Table of Content

1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------ii
2. Power -------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
3. Vehicle Type-----------------------------------------------------------------iv
3.1 Two Wheeled And Cycle Type Vehicle-------------------------------iv
3.2 Heavy Vehicle----------------------------------------------------------vii
3.3 Rail Tranport-----------------------------------------------------------i!
3." Crane--------------------------------------------------------------------i!
3.# $ilitary %&& Road Vehicle---------------------------------------------i!
3.' Road Tranport Vehicle------------------------------------------------i!
3.( )hip----------------------------------------------------------------------i!
3.* Aircra&t-------------------------------------------------------------------i!
3.+ ,oein---------------------------------------------------------------------i!
". .n-ine Type-------------------------------------------------------------------!
#. Hy/rid Vehicle Power Train-----------------------------------------------!iv
'. .nviron0ental Iue--------------------------------------------------------!vii
(. .nviron0ental I0pact %& Hy/rid Car ,attery---------------------------!i!
*. Alternate Vehicle------------------------------------------------------------!!i
+. Adaption Rate---------------------------------------------------------------!!ii
11.Advanta-e And 2iadvanta-e %& Hy/rid Vehicle--------------------!!iii
11. 3eai/ility %& The Technolo-y A Per Current $ar4et Condition----!!iii
12.Re&erence-------------------------------------------------------------------!!iv
1.INTRODUCTION
i
Tranportation 5ut han6t /een environ0entally ound ince the day o& the hore and cart.
)avin- ener-y and the environ0ent i on the 0ind o& every peron a well a every /uine.
.ner-y-avin- con&erence are /ein- held at 0a5or univeritie acro the country.
Ri-ht now7 thouand o& people are independently reearchin- whether they will purchae a
hy/rid car. Thouand o& other are en5oyin- their &irt ride in a &riend or &a0ily 0e0/er6
hy/rid. 8ocal -overn0ent a-encie are analy9in- the /ene&it o& introducin- hy/rid /ue to
their pu/lic tranportation yte07 i& they haven6t already. Worldwide hippin- co0panie are
addin- hy/rid delivery truc4 to their &leet. And ri-ht now7 you are readin- an in&or0ational
report a/out hy/rid car -- provin- yet a-ain that 0ore and 0ore people ee4 to &ind out what
thi &uel-e&&icient7 environ0entally &riendly technolo-y i all a/out.
)o7 what doe the ter0 hy/rid 0ean: In hort7 a hy/rid i a cro /etween two entitie &ro0
plant or ani0al7 to ye7 car. I& you /reed a 8a/rador Retriever with a Poodle the puppie
will /e 8a/radoodle7 or hy/rid do-. I& you cro a car that run on -a with a car that run
on a /attery7 you have a hy/rid car ;part -a7 part /attery.< Hy/rid car can /e a co0/ination
o& variou &uel alternative uch a part /attery7 part ued ve-eta/le -reae. With the
/a=/attery hy/rid e!a0ple7 the car run on -a on the open road7 and the /attery durin-
tart7 top7 and idle. Hy/rid car have /een hi-hly advertied a &uel-e&&icient >-reen? car
0eanin- they are /etter &or the environ0ent7 and it i perhap thi &eature which i it -reatet
/ene&it. There are @uite a &ew co0pact &uel-e&&icient car on the 0ar4et7 /ut thoe car can
-ive o&& a/out three ti0e 0ore pollution than a hy/rid. )o7 when coniderin- a hy/rid7 thin4
0ore o& the environ0ent and lon--ter0 /ene&it7 rather than any hort ter0 &uel avin-.
Aim of Technology
Thi technolo-y outline the dei-n7 contruction and tetin- o& a 1111W 2C /ruhle 0otor
controller &or ue in a li-ht electric vehicle. )peci&ic attention wa paid to the layout o& the
0otor controller to enure hi-h relia/ility7 eae o& 0anu&acture and li-htwei-ht contruction
without co0pro0iin- e&&iciency
The concept i to clu/ the two technolo-ie o& an Internal Co0/ution .n-ine with the
.lectric 0ain drive.
Thi we thrive to achieve /y uin- the electric hu/ 0otor intalled in the wheel and a
pro-ra00a/le controller which will have the 0a!i0u0 peed o& the 0otor to #140=hr.7 once
the 0otorcycle -oe a/ove #140=hr.7 the controller cut o& the current to the 0otor and the
&uel i induced into the petrol en-ine and then the nor0al co00utin- i poi/le.
%nce the vehicle i runnin- on petrol7 the /attery will /e re-enerated &or &urther ua-e and
can /e &ully char-ed with a 221v ac upply and 2yna0o in the wheel.
The 0otor ued i a ,82C ;,ruh 8e 2C $otor< hu/ 0otor and we tar-et to achieve 1#1
40 o& 0ilea-e within R. 111 worth the &uel ;co0/inin- petrol and electric power<. The
porta/ility o& the /atterie i a hi-h value concerned and hall /e 0et
2. POWER
A hy/rid vehicle i a vehicle that ue two or 0ore ditinct power ource to 0ove the
vehicle. The ter0 0ot co00only re&er to hy/rid electric vehicle ;H.V<7 which co0/ine
ii
an internal co0/ution en-ine and one or 0ore electric 0otor. However other 0echani0
to capture and utili9e ener-y are included.
Power ource &or hy/rid vehicle includeA
Coal7 wood or other olid co0/uti/le
Co0preed or li@ue&ied natural -a
.lectricity
.lectro0a-netic &ield7 Radio wave
.lectric vehicle /attery
Hu0an powered e.-. pedalin- or rowin-
Hydro-en
%n-/oard or out-/oard rechar-ea/le ener-y tora-e yte0 ;R.))<
Petrol or 2ieel &uel
)olar
Wind
3.E!IC"E T#PE
3.1T$o%$heele& an& cycle%ty'e (ehicle)
iii
$oped7 electric /icycle7 and even electric 4ic4 cooter are a i0ple &or0 o& a hy/rid7 a
power i delivered /oth via an internal co0/ution en-ine or electric 0otor and the riderB
0ucle. .arly prototype o& 0otorcycle in the late 1+th century ued the a0e principle to
power it up.
In a parallel hy/rid /icycle hu0an and 0otor power are 0echanically coupled at the
pedal drive train or at the rear or the &ront wheel7 e.-. uin- a hu/ 0otor7 a roller
prein- onto a tire7 or a connection to a wheel uin- a tran0iion ele0ent. Hu0an
and 0otor tor@ue are added to-ether. Al0ot all 0anu&actured $otori9ed
/icycle7 $oped are o& thi type.
