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SCIENCE (52)
BIOLOGY
SCIENCE Paper - 3
Aims:
1. To acquire the knowledge of the economic
importance of plants and animals.
2. To develop an understanding of the
inter-relationship between sustainability and
environmental adaptations.
3. To develop an understanding of the
interdependence of plants and animals so as to
enable pupils to acquire a clearer comprehension
of the significance of life and its importance in
human welfare.
4. To understand the capacities and limitations of all
the biological and economic activities so as to be
able to use them for a better quality of life.
5. To acquire the ability to observe, experiment,
hypothesis, infer, handle equipment accurately
and make correct recordings.
CLASS IX
There will be one paper of two hours duration of 80
Marks and Internal Assessment of Practical Work
Carrying 20 Marks.
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I
(40 marks) and Section II (40 marks).
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer
questions on the entire syllabus.
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will
be required to answer any four of these six questions.
1. Basic Biology
(i) The cell, a unit of life, protoplasm, basic
difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell; differences between an animal
and a plant cell.
A basic understanding of the cell theory,
structure of plant and animal cell with
functions of various cell organelles.
(Protoplam, Cytoplasm, Cell Wall, Cell
Membrane, Nucleus, Nucleolous,
Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Ribosome, Golgibodies, Plastids, Lysosomes,
Centrosome and Vacuole). Difference
between a plant cell and an animal cell
should be mainly discussed with respect to
cell wall, centrosome and vacuoles and
plastids.
(ii) Tissues: Types of plant and animal tissues.
To be taught in brief with respect to location,
basic structure and function, giving typical
examples of their location so as to enable
pupils to understand their role in different
physiological processes in plants and
animals.
2. Flowering Plants
(i) Vegetative Propagation: Artificial methods,
advantages and disadvantages. Economic
importance of artificial propagation,
Hybridisation.and Micro Propagation. Brief
idea of Biotechnology and its applications
role in medicine and industry.
The concept in brief with suitable examples.
Artificial methods: cutting, grafting and
layering with examples. Advantages and
disadvantages of vegetative reproduction to
be discussed.
Economic importance of artificial
propagation.
Hybridization: Meaning and benefits.
Micro Propagation: meaning, uses and
limitations.
Brief idea of biotechnology (example - human
insulin from E.coli. Applications of
biotechnology: in medicine penicillin,
tetracycline; in industry (example cheese,
vinegar, yogurt, alcoholic beverages;
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synthesis of vitamins namely vitamin C; and
enzymes - namely lipase).
(ii) Flower: Structure of a bisexual flower,
functions of various parts.
A brief introduction to complete and
incomplete flowers. Essential and non-
essential whorls of a bisexual flower; their
various parts and functions. Use of charts or
actual specimens help enhance clarity of
concepts.
Inflorescence and placentation (types are not
required in both cases).
(iii) Pollination: self and cross-pollination.
Explanation, advantages and disadvantages
of self and cross-pollination, agents of
pollination and the characteristic features of
flowers pollinated by various agents to be
discussed.
(iv) Fertilisation.
Events taking place between pollination and
fertilisation should be discussed up to fusion
of male gamete with egg cell in the embryo
sac. Students should be familiar with the
terms double fertilization and triple fusion.
Fruit and Seed (definition) and significance of
Fruit and Seed.
3. Plant Physiology
(i) Structure of dicot and monocot seeds,
Germination of seeds, types, and conditions
for seed germination.
Structure and germination of Bean seed and
Maize grain. Differences between hypogeal
and epigeal germination. Conditions for seed
germination should be dealt with by
experiments.
(ii) Respiration in plants: outline of the process,
gaseous exchange.
A brief outline of the process mentioning the
term Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and their
significance. Reference to be made to aerobic
and anaerobic respiration with chemical
equations in each case. Experiments on
gaseous exchange and on heat production.

4. Diversity in living organisms / Eco systems
(i) Understanding ecosystems Definition.
Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors.
Biotic component consisting of producers,
consumers, decomposers. Terms of food
chain, food web, pyramid.
Brief account of Abiotic or nonliving
components such as air, soil, water and
climatic factors like sunlight, temperature,
humidity and wind.
