8'(@% http?88en.0i2ipedia.org80i2i8Open1sorceEintelligence
4. Only open source can store history. A robust open-source program can, in effect, gather data to monitor the world's cultures and how they
change with time. This is difficult, if not impossible, using the snapshots provided by classified collection methods.
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Process
"nformation collection in O#"$T is generally a different problem from collection in other intelligence disciplines where obtaining the raw
information to be analy%ed may be the ma&or difficulty, particularly if it is to be obtained from non-cooperative targets. "n O#"$T, the chief
difficulty is in identifying relevant, reliable sources from the vast amount of publicly available information. 'owever, this is not as great a
challenge for those who (now how to access local (nowledge and how to leverage human e)perts who can create new tailored (nowledge on
the fly.
History
The *oreign +roadcast "nformation #ervice ,*+"#- was created in ./4. to access and e)ploit O#"$T in relation to 0orld 0ar "". A classic
e)ample of their value and success is reflected in the price of oranges in 1aris as an indicator of whether railroad bridges had been bombed
successfully.
The recent history of O#"$T began in ./22 when 3eneral Alfred 4. 3ray, 5r., 6ommandant of the 4arine 6orps, called for a redirection of 7#
intelligence away from the collapsing #oviet 7nion and toward non-state actors and Third 0orld %ones of instability. Additionally, he pointed
out that most of the intelligence which needs to be (nown could be obtained via O#"$T, and recommended a substantive increase in resources
for this aspect of the intelligence collection spectrum of sources.
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"n the fall of .//8, #enator 9avid +oren, then 6hairman of the #enate #elect 6ommittee on "ntelligence, sponsored the $ational #ecurity Act of
.//8, attempting to achieve modest reform in the 7.#. "ntelligence 6ommunity. 'is counterpart on the 'ouse 1ermanent #elect 6ommittee on
"ntelligence was 6ongressman 9ave 4c6urdy. The 'ouse version of the legislation included a separate open-source office, at the suggestion of
:arry 1rior, a 4arine ;eservist familiar with the 46"6 e)perience and then serving on the 'ouse 1ermanent #elect 6ommittee on "ntelligence
staff.
The Aspin-+rown 6ommission stated in .//< that 7# access to open sources was =severely deficient= and that this should be a =top priority= for
both funding and 96" attention.
"n issuing its 5uly 8>>4 report, the /?.. 6ommission recommended the creation of an open-source intelligence agency, but without further detail
or comment.
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#ubse@uently, the 049 6ommission ,also (nown as the ;obbA#ilberman 6ommission- report in 4arch 8>>B recommended the
creation of an open-source directorate at the 6"A.
*ollowing these recommendations, in $ovember 8>>B the 9irector of $ational "ntelligence announced the creation of the 9$" Open #ource
6enter. The 6enter was established to collect information available from =the "nternet, databases, press, radio, television, video, geospatial data,
photos and commercial imagery.=
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"n addition to collecting openly available information, it would train analysts to ma(e better use of this
information. The 6enter absorbed the 6"A's previously e)isting *oreign +roadcast "nformation #ervice ,*+"#-, originally established in ./4.,
with *+"# head 9ouglas $a@uin named as director of the 6enter.
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"n 9ecember 8>>B, the 9irector of $ational "ntelligence appointed Cliot A. 5ardines as the Assistant 9eputy 9irector of $ational "ntelligence
for Open #ource to serve as the "ntelligence 6ommunity's senior intelligence officer for open source and to provide strategy, guidance and
oversight for the $ational Open #ource Cnterprise.
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4r. 5ardines has established the $ational Open #ource Cnterprise
[.D!
and authored
"ntelligence 6ommunity 9irective D>.. "n 8>>2, 4r. 5ardines returned to the private sector and was succeeded by 9an +utler who is
A99$"?O#
[.4!
and previously 4r. 5ardines' #enior Advisor for 1olicy.
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OSINT communities
Government
There are a large number of open-source activities ta(ing place throughout the 7# 3overnment. *re@uently, these open-source activities are
described as =media monitoring=, =media analysis=, =internet research= and =public surveys= but are open source nonetheless.
The :ibrary of 6ongress sponsors the *ederal ;esearch 9ivision ,*;9- which conducts a great deal of tailored open-source research on a fee-
for-service basis for the e)ecutive branch.
Intelligence
The 7# "ntelligence 6ommunity's open-source activities ,(nown as the $ational Open #ource Cnterprise- are dictated by "ntelligence
6ommunity 9irective D>. promulgated by the 9irector of $ational "ntelligence.