In a erie hy/rid /icycle ;)H< the uer power a -enerator uin- the pedal. Thi i
converted into electricity and can /e &ed directly to the 0otor -ivin- a chainle
/icycle /ut alo to char-e a /attery. The 0otor draw power &ro0 the /attery and 0ut
/e a/le to deliver the &ull 0echanical tor@ue re@uired /ecaue none i availa/le &ro0
the pedal. )H /icycle are co00ercially availa/le7 /ecaue they are very i0ple in
theory and 0anu&acturin-.
The &irt 4nown prototype and pu/lication o& an )H /icycle i /y Au-utu Cin9el ;D) Patent
3B**"B31(< in 1+(#. In 1++" ,ernie $acdonald conceived the .lectrilite )H li-htwei-ht
vehicle which ued power electronic allowin-re-enerative /ra4in- and pedalin- while
tationary. In 1++# Tho0a $uller dei-ned a E3ahrrad 0it ele4tro0a-netiche0 Antrie/E in
hi 1++# diplo0a thei and /uilt a &unctional vehicle. In 1++' FGr- ,latter and Andrea
3uch o& ,erne Dniverity o& Applied )cience /uilt an )H /icycle and in 1++* 0ounted the
yte0 onto a 8eitra tricycle ;.uropean patent .P 11'#1**<. In 1+++ Harald Cut94e
decri/ed hi concept o& the Eactive /icycleEA the ai0 i to approach the ideal /icycle
wei-hin- nothin- and havin- no dra- /y electronic co0penation. Dntil 211# 3uch and
collea-ue /uilt everal prototype )H tricycle and @uadricycle.
iv
3IH.1 HI,RI2 $%T%RCIC8.
*oto+ Po$e+ ,t-&y
$ar4et ae0ent &or the current I.C en-ine e&&iciency7 .lectric vehicle .&&iciency and
poitive J ne-ative e&&ect.
The urvey wa conducted over petrol 0otorcycle and electric cooter availa/le in the
0ar4et. The cot per 40 wa calculated with an au0ption o& the &uture price and the
0aintenance cot o& thee vehicle and later co0pared with the hy/rid 0otorcycle
technolo-y.
In order to o/tain the /et power &ro0 the 0otor7 we have to have a 0otor with a hi-her watt
peci&ication7 that i we need to increae the tator windin- 4eepin- the volta-e contant.
v
3or that we did a co0plete urvey o& the 0otor availa/le in the 0ar4et /ut we &ound none
0atchin- our need o we decided to 0a4e one /y increain- the windin- &or the e!itin-
0otor. $otor availa/le in 0ar4et alon- with their power and ran-e peci&icationA
$otor Power V=I Ran-e;40< Ko. %& Pole Price in R
2#1 W "*=2" #1-'# 2 11 4
311 W "*=2" '1-(1 2 12 4
(11 W "*=2" '# " 1( 4
1111 W "*=2" #1-'1 ' 21 4 L
Where 4 M 1111
3i-. 2 ,82C $otor and ,ra4in- )yte0 Ae0/led In Wheel
3.2!ea(y (ehicle)
vi
Hy/rid power train ue dieel-electric or tur/o-electric to power railway loco0otive7 /ue7
heavy -ood vehicle7 0o/ile hydraulic 0achinery7 and hip. Typically o0e &or0 o& heat
en-ine ;uually dieel< drive an electric -enerator or hydraulic pu0p which power one or
0ore electric or hydraulic 0otor. There are advanta-e in ditri/utin- power throu-h wire
or pipe rather than 0echanical ele0ent epecially when 0ultiple driveNe.-. driven wheel
or propellerNare re@uired. There i power lot in the dou/le converion &ro0 typically
dieel &uel to electricity to power an electric or hydraulic 0otor. With lar-e vehicle the
advanta-e o&ten outwei-h the diadvanta-e epecially a the converion loe typically
decreae with i9e. With the e!ception o& non-nuclear u/0arine7 preently there i no or
relatively little econdary ener-y tora-e capacity on 0ot heavy vehicle7 e.-. au!iliary
/atterie and hydraulic accu0ulatorNalthou-h thi i now chan-in-. )u/0arine are one o&
the oldet widepread application o& hy/rid technolo-y7 runnin- on dieel en-ine while
ur&aced and witchin- to /attery power when u/0er-ed. ,oth erie-hy/rid and parallel
hy/rid drivetrain were ued in the )econd World War.
3.3Rail t+an)'o+t
E-+o'e
The new Autorail O -rande capacitP ;AHC or hi-h-capacity railcar< /uilt /y the
Canadian co0pany ,o0/ardier &or ervice in 3rance. Thi ha dual 0ode ;dieel and
electric 0otor< and dual volta-e capa/ilitie ;1#11 and 2#111 V< allowin- it to /e
ued on 0any di&&erent rail yte0.
Q*R
The loco0otive ha /een on trial in
Rotterda07 the Ketherland with Rail&eedin-7 a Henee and Wyo0in- co0pany.
China
The 3irt Hy/rid .valuatin- prototype loco0otive wa dei-ned and contracted /y
rail reearch center $ATRAI in 1+++ and the a0ple wa ready in 2111. It wa a H12
loco0otive that wa converted to hy/rid /y uin- a 211CW dieel -enerator and
/atterie and alo wa e@uipped with " AC traction 0otor ;out o& "< retro&ited in the
cover o& the 2C traction 0otor.
.a'an
The &irt operational prototype o& a hy/rid train en-ine with i-ni&icant ener-y tora-e
and ener-y re-eneration capa/ility wa introduced in Fapan a the CiHa .211. It
utili9e /attery pac4 o& lithiu0 ion /atterie 0ounted on the roo& to tore recovered
ener-y.
No+th%Ame+ica
In the D)7 Heneral .lectric introduced a prototype railroad en-ine with their
E.co0a-inationE technolo-y in 211(. They tore ener-y in a lar-e et o& odiu0
nic4el chloride ;Ka-KiCl
2
< /atterie to capture and tore ener-y nor0ally diipated
in dyna0ic /ra4in- or coatin- downhill. They e!pect at leat a 11S reduction in &uel
vii
ue with thi yte0 and are now pendin- no 0ore than T2 /illion=yr on hy/rid
reearch.Variant o& the typical dieel electric loco0otive include the Hreen
Hoat ;HH< and Hreen Cid ;HC< witchin-=yard en-ine /uilt /y CanadaB Railpower
Technolo-ie. They utili9e a lar-e et o& heavy duty lon- li&e ;U11 yr<
rechar-ea/le lead acid ;P/a< /atterie and 1111 to 2111 HP electric 0otor a the
pri0ary 0otive ource and a new clean /urnin- dieel -enerator ;U1'1 Hp< &or
rechar-in- the /atterie that i ued only a needed. Ko power or &uel are wated &or
idlin-Ntypically '1J*#S o& the ti0e &or thee type loco0otive. It i unclear
i& dyna0ic /ra4in- ;re-enerative< power i recaptured &or reueV /ut in principle it
hould /e eaily utili9ed.