Only Forest Ecosystem with its flora and
fauna to be taught.
(ii) A brief outline of five Kingdom classification:
Main characteristics of each kingdom with
suitable examples Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae (Thallophyta, Bryophyta,
Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) and
Animalia (Non-chordates from Porifera to
Echinodermata and Chordates - all five
Classes)
(iii) Economic importance of Bacteria:
Economic importance of bacteria:
Useful role of bacteria - medicine
(antibiotics, serums and vaccines);
agriculture; (nitrogen fixing, nitrifying and
denitrifying bacteria) and industry (curing of
tea, tanning of leather)
Harmful role of bacteria in spoilage of food,
disease in plants and animals, bio-weapons,
denitrification.
(iv) Economic importance of Fungi:
Economic importance of Fungi:
Useful role of Fungi in breweries, bakeries,
cheese processing, mushroom cultivation
(Processes of manufacture are not required in
each case).
5. Human Anatomy and Physiology
(a) Nutrition:
(i) Classes of food: balanced diet.
Malnutrition and deficiency diseases.
Functions of carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, mineral salts (calcium, iodine,
iron and sodium), vitamins and water in
proper functioning of the body to be
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discussed. Sources of vitamins their
functions and deficiency diseases to be
discussed. Students should be familiar
with the term Balanced Diet.
Importance of cellulose in our diet should
be discussed. Students should be taught
about Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.
(ii) the structure of a tooth, different types of
teeth.
Structure of a tooth to be discussed with
the help of a diagram. Functions of
different types of teeth must also be
taught.
(iii) Digestive System: Organs and digestive
glands and their functions (including
enzymes and their functions in digestion;
absorption, utilisation of digested food);
tests for reducing sugar, starch, protein
and fats.
Organs and their functions; functions of
saliva; brief idea of peristalsis; digestion
in various parts of alimentary canal. Tests
for sugar, starch, protein and fats.
(b) Movement and Locomotion:
(i) Functions of human skeleton
(ii) Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
(iii) Types of joints immovable, slightly
movable and freely movable (hinge joint,
ball and socket joint, gliding joint, pivot
joint.)
(c) Structure and functions of skin.
Various parts of the skin and their functions
to be taught with the help of diagrams; heat
regulation, vasodilation, vasoconstriction to
be explained.
(d) Respiratory System: Organs; mechanism of
breathing; tissue respiration, heat production.
Differences between anaerobic respiration in
plants and in man. Brief idea of respiratory
volumes, effect of altitude on breathing and
asphyxiation should be taught. Role of
diaphragm and intercostals muscles in
breathing must be explained to provide a
clear idea of breathing process. Brief idea of
gaseous transport and tissue respiration to be
given.
6. Health and Hygiene
Cause of diseases:
(i) Bacteria - types of bacteria, bacterial control,
three examples of diseases caused by bacteria
e.g. Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Syphilis (Veneral
disease).
(ii) Virus - nature of viruses, three examples of
viral diseases e.g. Poliomyelitis, Mumps,
Rabies, etc. Introduction to HIV, its outline
structure and spread.
(iii) Parasites - two examples, roundworm,
tapeworm and their control.
(iv) Brief idea of endemic, epidemic, pandemic,
and sporadic.
(v) Hygiene: simple personal hygiene and social
conditions affecting this. Disease carriers
(vectors) flies, rats and cockroaches,
contamination of water, waterborne diseases.
General idea of personal hygiene, public
hygiene and sanitation, control of housefly,
mosquitoes, cockroaches and rats (life history
not required). Water borne diseases like
cholera, dysentery and Hepatitis.
7. Waste generation and management
(a) Sources of waste - domestic, industrial,
agricultural, commercial and other
establishments.
Domestic waste: paper, glass, plastic, rags,
kitchen waste, etc.
Industrial : mining operations, cement
factories, oil refineries, construction units.
Agricultural : plant remains, animal waste,
processing waste.
Municipal sewage : Sewage, degradable and
non degradable waste from offices, etc.
e-waste: brief idea about e-waste.

(b) Methods of safe disposal of waste:
segregation, dumping, composting, drainage,
treatment of effluents before discharge,
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incineration, use of scrubbers and electro
static precipitators.