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The 9irective establishes the authorities and responsibilities
of the Assistant 9eputy 9irector of $ational "ntelligence for Open #ource ,A99$"?O#-, the 9$"'s Open #ource 6enter and the $ational Open
#ource 6ommittee.
1rior to the establishment of the $ational Open #ource Cnterprise, the *oreign +roadcast "nformation #ervice ,*+"#-, established in ./4., was
the government's primary open-source unit, transcribing and translating foreign broadcasts. "t absorbed the 9efense 9epartment's 5oint
1ublications ;esearch #ervice ,51;#-, which did a similar function with foreign printed materials, including newspapers, maga%ines, and
technical &ournals.
1age D of < Open-source intelligence - 0i(ipedia, the free encyclopedia
/?.<?8>.4 httpE??en.wi(ipedia.org?wi(i?Open-sourceFintelligence
Armed Forces
The former Under-Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, Dr. Stephen Cambone encouraged in part by the Defense Science Board reports on
Strategic Communication and Transition to and From ostilities, created the Defense !pen Source "rogram #D!S"$. The current Under-
Secretary of Defense for Intelligence is assigned e%ecuti&e agency for this program to the Defense Intelligence 'gency.
U.S. military offices that engage in !SI(T acti&ities include)
Defense Intelligence 'gency
(ational *eospatial-Intelligence 'gency
US 'rmy Foreign +ilitary Studies !ffice
US 'rmy 'sian Studies Detachment
,UC!+ -'C +oles.orth #http)//....fas.org/irp/agency/dod/eucom/0ac/$
!pen Source Branch, -oint Intelligence Center, U.S. Special !perations Command
Foreign +edia +onitoring in Support of Information !perations, U.S. Strategic Command
US armed forces are using fa1e online personas to influence social media opinions.
2345
US 'ir Force had solicited pri&ate sector &endors for
something called persona management soft.are. Such a technology .ould allo. single indi&iduals to command &irtual armies of fa1e, digital
people across numerous social media portals.
2365
Homeland Security
The Department of omeland Security has an acti&e open-source intelligence unit. In congressional testimony before the ouse omeland
Security Committee7s Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism 8is1 'ssessment Subcommittee the Undersecretary of omeland
Security Charles 'llen indicated on February 39, :;;4, that he had established the <Domestic !pen Source ,nterprise< to support the
Department7s !SI(T needs and that of state, local and tribal partners.
Law enforcement
The la. enforcement !SI(T community applies open-source intelligence #!SI(T$ to the prediction, pre&ention, in&estigation, and prosecution
of criminals including terrorists.
,%amples of successful la. enforcement !SI(T include Scotland =ard !SI(T> 8oyal Canadian +ounted "olice #8C+"$ !SI(T.
I(T,8"!? and ,U8!"!? e%perimented .ith !SI(T units for a time, but they appear to ha&e atrophied .ith the departure of their indi&idual
champions.
(e. =or1 "olice Department #(="D$ is 1no.n to ha&e an !SI(T unit, as does the ?os 'ngeles County Sheriff7s Department, housed .ithin
the ,mergency !perations Bureau and affiliated .ith the ?' -oint 8egional Intelligence Center.
Business
Business !SI(T encompasses Commercial Intelligence, Competitor Intelligence, and Business Intelligence, and is often a chief area of practice
of pri&ate intelligence agencies.
Businesses may use information bro1ers and pri&ate in&estigators to collect and analy@e rele&ant information for business purposes .hich may
include the media, deep .eb, .eb :.; and commercial content.
See also
Ai1ipedia
Intellipedia
!pen Source Center
"ri&ate intelligence agency
8!SIDS
Special ?ibraries 'ssociation
Strategic intelligence
('T! !pen Source Intelligence andboo1, ('T! !pen Source Intelligence 8eader
+iT'"
D'8"' TID,S program
In&estigati&e Data Aarehouse
Fusion Center
(ational Intelligence !pen Source Committee
"age 9 of B !pen-source intelligence - Ai1ipedia, the free encyclopedia
C/3B/:;39 http)//en..i1ipedia.org/.i1i/!pen-sourceDintelligence
References
1. ^ "Open Source
Intelligence" (http://www.oss.net/dynamaster/file_archive/!"#/f$%&"cded'1d'ff(1!'f(c"&a"d'&!/OSS1&&)*
#*"".pdf+.
#. ^ ,owenthal- .ar/ .. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy- #nd 0d.
(1ashington- 2.3.: 34 5ress- #"+ p. )&.
". ^ "Spy 6gencies 7urn to 8ewspapers- 859- and 1i/ipedia for
Information: 7he intelligence community is learning to value :open*
source:
information" (http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/national/#%/&/1#/spy*
agencies*turn*to*newspapers*npr*and*wi/ipedia*for*information.html+.