)ince thee en-ine typical need e!tra wei-ht &or traction purpoe anyway the /attery pac4B
wei-ht i a ne-li-i/le penalty. In addition the dieel -enerator and /attery pac4a-e are
nor0ally /uilt on an e!itin- EretiredE EyardE loco0otiveB &ra0e &or i-ni&icant additional
cot avin-. The e!itin- 0otor and runnin- -ear are all re/uilt and reued. 2ieel &uel
avin- o& "1J'1S and up to *1S pollution reduction are clai0ed over that o& a EtypicalE
older witchin-=yard en-ine. The a0e advanta-e that e!itin- hy/rid car have &or ue with
&re@uent tart and top and idle period apply to typical witchin- yard ue.
Q11R
EHreen HoatE
loco0otive have /een purchaed /y Canadian Paci&ic Railway7 ,K)3 Railway7 Cana City
)outhern Railway7 and Dnion Paci&ic Railroad a0on- other
3./C+ane)
Railpower Technolo-ie en-ineer wor4in- with T)I Ter0inal )yte0 are tetin- a hy/rid
dieel electric power unit with /attery tora-e &or ue in Ru//er Tyred Hantry ;RTH< crane.
RTH crane are typically ued &or loadin- and unloadin- hippin- container onto train or
truc4 in port and container tora-e yard. The ener-y ued to li&t the container can /e
partially re-ained when they are lowered. 2ieel &uel and e0iion reduction o& #1J(1S are
predicted /y Railpower en-ineer. 3irt yte0 are e!pected to /e operational in 211(.
3.0 *ilita+y off%+oa& (ehicle)
)ince 1+*#7 the D.). 0ilitary ha /een tetin- erial hy/rid Hu0vee

and have &ound the0 to
deliver &ater acceleration7 a tealth 0ode with low ther0al i-nature= near ilent operation7
and -reater &uel econo0y
3.1 Roa& t+an)'o+t 2 comme+cial
.arly hy/rid yte0 are /ein- inveti-ated &or truc4 and other heavy hi-hway vehicle with
o0e operational truc4 and /ue tartin- to co0e into ue. The 0ain o/tacle ee0 to /e
viii
0aller &leet i9e and the e!tra cot o& a hy/rid yte0 are yet co0penated &or /y &uel
avin-7 /ut with the price o& oil et to continue on it upward trend7 the tippin- point 0ay /e
reached /y the end o& 211#. Advance in technolo-y and lowered /attery cot and hi-her
capacity etc. developed in the hy/rid car indutry are already &ilterin- into truc4 ue a
Toyota7 3ord7 H$ and other introduce hy/rid pic4up and )DV. Cenworth Truc4 Co0pany
recently introduced a hy/rid-electric truc47 called the Cenworth T2(1 Cla ' that &or city
ua-e ee0 to /e co0petitive. 3ed.! and other are tartin- to invet in hy/rid delivery type
vehicleNparticularly &or city ue where hy/rid technolo-y 0ay pay o&& &irt.
.3.3 ,hi')
)hip with /oth 0at-0ounted ail and tea0 en-ine were an early &or0 o& hy/rid vehicle.
Another e!a0ple i the dieel-electric u/0arine. Thi run on /atterie when u/0er-ed and
the /atterie can /e re-char-ed /y the dieel en-ine when the cra&t i on the ur&ace.
Kewer hy/rid hip-propulion che0e include lar-e towin- 4ite 0anu&actured /y
co0panie uch a )4y)ail. Towin- 4ite can &ly at hei-ht everal ti0e hi-her than the
tallet hip 0at7 capturin- tron-er and teadier wind.
3.4 Ai+c+aft
Ta!iin- and other -round operation o& ,oein- (3(KH will oon /e done uin- hy/rid
electric drive a Wheel Tu--round propulion yte0 /eco0e availa/le. ,y uin-
the APD ;powered /y a tur/ine< to ener-i9e a Choru electric 0otor 0ounted in the landin-
-ear &or -round 0ove0ent7 aircra&t will /e operatin- in a hy/rid con&i-uration where the
0ain en-ine are ued only &or ta4eo&&7 landin-7 and &li-ht.
3.5 6oeing
The ,oein- 3uel Cell 2e0ontrator Airplane ha a Proton .!chan-e $e0/rane ;P.$< &uel
cell=lithiu0-ion /attery hy/rid yte0 to power an electric 0otor7 which i coupled to a
conventional propeller. The &uel cell provide all power &or the cruie phae o& &li-ht. 2urin-
ta4eo&& and cli0/7 the &li-ht e-0ent that re@uire the 0ot power7 the yte0 draw on
li-htwei-ht lithiu0-ion /atterie.
The de0ontrator aircra&t i a 2i0ona 0otor -lider7 /uilt /y 2ia0ond Aircra&t Indutrie o&
Autria7 which alo carried out tructural 0odi&ication to the aircra&t. With a win- pan o&
1'.3 0eter ;#3.# &eet<7 the airplane will /e a/le to cruie at
a/out Te0plateAConvert=4i0=h on power &ro0 the &uel cell. Hy/rid 3anWin- have /een
dei-ned. A 3anWin- i created /y two en-ine with the capa/ility to autorotate and landin-
li4e a helicopter.
/.EN7INE T#PE
!yb+i& elect+ic%'et+ole-m (ehicle)
ix
When the ter0 hybrid vehicle i ued7 it 0ot o&ten re&er to a Hy/rid electric vehicle. Thee
enco0pa uch vehicle a the )aturn Vue7 Toyota Priu7Toyota Ca0ry Hy/rid7 3ord .cape
Hy/rid7 Toyota Hi-hlander Hy/rid7 Honda Ini-ht7 Honda Civic Hy/rid7 8e!u RW "11h and
"#1h and other. A petroleu0-electric hy/rid 0ot co00only ue internal
co0/ution en-ine ;-enerally -aoline or 2ieel en-ine7 powered /y a variety o& &uel<
andelectric /atterie to power the vehicle. There are 0any type o& petroleu0-electric hy/rid
drivetrain7 &ro0 3ull hy/rid to $ild hy/rid7 which o&&er varyin- advanta-e and
diadvanta-e.
Henri Pieper in 1*++ developed the &irt petro-electric hy/rid auto0o/ile in the world. In
1+117 3erdinand Porche developed a erie-hy/rid uin- two 0otor-in-wheel-hu/
arran-e0ent with a co0/ution -enerator et providin- the electric power7 ettin- two peed
record. While li@uid &uel=electric hy/rid date /ac4 to the late 1+th century7 the /ra4in-
re-enerative hy/rid wa invented /y 2avid Arthur7 an electrical en-ineer &ro0 )prin-dale7
Ar4ana in 1+(*J(+. Hi ho0e-converted %pel HT wa reported to return a 0uch a
(#$PH with plan till old to thi ori-inal dei-n7 and the E$other .arth KewE 0odi&ied
verion on their we/ite.