Segregation of domestic waste into
biodegradable and non-biodegradable by
households : sweeping from gardens to be
converted to compost; sewage treatment
plants.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF
PRACTICAL WORK
The practical work will be designed to test the ability
of the candidates to make accurate observations from
specimens of plants and animals. For this, candidates
should be familiar with the use of a hand lens of not
less than x 6 magnification. They should be trained to
make both simple and accurate drawings and brief
notes as a means of recording their observations.
The practical examiners will assume that candidates
would have carried out the practical work outlined
below.
NOTE: Candidates are expected to have a basic idea
of plant morphology.
PLANT LIFE
(i) The examination of an onion peel under the
microscope to study various parts of the cell.
Students should be given an idea of removal of
onion peel, staining, mounting the specimen and
handling the microscope. They should observe
the structures and draw labelled diagrams.
(ii) A cross-pollinated flower to be examined and
identified and the parts to be studied and labelled
e.g. Hibiscus.
Specimens should be provided to the students
from which they should be asked to draw
diagrams showing the various parts.
The flower to be discussed in order of the four
whorls with diagrams of the complete flower,
reproductive parts and T.S of ovary to show the
arrangement of ovules. Students should draw
directly from the specimen provided so that they
have a clear idea of the whorls and their location.
(iii) Specimens of germinating seeds with plumule
and radicle ( the bean seed and maize grain) for
examination, identification, drawing and
labelling the parts.
Seeds soaked in water should be provided. The
students themselves should see the external and
internal structure so that they can identify the
various parts and draw and label them.
ANIMAL LIFE
(i) The examination of a human cheek cell under the
microscope to study various parts of the cell.
Students should be given an idea of staining,
mounting the specimen and handling the
microscope. They should observe the structures
and draw labelled diagrams
(ii) Identification of sugar, starch, protein and fat.
Students should perform different tests for
identification and write down their observations
and inference in tabular form.
(iii) Examination and identification of specimens
belonging to the following groups of animals:
Porifera, Coelenterata, Annelida, Platyhelminthes,
Nemathelminthes, Arthropoda. Mollusca and
Echinodermata.
The specimens or models of the given groups of
animals should be shown to the students and
reasons for their identification in that particular
group should be given. Diagrams should be
drawn as observed in the specimens and not from
the books. Only those structures that are observed
should be drawn and labelled.
(iv) Study of different types of movable joints in
human beings.
(v) Identification of the structure of the following
organs through specimens/models and charts:,
Lung.and skin.
(vi) Experiments to show the mechanism of breathing.
Bell jar experiment should be discussed.
Comparison should be made with the human
lungs and respiratory tract to show the
mechanism of breathing.
(vii)Visit a few establishments in the locality such as
motor repair workshops, kilns, pottery making
units, fish and vegetable markets, restaurants,
dyeing units. Find out the types of wastes and
methods prevalent for their disposal. On the basis
of the information collected prepare a report,
suggest measures to improve the environmental
conditions.
(viii) Visit a water treatment plant, sewage treatment
plant or garbage dumping or vermi composting
sites in the locality and study their working.
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CLASS X
There will be one paper of two hours duration of 80
marks and Internal Assessment of practical work
carrying 20 marks.
The paper will be divided into two sections,
Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks).
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer
questions on the entire syllabus.
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will
be required to answer any four of these six questions.
1. Basic Biology
(i) Cell Cycle and Cell Division:
Cell cycle Interphase (G
1
, S, G
2
) and
M.phase
Cell Division: Mitosis and its stages. A basic
understanding of Meiosis as a reduction
division (stages not required). Significance
and major differences between mitotic and
meiotic division.
(ii) Structure of chromosome:
Basic structure of chromosome with
elementary understanding of terms such as
chromatin, chromatid, gene structure of DNA
and centromere.
(iii) Genetics: Mendels laws of inheritance and
sex linked inheritance of diseases.
Monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross. The
following terms to be covered: gene, allele,
heterozygous, homozygous, dominant,
recessive, mutation, variation, phenotype,
genotype. Sex determination in human beings.
Sex linked inheritance of diseases to include
haemophilia and colour blindness (only criss
cross inheritance).