9etrieved #%*&*1'.
!. ^ 6s defined in Sec. &"1 of 5u$lic ,aw 1&*1("- entitled- "8ational
2efense 6uthori;ation 6ct for <iscal =ear
#(." (http://frwe$gate.access.gpo.gov/cgi*$in/getdoc.cgi>
d$name?1&_cong_pu$lic_laws@docid?f:pu$l1(".1&+
'. ^ <6I9 6ct Inventory 3ommercial 6ctivities Inventory <unction
3odes
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/om$/procurement/fair/#'_fair/#'_inv_function_codes.html+
(. ^ Sun 7;u (1arring States period+- The Art of ar- 3hapter 1":
"Aostile armies may face each other for years- striving for the victory
which is decided in a single day. 7his $eing so- to remain in ignorance
of the enemy:s condition simply $ecause one grudges the outlay of a
hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments- is the height of
inhumanity."
). ^ (7he 3ommission on the Intelligence 3apa$ilities- ")%B")&+.
3ommission on the Intelligence 3apa$ilities of the Cnited States
9egarding 1eapons of .ass 2estruction
%. ^ Deneral 6lfred .. Dray- "Dlo$al Intelligence 3hallenges in the
1&&s"- 6merican Intelligence Eournal (1inter 1&%&B1&&+
&. ^ See page !1" of the &*11 3ommission 9eport (pdf+
(http://www.&*11commission.gov/report/&119eport_<..pdf+.
1. ^ Office of the 2irector of 8ational Intelligence. "O28I 6nnounces
0sta$lishment of Open Source 3enter
(http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/#'11%_release.htm+". 5ress
release- % 8ovem$er #'.
11. ^ 0nsor- 2avid. "7he Situation 9eport: Open source intelligence center
(http://www.cnn.com/#'/5O,I7I3S/11/%/sr.tues/+". !NN- %
8ovem$er #'.
1#. ^ Office of the 2irector of 8ational Intelligence "O28I Senior
,eadership 6nnouncement
(http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/#'1#)_release.htm+". 5ress
release- ) 2ecem$er #'.
1". ^ "8ational Open Source 0ntreprise Fision
Statement" (http://upload.wi/imedia.org/wi/ipedia/en/$/$!/8ationalOpenSource0nterprise.pdf+
.ay #(
1!. ^ 28I Open Source 3onference #% "2ecision 6dvantage" agenda-
Office of the 2irector of 8ational Intelligence- Euly #%.
(http://www.dniopensource.org/3onference/6genda.aspG+
1'. ^ 28I Open Source 3onference #) "0Gpanding the Aori;ons"
agenda- Office of the 2irector of 8ational Intelligence- Euly #).
(http://www.dniopensource#).com/sessions.cfm+
1(. ^ 28I Intelligence 3ommunity 2irective "1 B "8ational Open Source
0nterprise" (http://www.fas.org/irp/dni/icd/icd*"1.pdf+ 11 Euly #(.
1). ^ "CS 5lans 7o Cse <a/e Firtual 5eople Hotnet 6nd 5ersona
.anagement Software" (http://ptl$.in/iips/>p?1##+. "lo#al I!T
Policies An$ Strategies An$ In$ian Perspecti%e. 1 Euly #11.
9etrieved 1) 6ugust #1!.
1%. ^ "Intelligence 3ommunity- Social .edia 6nd Open Source
Intelligence" (http://perry!law.co.in/cy$er_security/>p?!+.
International &egal Issues Of !y#er Attac's( !y#er Terrorism( !y#er
)spionage( !y#er arfare An$ !y#er !rimes. #& .ay #1!. 9etrieved
1) 6ugust #1!.