The plu--in-electric-vehicle ;P.V< i /eco0in- 0ore and 0ore co00on. It ha the ran-e
needed in location where there are wide -ap with no ervice. The /atterie can /e plu--ed
into houe ;0ain< electricity &or char-in-7 a well /ein- char-ed while the en-ine i runnin-.
Contin-o-)ly o-tboa+& +echa+ge& elect+ic (ehicle 8CORE<
Hiven uita/le in&ratructure7 per0iion and vehicle7 ,.V can /e rechar-ed while the
uer drive. The ,.V eta/lihe contact with an electri&ied rail7 plate or overhead wire on
the hi-hway via an attached conductin- wheel or other i0ilar 0echani0 ;ee Conduit
current collection<. The ,.VB /atterie are rechar-ed /y thi proceNon the hi-hwayNand
can then /e ued nor0ally on other road until the /attery i dichar-ed. )o0e o& /attery-
electric loco0otive ued &or 0aintenance train on the 8ondon Dnder-round are capa/le o&
thi 0ode o& operation. Power i pic4ed up &ro0 the electri&ied rail where poi/le7
witchin- to /attery power where the electricity upply i diconnected.
Thi provide the advanta-e7 in principle7 o& virtually unretricted hi-hway ran-e a lon- a
you tay where you have ,.V in&ratructure acce. )ince 0any detination are within
111 40 o& a 0a5or hi-hway7 thi 0ay reduce the need &or e!penive /attery yte0.
Dn&ortunately private ue o& the e!itin- electrical yte0 i nearly univerally prohi/ited.
The technolo-y &or uch electrical in&ratructure i old and7 outide o& o0e citie7 i not
widely ditri/uted. Dpdatin- the re@uired electrical and in&ratructure cot can /e &unded7 in
principle7 /y toll revenue7 -aoline or other ta!e.
!yb+i& f-el 8&-al mo&e9
In addition to vehicle that ue two or 0ore di&&erent device &or propulion7 o0e alo
conider vehicle that ue ditinct ener-y ource or input type ;E&uelE< uin- the a0e
x
en-ine to /e hy/rid7 althou-h to avoid con&uion with hy/rid a decri/ed a/ove and to ue
correctly the ter07 thee are perhap 0ore correctly decri/ed a dual 0ode vehicleA
)o0e electric trolley/ue can witch /etween an on /oard dieel en-ine and
overhead electrical power dependin- on condition ;ee dual 0ode /u<. In principle7
thi could /e co0/ined with a /attery u/yte0 to create a true plu--in hy/rid
trolley/u7 althou-h a o& 211'7 no uch dei-n ee0 to have /een announced.
3le!i/le-&uel vehicle can ue a 0i!ture o& input &uel 0i!ed in one tan4 N
typically -aoline and ethanol7 or0ethanol7 or /io/utanol.
,i-&uel vehicleA8i@ui&ied petroleu0 -a and natural -a are very di&&erent &ro0
petroleu0 or dieel and cannot /e ued in the a0e tan47 o it would /e i0poi/le to
/uild an ;8PH or KH< &le!i/le &uel yte0. Intead vehicle are /uilt with two7
parallel7 &uel yte0 &eedin- one en-ine. 3or e!a0ple Chevy )ilverado 2#11 H27
which i now on the road7 can e&&ortlely witch /etween petroleu0 and natural -a7
and o&&er a ran-e o& over '#1 0ile.
Q2'R
While the duplicated tan4 cot pace in o0e
application7 the increaed ran-e7 decreaed cot o& &uel and &le!i/ility where ;8PH or
KH< in&ratructure i inco0plete 0ay /e a i-ni&icant incentive to purchae. While the
D.). Katural -a in&ratructure i partially inco0plete7 it i increain- at a &at pace7
and already ha 2'11 CKH tation in place.
Q2(R
With a -rowin- &uelin- tation
in&ratructure7 a lar-e cale adoption o& thee /i-&uel vehicle could /e een in the near
&uture. Riin- -a price 0ay alo puh conu0er to purchae thee vehicle. When
-a price trade around T".117 the price per $$,TD o& -aoline i T2*.117 co0pared
to natural -aB T".11 per $$,TD. %n a per unit o& ener-y co0parative /ai7 thi
0a4e natural -a 0uch cheaper than -aoline. All o& thee &actor are 0a4in- CKH-
Haoline /i-&uel vehicle very attractive.
)o0e vehicle have /een 0odi&ied to ue another &uel ource i& it i availa/le7 uch a
car 0odi&ied to run onauto-a ;8PH< and dieel 0odi&ied to run on wate ve-eta/le
oil that ha not /een proceed into /iodieel.
Power-ait 0echani0 &or /icycle and other hu0an-powered vehicle are alo
included ;ee $otori9ed /icycle<.
:l-i& 'o$e+ hyb+i&
Hydraulic and pneu0atic hy/rid vehicle ue an en-ine to char-e a preure accu0ulator to
drive the wheel via hydraulic or pneu0atic ;i.e. co0preed air< drive unit. In 0ot cae
the en-ine i detached &ro0 the drive train 0erely only to chan-e the ener-y accu0ulator.
The tran0iion i ea0le.
Pet+o%ai+ hyb+i&
xi
A 3rench co0pany7 $2I7 ha dei-ned and ha runnin- 0odel o& a petro-air hy/rid en-ine
car. The yte0 doe not ue air 0otor to drive the vehicle7 /ein- directly driven /y a hy/rid
en-ine. The en-ine ue a 0i!ture o& co0preed air and -aoline in5ected into the cylinder.
A 4ey apect o& the hy/rid en-ine i the Eactive cha0/erE7 which i a co0part0ent heatin- air
via &uel dou/lin- the ener-y output. Tata $otor o& India aeed the dei-n phae toward
&ull production &or the Indian 0ar4et and 0oved into Eco0pletin- detailed develop0ent o&
the co0preed air en-ine into peci&ic vehicle and tationary applicationE.
Pet+o%hy&+a-lic hyb+i&
Petro-hydraulic con&i-uration have /een co00on in train and heavy vehicle &or decade.
The auto indutry recently &ocued on thi hy/rid con&i-uration a it now how pro0ie &or
introduction into 0aller vehicle.