2. Plant Physiology
(i) Absorption by roots, imbibition; diffusion and
osmosis; osmotic pressure, root pressure;
turgidity and flaccidity; plasmolysis and
deplasmolysis,; the absorption of water and
minerals, active and passive transport (in
brief) ; the importance of root hair.
Characteristics of roots, which make them
suitable for absorbing water, should be
discussed with the process of absorption.
Structure of a single full-grown root hair
should be explained.
(ii) The rise of water up to the xylem; a general
idea of Cohesive, Adhesive forces and
transpirational pull) ; demonstrated by the use
of dyes.
Experiments to show the conduction of water
through the xylem should be discussed.
Mention of the causative forces must be made
for better understanding but as per the
syllabus.
Transpiration, process and significance;
experimental work includes the loss in weight
of a potted plant or a leafy shoot in a test tube,
the use of cobalt chloride paper. Ganongs
potometer and its limitations. The effect of
external conditions on the rate of water loss
should be stressed.
Mechanism of stomatal transpiration must be
explained so that concept of the process is
clear. Adaptations in plants to reduce
transpiration to be discussed. A brief idea of
guttation and bleeding should be given.
(iii) Photosynthesis: the nature of the process itself
and the great importance of photosynthesis to
life in general; experiments to show the
necessity of light, carbon dioxide &
chlorophyll and also the formation of starch
and the output of oxygen; carbon cycle.
The internal structure of chloroplast should
be explained to give an idea of the site of light
and dark reaction. Opening and closing of
stomata should be explained. Teachers should
stress upon the importance of a correct
balanced chemical equation. The terms
"photochemical" for light phase and
"biosynthetic" for dark phase must be
introduced. In the light reaction, activation of
chlorophyll molecule followed by photolysis
of water, release of O
2
, formation of ATP and
NADPH should be taught. In the dark
reaction (detailed equations are not
required), only combination of hydrogen
released by NADP with CO
2
to form glucose
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to be discussed. Adaptations in a plant for
photosynthesis and experiments with regard
to the factors essential for the process should
be discussed.
3. Human Anatomy and Physiology
(i) Circulatory System: Main features; the
structure and working of the heart, blood
vessels, structure and functions of blood and
circulation of blood (only names of the main
blood vessels entering and leaving the heart,
liver and kidney will be required).
Composition of blood (Structure and functions
of RBC, WBC and platelets). Brief idea of
tissue fluid and lymph. Increase in efficiency
of mammalian red blood cells due to absence
of certain organelles should be explained with
reasons. A brief idea of blood coagulation.
Structure of vein, artery and capillary should
be explained with the help of diagrams to
bring out clearly the relationship between
their structure and function. ABO blood group
system, Rh factor; concept of double
circulation; concept systole and diastole;
blood pressure. Reference to portal system
should be made. Working of the heart along
with names of the main blood vessels entering
and leaving the heart, the liver and the kidney
must be taught. Examination of a blood
smear under a microscope.
(ii) Excretory System: Elementary treatment of
the structure and function of the kidneys; the
kidneys treated as comprising cortex and
medulla and consisting of a branched system
of tubules well supplied with blood vessels
leading to the ureter (details of the courses of
the tubules and their blood vessels not
required).
External and internal structure of the kidney;
parts of the excretory system along with the
blood vessels entering and leaving it should
be taught with the help of charts or models.
Students should be able to draw the diagrams
with correct labelling and know the functions
of various parts. A general idea of the
structure of a kidney tubule nephron should
be given. A brief idea of ultra filtration,
selective reabsorption and tubular secretion
in relation to the composition of blood plasma
and urine formed.
(iii) Nervous system: Structure of Neuron; central,
autonomous and peripheral nervous system
(in brief); brain and spinal cord; reflex action
and how it differs from voluntary reflex.
Sense organs Eye and ear; Eye defects and
corrective measures (myopia, hypermetropia,
presbiopia, astigmatism and cataract).
Various parts of the external structure of the
brain and its parts (Medulla Oblongata,
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Thalamus,
Hypothalamus) and their functions; reference
should be made to the distribution of white
and gray matter internally. Diagrammatic
explanation of the reflex arc, showing the
pathway from receptor to effector, differences
between natural and acquired reflex should
be taught. Structure and function of the Eye
and Ear and their various parts. The external
and V.S. of the eye must be taught with a brief
idea of stereoscopic vision. The course of
perception of sound in human ear. Role of ear
in maintaining balance.