1ash7imes.com (http://www.washtimes.com/national/#(!1%*111#!*"(&!r.htm+- 1ashington 7imes B 3I6 mines :rich: content from
$logs- 1& 6pril #(
D38.com (http://www.gcn.com/print/#'_(/!1'#*1.html+- Dovernment 3omputer 8ews B Intelligence units mine the $enefits of pu$lic
sources # .arch #(
6<306.org (http://www.afcea.org/signal/articles/templates/SID86,_6<306.+- 6rticle_7emplate.asp>articleid?11#@;oneid?"1 Signal
.aga;ine B Intelligence 3enter .ines Open Sources .arch #(
<ind6cricles.com (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mIHS/is_!_"1/ai_n1(!1&)&)+- .ilitary Intelligence 5rofessional Hulletin
Octo$erB2ecem$er- #' $y Har$ara D. <ast
<6S.org (http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/#'_hr/(#1'Iardines.pdf+- 3ongressional 7estimony on OSI87 and Aomeland Security #1
Eune #'
<irst.onday.org (http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue)_(/stalder/+- Open Source Intelligence $y Stalder and Airsh- 1' .ay ##
<or$es.com (http://www.for$es.com/#%/11/#1/maltego*data*mining*identity%*tech*c;*t$_11#1maltego.html+- 1hen 0veryone 3an
.ine =our 2ata $y 7aylor Huley- 11.#1.%J
K1J (http://www.nytimes.com/#(/1#/"/maga;ine/"intelligence.html>pagewanted?print+- Open*Source Spying- article from the Ne*
+or' Times- a$out open sources and wi/is
3net.com (http://news.cnet.com/%"1*1"''_"*11)(!%*1(.html+- .altego and the science of :open*source: snooping $y .att 6say-
8ovem$er #'- #%
Literature
Scientific Publications
6rthuer S. Aulnic/: :7he 2ilemma of Open Source Intelligence: Is OSI87 9eally Intelligence>:- pages ##&B#!1- 7he OGford Aand$oo/
of 8ational Security Intelligence- #1
5age ' of ( Open*source intelligence * 1i/ipedia- the free encyclopedia
&/1(/#1! http://en.wi/ipedia.org/wi/i/Open*source_intelligence
Cody Burke: 'Freeing knowledge, telling secrets: Open source intelligence and development', Bond University, May 200
!"ttp:##epu$lications%$ond%edu%au#cgi#viewcontent%cgi&article'(0(0)conte*t'cewces+papers,
Florian -c"aurer, .an -t/rger: '0"e 1volution o2 Open -ource 3ntelligence', O-340 5eport 6#20(0, 3-4, 107 89ric", Octo$er 20(0
!"ttp:##www%isn%et":%c"#isn#;igital<=i$rary#>u$lications#;etail#&id'(2200?,
External links
General
0"e Open -ource 3ntelligence 5esource ;iscovery 0oolkit !"ttp:##rr%reuser%$i:,
0"e 4ew Cra2t o2 3ntelligence: Making t"e Most o2 Open >rivate -ector @nowledge
!"ttp:##www%time%com#time#covers#((0(0206((#viewpoint%"tml,
Actual 3ntelligence Case -tudies =everaging Open -ource 3ntelligence !O-340,
!"ttp:##www%cm2limited%com#casestudies#casestudies%p"p,
-ailing t"e -ea o2 O-340 in t"e 3n2ormation Age !"ttps:##www%cia%gov#li$rary#center<2or<t"e<study<o2<intelligence#csi<pu$lications#csi<
studies#studies#volB?no6#article0C%"tml,
0"e 3ntelligence 4etwork !"ttp:##www%intellnet%org#,
O-340 discussion group !"ttp:##groups%ya"oo%com#group#osint#, at Da"ooE
Open -ource Center !"ttps:##www%opensource%gov#, F U%-% government arm 2ocusing on open source intelligence under t"e ;43
0"e O-340 Catalogue o2 reports and $ooks !"ttp:##www%opensourceintelligence%eu#uva,
Collection and Use o2 Open<-ource 3ntelligence F A to 8 !"ttp:##intellit%muskingum%edu#opensource+2older#opensourcetoc%"tml,
Open -ource 3ntelligence !O-340,: 3ssues 2or Congress !"ttp:##www%2as%org#sgp#crs#intel#5=6B20%pd2,, Congressional 5esearc" -ervice,
;ecem$er C, 200
Open Source Intelligence training
5euser's 3n2ormation -ervices !"ttp:##www%opensourceintelligence%eu#,, Open source intelligence training programs, $y 5euser's
3n2ormation -ervices, 0"e 4et"erlands%
*PIES (http://www.masconsulting.es/inteligenciaeconomica/), Open source intelligence Methods training, ! Mi"el #u$i%n &nal!st, Spain.
Advocacy and analysis of OSINT
FindArticles%com !"ttp:##www%2indarticles%com#p#articles#mi+m03B-#is+B+6(#ai+n(GB(H?0?,, FM-O<.53C and Open -ource 3ntelligence:
speaking prose in a world o2 verse, Military 3ntelligence >ro2essional Bulletin, OctF;ec, 200C $y .aco$ I% @ipp
Information Security
0"e collective intelligence 2ramework !"ttp:##collectiveintel%net,
5etrieved 2rom J source+intelligence)oldid'G2(C?22 < "ttp:##en%wikipedia%org#w#inde*%p"p&title'Open J
Categories: Open<source intelligence Applied data mining 3ntelligence gat"ering disciplines Collective intelligence
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