In petro-hydraulic hy/rid7 the ener-y recovery rate i hi-h and there&ore the yte0 i 0ore
e&&icient than /attery char-ed hy/rid uin- the current /attery technolo-y7 de0ontratin- a
'1S to (1S increae in ener-y econo0y in D.). .nviron0ental Protection A-ency ;.PA<
tetin-. The char-in- en-ine need only to /e i9ed &or avera-e ua-e with acceleration /urt
uin- the tored ener-y in the hydraulic accu0ulator7 which i char-ed when in low ener-y
de0andin- vehicle operation. The char-in- en-ine run at opti0u0 peed and load &or
e&&iciency and lon-evity. Dnder tet underta4en /y the D.). .nviron0ental Protection
A-ency ;.PA<7 a hydraulic hy/rid 3ord .!pedition returned 32 0ile per D) -allon
;(." 8=111 40V 3* 0p-
-
< City7 and 22 0ile per D) -allon ;11 8=111 40V 2' 0p-
-
<
hi-hway. DP) currently ha two truc4 in ervice with thi technolo-y.
Althou-h petro-hy/rid technolo-y ha /een 4nown &or decade7 and ued in train and very
lar-e contruction vehicle7 heavy cot o& the e@uip0ent precluded the yte0 &ro0 li-hter
truc4 and car. In the 0odern ene an e!peri0ent proved the via/ility o& 0all petro-hy/rid
road vehicle in 1+(*. A -roup o& tudent at $inneapoli7 $inneotaB Hennepin Vocational
Technical Center7 converted a Vol4wa-en ,eetle car to run a a petro-hydraulic hy/rid uin-
o&&-the hel& co0ponent. A car rated at 320p- wa returnin- (#0p- with the '1HP en-ine
replaced /y 1'HP en-ine. The e!peri0ental car reached (1 0ph.
In the 1++17 a tea0 o& en-ineer wor4in- at .PA6 Kational Vehicle and 3uel .0iion
8a/oratory ucceeded in developin- a revolutionary type o& petro-hydraulic hy/rid
powertrain that would propel a typical A0erican edan car. The tet car achieved over *1
0p- on co0/ined .PA city=hi-hway drivin- cycle. Acceleration wa 1-'1 0ph in * econd7
uin- a 1.+ liter dieel en-ine. Ko li-htwei-ht 0aterial were ued.The .PA eti0ated that
produced in hi-h volu0e the hydraulic co0ponent would add only T(11 to the /ae cot o&
the vehicle.
While the petro-hydraulic yte0 ha &ater and 0ore e&&icient char-e=dichar-e cyclin- and
i cheaper than petro-electric hy/rid7 the accu0ulator i9e dictate total ener-y tora-e
capacity and 0ay re@uire 0ore pace than a /attery et.
Reearch i underway in lar-e corporation and 0all co0panie. 3ocu ha now witched to
0aller vehicle. The yte0 co0ponent were e!penive which precluded intallation in
xii
0aller truc4 and car. A draw/ac4 wa that the power drivin- 0otor were not e&&icient
enou-h at part load. A ,ritih co0pany ;Arte0i Intelli-ent Power< ha 0ade a /rea4throu-h
/y introducin- an electronically controlled hydraulic 0otor=pu0p7 the 2i-ital 2iplace0ent
0otor=pu0p7 that i hi-hly e&&icient at all peed ran-e and load7 0a4in- 0all application
o& petro-hydraulic hy/rid &eai/le. The co0pany converted a ,$W car a a tet /ed to prove
via/ility. The ,$W #31i7 -ave dou/le the 0p- in city drivin- co0pared to the tandard car.
Thi tet wa uin- the tandard 37111cc en-ine. Petro-hydraulic hy/rid uin- well i9ed
accu0ulator entail downi9in- an en-ine to avera-e power ua-e7 not pea4 power ua-e.
Pea4 power i provided /y the ener-y tored in the accu0ulator. A 0aller 0ore e&&icient
contant peed en-ine reduce wei-ht and li/erate pace &or a lar-er accu0ulator. Current
vehicle /odie are dei-ned around the 0echanical o& e!itin- en-ine=tran0iion etup. It
i retrictive and &ar &ro0 ideal to intall petro-hydraulic 0echanical into e!itin- /odie not
dei-ned &or hydraulic etup. %ne reearch pro5ectB -oal i to create a /lan4 paper dei-n
new car7 to 0a!i0i9e the pac4a-in- o& petro-hydraulic hy/rid co0ponent in the vehicle. All
/ul4y hydraulic co0ponent are inte-rated into the chai o& the car. %ne dei-n ha clai0ed
to return 1310p- in tet /y uin- a lar-e hydraulic accu0ulator which i alo the tructural
chai o& the car. The 0all hydraulic drivin- 0otor are incorporated within the wheel hu/
drivin- the wheel and reverin- to claw-/ac4 4inetic /ra4in- ener-y. The hu/ 0otor
eli0inate the need &or &riction /ra4e7 0echanical tran0iion7 drive ha&t and D 5oint7
reducin- cot and wei-ht. Hydrotatic drive with no &riction /ra4e are ued in indutrial
vehicle. The ai0 i 1(10p- in avera-e drivin- condition. .ner-y created /y hoc4
a/or/er and 4inetic /ra4in- ener-y that nor0ally would /e wated ait in char-in- the
accu0ulator. A 0all &oil &uelled piton en-ine i9ed &or avera-e power ue char-e the
accu0ulator. The accu0ulator i i9ed at runnin- the car &or 1# 0inute when &ully char-ed.
The ai0 i a &ully char-ed accu0ulator with an ener-y tora-e potential o& '(1 HP7 which
will produce a 1-'1 0ph acceleration peed o& under # econd uin- &our wheel drive.
In Fanuary 2111 indutry -iant Chryler announced a partnerhip with the D.).
.nviron0ental Protection A-ency ;.PA< to dei-n and develop an e!peri0ental petro-
hydraulic hy/rid powertrain uita/le &or ue in lar-e paen-er car. In 2112 an e!itin-
production 0invan will /e adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain.
P)A Peu-eot CitroXn e!hi/ited an e!peri0ental EHy/rid AirE en-ine at the 2113 Heneva
$otor )how. The vehicle ue nitro-en -a co0preed /y ener-y harveted &ro0 /ra4in- or
deceleration to power an hydraulic drive which upple0ent power &ro0 it conventional
-aoline en-ine. The hydraulic and electronic co0ponent were upplied /y Ro/ert ,och
H0/H. Production verion priced at a/out T2#71117 Y1(71117 are cheduled &or 211# or
211'. $ilea-e wa eti0ated to /e a/out *1 0ile per -allon &or city drivin- i& intalled in
a CitroXn C3.
Elect+ic%h-man 'o$e+ hyb+i& (ehicle
Another &or0 o& hy/rid vehicle are hu0an power-electric vehicle. Thee include uch
vehicle a the )inclair C#7Twi4e7 electric /icycle7 and electric 4ate/oard.