(iv) Endocrine System: General study of the
following glands: Adrenal, Pancreas, Thyroid
and Pituitary. Difference in Endocrine and
Exocrine glands.
Correct location and shape of the gland in the
human body should be discussed along with
the hormones they secrete (Pancreas: insulin
and glucagon to be taught; Thyroid: only
thyroxin to be taught). Effects of hypo
secretion and hyper secretion of hormones
must be discussed. The term tropic hormones
should be explained in the study of pituitary.
Brief idea of feedback mechanism must be
given.
(v) The Reproductive System: Organs,
fertilisation and a general outline of nutrition
and respiration of the embryo. Menstrual
cycle, outline of menstrual cycle.
Functions of organs and accessory glands
must be discussed. An idea of secondary
sexual characters, structure and functions of
the various parts of the sperm and an egg.
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Fertilization, implantation, placenta, foetal
membranes, gestation and parturition
identical and fraternal twins to be explained
briefly.
(vi) Population: Problems posed by the increase in
population in India; need for adopting control
measures - population control.
Main reasons for the sharp rise in human
population in India and in the world. The
terms demography, population density, birth
rate, death rate and growth rate of population
should be explained. With population growth,
increased consumption and urbanization,
there is a need to keep a check on demands of
urban areas over rural areas, of exploitative
use of resources rather than sustainable use.
Methods of population control to be taught.
4. Physical Health and Hygiene
(i) Aids to health: an understanding of the use
and action of the following - vaccination;
immunisation; antitoxin; serum; antiseptics;
disinfectants; penicillin; sulphonamide drugs;
First Aid.
An idea of local defense system and their
merits, active and passive immunity,
difference between antiseptics and
disinfectants to be discussed. Basic principles
of first aid to be taught.
(ii) Health organisations: Red Cross, WHO;
common health problems in India.
Major activities of Red Cross and WHO
should be discussed. Common health
problems in India.
5. Pollution

(i) Types of pollution - air, water, (fresh and
marine) soil, radiation and noise.
Self explanatory.
(ii) Sources of pollution and major pollutant:
Air: Vehicular, industrial, burning garbage,
brick kilns.
Water: Household detergents, sewage,
industrial waste, oil spills, thermal pollution.
Soil: Industrial waste, urban commercial and
domestic waste, chemical fertilizers,
biomedical waste, like needles, syringes, soiled
dressings etc, biodegradable waste, like paper,
vegetable peels, etc; Non biodegradable
waste like plastics, glass, Styrofoam etc.;
Pesticides like DDT etc.
Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fallout from
nuclear plants.
(iii) Effects of pollution on climate, environment,
human health and other organisms and its
abatement.
Greenhouse effect and global warming, Acid
rain, Ozone layer depletion.
Meaning of the terms, causes, effect on life on
earth, idea about setting standards -
Euro/Bharat stage vehicular standards.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF
PRACTICAL WORK
The practical work will be designed to test the ability
of the candidates to make accurate observation from
specimens of plants and animals. For this, the
candidates should be familiar with the use of a hand
lens of not less than x6 magnification. Candidates
should be trained to make simple and accurate
drawings and brief notes as a means of recording
their observations.
The practical examiners will assume that candidates
would have carried out the practical work outlined
below.
PLANT LIFE
(i) Observation of permanent slides of mitosis.
Self-explanatory.
(ii) Experiments indicating osmosis, diffusion and
absorption.
The teacher should give a demonstration and
then the students should perform the experiments
in order to have a better understanding of the
processes.
(iii) Physiological experiments on transpiration to be
set up by the teacher and the pupils to identify
the products, draw and label the apparatus.
The teacher should set up the experiment
stepwise so that the student gets a clear idea of
the aim, apparatus, procedure and result of
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the experiment. For transpiration experiments
the CoCl
2
paper should be kept in a dessicator
and its importance should be explained.
Limitations for the use of Ganongs potometer
should be given.