0. !#6RID E!IC"E POWER TRAIN CON:I7URATION
Pa+allel hyb+i&
xiii
In a parallel hy/rid vehicle7 the in-le electric 0otor and the internal co0/ution en-ine are
intalled uch that they can power the vehicle either individually or to-ether. In contrat to the
power plit con&i-uration typically only one electric 0otor i intalled. $ot co00only the
internal co0/ution en-ine7 the electric 0otor and -ear /o! are coupled /y auto0atically
controlled clutche. 3or electric drivin- the clutch /etween the internal co0/ution en-ine i
open while the clutch to the -ear /o! i en-a-ed. While in co0/ution 0ode the en-ine and
0otor run at the a0e peed.The &irt 0a production parallel hy/rid old outide Fapan wa
the 1t -eneration Honda Ini-ht.
*il& 'a+allel hyb+i&
Thee type ue a -enerally co0pact electric 0otor ;uually Z21 4W< to provide auto-
top=tart &eature and to provide e!tra power ait durin- the acceleration7 and to -enerate
on the deceleration phae ;a4a re-enerative /ra4in-<.
%n-road e!a0ple include Honda Civic Hy/rid7 Honda Ini-ht 2nd -eneration7Honda CR-
[7 Honda Accord Hy/rid7 $ercede ,en9 )"11 ,lueHI,RI27 ,$W (-)erie
hy/rid7 Heneral $otor ,A) Hy/rid7 and )0art &ortwo with 0icro hy/rid drive.
Po$e+%)'lit o+ )e+ie)%'a+allel hyb+i&
Paen-er car intallation include Toyota Priu7 3ord .cape and 3uion7 a well a 8e!u
RW"11h7 RW"#1h7 H)"#1h7 8)'11h7 and CT211h. In a power-plit hy/rid electric drive train
there are two 0otorA an electric 0otor and an internal co0/ution en-ine. The power &ro0
thee two 0otor can /e hared to drive the wheel via a power plitter7 which i a
i0pleplanetary -ear et. The ratio can /e &ro0 1J111S &or the co0/ution en-ine7 or 1J
111S &or the electric 0otor7 or anythin- in /etween7 uch a "1S &or the electric 0otor and
'1S &or the co0/ution en-ine. The co0/ution en-ine can act a a -enerator char-in- the
/atterie.
$odern verion uch a the Toyota Hy/rid )yner-y 2rive have a econd electric
0otor=-enerator on the output ha&t ;connected to the wheel<. In cooperation with the
Epri0aryE 0otor=-enerator and the 0echanical power-plit thi provide a continuouly
varia/le tran0iion. %n the open road7 the pri0ary power ource i the internal co0/ution
en-ine. When 0a!i0u0 power i re@uired7 &or e!a0ple to overta4e7 the electric 0otor i
ued to ait. Thi increae the availa/le power &or a hort period7 -ivin- the e&&ect o&
havin- a lar-er en-ine than actually intalled. In 0ot application7 the en-ine i witched o&&
when the car i low or tationary reducin- cur/ide e0iion.
,e+ie) hyb+i&
A erie- or erial-hy/rid vehicle ha alo /een re&erred to a an e!tended ran-e electric
vehicle or ran-e-e!tended electric vehicle ;.R.V=R..V<V however7 ran-e e!tenion can /e
acco0plihed with either erie or parallel hy/rid layout.
xiv
)erie-hy/rid vehicle are driven /y the electric 0otor with no 0echanical connection to the
en-ine. Intead there i an en-ine tuned &or runnin- a -enerator when the /attery pac4 ener-y
upply inBt u&&icient &or de0and.Thi arran-e0ent i not new7 /ein- co00on in dieel-
electric loco0otive and hip. 3erdinand Porche ued thi etup in the early 21th century in
racin- car7 e&&ectively inventin- the erie-hy/rid arran-e0ent. Porche na0ed the
arran-e0ent E)yte0 $i!tE. A wheel hu/ 0otor arran-e0ent7 with a 0otor in each o& the
two &ront wheel wa ued7 ettin- peed record. Thi arran-e0ent wa o0eti0e re&erred
to a an electric transmission7 a the electric -enerator and drivin- 0otor replaced a
0echanical tran0iion. The vehicle could not 0ove unle the internal co0/ution en-ine
wa runnin-.
The etup ha never proved to /e uita/le &or production car7 however it i currently /ein-
reviited /y everal 0anu&acturer.
In 1++( Toyota releaed the &irt erie-hy/rid /u old in Fapan. H$ introduced the Chevy
Volt erie plu--in hy/rid in 21117 ai0in- &or an all-electric ran-e o& "1 0i ;'" 40<7 and a
price ta- o& around D)T"17111. )upercapacitor co0/ined with a lithiu0 ion /attery /an4
have /een ued /y A3) Trinity in a converted )aturn Vue )DV vehicle.
Din- upercapacitor they clai0 up to 1#1 0p- in a erie-hy/rid arran-e0ent.
Q#3R
Pl-g%in hyb+i& elect+ic (ehicle 8P!E9
Another u/type o& hy/rid vehicle i the plu--in hy/rid electric vehicle;PH.V<. The plu--in
hy/rid i uually a -eneral &uel-electric ;parallel or erial< hy/rid with increaed ener-y
tora-e capacity7 uually throu-h a li-ion /attery7 with allow the vehicle to drive on all-
electric 0ode a ditance that depend on the /attery i9e and it 0echanical layout ;erie or
parallel<. It 0ay /e connected to 0ain electricity upply at the end o& the 5ourney to avoid
char-in- uin- the on-/oard internal co0/ution en-ine.

Thi concept i attractive to thoe ee4in- to 0ini0i9e on-road e0iion /y avoidin- J or at
leat 0ini0i9in- J the ue o& IC. durin- daily drivin-. A with pure electric vehicle7 the
total e0iion avin-7 &or e!a0ple in C%
2
ter07 i dependent upon the ener-y ource o& the
electricity -eneratin- co0pany.3or o0e uer7 thi type o& vehicle 0ay alo /e &inancially
attractive o lon- a the electrical ener-y /ein- ued i cheaper than the petrol=dieel that they
would have otherwie ued. Current ta! yte0 in 0any .uropean countrie ue 0ineral oil
ta!ation a a 0a5or inco0e ource. Thi i -enerally not the cae &or electricity7 which i
ta!ed uni&or0ly &or the do0etic cuto0er7 however that peron ue it. )o0e electricity
upplier alo o&&er price /ene&it &or o&&-pea4 ni-ht uer7 which 0ay &urther increae the
attractivene o& the plu--in option &or co00uter and ur/an 0otorit.
:-el cell; elect+ic hyb+i&
xv
The &uel cell hy/rid i -enerally an electric vehicle e@uipped with a &uel cell. The &uel cell a
well a the electric /attery are /oth power ource7 0a4in- the vehicle a hy/rid. 3uel cell ue
hydro-en a a &uel and power the electric /attery when it i depleted. The Chevrolet
.@uino! 3C.V7 3ord .d-e Hyerie 2rive and Honda 3CW are e!a0ple o& a &uel
cell=electric hy/rid.
Roa& )afety fo+ cycli)t); 'e&e)t+ian)
A 211+ Kational Hi-hway Tra&&ic )a&ety Ad0initration report e!a0ined hy/rid electric
vehicle accident that involved pedetrian and cyclit and co0pared the0 to accident
involvin- internal co0/ution en-ine vehicle ;IC.V<. The &indin- howed that7 in certain
road ituation7 H.V are 0ore dan-erou &or thoe on &oot or /icycle. 3or accident where a
vehicle wa lowin- or toppin-7 /ac4in- up7 enterin- or leavin- a par4in- pace ;when the
ound di&&erence /etween H.V and IC.V i 0ot pronounced<7 H.V were twice a li4ely
to /e involved in a pedetrian crah than IC.V. 3or crahe involvin- cyclit or pedetrian7
there wa a hi-her incident rate &or H.V than IC.V when a vehicle wa turnin- a corner.
,ut there wa no tatitically i-ni&icant di&&erence /etween the type o& vehicle when they
were drivin- trai-ht.
)everal auto0a4er developed electric vehicle warnin- ound dei-ned to alert pedetrian
to the preence o&electric drive vehicle uch a hy/rid electric vehicle7 plu--in hy/rid
electric vehicle and all-electric vehicle ;.V< travellin- at low peed. Their purpoe i to
0a4e pedetrian7 cyclit7 the /lind7 and other aware o& the vehicleB preence while
operatin- in all-electric 0ode.
Vehicle in the 0ar4et with uch a&ety device include the Kian 8ea&7 Chevrolet
Volt7 3i4er Car0a7 Honda 3CW Clarity7 Kian 3u-a Hy/rid=In&initi $3#7 Hyundai )onata
Hy/rid7 2112 Honda 3it .V7 the 2112 Toyota Ca0ry Hy/rid7 2112 8e!u CT211h7 and
all Priu &a0ily car recently introduced7 includin- the tandard 2112 0odel year Priu7
the Toyota Priu v7 and the Toyota Priu Plu--in Hy/rid.
1.ENOIR*ENTA" I,,UE
:-el con)-m'tion an& emi))ion) +e&-ction)
xvi
The hy/rid vehicle typically achieve -reater &uel econo0y and lower e0iion than
conventional internal co0/ution en-ine vehicle ;IC.V<7 reultin- in &ewer e0iion
/ein- -enerated. Thee avin- are pri0arily achieved /y three ele0ent o& a typical hy/rid
dei-nA
1. Relyin- on /oth the en-ine and the electric 0otor &or pea4 power need7 reultin- in
a 0aller en-ine i9ed 0ore &or avera-e ua-e rather than pea4 power ua-e. A
0aller en-ine can have le internal loe and lower wei-ht.
2. Havin- i-ni&icant /attery tora-e capacity to tore and reue recaptured ener-y7
epecially in top-and--o tra&&ic typical o& the city drivin- cycle.
3. Recapturin- i-ni&icant a0ount o& ener-y durin- /rea4in- that are nor0ally wated
a heat. Thi re-enerative /ra4in- reduce vehicle peed /y convertin- o0e o& it
4inetic ener-y into electricity7 dependin- upon the power ratin- o& the
0otor=-enerator.
%ther techni@ue that are not necearily Bhy/ridB &eature7 /ut that are &re@uently &ound on
hy/rid vehicle includeA
1. Din- At4inon cycle en-ine intead o& %tto cycle en-ine &or i0proved &uel
econo0y.
2. )huttin- down the en-ine durin- tra&&ic top or while coatin- or durin- other idle
period.
3. I0provin- Aerodyna0ic ;part o& the reaon that )DV -et uch /ad &uel econo0y i
the dra- on the car. A /o! haped car or truc4 ha to e!ert 0ore &orce to 0ove throu-h
the air cauin- 0ore tre on the en-ine 0a4in- it wor4 harder<. I0provin- the hape
and aerodyna0ic o& a car i a -ood way to help /etter the &uel econo0y and alo
i0prove handlin- at the a0e ti0e.
". Din- low rollin- reitance tire ;tire were o&ten 0ade to -ive a @uiet7 0ooth ride7
hi-h -rip7 etc.7 /ut e&&iciency wa a lower priority<. Tire caue 0echanical dra-7 once
a-ain 0a4in- the en-ine wor4 harder7 conu0in- 0ore &uel. Hy/rid car 0ay ue
pecial tire that are 0ore in&lated than re-ular tire and ti&&er or /y choice o& carca
tructure and ru//er co0pound have lower rollin- reitance while retainin-
accepta/le -rip7 and o i0provin- &uel econo0y whatever the power ource.
#. Powerin- the a=c7 power teerin-7 and other au!iliary pu0p electrically a and when
needed7 thi reduce 0echanical loe when co0pared with drivin- the0
continuouly with traditional en-ine /elt.
xvii
Thee &eature 0a4e a hy/rid vehicle particularly e&&icient &or city tra&&ic where there are
&re@uent top7 coatin- and idlin- period. In addition noie e0iion are reduced7
particularly at idlin- and low operatin- peed7 in co0parion to conventional en-ine
vehicle. 3or continuou hi-h peed hi-hway ue thee &eature are 0uch le ue&ul in
reducin- e0iion.
!yb+i& ehicle Emi))ion)
Hy/rid vehicle e0iion today are -ettin- cloe to or even lower than the reco00ended
level et /y the .PA ;.nviron0ental Protection A-ency<. The reco00ended level they
u--et &or a typical paen-er vehicle hould /e e@uated to #.# 0etric ton o& car/on
dio!ide. The three 0ot popular hy/rid vehicle7 Honda Civic7 Honda Ini-ht and Toyota
Priu7 et the tandard even hi-her /y producin- ".17 3.#7 and 3.# ton howin- a 0a5or
i0prove0ent in car/on dio!ide e0iion. Hy/rid vehicle can reduce air e0iion o& 0o--
&or0in- pollutant /y up to +1S and cut car/on dio!ide e0iion in hal&.
3.En(i+onmental Im'act of !yb+i& Ca+ 6atte+y
Thou-h hy/rid car conu0e le &uel than conventional car7 there i till an iue re-ardin-
the environ0ental da0a-e o& the hy/rid car /attery. Today 0ot hy/rid car /atterie are one
o& two typeA
1< Kic4el $etal Hydride
xviii
2< 8ithiu0 Ion
,oth are re-arded a 0ore environ0entally &riendly than lead-/aed /atterie which
contitute the /ul4 o& petrol car tarter /atterie today. There are 0any type o& /atterie.