(iv) Experiments to show the necessity of light,
carbon dioxide and chlorophyll essential for
photosynthesis; release of O
2
during
photosynthesis. Candidates to write down their
observations and draw and label the apparatus.
Importance of destarching the plant before the
experiment should be discussed. Diagrams should be
drawn with the correct labelling. Pupils should be
able to analyse the result.
ANIMAL LIFE
(i) Identification of the structure of the urinary
system, heart (internal structure) and brain
(external view) through models and charts
(ii) The identification of different types of blood cells
under a microscope.
Different types of WBCs should be observed.
Teacher should point out the differences between
red blood cells and white blood cells. Ratio of red
blood cells to white blood cells should be
discussed.
(iii) The structure of the Ear and an Eye (candidates
will be required to identify each structure in the
models of these organs).
Models should be shown and students should
draw correct labelled diagrams.
(iv) Identification and location of selected endocrine
glands (Adrenal, Pancreas, Thyroid and Pituitary
glands) with the help of a model or chart.
Correct labelled diagram to be drawn.
(v) Compiling material for a First Aid box.
Self-explanatory.
EVALUATION
The practical work/project work are to be evaluated
by the subject teacher and by an External Examiner.
(The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated
by the Head of the school, who could be from the
faculty, but not teaching the subject in the relevant
section/class. For example, a teacher of Biology of
Class VIII may be deputed to be an External Examiner
for Class X, Biology projects.)
The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will
assess the practical work/project work independently.
Award of marks (20 Marks)
Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
External Examiner 10 marks
The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the
Council by the Head of the school.
The Head of the school will be responsible for the
entry of marks on the mark sheets provided by the
Council.


116
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN SCIENCE - GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES
Criteria Preparation

Procedure/
Testing
Observation Inference/
Results
Presentation
Grade I
(4 marks)
Follows instructions (written,
oral, diagrammatic) with
understanding; modifies if
needed. Familiarity with and
safe use of apparatus, materials,
techniques.
Analyses problem
systematically.
Recognises a number of
variables and attempts to
control themto build a
logical plan of
investigation.
Records
data/observations
without being given a
format. Comments
upon, recognises use
of instruments, degree
of accuracy.
Recording is
systematic.
Processes data without
format. Recognises and
comments upon sources of
error.
Can deal with unexpected
results, suggesting
modifications.
Presentation is accurate
and good. Appropriate
techniques are well
used.
Grade II
(3 marks)
Follows instructions to perform
experiment with step-by-step
operations. Awareness of
safety. Familiarity with
apparatus, materials and
techniques.
Specifies sequence of
operation; gives reasons
for any change in
procedure. Can deal with
two variables, controlling
one.
Makes relevant
observations. No
assistance is needed
for recording format
that is appropriate.
Processes data appropriately
as per a given format. Draws
qualitative conclusions
consistent with required
results.
Presentation is
adequate. Appropriate
techniques are used.
Grade III
(2 marks)
Follows instructions to perform
a single operation at a time.
Safety awareness. Familiarity
with apparatus & materials.
Develops simple
experimental strategy.
Trial and error
modifications made to
proceed with the
experiment.
Detailed instructions
needed to record
observations. Format
required to record
results.
Processes data approximately
with a detailed format
provided. Draws
observations qualitative
conclusions as required.
Presentation is
reasonable, but
disorganised in some
places. Overwriting ;
rough work is untidy.
Grade IV
(1 mark)
Follows some instructions to
performa single practical
operation . Casual about safety.
Manages to use apparatus &
materials.
Struggles through the
experiment. Follows very
obvious experimental
strategy.
Format required to
record observations/
readings, but tends to
make mistakes in
recording.
Even when detailed format is
provided, struggles or makes
errors while processing data.
Reaches conclusions with
help.
Presentation is poor
and disorganised but
follows an acceptable
sequence. Rough work
missing or untidy.
Grade V
(0 marks)
Not able to follow instructions
or proceed with practical work
without full assistance.
Unaware of safety.
Cannot proceed with the
experiment without help
fromtime to time.
Even when format is
given, recording is
faulty or irrelevant.
Cannot process results, nor
draw conclusions, even with
considerable help.
Presentation
unacceptable;
disorganised, untidy/
poor. Rough work
missing.