)o0e are &ar 0ore to!ic than other. 8ithiu0 ion i the leat to!ic o& the two 0entioned
a/ove.
The to!icity level and environ0ental i0pact o& nic4el 0etal hydride /atterieNthe type
currently ued in hy/ridNare 0uch lower than /atterie li4e lead acid or nic4el cad0iu0. In
-eneral variou olu/le and inolu/le nic4el co0pound7 uch a nic4el chloride and nic4el
o!ide7 have 4nown carcino-enic e&&ect in chic4 e0/ryo and rat. The 0ain nic4el
co0pound in Ki$H /atterie i nic4el o!yhydro!ide ;Ki%%H<7 which i ued a the poitive
electrode.
The 8ithiu0-ion /attery ha attracted attention due to it potential &or ue in hy/rid electric
vehicle. Hitachi i a leader in it develop0ent. In addition to it 0aller i9e and li-hter
wei-ht7 lithiu0-ion /atterie deliver per&or0ance that help to protect the environ0ent with
&eature uch a i0proved char-e e&&iciency without 0e0ory e&&ect. The lithiu0-ion /atterie
are appealin- /ecaue they have the hi-het ener-y denity o& any rechar-ea/le /atterie and
can produce a volta-e 0ore than three ti0e that o& nic4elJ0etal hydride /attery cell while
i0ultaneouly torin- lar-e @uantitie o& electricity a well. The /atterie alo produce
hi-her output ;/ootin- vehicle power<7 hi-her e&&iciency ;avoidin- wate&ul ue o&
electricity<7 and provide e!cellent dura/ility7 co0pared with the li&e o& the /attery /ein-
rou-hly e@uivalent to the li&e o& the vehicle. Additionally7 ue o& lithiu0-ion /atterie reduce
the overall wei-ht o& the vehicle and alo achieve i0proved &uel econo0y o& 31S /etter
than petro-powered vehicle with a cone@uent reduction in C%
2
e0iion helpin- to prevent
-lo/al war0in-.
Ra$ *ate+ial) Inc+ea)ing Co)t)
There i an i0pendin- increae in the cot o& 0any rare 0aterial ued in the 0anu&acture o&
hy/rid car. 3or e!a0ple7 the rare earth ele0ent dyproiu0 i re@uired to &a/ricate 0any o&
the advanced electric 0otor and /attery yte0 in hy/rid propulion yte0.
Keody0iu0 i another rare earth 0etal which i a crucial in-redient in hi-h-tren-th 0a-net
that are &ound in per0anent 0a-net electric 0otor.
xix
Kearly all the rare earth ele0ent in the world co0e &ro0 China7 and 0any analyt /elieve
that an overall increae in Chinee electronic 0anu&acturin- will conu0e thi entire upply
/y 2112. In addition7 e!port @uota on Chinee rare earth ele0ent have reulted in an
un4nown a0ount o& upply.
A &ew non-Chinee ource uch a the advanced Hoida 8a4e pro5ect in northern Canada a
well a $ount Weldin Autralia are currently under develop0ent however7 the /arrier to
entry are hi-h and re@uire year to -o online.
4. A"TERNATIE E!IC"E
%ther type o& -reen vehicle include other vehicle that -o &ully or partly on alternative
ener-y ource than &oil &uel. Another option i to ue alternative &uel co0poition
;i.e. /io&uel< in conventional &oil &uel-/aed vehicle7 0a4in- the0 -o partly on renewa/le
ener-y ource. %ther approache include peronal rapid tranit7 a pu/lic
xx
tranportation concept that o&&er auto0ated on-de0and non-top tranportation7 on a
networ4 o& pecially /uilt -uideway.
5. ADAPTION RATE
While the adoption rate &or hy/rid in the D.). i 0all today ;2.2S o& new car ale in
2111<7 thi co0pare with a 1(.1S hare o& new car ale in Fapan in 21117 and it ha to
potential to /e very lar-e over ti0e a 0ore 0odel are o&&ered and incre0ental cot decline
due to learnin- and cale /ene&it. However7 &orecat vary widely. 3or intance7 ,o/ 8ut97 a
xxi
lon--ti0e 4eptic o& hy/rid7 indicated he e!pect hy/rid Ewill never co0prie 0ore than
11S o& the D.). auto 0ar4et.E %ther ource alo e!pect hy/rid penetration rate in the D.).
will re0ain under 11S &or 0any year.
$ore opti0itic view include prediction that hy/rid would do0inate new car ale in the
D.). and elewhere over the ne!t 11 to 21 year. Another approach e!a0ine the penetration
rate ;or )-curve< o& &our analo- ;hitorical and current< to hy/rid and electrical vehicle in
an atte0pt to -au-e how @uic4ly the vehicle toc4 could /e hy/ridi9ed and=or electri&ied in
the Dnited )tate.
The analo- are
;1< The electric 0otor in D.). &actorie in the early 21th century7
;2< 2ieel electric loco0otive on D.). railway in the 1+21J1+"# period7
;3< A ran-e o& new auto0otive &eature=technolo-ie introduced in the D.). over the pat &i&ty
year7 and
"< .-/i4e purchae in China over the pat &ew year.
Thee analo- collectively u--et it would ta4e at leat 31 year &or hy/rid and electric
vehicle to capture *1S o& the D.). paen-er vehicle toc4.
1<.ADANTA7E, AND DI,ADANTA7E, O: !#6RID E!IC"E,
ADANTA7E,
DI,ADANTA7E,
8ower cot=40 Hi-her 4er/ wei-ht
Hi-her $ila-e Centreo& Hravity i hi&ted
xxii
Practicality )peed li0itation
.ae o& char-in-
Very le $aintenance cot
11.:ea)ibility of the technology a) 'e+ c-++ent ma+=et con&ition
Althou-h there ha /een develop0ent in the dieel &uel with an advent o& /io dieel and 8PH
converion 4it in the 0ar4et /ut till there i al0ot no co0petition in the 0ar4et with thi
4ind o& hy/rid 0otorcycle.
The ale i& 0otorcycle i till increain- and in &uture o will the &uel price7 &or that the
hy/rid concept ee0 @uite ideal a it not only decreae the per 40 cot o& the conu0er /ut
alo enhance the ran-e o& the drive. ,elow lited i an article report &ro0
www.9i-wheel.co0 o& the 0otorcycle ale &ro0 0id-2112. 3ro0 which we can deter0ine
the &uture neceity o& hy/rid.

12.RE:ERENCE,
1. www.-oo-le.co0
2. www.yahoo.co.in
3. www.wei4ipedia.co0
". Autocar $a-9ine
xxiii
#. %ver drive $a-9ine
'. www.a4.co0
(. www./0w.co0
xxiv